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COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course is to introduce the systematic study of patterns and processes that have shaped human understanding, use, and alteration of the surface of the Earth. Students will consider spatial concepts and landscape analysis to examine human socioeconomic organization and its environmental consequences. They will also learn about the methods and tools geographers use in their research, including frequent analysis of geospatial data.1

Emphasis is placed on the application of concepts and models. In addition, students will develop a discipline-specific vocabulary. The content of this course is underpinned by three principal themes: patterns and spatial organization, impacts and interactions, and spatial processes and societal change.2

Beyond the textbook, students will examine content drawn from previous courses as well as current events and a variety of supplemental readings, including critical essays and peer-reviewed articles.

This yearlong elective course is designed to parallel the experience of an introductory one-semester college human geography course. Successful completion of this course requires consistent attendance and active participation. Likewise, successful students will devote considerable time to thinking spatially and studying outside of class.

KEY CONCEPTS

UNIT I Geography: Its Nature & Perspectives ❶

◦ What is geography? CONCEPTUAL ◦ Why is geography relevant? APPLIED ◦ How are geospatial data gathered, interpreted and illustrated?

UNIT II Population & Migration ❷ ❸

◦ What accounts for shifting population distributions? ◦ Are current population levels sustainable? ◦ What data indicate future patterns of population distribution?

UNIT III Cultural Patterns & Processes ❹ ❺ ❻ ❼

◦ How are landscapes influenced by cultural practices? ◦ How do cultures spread over time and space? ◦ What are the consequences of globalizing culture?

UNIT IV Political Organization of Space ❽

◦ By what processes do states emerge and devolve? ◦ How do states interact on a regional and global scale? ◦ What is the relationship between political boundaries and cultural identity?

UNIT V Food Production & Rural Land Use ❾

◦ Why is agriculture practiced differently in different regions? ◦ How does globalization affect rural land use and agricultural practices? ◦ Are current agricultural practices sustainable?

UNIT VI Development Geography & Industrialization ❿ ⓫

◦ How is location significant to economic development? ◦ What data best indicate uneven levels of regional development? ◦ What are the most appropriate paths to sustainable development?

UNIT VII Cities & Urban Land Use ⓬ ⓭

◦ What factors influence the location of services? ◦ What defines the regional and global significance of cities? ◦ What infrastructure is necessary for urban areas to function? ◦ How do urban landscapes evolve over space and time?

PROVISO MATH & SCIENCE ACADEMY

___________________

AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

Academic Year: 2020 - 2021

Instructor: Steven Colwell

Contact: [email protected]

Location: Room 300

Website: pmsageo.weebly.com

NECESSARY MATERIALS

• a notebook devoted solely to Human Geography

• an AP Human Geography test prep book or study guide this is highly recommended yet not provided

• Rubenstein, James M. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography. 12th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2017. this text is provided by the school

refer to course units for the corresponding chapters in Rubenstein e.g., Unit VI ❿ ⓫

TYPICAL ASSESSMENTS

• regular quizzes on readings, lectures, vocabulary, etc.

• analysis of graphs and geospatial data

• individual and group projects some of which are optional and may require local travel outside of school

• participation in discussions

• writing practice

• unit exams For the first day of each unit exam, students will complete two free response questions (FRQs) during the 50-minute class period.

The second day will consist of a fifty-question multiple choice (MCQ) section. These exams weigh heavily on your semester grade. Each is designed to simulate the AP Human Geography exam, which will be administered at noon on Tuesday, May 4th.

CLASSWORK & HOMEWORK POLICY

Unless otherwise instructed, all in-class work will be due at the end of the period. Likewise, homework is to be completed by the beginning of class on the day the assignment is due. Late assignments will not be accepted for credit. When absent, it is the responsibility of the student to obtain any notes, materials, and/or assignments from that class period. Regularly refer to the course website for updated assignments and weekly activities.

GRADING

Please check Power School as grades are regularly updated.

Any challenge to a grade must be presented in writing. Be sure to staple the assignment or assessment in question to the written note. Avoid plagiarism. Plagiarized assignments or assessments will earn zero credit.

For all other grades, the following framework applies…

A 100% through 92%

B 91% through 84%

C 83% through 76%

D 75% through 70%

F 69% and below

LEARNING GOALS & OBJECTIVES

• Interpret maps and analyze geospatial data.

