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TRANSCRIPT
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Emergency VehicleOperation and
Control
Instructor Manual
Wisconsin Department of JusticeLaw Enforcement Standards Board
June 2007
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June 20072
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many people have contributed to the writing of this manual. The Training and
Standards Bureau, Wisconsin Department of Justice gratefully acknowledges thededication of the Patrol Procedures Advisory Committee, which has worked longand hard to revise the content of earlier manuals and develop new content for thepresent guide. The current members of the Committee are
Designated Representatives
Jeff Pettis, Sheriffs RepresentativeTom Winscher, Chiefs RepresentativeClark Pagel, Wisconsin Technical College SystemDarrell Hill, Wisconsin State Patrol
Craig Henry and Chance Bamba, Milwaukee Police DepartmentCarol Curfman, Milwaukee County Sheriffs OfficeSherri Strand, Madison Police DepartmentStephanie Pederson, Training and Standards Bureau (Chair)
Practitioners
Monica Barman, Sun Prairie Police DepartmentBruce Buchholtz, Platteville Police DepartmentSteven D. Hausner, Burlington Police DepartmentRobert Lawrence, La Crosse Police Department
Richard Nichols, Lafayette County Sheriffs OfficeDeanna Reilly, Madison Police DepartmentTom Witczak, Fox Valley Technical College
Emeritus (non-voting) Members
Colleen BelongeaJon GutzmanTimothy HufschmidJay IdingEd JankeMark KelseyBernie KocherDave MattheisenRobert MillerWayne MisenerMike Murray
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.....................................................................................2TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................3INSTRUCTIONAL TOPICS...................................................................................4COMPETENCIES AND PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES.....................................5INSTRUCTOR OVERVIEW ..................................................................................7
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................7TEACHING TOOLS.................................................................................................8TRAINING TIPS .....................................................................................................9
TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION AND THE CONTEXT OF LAW ENFORCEMENTDRIVING.............................................................................................................13
LESSON 1-1:THE CONTEXT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT DRIVING ..................................13TOPIC 2: PATROL OPERATION........................................................................19
LESSON 2-1:VEHICLE INSPECTION.......................................................................19LESSON 2-2:DRIVER PREPARATION ....................................................................25LESSON 2-3:BASIC PATROL DRIVING OPERATIONS................................................31LESSON 2-4: VEHICLE DYNAMICS..........................................................................37
TOPIC 3: EMERGENCY VEHICLE RESPONSE................................................43LESSON 3-1: LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS ..................................................................43LESSON 3-2THE STRESS RESPONSE...................................................................53LESSON 3-3VEHICLE DYNAMICS AT HIGH SPEEDS.................................................59LESSON 3-4SPECIAL TOPICS ..............................................................................65
TOPIC 4: PURSUIT DRIVING ............................................................................71LESSON 4-1LEGAL AND POLICY ISSUES ...............................................................71LESSON 4-2CONDUCTING THE PURSUIT ..............................................................83LESSON 4-3PURSUIT DRIVING ............................................................................93LESSON 4-4OPTIONS TO STOP..........................................................................103
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INSTRUCTIONAL TOPICS
TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION AND THE CONTEXT OF LEGAL DRIVING
TOPIC 2: PATROL OPERATION
Lesson 2-1: Vehicle InspectionLesson 2-2: Driver PreparationLesson 2-3: Basic Patrol Driving OperationsLesson 2-4: Vehicle Dynamics
TOPIC 3: EMERGENCY VEHICLE RESPONSE
Lesson 3-1: Legal ConsiderationsLesson 3-2: The Stress ResponseLesson 3-3: Vehicle Dynamics at High SpeedsLesson 3-4: Special Topics
TOPIC 4: PURSUIT DRIVING
Lesson 4-1: Legal and Policy IssuesLesson 4-2: Conducting the PursuitLesson 4-3: Pursuit DrivingLesson 4-4: Options to Stop
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Instructor Overview
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COMPETENCIES AND LEARNINGOBJECTIVES
In this course, students will learn the legal basis and limitations on the use ofnon-emergency and emergency driving, basic patrol operation, emergencyvehicle response, and pursuit driving. Emergency vehicle operation and control(EVOC) techniques are psychomotor skills, which means that they involve boththe brain and muscles. For that reason, students will spend much of the time inEVOC on the driving range practicing the techniques required for on the jobperformance.
Competencies and Performance Objectives
1. Inspect the vehicle and place a patrol vehicle into service at the beginning ofa shift.
1.1 Distinguish among the various types of law enforcement driving.
1.2 Identify parts of the patrol vehicle and the associated equipment thatneed to be inspected prior to placing a patrol vehicle in to operation.
1.3 Conduct driver preparation steps that need to be taken prior to placing apatrol vehicle in to operation.
2. Apply proper driving strategies and techniques for basic patrol operation of avehicle.
2.1 Identify driving strategies used in basic patrolling.
2.2 Identify techniques for steering, backing, cornering and braking.
2.3 Identify the role that multi-tasking, weather, road conditions, nightdriving, and fatigue play in normal patrol driving.
2.4 Identify methods to maintain control of the vehicle in situations of rapidair loss in a tire (tire blow out) and off road recovery.
2.5 Demonstrate driving techniques in simulated conditions.
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3. Describe the legal and policy considerations surrounding law enforcementdriving, including normal patrol operations, emergency response, and pursuitdriving.
3.1 Identify and interpret the laws related to officer non-emergency and
emergency driving.
3.2 Describe the legal issues surrounding a silent emergency response.
4. Describe safety factors and vehicle dynamics involved in emergency driving,and apply proper emergency driving techniques.
4.1 Identify the effects of increased speed on steering, braking, andcornering.
4.2 Describe possible citizen responses to emergency lights and sirens.
4.3 Identify route selection issues that effect emergency driving.
4.4 Identify radio use issues that influence emergency driving.
4.5 Demonstrate emergency driving techniques in simulated conditions.
5. Identify the legal, policy, and safety considerations in initiating, conducting,and terminating pursuits, including options to stop subject vehicles.
5.1 Identify how disturbance resolution applies to emergency vehicleoperation.
5.2 Define pursuit as it relates to law enforcement.
5.3 Identify legal and policy issues related to pursuits.
5.4 Describe the responsibilities and requirements of pursuit driving.
5.5 Identify the conditions that warrant termination of a pursuit.
5.6 Document and debrief a simulated pursuit.
5.7 Describe induce-to-stop methods.
5.8 Demonstrate induce-to-stop methods in simulated conditions.
5.9 Identify when force-to-stop methods would be appropriate.
5.10 Describe force to stop methods and the criteria for use.
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INSTRUCTOR OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION
In this course, students will learn the legal basis and limitations on the use of non-emergencyand emergency driving, basic patrol operation, emergency vehicle response, and pursuit driving.Emergency vehicle operation and control (EVOC) techniques are psychomotor skills, whichmeans that they involve both the brain and muscles. For that reason, students will spend muchof the time in EVOC on the driving range practicing the techniques required for on the jobperformance.
ADMINISTRATIVE GUIDELINES AND CONSIDERATIONS
Minimum Instructor RequirementsThe competencies and learning objectives identify the minimum standards that must be met byinstructors when presenting this training. Instructors should feel free to present additionalinformation beyond the required minimum competencies and objectives. Learning planactivities that are provided in these documents should be used as a guide for instructors whencreating their own learning plans. Instructors should feel free to choose any of the learningactivities provided or create their own learning activities.
Instructor-Student Ratio
The minimum instructor-student ratio for Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control training is1:6 (one instructor for each six students) during non-classroom portions of the training.
Student Handouts
It is required that instructors distribute a copy of the competencies and learning objectives thatare to be covered during the course to each student. Instructors are encouraged to plan anddevelop other handout material as well. Such handouts may include a learning plan thatidentifies the learning activities that will be covered in class and the performance assessmenttask score-sheets that provide guidance relating to classroom assignments.
Assessment and Evaluation Strategy
The assessment and evaluation strategy for this portion of the curriculum consists ofassessment of competence with the performance assessment tasks (PAT) and evaluation of
cognitive knowledge through a written test. Performance assessment tasks are provided foreach competency in this curriculum. Unless otherwise noted by an asterisk, these assessmentsare optional and may be used as a guide for instructors in determining whether students aregrasping the concepts that are being presented. The evaluation of students with the written testis required. The minimum requirement for this evaluation is 70% correct, and each trainingschool has the option of setting a higher standard, if desired.
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TEACHING TOOLS
The teaching tools serve a variety of purposes:
Focus attention on what the content is by visual review of the material Increase interest in content by making it visually appealing
Improve retention by engaging more than one of the senses during thepresentation
Tools that may be included for Instructor use:
Videos ()Training videos accompany the curriculum to stimulate interest, motivate,illustrate behaviors or attitudes, and add professionalism to the training. As partof the preparation for the training, the instructors should view each of them.Once a video is presented in class, the instructor should summarize the learningpoints to generate discussion.
