Instructional Technology

Instructional technology and instructional system

Submitted to: Madam Yasmine

Names of Group members

Group leader name:

Irshad-ul-Haq S/2014-923

Other members name:

Waqas Ahmad Chattha S/2014-916Hina Haneef S/2014-924Sadaqat Sany S/2014-927Iqra javaid S/2014-9Anam Ijaz S/2014-9Amarah Zia S/2014-922Muhammad Nadeem S/2014-926Ayaz Mehmood Khan S/2014-9Shoaib Ahmed S/2014-913Muhammad Ilyas S/2014-9Hafiz Shahzad Raza S/2014-9Maryam Wafa Babar S/2014-927

Instructional design is the systematic development of instructional specifications using learning and instructional theory to ensure the quality of instruction. It is the entire process of analysis of learning needs and goals and the development of a delivery system to meet those needs. It includes development of instructional materials and activities and tryout and evaluation of all instruction and learner activities.

Definition of ID

• Instructional systems or design is the systematic planning of instruction including needs assessment, and evaluation of materials and practices.

Definition of ISD

History of Instructional System

• The origins: World War II– Psychologists and educators were called to develop training

materials for the military services.• Early Development: The Programmed Instruction Movement, mid-

1950s– Skinner (1958) introduced ideas on increasing human learning

and the characteristics of effective instructional materials, called programmed instructional materials

– Present instruction in small steps, require active responses to frequent questions, immediate feedback

History of Instructional System• 1970s: Leslie Briggs demonstrated that an instructionally designed

course could produce up to 2:1 increase over conventionally designed class in terms of achievement, reduction in variance, and reduction of completion time, save $$$ in salary cost.

• 1980s: increased use of microcomputer has a major effect on computer-based instruction, drill and practice.

• 1990s, constructivism, problem-solving and collaboration social-cultural issues.

Conti………• Just a decades ago, teacher used chalkboards, then

progressed to whiteboards, and now they are using smart boards, are advanced boards which allow teachers to teach and share information with students in different ways. Computers audio visual capabilities from power presentations and other animation software are used to present information in an effective manner which invites greater interest from the students.

• Use of projectors, screens and addressing systems (speakers and microphones) allow teachers to teach a large number of students.

Skills that are used in classroom

Pre-instructional skills…

• What content should be taught?• What are the desired learner outcomes?• What teaching material will be needed?• What is the best way to introduce the subject?• What is the best instructional strategy for the

intended learning?

Teacher should be aware of…

• The use of computer

• Use of projector

• Trained in language lab

• Selection of technology

ADDIE Model…

A systematic instructional design model composed of the following:• Analysis• Design• Development• Implementation• Evaluation

1. Analysis

Define student’s need

and interest

2.Design

Plan a strategy for accomplishing the goals,

used by the teachers.

3.Develop Teacher use appropriate

experience to build course

structure according to the students’ need

4.Implement

Actual mode of

instruction which all plans are

being utilized.

5.Evaluate

Examining outcome

Teaching skills & Behavior: Tell, Show, Do, Review…

A simple method that works:• Tell: Provide the information• Show: Demonstrate how to do it• Do: Observe them do it• Review:

Provide feedback.Ask them do it again, using feedback.Cycle between DO and REVIEW until they

mastery it.

Instructional delivery…

• Audio • Visual

• Tactile

• Kinesthetic

OBJECTIVES OF Educational INSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEM

Educational Objectives• Cognitive–Knowledge, comprehension, application,

analysis, synthesis, evaluation• Affective– Interests, attitudes, values, etc.

• Psychomotor–Movement, physical, kinesthetic, etc.

What is instructional objective?

• An instructional objective is a collection of words and/or pictures diagrams intended to let others know what you intended for your students to achieve.

(Robert F. Mager)

• The main objective of instructional system is to help the students in learning and teaching in a better way.

• Internet, computer, multimedia and other things that help student in learning is called ITRT. Learners set their goals and get help from ITRT.

• Objective can be related to teacher as well as student.

• Teachers cannot only download their lecture from internet but also take help in improving their proficiency level using multi techniques of ITRT.

• Instructional system makes an easy way to get you intend to do.

Advantages of Using Technology in the Classroom

Benefits for Students

• Prepares Students for the Future Increases

• Student Engagement and Motivation

• Provides Current Information and Wider Access

• Supports Collaboration Skills•

Benefits for Teachers

• Improves Instructional Delivery

• Supports Differentiated Instruction

• Supports Universal Design for Learning Practices

Disadvantages of Instructional System

Laziness in Learning

• Instructional technology creates a lazy attitude in the learner to adopt L2.

• It provides the learner readymade material which gets him or her away of natural method of learning.

Expensive Way of Learning

• This methodology takes lot of money.• Although it is a easy way to access the main

ideas or information but not everyone can afford it.

Time Cost

• Instructional system needs enough time of its implementation in the L2 learning with the help of different sorts of multimedia devices like projectors & PowerPoint presentations etc.

• Sometimes due to connection or downloading and electricity issues, teacher has failed to deliver or implement the lesson in the class room.

Lack of Support

• No doubt, Instructional technology can be a better addition in the language learning class room. But it can also the frustration of both teacher and learner due to their unawareness about the technology. How to use it?

Techniques use in instructional system

Audio techniques

Recorded material is used in this process which can be repeated as many times as it will be needed.

Lectures, speeches etc can be play for the learners according to their needs of language learnig.

Visual techniques

Pictures, situations etc can be show to the learners on projectors, computer screens and explain that for them or might they ask to share their information, ideas or knowledge with others after watching the pictures or situations.

Role play

• A demonstration of some thing about language learning it might be a dialogue can be conducted for the learners in which they can observe the live situation of the usage of their target language.

Result

• As a result of using these techniques the students use all four skills of language (listening, speaking, writing and reading) and these techniques can improve their language.

Conclusion• Emphasis on outcomes involving problem solving and process skills. • Emphasis on using technology to create meaningful learning contexts

where students are actively involved. • Focus on the interaction of specific technologies with specific learner

characteristics. • Future research in educational technology should use intra-medium,

aptitude treatment interaction or naturalistic designs; some evaluation research is also necessary.

• Media comparison studies are usually inappropriate. • Students can learn from all educational media; there is no best medium. • Computers and technology can be used to help students learn new

material in new ways; these types of uses must be encouraged and evaluated.

ConclusionContinue….

• In general, teachers and schools are not yet integrating newer computer applications into the curriculum.

• Gender differences related to computer use and attitude exist.• Persuasion is possible using mediated messages. Attitudinal

outcomes can be produced as predictably as cognitive outcomes. • Computers are increasingly being interfaced with other

technologies to create learning environments for students; the computer should no longer stand alone as the technology for researchers.

• Hypermedia environments provide potential for creating meaningful, relevant learning contexts for students.