• Understand the perceptual aspects of space.

• Recognize and interpret the relationships among patterns and processes at different scales.

• Define regions and understand the processes by which regions develop.

• Describe and analyze the changing interconnection among places.

• Acquire a spatial perspective to better understand our cultural landscape as well as current events.

• Navigate uncertainties presented by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on our learning and school.

• Develop a deep and lasting appreciation of our local geography. I’m not kidding!

__________________________________________________ 1 The College Board. (2019). “About the AP Human Geography Course.” AP Human Geography: Course Exam and Description, 7.

2 The College Board. (2019). “Course Content.” AP Human Geography: Course Exam and Description, 15.

AP Human Geography Colwell

UNIT I - THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY

KEY TERMS

CARTOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION DIFFUSION

baseline

meridian v. parallel

toponym

cartogram

choropleth map

dot map

isoline map

proportional symbol map

field work

quantitative data v. qualitative data

geospatial data

geog. information system (GIS)

global positioning system (GPS)

remote sensing

sense of place

ethnocentrism

diffusion

hearth

expansion diffusion

contagious diffusion

hierarchical diffusion

stimulus diffusion

relocation diffusion

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

concentration

clustered v. dispersed

REGION

region

formal region or uniform region

functional region or nodal region

vernacular region or perceptual region

mental map

map projection

map projections e.g., Mercator, Polar, Peters, etc.

distortions i.e., shape, area, distance, and direction

MISCELLANY

environmental determinism v. possibilism

globalization v. localism v. glocal

Less Developed Country (LDC) v. More Developed Country (MDC)

spatial analysis carbon footprint

sequent occupance time-space compression

regionalization regionalism

flows networks

accessibility connectivity

natural resource sustainability

cultural landscape landscape analysis

space scale

place placelessness

site situation or relative location

MODELS & CONCEPTS

First Law of Geography Waldo Tobler

Cultural Ecology Julian Steward

Landscape Theory Carl Sauer

Possibilism Paul Vidal de la Blanche

Environmental Determinism Ellsworth Huntington & Ellen Churchill Semple

Time-Space Compression David Harvey

Vernacular Regions Wilbur Zelinski

Climate Classification Vladimir Köppen

UNIT OUTLINE according to the College Board (◦) with topics added for enrichment or rearranged in preparation for subsequent units (•)

1.1 Introduction to Geography and Maps

• Evolution of Geography as a Discipline ◦ Map Types ◦ Distortions ◦ Spatial Patterns

1.2 Geographic Data

◦ Data Types ◦ Data Gathering ◦ Geospatial Technologies

1.3 The Power of Geographic Data

◦ Data Sources ◦ Applications of Geospatial Data

1.4 Spatial Concepts

◦ Absolute Location v. Relative Location ◦ Place ◦ Flows ◦ Distance Decay ◦ Time-Space Compression

• Gendered Space • Types of Diffusion

1.5 Human-Environment Interaction

◦ Environmental Determinism v. Possibilism ◦ Sustainability of Natural Resources and Land Use

1.6 Scales of Analysis

◦ Scalar Variations of Data and Interpretation • Globalization

1.7 Regional Analysis

◦ Region Types ◦ Regionalization ◦ Ambiguity ◦ Boundaries • Toponyms


UNIT II - POPULATION & MIGRATION

KEY TERMS

POPULATION

age distribution

carrying capacity

census

census tract

contraception

crude birth rate (CBR)

crude death rate (CDR)

demographic equation

demographic momentum

demography

dependency ratio

doubling time w/ Rule of 70

ecumene

fertility

infant mortality rate (IMR)

