MAX ERB INSTRUMENT CO. 2112 WEST BURBANK WJYEVARD . BdJ-0775 0 BURBANK, CAllFllRNlA 91506

INSTRUCTIONS

UNITRON METALLOGRAPH AND

UNIVERSAL CAMERA MICROSCOPES

Models U-l 1 & BU-11

A. Base

B. Stage

C. Coarse focusing control

D. Stage clip

E. I I luminator arm

F. I I luminator

G. Lamp socket

H. Lamp socket screw

I. J. K. L. M. N. 0. P. Q. R.

Lamp plug Transformer Hood Cable release Camera shutter Revolving nosepiece Objective lenses ON-OFF switch Voltage regulator Lamp filters and lenses

S. Lamp iris diaphragm

T. Field diaphragm (for metals) v. Stage plate.

W. Path selector lever

Z. Fine focusing control AA. Lamp decentering mechanism

BB. Po lari zer

DD. Photo-eyepiece turret, windo LL. 35mm.camera attachment MM. Aperture diaphragm NN. Binocular body 00. Diopter adiustment

PP. lnterpupi I lary adiustment ss. Voltmeter

TT. Ammeter UU. Mechanical stage knob VV. Screws to remove transformer

side panel

,

--T-”

UNITRON METALLOGRAPH

AND

UNIVERSAL CAMERA MICROSCOPE

X. Visual Eyepiece tube QQ. Polaroid Land Camera RR. Metal Slide

Model U-l 1 with Polaroid Land Camera Atfachment

Figure 2.

m-l - - . . . . - . . - - . . . . - . - . . ,

UNITRON METALLOGRAPH AND UNIVERSAL CAMERA MICROSCOPE

FF. GG. HH. II. JJ. KK. U. X. Y. cc. M. DD. EE. ww. xx. YY.

Condenser arm Mirror Abbe condenser Condenser height adjustment Condenser iris diaphragm Condenser mount frame Lamp alignment mirror Visua I eyepiece tube Vertical illuminator lever Eyepiece analyzer slot Camera shutter Photo-eyepiece turret, window Polaroid analyzer Photographic eyepieces Deviating mirror Location of negative compensating lens used with binocular body

Figure 3

Close-up of Turret Mechanism

Figure 4 Figure 5

Oblique Illumination for Metal Specimens How to Remove Photo-Eyepieces for Cleaning.

Figure 6

How to Remove the Camera Mirror (Caution: Blow off dust with a hand blower.

Do not wipe surface.)

Figure 7

Transmitted Illumination for Transparent Specimens

I c/l\r/ 7-e ON INSTRUMENT COMPANY - MICROSCOPE SALES DIV. 66 NEEDHAM STREET, NEWTON HIGHLANDS 61, MASS.

I

INSTRUCTIONS

UNITRON METALLOGRAPHS, MODELS U-l 1, BU-11

Note: Bracketed letters refer to illustrations

1) UNPACKING THE INSTRUMENT

The keys to the carrying case will be found tied to one of the handles. Open the case and remove the contents of the racks and door compartments and the interior packing.

The microscope is bolted to the case by means of 4 bolts fastened to the base. A wrench is provided to unscrew the bolts. Slide the microscope out from the wooden case. The microscope is quite heavy and should be firmly held when handled. Lift the microscope only by means of the undersides of the heavy base (A). Unpack the accessories box. Do not discard any packing material until all components have been accounted for.

The stage and eyepiece-nosepiece mechanism are packed separately to avoid damage in shipping. Unpack these carefully.

II) ASSEMBLING THE INSTRUMENT

1) Install the monocular or binocular eyepiece-nosepiece mechanism as shown in the illustration. Tighten the screws securely which hold in place using the pin wrench which is provided . Unscrew and discard the red shipping bolt on the left side of the microscope. (This bolt is used to protect the fine focusing during shipment).