Handouts ()The instructor may use the handouts provided or others the instructor prefers.The information must be topical and reduce the need for participants tomemorize or take notes during a presentation.
Exercises ()The instructor may use any of the exercises described in the manual to illustratea concept and to provide a learning experience with class participation.The manual also includes scenarios for progressive role-play by participants andas opportunity for individual evaluation by the instructor.
Power Point Slides ( )/Overheads ( )
A power point slide presentation or overheads may also be available to theinstructor for illustration of the course concepts.
Lesson Plan
Each lesson plan contains performance objectives, specific topical information,material needs, and a time estimate. Lesson plans may also include exercises,handouts, videos, overheads, or power point slides that the instructor may electto use when emphasizing the topical information for class.
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TRAINING TIPS
1. Prepare For the Training
Good instruction requires preparation. To prepare to conduct training, do thefollowing:
Review materials. Personalize the content. Practice.
Check the equipment. Equipment needed includes a TV, VCR, flipcharts,markers, tape, overhead projector, and screen.
Stick to the agenda to ensure all information is presented in the classroom.Adhere to regular breaks and opportunities for questions.
Address the group, not the screen. Use notes and face the audience. Refer to the text and advise the participants where a topic can be found.
2. Adhere to Adult Learning Principles
Law enforcement recruits are adults and benefit from instruction tailored to adultlearning needs. Here are some principles of adult learning:
Explain the benefits of the subject matter
Relate learning to participants past experiences
Make use of participants life experiences to encourage participation
Listen and respect the participants' ideas
Encourage the participants to be resources to each other and to you, thetrainer
Maximize efficiency of learning
Involve the participants in learning-centered activities
3. Facilitate Discussion
Dialogue provides a good learning environment where everyone teaches andeveryone learns. Make use of participants life experiences to encourageparticipation. By interspersing a lecture with questions the instructor will heighteninterest, review main ideas, encourage class participation and obtain feedbackfor all.
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Participation in the classroom is for the purpose of learning and practicing thespecific communication skills and models. Education must be structured soparticipants can apply what they learn. Demonstration is primarily a passiveexperience for the adult learner; therefore, effective instructors usually encouragequestions and then follow up with hands-on practice. Give participants the
opportunity to demonstrate failures and uncertainties, to reflect on and evaluatetechnique, and to rehearse for the real thing. Learning and action go hand inhand.
4. Use Exercises
Case studies can be used for teaching and evaluation. A participant is providedwith a number of facts relating to a specific situation and must solve one or moreproblems or perform one or more tasks using the facts. A case study/scenariomay be elaborate or quite short depending on the objective of the lesson.
Other practical exercises can also be used. These can be any structured activityor simulation in which the students actually perform in the classroom or on therange what they will be doing when on the job.
Remember: mistakes must be possible. Remind the group that the exercisesare meant to elicit a variety of responsesnot just one right response. It is theparticipant's thought process and articulation of that thought process that isevaluated as well as the performance of the action.
Evaluation will help participants recognize and use what they know and identifyand understand what was missing and must be developed.
5. Include Simulations
Simulation training involves a series of progressive and realistic exercisesdesigned for learner participation. In scenarios and simulations, participants areable to practice and test their knowledge and decision-making as well as theircommunication and tactical skills, in a safe and controlled environment.Participants will also demonstrate their ability to articulate verbally and documentin writing what action they took and their reasons for it. To be safe and effective,simulations must meet these criteria:
Reality- and behavior-based and progressive
Scripted and staged
Evaluated
Debriefed in a safe environment
Documented
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Reality- and behavior-based and progressive. The environment of thescenarios must be realistic in the use of props and physical space to provide fortactical concerns and atmosphere. Introduce simplistic scenarios first in theclassroom and then make them increasingly more complex with the addition ofvarious characters, props, environmental changes, additional police issues and
investigative concerns to provide progressive training for the participant.
Scripted and staged. To ensure the safety of participants and to provide anoptimal learning environment, draft a script for each scenario to include theobjectives of the exercise, the type of situation, the characters and backgrounds,the details of the action, and the dispatch information.
Evaluated. After the simulation has been completed, the participants articulatewhat their plan was and what actions they took. Participants do a written policereport of the simulated situation. Instructors can then ask follow-up questions fora full explanation of situation and response. Class peers and evaluation team
members complete a written feedback form on the performance. Videotaping ofthe final scenarios is highly recommended.
Debriefed in a safe environment. Instructors and evaluation team membersexplain the objectives of the scenario and evaluate the individuals performancemeasured against the core abilities. If the simulation was videotaped, theparticipant should view his or her own performance. Evaluators note areaswhere the participant performed well and identify areas that need improvement.Peer feedback forms are given to the participant and written reports are reviewedand returned to participants with feedback.
Documented. All videotapes, reports, feedback forms, evaluation forms, and theparticipants response to feedback should be considered formal trainingdocumentation and should be retained in conformance with academy policies.
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TTHHIISS PPAAGGEE IINNTTEENNTTIIOONNAALLLLYY LLEEFFTT BBLLAANNKK..
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Topic 1 Lesson 1-1: Context of Law Enforcement Driving
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TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION AND THECONTEXT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT
DRIVINGLESSON 1-1: THE CONTEXT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT DRIVING
To introduce law enforcement driving: non-emergency and emergency driving.
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Topic 1 Lesson 1-1: Context of Law Enforcement Driving
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Topic 1: Introduction and the Context of Law Enforcement DrivingLesson 1-1: The Context of Law Enforcement Driving
Performance Objectives
1. Inspect the vehicle and place a patrol vehicle into service at the beginning of ashift.
1.1 Distinguish among the various types of law enforcement driving.
EquipmentChalkboard or flip chartPowerPoint projector, screen
MaterialsTextbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for LawEnforcement OfficersPowerPoint presentation: Emergency Vehicle Operations and Control (BasicPatrol Operation); slides 1-12
Instructional MethodLecture, discussion
Estimated Length of ClassFifteen Minutes
Reading AssignmentText, pp. 1-2
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Topic 1 Lesson 1-1: Context of Law Enforcement Driving
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Topic 1: Introduction and the Context of Law Enforcement DrivingLesson 1-1: The Context of Law Enforcement Driving
Time Topic Activities Resources Notes
15Minutes
Driving and LawEnforcement Context
EVOC
Non-EmergencyDriving
Emergency Driving
Pursuits
Components ofDriving
Lecture
Lecture
Lecture
Lecture
Lecture
Lecture
Powerpoint:1-12
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Topic 1 Lesson 1-1: Context of Law Enforcement Driving
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Pp. 1-2
1-12
3
4-5
LECTURE: Introduction
Purpose: To introduce law enforcementdriving: non-emergency and emergency
driving.
Points to Cover:
1. Law enforcement driving as uniquefrom ordinary driving. This coursewill help you learn:
Your capabilities and limitations asa driver.
Your vehicles capabilities andlimitations.
How to handle common drivingsituations you are likely toencounter.
How to properly operate yourvehicle in emergency situations.
2. Non-emergency driving.
You must be continually alert to yourenvironment and be prepared to shiftinto emergency mode at any time.
Expectation is to role model drivingbehavior
Public expectations of law
enforcement and citizen complaints
Introduction 15Minutes
This section is justthe introduction tothe course. Do notget into detail; justdiscuss these issuesin a general sense.
They will bediscussed in moredetail later in thecourse.
3. Emergency driving
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Topic 1 Lesson 1-1: Context of Law Enforcement Driving
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5
Driving you will do whenresponding to situations in whichpersons or property are indanger.
May need to use your emergencylights and siren and disregardcertain traffic laws.
Emergency response driving willrequire you to use certain drivingtechniques to ensure youmaintain control of your vehicle.
4. Pursuits
Pursuits represent one of themost dangerous tasks in lawenforcement.
Pursuits generally end in one oftwo ways: in a crash or a high-risk vehicle contact.
5. Components of Driving
Awareness
Space management
Crash Avoidance.
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-1: Vehicle Inspection
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TOPIC 2: PATROL OPERATION
LESSON 2-1: VEHICLE INSPECTION
Identify what needs to be inspected and prepared prior to placing a patrol vehicleinto operation.
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-1: Vehicle Inspection
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Topic 2: Patrol OperationLesson 2-1: Vehicle Inspection
Performance Objectives
1. Inspect the vehicle and place a patrol vehicle into service at the beginning of ashift.
1.2 Inspect parts of the patrol vehicle and the associated equipmentthat need to be inspected prior to placing a patrol vehicle in tooperation.