J - Curve v. S - Curve

average life expectancy

maladaptation

mortality

natality antinatalist v. pronatalist

overpopulation

pandemic

population projection

population pyramid to read and interpret

rate of natural increase (RNI)

sex ratio

sustainability

total fertility rate (TFR)

underpopulation

zero population growth

density

arithmetic density

physiological density

agricultural density

MIGRATION PATTERNS

intercontinental

interregional

intraregional

rural-urban

MIGRATION

asylum

chain migration

counterurbanization

cyclic movement

differential migration

distance decay

flyover states

forced migration

guest worker

immigration v. emigration

internal migration

internally displaced person

intervening obstacle

intervening opportunity

periodic movement

push-pull factors

quota

refugee v. migrant

remittances

step migration

transhumance

MODELS & CONCEPTS

Demographic Transition Model Warren Thompson

Malthusian Theory Robert Thomas Malthus w/ Neo-Malthusian Theory & Ester Boserup

Laws of Migration Ernst Ravenstein

Push-Pull Theory Everett Lee

Laws of Intervening Opportunities Samuel Stouffer

The Gravity Model Henry Carey

Epidemiologic Transition Abdel Omran

Migration Transition Wilbur Zelinsky

Tragedy of the Commons Garrett Harding


2.1 Population Distribution

◦ Physical Factors v. Human Factors ◦ Calculating Population Density

2.2 Consequences of Population Distribution

◦ Social Impact ◦ Environmental Impact

2.3 Population Composition

◦ Variation by Region and Scale ◦ Population Pyramids • Census Data

2.4 Population Dynamics

◦ Demographic Factors: Fertility, Mortality and Migration ◦ Rate of Natural Increase ◦ Doubling Time

◦ Key Influences: Sociocultural, Economic and Political

2.5 The Demographic Transition Model

◦ Change Over Time ◦ The Epidemiological Transition Model • Modeling: Pros & Cons

2.6 Malthusian Theory

◦ Proponents ◦ Detractors

2.7 Population Policy

◦ Pronatalist ◦ Antinatalist ◦ Immigration

2.8 Women and Demographic Change

◦ Access to Education, Employment, Health Care and Contraception ◦ Mobility ◦ Regional Variations

2.9 Aging Populations

◦ Political, Economic and Social Consequences ◦ Dependency Ratio

2.10 Causes of Migration

◦ Push Factors v. Pull Factors ◦ Intervening Opportunities v. Intervening Obstacles

2.11 Forces and Voluntary Migration

◦ Slavery ◦ Refugee v. Migrant ◦ Internally Displaced Person ◦ Asylum ◦ Guest Work ◦ Types of Migration

2.12 Effects of Migration

◦ Historic Migrations ◦ Contemporary Migrations ◦ Political, Economic and Cultural


UNIT III - CULTURAL PATTERNS & PROCESSES

KEY TERMS

CULTURE: THE BASICS

acculturation v. assimilation

adaptive strategies

authenticity of place

Anglo-American landscape

built environment

folk culture v. popular culture

folk architecture

folk food

folk songs

indigenous

maladaptive diffusion

material culture v. nonmaterial culture

taboo

terroir

LANGUAGE

creolized language

dialect v. language

extinct language

ideographic v. phonetic

isogloss

lingua franca

language family v. language group

linguistic diversity

monolingual v. multilingual

official language

pidgin language

trade language

RELIGION

agnosticism v. atheism

animism

autonomous v. hierarchical religion

denomination v. sect

diaspora

diocese

fundamentalism

ghetto

missionary

monotheism v. polytheism

pagan

pilgrimage

sacred space

syncretic religion

universalizing v. ethnic religion

ETHNICITY

ethnicity v. nationality

ethnicity v. race

ethnic enclave

cultural relativism

multiculturalism

nation

nationalism

MODELS & CONCEPTS

Anatolian Hypothesis aka Sedentary Farmer Thesis Colin Renfrew

Kurgan Hypothesis aka Nomadic Warrior Thesis Marija Gimbutas

Cultural Relativism MJ Herskovits


3.1 Introduction to Culture

◦ Defining Culture ◦ Folk Culture v. Popular Culture ◦ The Geographic Context of Culture

◦ Cultural Relativism v. Ethnocentrism

3.2 Cultural Landscapes

◦ Defining Features of the Cultural Landscape • Symbolic Landscapes

◦ Impact of Culture on Landscape and Resource Use

3.3 Cultural Patterns

◦ Recognizing Regional Patterns ◦ Influences of Regional Culture on the Global Cultural Landscape