2) Attach the stage (B) by carefully inserting the dovetail slide into the fitting on the rack and pinion dual coarse focusing control (C) which changes the height of the stage. Lower the stage as far as it will go. This lowest position is the normal setting for polished metal specimens and all focusing for such specimens is done with the dual focusing controls (Z). Note that the downward travel of the stage is limited by a chromed pin at the bottom of the stage bracket. This pin may easily be pulled out when it is desired to lower the stage beyond the normal position. When using the UNITRON Vacuum Heating Stage, use the special pins provided as noted in the instructions accompanying the unit.

Remove the tagged shipping bolts from the top of the stage. Attach the large stage clip (D). Insert a stage plate (V) in the opening.

3) Attach the illuminator arm (E) to the side of the microscope by means of the two thumbscrews and tighten using the small pin wrench. Attach the illuminator (F) to the arm as show,1 in the illustrations. Place a bulb in the lamp socket (G) and insert it into the illuminator. Connect the lamp socket to the smaller socket at the rear of the transformer (J). Attach the 110 volt line cord to the larger socket.

(2) (U-l 1, BU-11 Cont’d)

4) Remove the tagged shipping bolts which fasten the hood (K) to the frame. Press down on the lever at the rear of the hood and swing the hood forward. Remove and

discard the cardboard and insert the ground glass screen placing the shiny surface upward. Close the hood and engage the catch which holds it down tight. Attach the cable release (L) to the camel-a shutter (M).

5) Remove the dust caps from the revolving nosepiece (N) and attach the objective

lenses (0) taking care to screw them in as far as they will go.

6) For the Binocular Model; remove the dustcaps from the end of the binoculars and

unscrew the dust plug in front of the microscope. Attach the binocular eyepiece unit, by screwing it on to the knurled ring. Tighten the ring using the special spanner wrench which is provided. Turn counterclockwise to tighten and clockwise to remove. The binocular body contains an accurately adjusted prism system and should be handled carefully at all times.

Ill. OBSERVATION OF OPAQUE SPECIMENS BY VERTICAL INCIDENT ILLUMINATION

A) PRE LlMl NARY ADJUSTMENTS Lamp House: The lamp house contains three filters and a lens, all on individual swing-out

mountings. From left to right, they are as follows: a) a heat absorbing glass filter to protect the polarizer, b) a yellow filter, c) a green filter, and d) a condensing lens which should always remain in the optical path when using vertical illumination (it is swung out of position when using the transmitted-light accessories or low-power accessories.)

Iris Diaphragms: The field diaphragm (T) and the aperture diaphragm (MM) for vertical

illumination are located adjacent to each other on the right side of the eyepiece-nosepiece mechanism. The relative size of the field diaphragm opening is indicated by the position of the red line between “Max” and “Min”. The actual diameter of the aperture diaphragm

opening in millimeters is given by the scale engraved on the side of the iris collar.

Variable Transformer: Before turning on the ON-OFF switch (P), always make certain

that the voltage regilator (Q) is at its minimum setting (ie; counterclockwise as far as it goes). Otherwise, the initial high transient current which flows through the cold filament

may damage the ammeter. It is a good habit to turn the instrument off after use by turning

the voltage regulator first and then the “OFF” switch, rather than using the switch only. This practice will help to prolong the life of the bulbs. When the switch (P) is “on”, the red bullseye over the meters will light.

Alignment of the Illuminating System: There are three steps in the alignment orocedure

for vertical incident illumination. These are performed in the order indicated:

1) Positioning of the Lamp house: Position the lamp as shown in Figures 2 and 3,

taking care to see that the lamp is level and that the axis of the lamp is at right angles to the side of the eyepiece-nosepiece mechanism. Tighten the two locking thumbscrews

securely.