EquipmentChalkboard or flip chartPowerPoint projector, screen
MaterialsTextbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for LawEnforcement OfficersPowerPoint presentation: Emergency Vehicle Operations and Control (BasicPatrol Operation); slides: 13 15.DOJ EVOC Video: Vehicle Inspection
Instructional MethodLecture, video
Estimated Length of ClassOne hour
Reading AssignmentText, pp. 3-6
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-1: Vehicle Inspection
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Topic 2: Patrol OperationsLesson 2-1: Vehicle Inspection
Time Topic Activities Resources Notes
Hour #1 Vehicle Inspection
Tires and Wheels
Exterior
Trunk
PassengerCompartment
Vehicle Inspection
Lecture
Video
Powerpoint:13 15
DOJ Video:VehicleInspection
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-1: Vehicle Inspection
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13 - 15Lecture: Vehicle Inspection
Purpose: Identify what needs to be
inspected and prepared prior to placinga patrol vehicle in to operation.
Points to Cover:
Pg. 3
13
Pg. 4
13
1. The student must realize theimportance of a vehicle inspection.A properly inspected vehicle willensure a greater degree ofconfidence, reliability, and
functionality with respect to vehicleperformance and condition.
2. The inspection would include, butnot limit itself to the followingcategories:
Tires and wheels
Exterior
Trunk
Passenger compartment
Tires and wheels; inspect all fourwheels:
Inflation
Tread depth
Damage, cracks or punctures
Rims
Lug nuts
Wheel covers
Note: Use of avehicle inspectionsheet: yourdocumentation canprove that you
exercised propercare to ensure thatthe vehicle was ingood condition andworking orderbefore operating it.
Be familiar with anysuch form used inyour department,and with the policies
and proceduresgoverning use ofsuch form.
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-1: Vehicle Inspection
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Pg. 4
13
Pg. 5
13
Exterior
Body damage
Window damage
Equipment damage
Suspension normal
Undercarriage damage; muffler, tailpipe, fluid leaks
Under the hood; fluid levels, batteryand cables, hoses
Trunk
Spare tire
Lug wrench and jack
Required equipment and supplies(varies by agency)
All items secured
Any additional items (personal items,evidence, etc.)
Pg. 5 - 6
13
Passenger compartment
Check under rear seat and entirepassenger area for contraband orharmful objects. (with flashlight)
Check all equipment for operation:door locks, cage or screen,
seatbelts/shoulder harnesses,windshield wipers, and gauges
Check all lights: signals, spots,interior, emergency
Check all electronics: radio, P.A.,
Note: Ensure everyofficer is adequatelyfamiliar with theoperation of thesquad radio systemwithout losingcontrol of thevehicle.
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-1: Vehicle Inspection
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siren, MDT/computer, and radar
Check any long gun and mount
Check lights: emergency lights;headlights (both high and low
beams); spotlights; taillights; brakelights; turn signals; and hazard lights(flashers).
DOJ EVOC Video: VehicleInspection
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-2: Driver Preparation
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LESSON 2-2: DRIVER PREPARATION
Pre-operation driver preparation is discussed.
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-2: Driver Preparation
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Topic 2: Patrol OperationsLesson 2-2: Driver Preparation
Performance Objectives
1. Inspect the vehicle and complete other steps necessary for placing a patrolvehicle into service at the beginning of a shift.
1.3 Conduct driver preparation steps that need to be taken prior toplacing a patrol vehicle in to operation.
EquipmentChalkboard or flip chart
PowerPoint projector, screen
MaterialsTextbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for LawEnforcement OfficersPowerPoint presentation: Emergency Vehicle Operations and Control (BasicPatrol Operation); slides: 16-21
Instructional MethodLecture, discussion
Estimated Length of ClassOne hour
Reading AssignmentText, pp. 6-9
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-2: Driver Preparation
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Topic 1: Patrol OperationsLesson 1-2: Driver Preparation
Time Topic Activities Resources Notes
Hour #1 Driver Preparation
Adjusting Seat
AdjustingSteering Wheel
Adjusting Mirrors
Adjusting SeatBelt
Securing SquadBox
Lecture Powerpoint:16-21
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-2: Driver Preparation
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16-21Lecture:Driver preparation
Points to Cover:
Seat
Steering wheel
Mirrors
Safety harness
Squad box
Seat belts, head rests and shoulderharness should be adjusted orfastened for all occupants prior to
vehicle operation. While there aresome exceptions for lawenforcement officers permitting themnot to wear seat belts underspecified conditions, in most casesseat belts are required.
Hour #1
Pg. 6
16
Pg. 7
16
Pg. 7
16
SEAT: find a position that allows forcomfort for knees, back, arms, and yetprovide for optimum operation ofsteering wheel, airbag, and other
equipment.
STEERING WHEEL: find a positionthat is comfortable for arms and legsyet allows clear view of gauges andthrough the windshield.
MIRRORS:
Center mirror should provide a viewout the rear window
The driver's-side mirror shouldremain level and provide a view ofthe edge of the squad
Passenger-side mirror should notprovide a blind spot, but view justthe edge of the squad
Note: Remember,the airbag can onlydeploy if the steeringwheel is 10" away.
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-2: Driver Preparation
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Pg. 7 - 8
17-19
Pg. 8
16
SAFETY HARNESS: State lawrequires safety harness use.
Ask the students to name some
reasons why people do not use safetyrestraints before showing the slide.
The reasons safety harnesses shouldbe worn are:
Body stops if car is stopped byimpact
Force is distributed across body
Prevent ejection
Body is positioned for airbagdeployment
Body may be more able to maintaincontrol of vehicle
SQUAD BOX:Any large items which are unsecured inthe vehicle (such as briefcases, squadboxes, equipment, report forms,evidence containers, etc) can become
a missile inside the vehicle uponimpact.
Note: In addition,local policy mayrequire the use ofseatbelts despite
exceptions in thestatute.
Note: Back track toslide 16 or just coverthis point prior tomoving on to the
safety restraintslides.
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-2: Driver Preparation
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TTHHIISS PPAAGGEE IINNTTEENNTTIIOONNAALLLLYY LLEEFFTT BBLLAANNKK..
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-3: Basic Patrol Driving Operations
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LESSON 2-3: BASIC PATROL DRIVING OPERATIONS
The goals and strategies of squad car operation are introduced.
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-3: Basic Patrol Driving Operations
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Topic 2: Patrol OperationsLesson 2-3: Basic Patrol Driving Operations
Performance Objectives
2. Apply proper driving strategies and techniques for basic patrol operation of avehicle.
2.1 Identify driving strategies used in basic patrolling.
EquipmentChalkboard or flip chartPowerPoint projector, screen
MaterialsTextbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for LawEnforcement OfficersPowerPoint presentation: Emergency Vehicle Operations and Control (BasicPatrol Operation); slides: 23-32
Instructional MethodLecture, discussion
Estimated Length of ClassOne hour
Reading AssignmentText, pp. 11-18
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-3: Basic Patrol Driving Operations
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Topic 2: Patrol OperationsLesson 2-3: Basic Patrol Driving Operations
Time Topic Activities Resources Notes
Hour #1 Basic Patrol DrivingOperations
Patrol Strategies
Traffic Strategies
Driving Techniques
Hand Position
AccelerationDeceleration
ManagingDistractions
Lecture Powerpoint:23-32
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-3: Basic Patrol Driving Operations
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23-32Lecture: Basic Patrol DrivingOperations
Purpose: To introduce purposeful andstrategic driving for law enforcement.
Points to cover:2. Patrol strategies3. Traffic strategies4. Driving techniques5. Hand position on the steering wheel6. Acceleration/deceleration7. Managing distractions
Pg. 11-12
23
Pg. 12-14
24-28
1. Patrol Strategies:
Know where you are both to plan theroute to the call and/or notify othersif in need of assistance.
Vary your route for theinconvenience of the criminals.
Stay alert and be proactive.
Play "what if?" scenarios. Thisstrategy is used to practicehypothetical situations in preparation
for an actual event.
2. Traffic Strategies:
Smith System: a five-step system forawareness of traffic.
Aim high
Get the big picture
Keep your eyes moving
Leave yourself an out
Make sure they see you
SIPDE Search
Identify
Predict
Decide
Execute
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-3: Basic Patrol Driving Operations
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Zone Control: area of path of
travel and line of sight, sides, andback
Watch front for changes Check other zones Get best control
Pg. 14-16
29
3. Driving Techniques: Hand Positionon the Steering Wheel
9 oclock/3 oclock: able to turn thewheel farther and faster with morecontrol; not recommended forbacking
Shuffle steering: Both hands are onthe wheel at all times, but one handgrips tightly and the other loosely.The tight-grip hand moves thesteering wheel toward the loose one,bringing the wheel to the loose-griphand. The 12-6 axis should not bebroken. This method avoids crossing
the hands, by sliding the wheel insmall amounts. It is best for gradualturns.
Hand-to-hand steering: hand feedswheel to other hand; notrecommended for abrupt or evasiveturns
Hand-over-hand steering: bottomhand releases steering wheel in turnand re-grips at top of the steering
wheel; sacrifice control of vehicle
12 oclock (backing): left hand at 12oclock, turn body to look out rearwindow for direct view
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-3: Basic Patrol Driving Operations
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Pg. 16-17
30
4. Acceleration/deceleration:
Always smoothly and in control, why?