3.4 Types of Diffusion

3.5 Historical Causes of Diffusion

◦ Cultural Interaction ◦ Imperialism ◦ Evolution of Globalization

3.6 Contemporary Causes of Diffusion

◦ Technology ◦ Mass Media ◦ Urbanization ◦ Global Markets

3.7 Diffusion of Religion and Language

◦ Language Families ◦ Origin and Diffusion of Language ◦ Language v. Dialect

◦ Cultural Landscape of Religion ◦ Ethnic Religion v. Universalizing Religion • Sacred Spaces

3.8 Effects of Cultural Diffusion

◦ Assimilation v. Multiculturalism ◦ Lingua franca ◦ Viability of Local and Indigenous Cultures


UNIT IV - THE POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF SPACE

KEY TERMS

STATE SHAPES & SIZES BOUNDARIES POLITICAL ENTITIES

city-state

compact state

elongated state

fragmented state

landlocked state

microstate

perforated state

prorupted state

cultural boundaries

antecedent boundary

relict boundary

subsequent boundary or consequent

superimposed boundary

geometric boundary

physical boundaries

defined boundary

delimited boundary

demarcated boundary

administered boundary

state v. nation

multiethnic states

multinational state

multistate nation

nation state

stateless nation

BORDER DISPUTES

locational or positional dispute

operational or functional dispute

resource or allocational dispute

MISCELLANY

autonomous region

balance of power

bloc

centrifugal v. centripetal forces

colonialism v. neocolonialism

colony

confederation

devolution

enclave v. exclave

exclusive economic zone

federal state v. unitary state

forward capital

frontier

geopolitics

gerrymandering

imperialism

irredentism or revanchism

Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

non-governmental organization (NGO)

political fragmentation

province

reunification

satellite state

shatterbelt

sovereignty

supranationalism

territory

territoriality

SUPRANATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

United Nations

African Union

European Union

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

SCALES OF SUBNATIONAL GOVERNANCE

Regional e.g., Council of Great Lakes Governors, Metra, etc.

State or Provincial

County

Local e.g., Municipal Governments, School Districts, Park Districts, etc.

.

MODELS & CONCEPTS

Heartland Theory Halford Mackinder

Rimland Theory Nicolas Spykman

The Evolution of Boundaries Richard Hartshorne

Geopolitics Friedrich Ratzel

Organic State Theory Friedrich Ratzel

Sea Power Theory Alfred Mahan

Domino Theory Dwight Eisenhower


4.1 Introduction to Political Geography

◦ Types of Political Entities

4.2 Political Processes

◦ Forces Enabling Sovereignty ◦ Forces Inhibiting Sovereignty ◦ Evolution of Current Political Boundaries

4.3 Political Power and Territoriality

◦ Spatial Expressions of Political Power ◦ Cultural Identity and Political Boundaries

4.4 Defining Political Boundaries

◦ Types of Boundaries

4.5 The Function of Political Boundaries

◦ Boundary Making ◦ Contested Boundaries ◦ Maritime Boundaries and UNCLOS

4.6 Internal Boundaries

◦ Voting Districts ◦ Gerrymandering

4.7 Forms of Governance

◦ Unitary States ◦ Federal States

4.8 Devolutionary Factors

◦ Physical Factors ◦ Cultural Factors: Ethnicity, Economics, Terrorism, Irredentism, et al.

4.9 Challenges to Sovereignty

◦ Autonomous Regions ◦ Globalization ◦ Supranationalism • Managing the Great Lakes