2) Focusing of the Bulb Flament: First, perform the following preliminary steps. Swing the three filters of the lamp housing out of position, leaving only the lens in place. Open both the field and the aperture diaphragm to the maximum opening. Open the lamp alignment mirror (U) to about a 45O angle so that the small ground glass window may be observed (figure 3). Turn up the voltage regulator to about 2 Amps.

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(3)

.,Figure 8

:

(U-11, BU-II Coni’d)

, I i

1 Figure 9

Next, loosen the setscrew (H) and move the lamp socket. in or out of the housing, as needed, to obtain the sharpest image of the bulb filament lines on the viewing screen as shown in . Figures 8 or 9. Tighten. the setscrew. (Note: lt will be eusier to see these filament lines if the lamp iris diaphragm is first closed about two-thirds of the way. After the filament : is focused, the lamp iris should be restored to the fully opened position which is the

,- .

required setting for vertical incident illumination of metal specimens). When the filament is focused in this manner, the intensity of illumination will be at a maximum and no !, 1 coloration from the bulb filament will show in the field of view.

3) Centering the Bulb FiiaFent: Figure 8 rhows a correctly centered filament, lf the bulb’filament is not centered in the viewing screen but appears as in .Figure 9, ‘* adjust the lamp centering screws (AA). (Do not change the position of the lamphouse to center the filament).

The lamp is now permanently adjusted for vertical incident illumination, *

Path Selector Lever:: The path selector slideway (W) directs the,image to either the visual a eyepiece tube X or r;ie camera. For visucl observation, push the path selector slideway all the way to the right, For models with the built-in camera attachment, push the slideway all the way toward the lefr for photography. If the slideway is accidentally left in.an intermediate position, part of the field of view will be cut off,

Adjustment of th, /?icne G&s Reflector: Place a specimen on the stage. Rotate the MIOX objective into position. Insert an eyepiece. Open the aperture diaphragn and field diaphragm. While looking at the underside of the specimen from below the stage, move * the vertical illuminator lever (Y) (located below the nosepiece) un,til a tiny spot of light is seen to fa I I on the specimen. Adjust the lever to obtain the largest and brightest spot, Now, look through the microscope and use the fine focusing control (Z) to obtain a sharp image of the specimen. Close the field diaphragm (T) which restricts the area of the field; which is illuminated. Once again, look through the eyepiece and make any small adjustment of the oosition of the vertical illuminator lever which is needed to bring the circular -- - illuminated area info the center of the field of view, The ,plane glass reflector is now permanently adjusted. . I

i3) REtikKS: ’ .

1) Four plates ore supplied for siecimens of varying sizes, Use a sufficibntly . large*stage plate. Keep the bottom of the stage plates free from dust, :

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.: - - . . -.- _... L _ -. . ..--. - - .” . . . . . . . . . -. - .-._.. ._ . . . . “, I . , . . _.__._.....- .-,- --._-.. -.... . . , ., .

(U-l 1, BU-11 Cont’d)

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The bottom of thestage plates are hollowed out to permit revolving the nosepiece without raising the stage a Care should be taken however, when swinging the 40X and 100X objectives into position, since use of an undersize stage plate may result in contact between the lenses and the bottom of the stage plate.

2) The graduated stage plate is fitted with small knobs to permit rotation of

the specimen for better composition as well as for studies with polarized light. When using the plate, both coordinates of the mechanical stage should be set at zero in order that the specimen remain in the center of the field of view as the stage plate is rotated.

3) The purpose of the field diaphragm is to restrict the area which is

.iIluminated to the area which is observed, so as to prevent glare. Open it just enough to illuminate the observed field of view, and no more.

4) The function of the aperture diaphragm is to control the angular aperture

of the cone of light rays which is used to illuminate the specimen and form the image. The optimum opening of the diaphragm depends on the objective lens being used. Too large an opening will introduce rays of too large an angle to be used by the optical system and glare will result. Too small an opening will effectively reduce the resolving power of the objectfve and introduce “diffraction images”. Maximum openings for each of the objectives are indicated by the scale on the iris diaphragm collar. In many cases, the observer will find an opening slightly less than the maximum opening to be most suitable. As the iris is closed, an increase

in contrast and depth of field will be noticeable but beyond a certain point the gain in the appearance of the image will be offset by the noticeable loss in resolution.