Maintain traction
Less likely to over-accelerate
NOTE: A safebacking speed is
considered a fastwalk or 5 - 7 mph.
Pg. 17-18
31-32
5. Managing Distractions:
Radio: follow protocol of agency,keep transmissions short andprofessional, avoid sensitiveinformation, don't override others,wait until keyed on to talk and finishbefore keying off.
Cell phones: find a place to park, asthe distraction is an increasinglycommon cause of accidents.
MDTs: require an officer's attention(eyes are off of the road); never reador type while driving
NOTE: Lawenforcement officersneed to set theexample by notdriving while using acell phone.
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-4: Vehicle Dynamics
June 200737
LESSON 2-4: VEHICLE DYNAMICS
Introduces methods to maintain control of a vehicle.
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-4: Vehicle Dynamics
June 200738
Topic 2: Patrol OperationsLesson 2-4: Vehicle Dynamics
Performance Objectives
2. Apply proper driving strategies and techniques for basic patrol operation of avehicle.
2.2 Identify techniques for steering, backing, cornering and braking.
2.3 Identify the role that multi-tasking, weather, road conditions, night drivingand fatigue play in normal patrol driving.
2.4 Identify methods to maintain control of the vehicle in situations of rapidair loss (tire blow out) in a tire and off road recovery.
EquipmentChalkboard or flip chartPowerPoint projector, screenDVD player
MaterialsTextbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for LawEnforcement OfficersPowerPoint presentation: Emergency Vehicle Operations and Control (BasicPatrol Operation); slides: 33-74DOJ EVOC Videos: Parking Maneuver, Y-Turn Maneuver, Serpentine Forward,Straight Line Backing, Reverse Serpentine, Cornering Maneuver, Pivot Foot,Controlled Braking Maneuver, Evasive Maneuver.Optional Video: Alert International/Michelin: Tire Safety Police Training. (DVD)
Instructional MethodLecture, discussion, videos, exercises
Estimated Length of ClassTwo Hours
Reading AssignmentText, pp. 19-30
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-4: Vehicle Dynamics
June 200739
Topic 2: Patrol OperationsLesson 2-4: Vehicle Dynamics
Time Topic Activities Resources Notes
Hour #1 Vehicle Dynamics
Steering
Backing
Cornering
Braking
Special Issues
UnexpectedHazards
Lecture
Lecture/Video
Lecture/Video
Lecture//Video
Lecture/Video
Lecture
Lecture /Optional Video
Powerpoint:33-74
DOJ Videos:ParkingManeuver, Y-TurnManeuver,SerpentineForward.
DOJ Videos:Straight LineBacking,ReverseSerpentine.
DOJ Video:Cornering
DOJ Videos:
Pivot Foot,ControlledBraking,EvasiveManeuver.
AlertInternational/Michelin
OptionalVideo: TireSafety PoliceTraining.
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-4: Vehicle Dynamics
June 200740
33-74
Pg. 19-20
33-36
Pg. 20
37-38
Lecture: Vehicle Dynamics
Purpose: To learn to operate squadsmoothly and with maximum control.
Points to cover:1. Steering2. Backing3. Cornering4. Breaking5. Special Issues6. Unexpected Hazards
1. Vehicle Dynamics
Steering
Changing lanes: keep a cushionof space (4 seconds)
Passing : do not crowd the othervehicle and wait to return to thedriving lane until you see bothheadlights of the passed vehicle
VIDEOS: Parking ManeuverY-Turn ManeuverSerpentine Forward
Backing: remember your field ofvision is smaller than goingforward.
Get out and look if possible
Use 12 o'clock position Aim at a spot in the distance
Use outside mirrors
VIDEOS: Straight Line BackingReverse Serpentine
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-4: Vehicle Dynamics
June 200741
Pg 21-23
39-45
Cornering: evaluate the sharpnessof the curve and the traffic in theintersection prior to cornering.
Aim for the apex of the curve In reaching the apex begin to
accelerate
Watch for acceleration andweight transfer
VIDEO: Cornering
Pg. 23-25
46-62
Braking: don't underestimate therequired stopping distances. Usecontrolled braking. Remember:
Avoid following too close Avoid left-foot braking
Be aware of any traffic behind
Controlled Braking:Always use "early and smooth" braking,trail braking.
Sudden Stops:If sudden stops are necessary, useABS, threshold or lockup.
VIDEOS: Pivot FootControlled BrakingEvasive Maneuver
Note: Stoppingdistance is thedriver reactiontime, vehiclecapability, andenvironment.
Pg. 26-29
63-68
2. Special Issues:
Multi-taskingdivides attention todriving and raises risk
Weather and road conditionsofficers are comfortable driving atfast speeds yet slower speeds arerecommended with inclementweather or other road conditions
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-4: Vehicle Dynamics
June 200742
Pg. 29-30
69-74
Night drivingsee less distanceahead of vehicle and vision can beblinded by headlights
Fatiguehigh risk for impaireddriving
Emotional factors and cumulativestress inability to concentrate,irritability will affect
3. Unexpected Hazards:
Rapid air loss
Off-road recovery
OPTIONAL VIDEO: Michelin/AlertInternational: Tire Safety PoliceTraining
* The techniques covered in this sectionwill be practiced once on the drivingrange.
NOTE: OptionalVideo available fromDOJ Video Library.Shows how torecover from RapidAir Loss andHydroplaning.(Approximately 25minutes long.)
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-1: Legal Considerations
June 200743
TOPIC 3: EMERGENCY VEHICLERESPONSE
LESSON 3-1: LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS
The legal issues involved in emergency vehicle operation are presented,including statutory responsibilities and privileges and matters of civil and criminalliability.
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-1: Legal Considerations
June 200744
Topic 3: Emergency Vehicle ResponseLesson 3-1: Legal Considerations
Performance Objectives
3. Describe the legal and policy considerations surrounding law enforcementdriving, including normal patrol operation, emergency response, and pursuitdriving.
3.1 Identify and interpret the laws related to officer non-emergency andemergency driving.
3.2 Describe the legal issues surrounding a silent emergency response.
Equipment
Chalkboard or flip chartPowerPoint projector, screen
MaterialsTextbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for LawEnforcement OfficersPowerPoint presentation: Emergency Vehicle Operations and Control(Emergency Response); slides 1-51DOJ Video: The Michelle Norton StoryHandouts/Overheads: True Emergency, Privilege
Instructional MethodLecture, discussion, video
Estimated Length of ClassOne hour
Reading AssignmentText, pp. 31-37
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-1: Legal Considerations
June 200745
Topic 3: Emergency Vehicle ResponseLesson 3-1: Legal Considerations
Time Topic Activities Resources Notes
Hour #1 Driving and LawEnforcement Context
Non-EmergencyDriving
Emergency Driving
StatutoryRequirements andPrivileges
Due Regard
Civil and CriminalLiability
Other Consequences
Silent Emergency
Statutes
Lecture
Lecture
Lecture
Video
Lecture
Video
Lecture
Lecture
Lecture
Lecture
LectureCase Law
Powerpoint: 1-51
DOJ Video:The Michelle
Norton Story.
Handout: TrueEmergencyDefined.
Handout:Privilege.
DOJ Video:Emergency
Response
City ofMadison v.Polenska
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-1: Legal Considerations
June 200746
Pg. 31-37
1-14
LECTURE: Legal Considerations
Purpose: To become familiar with lawenforcement driving and the laws that
apply to non-emergency andemergency driving.
Points to Cover:
1. Law enforcement driving as uniquefrom ordinary driving.
Poses serious danger to officers.
You must know the laws that apply
to you while driving.
Potential civil liability.
2. Slide # 5 represents the totalnumbers of crashes involving lawenforcement vehicles: includingthose with injuries and fatalities.
3. The Michelle Norton Story.
VIDEO: The Michelle Norton Story
Who are the victims affected by thecrash?
What consequences can an officerinvolved in this type of crash expectto face?
What action can you take to avoid
being involved in a similar crashyourself?
What can you do to prevent otherofficers from being involved in sucha crash?
Hour #1
Note: Instructorsshould update crashstatistics each year;information isavailable throughDOT Crash Facts.
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-1: Legal Considerations
June 200747
Pg. 31
16
17-22
23
Pg. 32
24-25
4. True Emergency
HANDOUT: True Emergency
A situation in which there is a highprobability of death or serious injuryor significant property loss, andaction by an emergency vehicleoperator may reduce the seriousnessof the situation.