4.10 Consequences of Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces

◦ Types of Boundaries


UNIT V - AGRICULTURE & RURAL LAND USE

KEY TERMS

FORMS OF AGRICULTURE

commercial agriculture v. subsistence agriculture

extensive agriculture v. intensive agriculture

collective farming

commercial gardening

dairy

forestry

grain farming

market gardening

Mediterranean

mixed crop and livestock

pastoral nomadism

plantation agriculture

horticulture

livestock ranching

shifting cultivation

slash and burn agriculture

truck farming

wet rice farming

MISCELLANY

agribusiness

agriculture

aquaculture

aquifer

biotechnology

CAFO

cereal grain

chaff

Columbian Exchange

combine

crop rotation

deforestation

desertification

domestication

double cropping

farm crisis

farmers market

feedlot

fertilizer

GMO

growing season

herbicide

hinterland

horticulture

hull

infrastructure

intertillage

irrigation

luxury crop

milkshed

monoculture

Neolithic Revolution

organic farming

paddy

pasture

pesticide

plant domestication

prime agricultural land

reaper

root crops

sewah

soil erosion

specialty crop

sustainable yield

swidden

terracing

thresh

transhumance

wetland

winnow

winter wheat

SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY

primary

secondary

tertiary

quaternary

quinary

PATTERNS OF RURAL SETTLEMENT

dispersed settlement

linear settlement

clustered settlement or nucleated

RURAL SURVEY METHODS

metes & bound v. township & range system v. long lot system

MODELS & CONCEPTS

The Green Revolution Norman Borlaug

The Columbian Exchange Alfred Crosby

Regional Land Use Model from The Isolated State Johann Heinrich von Thünen

Agricultural Origins Carl Sauer

Agricultural Regions Derwent Whittlesey


5.1 Introduction to Agriculture

◦ Climate and Agriculture ◦ Forms of Agriculture ◦ Intensive Farming v. Extensive Farming

5.2 Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods

5.3 Agricultural Origins and Diffusion

◦ The Neolithic Revolution(s) ◦ The Columbian Exchange and Globalization of Agriculture

5.4 The Second Agricultural Revolution

◦ Impact of the Industrialization on Agriculture ◦ Emerging Demographic and Migratory Patterns

5.5 The Green Revolution

◦ Key Practices ◦ The Mixed Legacy of Modern Agriculture

5.6 Agricultural Production Regions

◦ Subsistence Agriculture v. Commercial Agriculture ◦ Influence of Land Values

5.7 Spatial Organization of Agriculture

◦ Commodity Chains ◦ Economies of Scale ◦ Future of the Family Farm

5.8 Von Thünen

◦ Transportation Costs and Land Use Patterns • The Rural-Urban Synergy

5.9 The Global System of Agriculture

◦ Improving Infrastructures ◦ Political Frameworks ◦ Economies Dependent of Agricultural Exports

5.10 Consequences of Agricultural Practices

◦ Altered Landscapes ◦ Social and Economic Impact of Modern Agriculture

5.11 Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture

◦ Environmental Sustainability ◦ Organic Foods ◦ Local Food Movements ◦ Food Insecurity

5.12 Women in Agriculture


UNIT VI - INDUSTRIALIZATION & DEVELOPMENT GEOGRAPHY

KEY TERMS

DEVELOPMENT

core v. periphery

developing world

development

ecotourism

fair trade

foreign direct investment

Global South v. Global North

microloan

neocolonialism

offshore banking

structural adjustment program

technology gap

technology transfer

third world

value added

ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

acid rain

agglomeration

basic v. non-basic industry

break-of-bulk point

bulk-gaining v. bulk-reducing

comparative advantage

complementary advantage

deindustrialization

economies of scale

export processing zone

fixed cost v. variable cost

footloose industry

Fordism v. Post-Fordism

free trade

global supply chain

greenhouse effect

growth pole

Industrial Revolution

industry

international division of labor

just-in-time production

labor-intensive industry

manufacturing

market orientation

multinational corporation

maquiladora

market orientation v. resource orientation

multinational corporation

multiplier effect

neoliberalism

outsourcing

post-industrial

resource crisis

Rust Belt

Silicon Valley

site factor v. situation factor

specialized economic zones

substitution principle

tariff

vertical integration

UN Sustainable Development Goals

SAMPLING OF DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS

Gender Empowerment Measure

Gini Coefficient

Gross National Product (GNP)

Human Development Index

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS

Group of Eight (G8)

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

North American Free Trade Organization (NAFTA)

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

World Bank

World Trade Organization (WTO)

MODELS & CONCEPTS

The Brandt Line Willie Brandt

Millennium Development Goals United Nations

World Systems Theory w/ Core & Periphery Models Emanuel Wallerstein

Stages of (Economic) Growth a.k.a. The Take-Off Model Walter W. Rostow

Dependency Theories

Least Cost Theory of Industrial Location Alfred Weber


7.1 The Industrial Revolution

◦ Imperialism and Natural Resources ◦ Social Changes

7.2 Economic Sectors and Patterns

◦ Economic Sector as Proxy for Level of Development ◦ Least Cost Theory ◦ Core v. Periphery