5) The lamp alignment mirror should be left open, closing it will reduce the contrast of the image. Care should, however, be takenutside light sources do not

reflect light back into the vertical illuminator.

6) The tension on the coarse focusing may be instantly adjusted to suit individual preference by merely turning the right and left hand knobs in opposing directions. It may be desirable to increase the tension when very heavy specimens are used with the stage raised from the normal position. If the stage has a tendancy to creep when raised, merely increase

the tension.

7) The objective lenses are parfocal. Therefore, once the coarse focusing adjustment has been made for one objective, it need not be altered when changing to

another objective and only the fine focusing control need be used. This applies, in general, only to a given specimen held in one position on the stage (in view of the variation in surface levels of different specimens and different portions of the same specimen). This procedure is not used for the oil immersion objective.

(U-l 1, BU-11 Cont’d)

8) Use of the 100X oil immersion obiective: Locate the desired part of the specimen in the center of the field of view by consecutively using the 5X, 10X, and 40X objectives. Raise the stage atd rotate the 100X objective into position. Apply a drop of cedar oil (provided with the microscope) to the

front lens surface of the 100X obiective. Lower the stage to its lowest position using the coarse focusing knob. Using the fine focusing control, raise the objective lens until the oil comes into contact with the specimen. A further slight motion of the control will bring the image into sharp focus.

After using the 100X obiective, clean the front lens tissue moistened with the slightest possible amount of Xylene (Xylol) and immediately wipe dry with a fresh piece of lens tissue. Do not soak the lens in Xylene or leave it on the front surface without wiping dry. Do not allow the omarden on the lens. Do not pour oil into the back of the lens. Handle the oil immersion obiective carefully - it is a

delicate and expensive lens.

9) For the Binocular Model: Adjust the binocular head mechanism for individual vision as follows. First, observe the specimen through the left eyepiece tube only and adjust the fine focusing control. Then observe the specimen through the right eyepiece tubeonly and focus using the knurled collar (diopter adjustment), Finally, make any necessary adjustmentinthe binocular interpupillary distance needed to secure most comfortable vision and refine the setting of the fine focusing control to obtain simultaneously a sharp image in both eyepiece tubes.

10) Observation with Polarized Light: The front filter in the lamp filter mount contains heat- absorbing glass to protect the polarizer and should be swung into position when the polarizer is used. The graduated polarizer (BB) (fig. 1) fits into the frame in front of the lamp housing and the edge of the frame is used as an index for readings in degrees. Orient the polarizer so that the engraving “180” lines up with the edge. The eyepiece analyzer inserts into the slot (CC) (fig. 3) in the eyepiece tube, the edge of which is graduated in degrees. The small pin lever on the analyzer is used to rotate it and serves as an index. Rotate the pin lever counterclockwise as far as it will go to cross the Polaroids and obtain ex- tinction (a setting of “90” on the scale). Note that al though other settings of the Polaroids wil I give extinction, the settings specified above will give the darkest extinction since they take into account the optical properties of the plane glass reflector.

Polarized light is useful in detecting non-metallic inclusions. It is also helpful in introducing differential contrast between adjacent grains of metals with a non-cubic crystal structure (zinc, zirconium, titanium, magnesium, cadmium, cobalt, etc.). For this latter application, center the rectangular mechanical stage and rotate the graduated stage plate (V).