5. Definitions of Emergency Vehicles:
Section 340.01 WI Stats
Authorized Emergency Vehicle
Fire Department Vehicles
Emergency Medical ServicesVehicles
Other Authorized EmergencyVehicles
6. Liability and Applicability:
Section 345.05 WI Stats
Section 346.02 WI Stats
7. Privilege
HANDOUT: Privilege
Section 346.03 (1)-(6) WI Stats giveoperators of authorized emergencyvehicles certain privileges with respecttot the rules of the road.
Source: LawEnforcement DriverTraining ReferenceGuide 2000National HighwayTraffic SafetyAdministration(see RESOURCES)
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-1: Legal Considerations
June 200748
346.03(1)
(1) The operator of an authorizedemergency vehicle, whenresponding to an emergency call orwhen in the pursuit of an actual orsuspected violator of the law orwhen responding to but not uponreturning from a fire alarm, mayexercise the privileges set forth inthis section, but subject to theconditions stated in subs. (2) to (5).
Pg. 32
26-30
Pg. 33
31
346.03(2)
(2) The operator of an authorizedemergency vehicle may:
(a) Stop, stand or park, irrespective ofthe provisions of this chapter.
(b) Proceed past a red or stop signal orstop sign, but only after slowingdown as may be necessary for safeoperation.
(c) Exceed the speed limit.
(d) Disregard regulations governingdirection of movement or turning inspecified directions.
346.03(3)
This privilege applies only whengiving visible andaudible signal.
VIDEO: Emergency Response
8. Due Regard definition 346.03(5)
The degree of care that a reasonablycareful person, performing similarduties, and acting under similarcircumstances would show.
Lights alone are notenough!
Note: Emphasizeofficers ALWAYShave the duty todrive with dueregard for the safetyof others.
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-1: Legal Considerations
June 200749
Pg. 33
32-38
9. Civil and Criminal Liability
Civil liability
Wisconsin law indemnifies officersfrom having to pay judgmentsagainst them if they were:
- Acting in their official capacity
- Acting within the scope of theiremployment
In such a case, the employing unit ofgovernment must pay the judgment.
Generally, officers enjoy qualified
immunity from civil liability fordiscretionary acts but noministerial ones.
- Discretionary = you have a rangeof possible responses to choosefrom
- Ministerial = you must do a certainthing
If an officers conduct is outside the
scope of employment, the officercould be held individually liable,civilly or criminally.
Negligence
- Failure to comply with statuterequirements
- Failure to comply with general tort
law principles- Failure to comply with agency
policy and procedures
895.46
940.10Homicide bynegligent operationof a vehicle
940.23Reckless Injury
941.01Negligent Operationof a vehicle
941.30RecklesslyEndangering Safety
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-1: Legal Considerations
June 200750
34
35
Pg. 34
37
38
Civil action
- Small Claims Court
- Civil Litigation
Administrative Action
- Written reprimand
- Removal from drivingassignment
- Suspension without pay
- Termination
- Referred for criminal prosecution
10. Other Consequences
Personal Injury:
- Minor
- Major
- Life-Threatening
- Disability
- Death
Agency Consequences:
- Civil Litigation
- Personnel Costs
- Equipment Costs- Negative Publicity
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-1: Legal Considerations
June 200751
Pg. 34-35
39-48
11. Silent Emergency definition"may exceed the speed limit withoutgiving audible and visual signal underthe following circumstances:
If the officer is obtaining evidenceof a speed violation.
If the officer is responding to acall which the officer reasonablybelieves involves a felony inprogress and the officerreasonably believes thatknowledge of the officerspresence may:
- Endanger the safety of a victim orother person.
- Cause the suspected violator toevade apprehension.
- Cause the suspected violator todestroy evidence of a suspectedfelony or may otherwise result inthe loss of evidence of a suspectedfelony.
- Cause the suspected violator to
cease the commission of asuspected felony before the officerobtains sufficient evidence toestablish grounds for arrest.
Pg. 35-37
49-50
Obligations of other drivers whenan emergency vehicle is involvedin an emergency response:
- Approach of an emergency vehicle,
Section 346.19(1), (2)
- Eluding an officer prohibited,Section 346.04(3) Felony Offenseand Section 346.04(2T)Misdemeanor Offense
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-1: Legal Considerations
June 200752
- Stay 500 feet behind an emergencyvehicle involved in an emergencyresponse
- Passing a parked or standing
emergency vehicle must be donefrom another lane of traffic or with areduced speed
Case Law: City of Madison v.Polenska
If you do not exercise due regard for thesafety of others, you can be liable underboth civil and criminal law.
Note: Referstudents to othercase law inAppendix A in thestudent text and/orto Case Study tabon WILENET under
EVOC topic.
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-2: The Stress Response
June 200753
LESSON 3-2 THE STRESS RESPONSE
To introduce the physiological changes that affects the ability to drive.
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-2: The Stress Response
June 200754
Topic 3: Emergency Vehicle ResponseLesson 3-2: The Stress Response
Performance Objectives
4. Describe safety factors and vehicle dynamics involved in emergency driving,and apply proper emergency driving techniques.
4.1 Identify the effects of increased speed on steering, braking, andcornering.
EquipmentChalkboard or flip chartPowerPoint projector, screen
MaterialsTextbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for LawEnforcement OfficersPowerPoint presentation: EVOC (Emergency Response); slides 52-54
Instructional MethodLecture, discussion, exercises
Estimated Length of ClassOne-half hour
Reading AssignmentText, pp. 39-41
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-2: The Stress Response
June 200755
Topic 3: Emergency Vehicle ResponseLesson 3-2: The Stress Response
Time Topic Activities Resources Notes
Hour #1 Stress Response anddriving
Managing stressduring EVOC
Lecture
Lecture
Powerpoint:52-54
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-2: The Stress Response
June 200756
Pg. 39-41
52
LECTURE: The Stress Response
Purpose: To identify the physiological changes
that happen as a result of stress and their effects ondriving ability.
Procedure:
1. Normal state: body governed by theparasympathetic nervous system
2. When under stress, body is governed by thesympathetic nervous system:
Body secretes adrenaline
Blood flow to large muscles increases
Heart rate, blood pressure, and respirationincrease
Sweat glands stimulated
Blood sugar increases Vision and hearing may become more keen--
but brain may exclude stimuli that aren'tcentral to the perceived threat
Blood flow directed away from cognitive partof the brain--making it difficult to think and
make decisions You may experience tunnel vision and
auditory exclusion.
3. Emergency responsea hot call, or eventurning on lights/siren can trigger this physicalresponse.
4. Effects on emergency driving can be verynegative:
Driving fast requires moreconcentrationand attentionbut your brain is not workingas well
Tunnel vision may worsen the tendency tofocus only on the road in frontwhichpeople tend to do when driving fast or atnight
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-2: The Stress Response
June 200757
You need to increaseawareness of traffic &intersections, but tunnel vision and auditoryexclusion may block them out.
The stress response, also called the "fightor flight" response, may make you
aggressive, so that you drive tooaggressively and take chances that inretrospect may look reckless.
This aroused state does not diminishquickly.
Pg. 40
54
Pg. 41
LECTURE/DISCUSSION: Mitigating the Effectsof Stress
Purpose: To present techniques for managingstress in the context of emergency driving.
Procedure:
1. Ask class if they have techniques for managingstress. List these on chalkboard or flip chart.
2. Discuss techniques recommended in text:
Scan (move the tunnel around)
Breathe (autogenic breathing)
Autogenic breathing as taught in Firearms andDAAT:
Inhale slowly (count to four) through your nose. Pause for a moment. Exhale slowly (4-count) through pursed lips. Pause for a moment. Repeat. Talk: (positive self-talk as taught in
Professional Communication, pg. 97)
Example:
I'm okayI'm safe.OK, calm down."Things are under control.
If possible, you may find it helpful to spend a fewminutes by yourself away from the immediate scenefocusing on your own needs.
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-2: The Stress Response
June 200758
TTHHIISS PPAAGGEE IINNTTEENNTTIIOONNAALLLLYY LLEEFFTT BBLLAANNKK..
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-3: Vehicle Dynamics at High Speeds
June 200759
LESSON 3-3 VEHICLE DYNAMICS AT HIGH SPEEDS
To introduce how vehicle dynamics are affected by higher vehicle speeds.
