integrated pest management for insects and mites in greenhouse production pss 127 greenhouse...
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Integrated Pest Management for Integrated Pest Management for Insects and Mites in Greenhouse Insects and Mites in Greenhouse
ProductionProduction
PSS 127 Greenhouse Operations and PSS 127 Greenhouse Operations and ManagementManagement
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What is Integrated Pest Management What is Integrated Pest Management (IPM) ?(IPM) ?
An intelligent selection and use of pest-control An intelligent selection and use of pest-control actions that will ensure favorable economic, actions that will ensure favorable economic, ecological and sociological consequences.ecological and sociological consequences.11
11 R.L Raab 1972. R.L Raab 1972.
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Why IPM?Why IPM?
Collapse of Control Collapse of Control Systems.Systems.
Pesticide resistance.Pesticide resistance. Loss of pesticide Loss of pesticide
registrations.registrations. Health risks associated with Health risks associated with
pesticides for agricultural pesticides for agricultural workers and consumers.workers and consumers.
Loss of natural enemies Loss of natural enemies brought on new pest brought on new pest outbreaks.outbreaks.
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Why Greenhouses?Why Greenhouses?
Controlled Controlled environmentsenvironments
Semi-closed or closed Semi-closed or closed production areasproduction areas
Discreet number of Discreet number of insect pestsinsect pests
Monoculture v.s. Monoculture v.s. PolyculturePolyculture
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Basic IPMBasic IPM
Pest IdentificationPest Identification Monitoring or ScoutingMonitoring or Scouting Threshold and Action LevelsThreshold and Action Levels Tactics: Tactics: CulturalCultural, , MechanicalMechanical, , PhysicalPhysical, ,
BiologicalBiological, and , and ChemicalChemical EvaluationEvaluation
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Case #1 Two Spotted Spider Mite Case #1 Two Spotted Spider Mite (TSSM)(TSSM)
Tetranychus urticaeTetranychus urticae Huge host plant rangeHuge host plant range Oval body, four pairs of Oval body, four pairs of
legs.legs. Pale yellow-green or red Pale yellow-green or red
with a dark spot on each with a dark spot on each side of the body.side of the body.
Known for developing Known for developing resistance to many resistance to many pesticides.pesticides.
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Crop DamageCrop Damage
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TSSM BiologyTSSM Biology
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Two Spotted Spider Mite BiologyTwo Spotted Spider Mite Biology
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IPM StepsIPM Steps
1. Identification: yes, TSSM1. Identification: yes, TSSM 2. Monitoring: How? What?2. Monitoring: How? What?
Use Scouting Methods.Use Scouting Methods. Record Environmental Conditions.Record Environmental Conditions.
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Scouting EquipmentScouting Equipment
Hand Lens Optivisor
Sticky yellow trap cards Scouting records
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Trap Cards as Scouting ToolsTrap Cards as Scouting Tools
Yellow cards trap Yellow cards trap winged aphids, winged aphids, whiteflies, thrips, whiteflies, thrips, fungus gnats, and shore fungus gnats, and shore flies.flies.
One card/250 – 1000ftOne card/250 – 1000ft22
Horizontal is better for Horizontal is better for trapping fungus gnats.trapping fungus gnats.
They may snag natural They may snag natural enemies too.enemies too.
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Plant InspectionPlant Inspection
Look at:Look at:
New tip growthNew tip growth
Mature leavesMature leaves
Senescent leavesSenescent leaves Return to known Return to known
problem areas.problem areas. Avoid edges.Avoid edges.
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Thresholds and Action LevelsThresholds and Action Levels
Problems:Problems:
1.1. Growers want to avoid risks; especially with Growers want to avoid risks; especially with high value crops.high value crops.
2.2. Once the threshold level is reached, the Once the threshold level is reached, the probability of partial or total crop loss is probability of partial or total crop loss is high.high.
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IPM Tactic: 1. Cultural ControlIPM Tactic: 1. Cultural Control
Weeds inside the greenhouseWeeds outside the greenhouse
Sanitation Cultivar Selection
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IPM Tactic: 2. Mechanical ControlIPM Tactic: 2. Mechanical Control
Using physical objects Using physical objects or devices to control or devices to control pests.pests.
Insect screening on Insect screening on intake vents, exhaust intake vents, exhaust fans, and entrances.fans, and entrances.
215-300 microns215-300 microns Restricts air flowRestricts air flow.. Electric Bug Zappers.Electric Bug Zappers. Insect Vacuums.Insect Vacuums.