11) Micrometer Eyepiece: One of the Kel OX Micrometer eyepieces, contains a micrometer scale calibrated in units of 0. lmm for making linear measurements. To focus the scale for the requirements of individual vision, turn the black knurled ring at the front of the eyepiece until the scale is seen in sharp focus (in the case of the binocular model, turn the black knurled ring on the other KelOX eyepiece a corresponding amount so that the magnifications of the two eyepieces will remain the same as seen by the coincidence of the outlines of the fields of view). The absolute reading depends on the objective lens used; each division represents 0.02mm with the 5X objective, O.Olmm with the 1 OX obiective, 0.0025mm with the 40X obiective, and 0.001 mm with the 100X objective.

12) When observing for long periods of time, use the green filter to soften the image and prevent eyestrain. The color correction of achromatic objectives is also optimum for green light,

U-11, BU-11 Cont’d)

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IV OBSERVATION ON VIEWING SCREEN AND PHOTOMICROGRAPHY

1) Move the path selector slideway to the left.

2) Set the camera shutter at “time” and cock the shutter. Push the cable release to open the shutter. The image is now visible on the screen.

3) Turn the voltage regulator of the transformer to increase the intensity of the illumination. The maximum permissible lamp current for continuous operation is 3.5A. This point is indicated on the ammeter by a red line. The current may, however, be raised for brief periods to obtain a more brilliant image on the screen or for photography.

4) To change the photographic eyepieces, revolve the photographic eyepiece turret. The eyepieces have been adjusted so as to be parfocal. The magnifications of the eyepiece in use is shown in the small window (DD) on the turret.

5) The field diphragm should be adjusted so as to illuminate the area covered by the screen and no more.

6) For photography, open the hood and replace the ground glass screen by a plateholder. The Piateholders are designed to hold glass plates, Cut film may be used in connection with cut fi Im adapters available from any photographic supply house. Set the shutter to the desired speed. Cock the shutter before use. The yellow or green filter should be used for photography to prevent an excess of ultra violet light.

7) Polarized light: Lower the hood and place the photographic analyzer (EE) over the camera shutter. Use the graduated stage plate, polarizer, and heat absorbing fi lter In the same manner as for observation.

8) The photographic micrometer eyepiece is of magnification 14X. It is calibrated in units of O.lmm. The absolute reading depends on the objective lens used, so that, for example, each division represents 0.02mm with the 5X obiective, and O.OOlmm with the 100X objective. The scale appears superlmposed on the image of thespecimen at the bottom of the viewing screen or photograph.

9) Special plates for metallography in the 3-l/4” x 4-l/4” size are manufactured by

the Eastman Kodak Co. Full details are given in their catalog, I’ Sensitized Material for the

Scientific & Industrial Laboratory” available on request from their Industrial Photographic Div. in Rochester, New York. Cut films may be used in connection with cut film adapters.

V OBSERVATION OF OPAQUE SPECIMENS BY OBLIQUE ILLUMINATION (DARK FIELD)

1) Swing the lamp lens out of the optical path. Incline the lamp house and direct the light on to the specimen through the underside of the stage plate.

. (U-l 1 & BU-11 Cont’d)

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2) Focus the filament of the lamp and adjust the centering screws to obtain the brightest illumination . The lamp iris diaphragm may be used as an aperture diaphragm.

3) Vertical incident illumination may profitably be used only with polished metal specimens. Obl ique illumination may be used with materials which have poor reflectivity, such as cloth, paper, dark metals etc. Because of the extremely short working distance of+he M40X and 100X objectives the above procedure may not be used with these objectives. Oblique lighting may however be obtained with these objectives using the lamp decentering mechanism.

VI OBSERVATION OF TRANSPARENT SPECIMENS USING TRANSMITTED LIGHT

A) 1NSTALlATlON

1) Attach the condenser arm (FF) to the rear of the stage by fitting the two pins Into the slots and bolting the arm by means of the large thumbscrew. Attach the mirror (GG) and Abbe condenser (HH). Swing the lamp condensing lens out of the optical path.

2) Raise the lamp housing and incline the lamp as shown in Figure 1 . Adjust the position of the lamp house and mirror so as to direct the rays to the centei of the mirror and thence to the back of the condenser.