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-3: Vehicle Dynamics at High Speeds
June 200760
TOPIC 3 EMERGENCY VEHICLE RESPONSELesson 3-3: Vehicle Dynamics at High Speeds
Performance Objectives
4. Describe safety factors and vehicle dynamics involved in emergencydriving, and apply proper driving techniques.
4.1 Identify the effects of increased speed on steering, braking, andcornering.
EquipmentChalkboard or flip chartPowerPoint projector, screen
Materials
Textbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for LawEnforcement OfficersPowerPoint presentation: EVOC (Emergency Response); slide: 55
Instructional MethodLecture, discussion, exercises
Estimated Length of ClassOne hour
Reading AssignmentText, pp. 41-42
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-3: Vehicle Dynamics at High Speeds
June 200761
Topic 3: Emergency Vehicle ResponseLesson 3-3: Vehicle Dynamics at High Speeds
Time Topic Activities Resources Notes
Hour #1 Vehicle Dynamics atHigh Speeds
Steering
Braking
Cornering
Lecture Powerpoint: 55
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-3: Vehicle Dynamics
June 200762
Pg. 41-42
55
LECTURE: Vehicle Dynamics
Purpose: To explain how higher vehiclespeeds affect vehicle dynamics
Procedure:
1. Increased speed tends to exaggerateeffects on vehicle handling, particularly
Steering Braking
Cornering
2. Steering
Minor input needed at high speeds
Front wheel vs. rear wheel drive:- front wheel more responsive- rear wheel less responsive
Reason: acceleration transfersweight to rear wheels- increases traction (RWD)- diminishes steering ability
loose material on road surface willreduce your steering ability
3. Braking
Stopping distance increases withspeed
Road surface (wet, loose material,etc.)
Vehicle maintenance
Panic braking may lock up brakesuse threshold braking
ABS designed not to lock up, but
may fail in certain conditions,reverting to standard braking
Note:
Stressdecreases finemotor control
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-3: Vehicle Dynamics
June 200763
4. Cornering
High speed: sudden weight transferwhen turning may cause skid.
Front-wheel-drive vehicles tend toplow in a straight line. To correct,reduce steering input and lightlybrake until you regain control.
Rear-wheel-drive vehicle may gointo a sideways skid. To correct,steer in the direction you want thecar to go.
Too much correction can causesecondary skid. To correct, steer inopposite directionbut dont over
correct. In a front-wheel-drive car, correct for
a sideways skid by accelerating outof it.
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-4: Special Topics
June 200764
TTHHIISS PPAAGGEE IINNTTEENNTTIIOONNAALLLLYY LLEEFFTT BBLLAANNKK..
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-4: Special Topics
June 200765
LESSON 3-4 SPECIAL TOPICS
To address several complicating issues for emergency vehicle response.
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-4: Special Topics
June 200766
TOPIC 3 EMERGENCY VEHICLE RESPONSELesson 3-4: Special Topics
Performance Objectives
4. Describe safety factors and vehicle dynamics involved in emergencydriving, and apply proper driving techniques.
4.2 Describe possible citizen responses to emergency lights andsirens.
4.3 Identify route selection issues that effect emergency driving.4.4 Identify radio use issues that influence emergency driving.
EquipmentChalkboard or flip chartPowerPoint projector, screen
MaterialsTextbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for LawEnforcement OfficersPowerPoint presentation: EVOC (Emergency Response); slides: 56-62
Instructional MethodLecture, discussion
Estimated Length of ClassOne-half hour
Reading AssignmentText, pp. 43-46
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-4: Special Topics
June 200767
Topic 3: Emergency Vehicle ResponseLesson 3-4: Special Topics
Time Topic Activities Resources Notes
Hour #1 Citizen response toyour lights/siren
Route selection
Radio use
DrivingConsiderations
Lecture Powerpoint:56-62
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-4: Special Topics
June 200768
Pg. 43-46
56-62
Pg. 43
57
Pg. 44
58
LECTURE: Special Topics
Purpose: To address several complicatingissues for emergency vehicle response
Procedure:
1. In an emergency response, in addition todriving issues, you are faced with threeadditional challenges:
Citizen response to your lights/siren Route selection
Radio use
2. Citizen response can be very
unpredictable:
Continue to travel as if unaware of you
Brake suddenly in front of you Speed up to evade you
Cross several lanes of traffic in front ofyou to pull off on the right
Cause an accident because the driveris focused on you
3. Key Reminder: The object is to get to the
scene of the emergency as quickly as yousafelycan. Slowing down a little to giveother drivers an opportunity to get out ofyour way may get you to the scene fasterin the end.
4. Route Selection: consider
Traffic Patterns Construction
Road Conditions Intersections
-Observe in advance-Slow down & be prepared to stop-The fewer intersections the better-Alternate siren patterns-Search for other traffic/additionalemergency vehicles
Hour #1
Note:
Emphasize theneed for a largecushion ofspace
Note:
Remember: it
does no goodto get halfwaythere reallyfastif you endup in a crash,you do no goodand take otherofficers out ofservice.
Note:
Emphasize thatintersectionsare the mostdangerous partof emergencyresponse.
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-4: Special Topics
June 200769
Pg. 45
59-60
Pg. 45
61
5. Radio Use
Dont initiate radio contact whenapproaching an intersection.
Operate by feel.
Avoid long broadcasts. Give information useful to other
responding units.
Always let dispatch know of yourarrival on scene.
6. Driving Considerations
Siren use in advance. Approaching Intersections slow
down.
Municipal Roads anticipate potentialproblems (pedestrians, parked cars,etc.).
Rural Roadways Watch for slowmoving vehicles and livestock.
Freeways Drive in the left hand lane.
NOTE:Rememberyour siren is
ineffective atfreeway speedsso motoristsmay not hearyou coming upbehind them.
Pg. 46 LECTURE: Summary
Purpose: To summarize the issues
Procedure:
1. Emergency response is challenging
Increased stress
Requires concentration/alertness
Hazardous
Liability exposure
2. Remember: Your responsibility to showDUE REGARD for the safety of othersoverrides all other concerns.
3. Paradoxically, while emergency drivingrequires betterability to make gooddecisions (faster speed means less timeto ponder), the stress may diminish ourabilities to make good decisions.
Note:
Quiz students
as to thedefinition ofdue regard.
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-4: Special Topics
June 200770
4. Stress management techniques (such as
autogenic breathing) can help.
5. Vehicle dynamics also change
requiring adjustments in steering,braking, and cornering.
6. You must also be prepared for citizenresponses, choose the best route, anduse your radio effectively.
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Topic 4 Lesson 4-1 Legal and Policy Issues
June 200771
TOPIC 4: PURSUIT DRIVING
LESSON 4-1 LEGAL AND POLICY ISSUES
The legal context for pursuit driving is discussed and the criteria for deciding if apursuit is justified are presented.
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Topic 4 Lesson 4-1 Legal and Policy Issues
June 200772
Topic 4: Pursuit DrivingLesson 4-1: Legal and Policy Issues
Performance Objectives
5. Identify the legal, policy, and safety considerations in initiating, conducting,and terminating pursuits, including options to stop subject vehicles.
5.1 Identify how disturbance resolution applies to emergency vehicleoperation.
5.2 Define pursuit as it relates to law enforcement.5.3 Identify legal and policy issues related to pursuits.5.4 Describe the responsibilities and requirements of pursuit driving.
EquipmentChalkboard or flip chartPowerPoint projector, screen
MaterialsTextbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for LawEnforcement OfficersPowerPoint presentation: EVOC (Pursuits); slides: 1-22Handouts/overheads: "Pursuits Quote from the AAA", "Use of Force EVOC,and the Intervention Options chart." An optional hand out would be a copy of theAlert International Pursuit Policy or your agencies policy.
Instructional MethodLecture, discussion, exercises
Estimated Length of ClassOne hour
Reading AssignmentText, pp. 47-58
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Topic 4 Lesson 4-1 Legal and Policy Issues
June 200773
Topic 4: Pursuit DrivingLesson 4-1: Legal and Policy Issues
Time Topic Activities Resources Notes
Hour #1
Hour #2
Review IncidentResponse and theDisturbanceResolution Model
Legal Issues andPursuits
What is reasonable?
Pursuit Polices
Lecture
Lecture
Handout
Exercise/video
Case law
Handout
LectureExercise
LectureHandout
Powerpoint:1-22
Handout:InterventionOption Chart
Handout:
Pursuits Quotefrom the AAA.
Video clips ofpursuits.
Case law:Sacramento v.Lewis andEstate ofCavanaugh v.
Andrade
Handout: "Useof Force -EVO"
Do youpursue?
ExamplePolicies
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Topic 4 Lesson 4-1 Legal and Policy Issues
June 200774
Pg. 47-58
1-22
Pg. 47-49
3-5
Pg. 50
6-7
LECTURE: Why are pursuits important?
Purpose: To define pursuits and explain whyofficers need to know when they are appropriate.
Procedure:
1. Incident Response and Disturbance ResolutionModel Review:
(a) Incident Response
Report
Evaluate
Stabilize Preserve
Organize Normalize
Document/Debrief
(b) Disturbance Resolution
Approach Considerations Intervention Options (Handout)
Follow-Through Considerations
2. What is a pursuit? Definition:
an active attempt by a law enforcementofficer on-duty in an authorized lawenforcement vehicle to apprehend one ormore occupants of a moving motor vehicle,providing the driver of such vehicle is awareof the attempt and is resisting apprehensionby maintaining or increasing his speed orby ignoring the law enforcement officer'sattempt to stop him or her.
Key points:
Officer is in an authorized emergency vehicle--should be recognized as a law enforcementofficer
Driver is aware of officer's attempt to stop himor her
NOTE: Pointout wherepursuits fall intheInterventionOptions chart.