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IPM Tactic: 3. Physical ControlIPM Tactic: 3. Physical Control
Altering environmental Altering environmental conditions to discourage conditions to discourage pest infestation.pest infestation.
TemperatureTemperature Relative HumidityRelative Humidity
Case #1 TSSM: High Case #1 TSSM: High Humidity discourages Humidity discourages TSSM flare-ups.TSSM flare-ups.
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IPM Tactic: 4. Biological ControlIPM Tactic: 4. Biological Control
DefinitionDefinition: : Biological Biological control is any activity of control is any activity of one species that reduces one species that reduces the adverse effects of the adverse effects of other species.other species.
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Types of Natural EnemiesTypes of Natural Enemies
Predation Parasitism
Herbivory Competition
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Case #1 TSSMCase #1 TSSMBiological Control - Predatory mite: Biological Control - Predatory mite:
Phytoseiulus persimilisPhytoseiulus persimilis
Two Spotted Spider Mite
Phytoseiulus persimilis
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P.persimilis controls TSSM on cucumber, sweet pepper, tomato,eggplant, bean, cut flowers, strawberries and many field crops.
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Bio-control: ParasitismBio-control: ParasitismCase #2 Whitefly ControlCase #2 Whitefly Control
Common Pest of Greenhouse TomatoCommon Pest of Greenhouse Tomato
Greenhouse Whitefly Silverleaf Whitefly
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Bio-controls: Parasitic HymenopteransBio-controls: Parasitic Hymenopterans
Female Encarsia formosa
Greenhouse Whitefly Parasitoid Silverleaf Whitefly Parasitoid
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IPM Tactic: 5. Chemical ControlIPM Tactic: 5. Chemical Control
Old school: Old school:
Broad Spectrum pesticidesBroad Spectrum pesticides New school: New school:
Bio-rational pesticidesBio-rational pesticides
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Pesticide Efficacy Pesticide Efficacy
Correct pest Correct pest identification.identification.
Most susceptible pest Most susceptible pest life stage.life stage.
Good coverage.Good coverage. Proper dosage.Proper dosage. Avoid tank mixes.Avoid tank mixes. Rotate chemical Rotate chemical
families.families.
Citrus Mealybug
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Bio-rational PesticidesBio-rational Pesticides
Look for compatibility Look for compatibility with natural enemieswith natural enemies
Specific target pestSpecific target pest Specific life stage Specific life stage
(IGRs)(IGRs) Short residual timeShort residual time Short Restricted EntryShort Restricted Entry
Interval (REI)Interval (REI)
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Case #3 Green Peach Aphid (GPA)Case #3 Green Peach Aphid (GPA)Myzus persicaeMyzus persicae
Unwinged GPA adults and nymphs Aphid damage
Winged GPA ESM GPA
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Natural Enemies of Natural Enemies of Myzus persicaeMyzus persicae
Aphidoletes aphidimyzaChrysoperla carnea
Aphidius colemani Mummified aphid
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Side Effects of Pesticides on Natural Side Effects of Pesticides on Natural EnemiesEnemies
Mortality of eggs, Mortality of eggs, immatures or adults.immatures or adults.
Reduced fertility.Reduced fertility. Effect moulting.Effect moulting. RepellencyRepellency
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AzadirachtinAzadirachtin
InsecticidesInsecticides
PyriproxyfenPyriproxyfen
Horticultural Horticultural oiloil
Insecticidal Insecticidal SoapSoap
Natural Natural EnemyEnemy
Aphidius Aphidius colemanicolemani
? Mummy? Mummy
25% Adult25% Adult
0 persistence0 persistence
25% 25%
75%75%
½ week½ week
25%25%
25%25%
0 persistence0 persistence
??
100%100%
??
Chrysoperla Chrysoperla carneacarnea
25% larva25% larva
??
< 3 weeks< 3 weeks
25%25%
75%75%
0 persistence0 persistence
25%25%
25%25%
0 persistence0 persistence
100%100%
100%100%
??
SteinernemaSteinernema
feltiaefeltiae
25% larva25% larva
0 persistence0 persistence
??
??
25%25%
0 persistence0 persistence
100%100%
??
Compatibility of Bio-rational Pesticides and Natural Enemies (Koppert)Compatibility of Bio-rational Pesticides and Natural Enemies (Koppert)
http://www.koppert.nl
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EvaluationEvaluation
Successful CropSuccessful Crop Cost (materials, labor, health risks, Cost (materials, labor, health risks,
environmental damage)environmental damage) Multiple tactics?Multiple tactics? Ease of operationEase of operation What would you do differently next season?What would you do differently next season?
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Mealybug predatorMealybug predator
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
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Thank You