3) The specimen should be placed on the stage with the coverglass facing the objective lens. Special glassware is available.

4) Turn on the transfer mer. Note that less illumination is needed for transparent specimens than for opaque specimens. Direct the light to the eyepiece tube with the path selector lever. Focus the specimen in the same manner as for opaque specimens.

B) PRECISE ADJUSTMENT OF THE ILLUMINATING SYSTEM AND iRlS DIAPHRAGM

1) For transmitted light the iris diaphragm of the lamp is the field diaphragm, and the iris diaphragm of the condenser is the aperture diaphragm . The calibration on these diaphragms indicate the diameter of the opening in millimeters.

2) Swing the MlOX or 40X objective into position. (note that the 40X objective and not the M4OX objective is used with transparent specimens).

3) Lower the Abbe condenser, using the rack and pinion adjustment (II), until the condenser almost touches the glass slide. Close both the condenser (aperture) diaphragm (JJ) and field (lamp) diaphragm.

4) boosen the lamp socket setscrew (H) and adjust the axial position to focus the filament on the closed condenser iris diaphragm.

UNITRON INSTRUMENT (20. MICROSCOPE SALES DIVISION 66 NEEDHAM STREET, NEWTON HIGHLANDS 61, MASS.

(U-l 1, BU-11 Cont’d)

5) Look through the eyepiece and adjust the mirror so that the observed bright spot is in the center of the field.

6) Adjust the condenser height carefully until the sharpest image of the lamp iris diaphragm is observed through the eyepiece. (This will actually be a multiple image because of the reflection from the glass surfaces of the mirror).

7) Adjust the lamp centering screws until the brightest illumination is obtained.

8) Open the field (lamp) iris diaphragm until only the observed field is illuminated. The correct setting of the aperture (condenser) iris diaphragm depends on the magnification of the obiective.

C) REMARKS:

1) Following the procedure of section B above produces the best results for critical work. For routine observations it will suffice to merely adjust the lamp, mirror, and condenser so as to obtain bright and even illumination of the specimen.

2) The Abbe condenser is divisible; that is, the top lens of the condenser may be unscrewed and removed to obtain more even illumination when using the M5X and MlOX objectives,

3) Polarized light: Place the polarizer in the frame (KK) on the condenser mount. The edge of the frame serves as an index for readings in degrees. Use the graduated stage plate, and either the visual or photographic analyzer, in the same manner discussed above for opaque specimens.

4) A blue filter is supplied to reduce the light intensity when desired. This is placed in the frame on the condenser housing.

5) The procedure for photography with transmitted light is the same as with reflected light.

VII CARE AND MAINTENANCE

1) When not in use, the instrument should be covered with the large plastic dust cover. A smal I plastic bag is supplied for the transmitted light accessories when not in use.

2) To prevent dust from entering the interior of the instrument, a glass disc has been placed on top of the camera shutter. If dust should collect on the glass surface, blow it off with a hand syringe . Always keep an eyepiece or dustcap in the eyepiece tube.

(U-l 1, BU-11 Cont’d)

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3) To prevent dust from entering the camera, always keep the ground glass screen or a plateholder in the camera. The circular mirror in the camera body has been silvered on its front surface. I f dust collects on it, blow it off with a syringe. DO NOT clean the mirrom a dry cloth as you would a lens, as this may damage it beyonJF@F. Should cleaning become necessary, the only acceptable method is to saturate a piece of cotton batten with alcohol, squeeze out the excess fluid, and gently wipe the surface of the mirror. Immediately after wiping, blow a stream of air over the mirror with a hand syringe to hasten drying and help prevent the formation of streaks.

4) The transformer is fused. The fuse may be reached by removing the side panel held to the right hand side of the base with setscrews. Removal of the side panel also permits the pilot light bulb to be changed when necessary.