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Topic 4 Lesson 4-1 Legal and Policy Issues
June 200775
Pg. 50-51
Driver is resisting apprehension Vehicle speed may vary
3. Other Definitions
Fresh Pursuit Close Pursuit
4. Why are pursuits an issue for lawenforcement officers?
High liability areadangerous for officers,subjects, and public
Requires balancing the need to apprehendcriminals against the safety of those at risk
Attitudes are changing, shifting the balancetoward safety
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HANDOUT/OVERHEAD: PURSUITS Quote fromthe American Automotive AssociationQuotation from AAA Foundation for Public Safety:
"In years past, the police and the public generallymaintained an attitude that it was the lawenforcement officer's responsibility to catch anyoneevading the police regardless of the cost. It wasnot uncommon that officers would feel obligated tocatch the violator by taking unnecessarily highrisks, so that they would not be seen as derelict intheir duty, or weak and cowardly by their fellowworkers. These attitudes can still influence police
judgment, but the tone has been changing to amore responsible philosophy. Public, judicial, andultimately police attitudes are changing regardingthe degree of risk that we as a society are willing totake in the apprehension of a suspect. Publicsafety, the safety of the officer, and the safety ofthe violator are becoming more and more animportant and persuasive element of the pursuitequation. We are beginning to realize that 'When apolice officer engages in a pursuit, his vehiclebecomes a potentially dangerous weapon, perhaps
the most dangerous weapon in the police officer'sarsenal.'"
EXERCISE:
Purpose: To help students identify factorsaffecting their decisions to pursue
Procedure:
1. Show video clips from movie or TV policepursuits
2. Have students identify ways that movies orTV might influence their decision to engagein a pursuit.
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Pg. 51
9-10
(Review)No
Slides
LECTURE: Legal Issues
1. Constitutional:
Pursuits can be construed as a use of force, soGraham v. Connordictates that pursuits:
Must be objectively reasonable in light of
The severity of the alleged crime at issue
Whether the suspect poses an imminentthreat to the safety of officers and/or others
Whether the suspect is actively resisting orattempting to evade arrest by flight
Judged under the totality of the
circumstances from the perspective of areasonable officer at the scene with similartraining and experience.
2. Wisconsin Law
Review s.346.03 Wis. Stats. (privileges of anoperator of an authorized emergency vehicle)
S.346.03(2): the operator "of an authorizedemergency vehicle" may:
-Proceed past a red or stop signal or stopsign, but only after slowing down as may benecessary for safe operation;
-Exceed the speed limit;
-Disregard regulations governing direction ofmovement or turning in specified directions.
S.346.03(3): "privileges" apply only when the
emergency vehicle operating is "givingvisual signal"by "flashing, oscillating orrotating lights", and - in certaincircumstances - by a siren or whistle as well.
United StatesSupremeCourt490 U.S. 386(1989)
Unmarkedsquad:
State v.Opperman(seeAppendix)
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Pg. 52-53
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S.346.03(4) a law enforcement officeroperating an emergency vehicle "may exceedthe speed limit without giving audible andvisual signal" under certain circumstances,
which are specified in the wording of thesubsection;
S.346.03(5) the exemptions granted unders.346.03 do not relieve the driver of anemergency vehicle from the "duty to drivewith due regard under the circumstancesfor the safety of all persons,"nor do theexemptions protect the driver "from theconsequences of his or her recklessdisregard for the safety of others."
As discussed previously, the phrase "dueregard" implies that a reasonably carefullyperson, performing similar duties and actingunder similar circumstances, would act in thesame manner.
CASE LAW: Sacramento v. Lewis andEstate of Cavanaugh v. Andrade.
Handout/Overhead: Use of Force (EVOC /Handout Tab on WILENET)
NOTE:Sacramento
v. Lewis(Shock theconscience)
Cavanaugh v.Andrade(Immunity)
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14-15
15
LECTURE: What is reasonable?
Purpose: To help officers identify the factors toconsider in deciding to engage in or continue apursuit
Procedure:
1. General factors
Courts have considered these factors todetermine the reasonableness of a pursuit:
Purpose: Was the pursuit for a legitimate lawenforcement objective?
Policy: Did the officer act within his/heragency's pursuit policy?
Driving conditions:Did the weather, roadway,traffic density, population density, andpresence of non-motoring public make thepursuit reasonable?
Use of warning devices:Did the officer useappropriate warning devices?
Speed:Did the officer's speed render thepursuit unreasonably dangerous?
Disobeying traffic laws:While s346.03 Wis.Stats. permits officers to disregard certaintraffic laws, that privilege must be balancedagainst driving with due regard for the safetyof all persons.
Roadblocks:If roadblocks were used, wastheir use appropriate (generally only when
deadly force would be justified), and werethey properly set up?
Use of force:Did the officer use force duringthe pursuit, and if so, was it reasonableaccording to the standards of Graham v.Connor?
Oscillating,rotating, orflashing lightsand siren.
See s.347.25(1m)(a)and (b) WisStats. fordescription ofpermitted
lights andmountingprocedures.
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Continuation of pursuit:Once initiated, was itreasonable to continue the pursuit, or werethere reasonably clear and compellingreasons to terminate it?
2. Nature of the Offense
Your agency policy may authorize or prohibitpursuits for certain offenses, and you mustalways follow your policy. In general, thesefactors are important:
If the subject is not immediatelyapprehended, will he or she pose a danger toothers? The greater the danger, the more
justification to pursue.
Has the subject committed (or is about tocommit) a serious felony involving acts orthreats that you reasonably believe couldresult in death or great bodily harm? Again,the greater the danger, the more justificationto pursue.
Does the need to apprehend the suspectoutweigh the danger involved in a pursuit?
Your own abilities and attitudes
Your level of training
Your degree of experience
Your attitude may affect your ability to makegood decisions about whether to pursue:
feeling like you have to pursue becauseit is "macho" or expected of you
choosing to pursue because you take
the violator's actions personally being upset about something else in
your personal or professional life
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Topic 4 Lesson 4-1 Legal and Policy Issues
June 200781
3. Conditions at the time of the incident
Weather (conditions that affect visibility ortraction)
Time of day (visibility) Roadway (surface, width, number of
intersections, etc.)
Traffic density
Non-motoring public (pedestrians, bicyclists,children near schools, etc.)
Density of population
EXERCISE
Purpose: To give students a chance to practicedecision making.
Procedure:
1. Provide students with a scenario that wouldclearly justify a pursuit (serious violentfelony, danger to others, good drivingconditions, little traffic, etc.)
2. One by one, change the elements in thescenario to make it less clear a decision(e.g., increase traffic, worsen the weather,etc.)
3. Poll the class to see when/if students woulddecide not to pursue.
4. Have students articulate their reasons foreither continuing or terminating the pursuit.
Have studentsbrainstormconditions thatmight affect
the decision topursue or not.
NOTE: Youcan choose acase from thecase studiesand change
the elementsor choose acase fromyourexperience.
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16-22
LECTURE: Department Policy
Purpose: To explain the statutory requirementsfor pursuit policies and present the LESB pursuitstandard.
Procedure:
1. Refer students to 346.03(6) Wis. Stats.
Every law enforcement agency that usesauthorized emergency vehicles shall providewritten guidelines for its officers andemployees regarding exceeding speed limitsunder the circumstances specified in sub.(4)and when otherwise in pursuit of actual orsuspected violators. The guidelines shall
consider, among other factors, road conditions,density of population, severity of crime andnecessity of pursuit by vehicle
2. Note the factors specifically mentioned:
Road conditions
Density of population
Severity of crime Necessity of pursuit by vehicle
3. Review the model standards.
Emphasize factors in determining whether tocontinue pursuit
balancing danger of the pursuit vs.value of apprehending subject
establishment of suspect's ID
Emphasize conditions that indicate pursuitshould be terminated
supervisor orders termination
further pursuit is futile
location of suspect vehicle is unknown officer's vehicle or emergency
equipment malfunctions
necessary to stop and render aid
4. Note that an agency's policy may be morespecific/restrictive regarding when a pursuit isauthorized.
NOTE:
LES 3.07
Emphasizethat theymust followpolicy.
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Topic 4 Lesson 4-2: Conducting the Pursuit
June 200783
LESSON 4-2 CONDUCTING THE PURSUIT
Guidelines are presented for deciding when to pursue, and for initiating,
continuing and terminating pursuits.
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Topic 4: Pursuit DrivingLesson 4-2: Conducting the Pursuit
Performance Objectives
5. Identify the legal, policy, and safety considerations in initiating, conducting,and terminating pursuits, including options to stop subject vehicles.
5.4 Describe the responsibilities and requirements of pursuit driving.5.5 Identify the conditions that warrant termination of a pursuit.