7.3 Measures of Development

◦ Assessing Socioeconomic Indicators ◦ Composite Measures • Defining Poverty

7.4 Women and Economic Development

◦ Changing Gender Roles and Levels of Development ◦ Persistent Inequities ◦ Microloans

7.5 Theories to Explain Spatial Variations in Development

◦ Stages of Economic Growth ◦ World Systems Theory ◦ Dependency Theories

7.6 Trade and the World Economy

◦ Neoliberalism ◦ Economic Interdependence ◦ Global Financial Crisis

◦ Government Initiatives in Support and Opposition of Free Trade

7.7 Changes as a Result of the World Economy

◦ Social Changes in Newly Industrialized Countries v. Deindustrializing Societies

◦ Emerging Manufacturing Regions

7.8 Sustainable Development

◦ Resource Depletion in the Globalized Economy ◦ Managing Climate Change ◦ Ecotourism

• Evaluating Poverty Reduction Programs


UNIT VII - CITIES & URBAN LAND USE

KEY TERMS

THE SERVICE SECTOR STATISTICAL REGIONS

big box retailer

central business district

economic base

global city

high-tech corridor

market area

office park v. industrial park

primate city

range v. threshold

rank-size rule

shopping mall

strip mall

primary statistical area (PSA)

combined statistical area (CSA)

core-based statistical area (CBSA)

metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

micropolitan statistical area (µSA)

URBAN GEOGRAPHY - SPATIAL INEQUALITY

blight

blockbusting

disamenity v. amenity

favela

gentrification

informal sector

informal settlement

inner city

public housing

racial steering

redlining

restrictive covenant

speculation

squatter settlement

underclass

urban renewal

white flight

business service v. consumer service v. public service

URBAN GEOGRAPHY - MISCELLANY

annexation

boomburg

conurbation

density gradient

exurb

gateway city

megacity

metacity

megalopolis

municipal

neighborhood

NIMBY

planned community

reverse commute

revitalization

urban v. suburban

urbanization

zoning ordinance

URBAN GEOGRAPHY - SUSTAINABILITY

brownfield

greenbelt

housing bubble

smart growth

sprawl

transit-oriented development

urban heat island

walkability

URBAN HIERARCHY

hamlet › village › town › city › metropolis

MODELS & CONCEPTS

Bid Rent Theory William Alonso

Central Pace Theory Walter Christaller

Concentric Zone Model Ernest Burgess

Sector Model Homer Hoyt

Multiple Nuclei Model Edward Ullman & Chauncey Harris

Edge Cities Joel Garreau

Galactic City Model a.k.a. Peripheral Model Chauncey Harris

Latin American City Model Ernest Griffin & Larry Ford

Sub-Saharan African City Model Harm de Blig

Primate City w/ Rank-Size Rule Mark Jefferson

Epochs of Urban Transportation John Borchert

The Great Inversion Alan Ehrenhalt

New Urbanism Calthorpe, Duany, Plater-Zyberk, et al.


6.1 The Origin and Influences of Urbanization

◦ Site and Situation Factors ◦ Catalysts for Urbanization

6.2 Cities Across the World

◦ Evolving Megacities ◦ Challenges of Decentralization

6.3 Cities and Globalization

◦ Hierarchy of World Cities ◦ Global Connections • Chicago: Local Needs v. Global Aspirations

6.4 The Size and Distribution of Cities

◦ Primate Cities ◦ Rank-Size Rule ◦ Central Place Theory

6.5 The Internal Structure of Cities

◦ United States Models ◦ Latin American Model ◦ Southeast Asian Model ◦ African Model

6.6 Density and Land Use

◦ Variations of Urban Character by Population Density

6.7 Infrastructure

◦ Local Environment and Politics ◦ Impact on Spatial Patterns and Socioeconomic Development

6.8 Urban Sustainability

◦ Sustainability Initiatives ◦ Zoning Practices ◦ Critique of Sustainable Design

6.9 Urban Data

6.10 Challenges of Urban Change

◦ Political Fragmentation ◦ Ongoing Concerns: Exclusion, Crime, Amenities, et al.

6.11 Challenges of Urban Sustainability

◦ Growth Boundaries ◦ Ongoing Concerns: Waste Management, Sprawl, Climate Change, Energy Use, et al.

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