EquipmentChalkboard or flip chartPowerPoint projector, screenAudio Tape player
MaterialsTextbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for LawEnforcement OfficersPowerPoint presentation: EVOC (Pursuits); slides: 23-33Handouts/overheads: "Decision Points of Pursuit Driving", "Pursuit RiskAssessment", "Risk Management"
Instructional MethodLecture, discussion, exercises
Estimated Length of ClassTwo hours
Reading AssignmentText, pp. 59-63
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Topic 4 Lesson 4-2: Conducting the Pursuit
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Topic 4: Pursuit DrivingLesson 4-2: Conducting the Pursuit
Time Topic Activities Resources Notes
Hour #1
Hour #2
Deciding to Initiate aPursuit
Initiating the Pursuit
Continuing thePursuit
Terminating thePursuit
LectureExercise
Lecture
Lecture
Lecture
Exercise
Powerpoint:23 - 33Handout:DecisionPoints ofPursuitDriving",
Handout:Pursuit RiskAssessment","RiskManagement"
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Pg. 59-63
23-33
Pg. 59-61
24
25
LECTURE: Deciding to Initiate a Pursuit
Purpose: To review the factors in decidingwhether to initiate a pursuit.
Procedure:
1. Remind students that DisturbanceResolution applies to pursuits as well asother law enforcement interventions.The first step under ApproachConsiderations is decision-making.
2. Among the factors to consider in whether
to initiate a pursuit include these:
Nature of the offense and the dangerposed by the driver
The officer's capabilities and limitationsas a driver
The officer's vehicle capabilities andlimitations
Weather, roadway, and trafficconditions
Likelihood of apprehending the driver
without a pursuit.
Handout/Overhead:Decision Points of Pursuit Driving
3. Have students list some specific decisionpoints that would argue for or against apursuit.
4. List the responses on a chalkboard orflip chart.
5. Point out that it is a balancing test: theofficer has to balance the danger to thepublic against the value ofapprehending the suspect
Hour #1
346.175 Wis.Stats. providesfor ownerliability if thedriver of avehicle fleespolice--unlessthe owner ID'sthe driver.
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6. Remind students that their agency'spolicies may specifically authorize orprohibit pursuits in certain cases, andthat they must always follow policy.
EXERCISE
Purpose: To give students practice inbalancing danger vs. value of apprehension
Procedure:
1. Present (on a chalkboard or overhead) amatrix showing increasing danger on Y-axis and increasing value ofapprehension on X-axis:
2. Explain that the divisions indicate roughdecision-making guides, but specificinstances still need to be mentally"plotted"
3. Provide some examples including boththe event causing the need to pursueand the conditions, and ask students toplot them.
4. Point out that the same event (such as astolen car) might indicate a pursuit insome circumstances but not others.
Adapted from"PursuitSeminar for LawEnforcementDriver Trainers"NHTSA/ALERT 2002
Danger
Value of Apprehension
No
Maybe
Maybe
Yes
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27
Exercise: Decision to Pursue RiskAssessment
Handout/Overhead: Pursuit Risk
Assessment
Scale used will be 1 - 101=least risk to the public10=greatest risk to the public
Students will consider the risk factorsfor minor traffic violators, suspectedintoxicated or reckless drivers, fleeingarmed suspects, and fleeing non-violent felons.
5. Risk Management: Law enforcementrisk management is the protection ofthe public and the reduction ofagency and officer civil liability.
If predictableit is preventable.
Identify exposure to hazards orpotential hazards.
Determine means of reducingexposure.
Implement reduction measures.
Monitor the effectiveness of reductionmeasures.
Handout: Risk Management
Adapted from
"PursuitSeminar for LawEnforcementDriver Trainers"NHTSA/ALERT 2002
Adapted from"PursuitSeminar for LawEnforcementDriver Trainers"NHTSA/ALERT 2002(see Appendix
handoutssection)
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Pg. 61-62
28
Pg. 61
29
LECTURE: Initiating the Pursuit
Purpose: To outline the responsibilities ofan officer initiating a pursuit.
Explain the difference between a:
Take off Catch Up
Pursuit
Procedure:
1. Activate your emergency lights and siren
Lights (flashing, oscillating, rotating)
Siren Headlights (flashers if available)
2. Notify dispatch
Your call sign and that you haveinitiated a pursuit
Suspect vehicle/occupant description
Vehicle's location and direction oftravel
Reason for the pursuit
Your speed Weather and traffic conditions
3. Continue to evaluate your decision topursue
Tactical evaluation is alwaysongoing.As conditions change, your decision tokeep pursuing may change as well.
Remind that346.03(3)requires audibleand visualsignals foremergencyvehicles to beexempted fromcertain traffic
laws.
346.03(4)authorizes a"silent run" --butpermitsdisregardingspeed limitsonly.
346.03(5)requires youalways to drivewith due regardfor the safety ofothers
Pg. 6230
LECTURE: Continuing the PursuitPurpose: To review ongoingresponsibilities in a pursuit
Procedure:
1. Continue tactical evaluation--you canterminate the pursuit at any time if you
Hour #2
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30
believe it is unreasonably dangerous tocontinue.
2. Keep dispatch updated with currentlocation, speed, direction, and
conditions.
3. Manage your own stress, usingtechniques already learned in DAAT andelsewhere.
Scankeep your eyes moving andstay aware of the environment.Avoid "tunnel vision."
Breatheuse autogenic breathing. Talkuse positive self-talk.
EXAMPLES
If available, play audio tapes of actualpursuits, to illustrate the importance ofkeeping one's voice calm and of continuallyupdating dispatch (and other officers) oflocation, speed, and direction.
Remindstudents of theSmith systemguidelines:
1. Aim high indriving.
2. Keep youreyes moving.
3. Get the bigpicture.4. Leave
yourself anout.
5. Make surethey seeyou.
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Pg. 63
31-33
31-32
33
LECTURE: Terminating the Pursuit
Purpose: To go over the reasons andprocedure for terminating a pursuit.
Procedure:
1. When to terminate a pursuit
Risks outweigh the benefits
Supervisor orders it
Suspect ID'd and no need forimmediate apprehension
You no longer know suspect'slocation
Suspect so far ahead that
apprehension is unlikely Your vehicle or equipment fails
Pursuit would unreasonablyendanger others
You need to stop to render aid andno other unit is available
2. How to terminate a pursuit
Notify dispatch and fellow officers ofyour intent to terminate the pursuit
via radio. Reduce speed to speed limit Turn off emergency equipment
Confirm terminating the pursuit withdispatch and notify them of yourlocation.
Pull over and stop briefly
Continue to drive normally alongsuspect's last known route to checkfor accidents or other problems.
346.175 Wis.Stats
NOTE:Follow your
department'spolicies andprocedures forterminatingpursuits.
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Topic 4 Lesson 4-3: Pursuit Driving
June 200792
TTHHIISS PPAAGGEE IINNTTEENNTTIIOONNAALLLLYY LLEEFFTT BBLLAANNKK..
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Topic 4 Lesson 4-3: Pursuit Driving
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LESSON 4-3 PURSUIT DRIVING
Guidelines for conducting and concluding a pursuit are presented.
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Topic 4 Lesson 4-3: Pursuit Driving
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Topic 4: Pursuit DrivingLesson 4-3: Pursuit Driving
Performance Objectives
5. Identify the legal, policy, and safety considerations in initiating, conducting,and terminating pursuits, including options to stop subject vehicles.
5.4 Describe the responsibilities and requirements of pursuit driving.5.6 Document and debrief a simulated pursuit.
EquipmentChalkboard or flip chartPowerPoint projector, screen
Materials
Textbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for LawEnforcement OfficersPowerPoint presentation: EVOC (Pursuits); slides: 34-48DOJ Video: Phoenix Pursuit Video
Instructional MethodLecture, discussion, exercises
Estimated Length of ClassTwo hours
Reading AssignmentText, pp. 64-71
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Topic 4: Pursuit DrivingLesson 4-3: Pursuit Driving
Time Topic Activities Resources Notes
Hour #1
Hour #2
Pursuit DrivingTechniques
Communicating withOther Officers
Pursuit Example
Concluding the
Pursuit
Documenting
Required agencyreporting
Pursuit report writing
Debriefing
Lecture
Lecture
Video
Lecture
Lecture
Discussion
Exercise
Lecture
Powerpoint:34-48
PhoenixPursuit
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Topic 4 Lesson 4-3 Pursuit Driving
June 200796
Pg. 64-71
34-48
Pg. 64
35
LECTURE: Pursuit Driving Techniques
Purpose: To present guidelines foreffective operation of an emergency vehicleduring a pursuit.
Procedure:
1. Effective driving in a pursuit requires
Using good driving techniques
Maintaining distance Maintaining a position of advantage
Anticipating the suspect's actions
2. Good driving techniques
Goal is to pace the suspect vehicle,not overtake it
Smooth, efficient driving is best
Balanced driver inputs (accelerati