instructional medial (2)

PRESTON MWIINGACCNA, DIP COMP ENGINEERING

INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA AND TECHNOLOGY

[email protected]/ 0977987868

Student learning occurs primarily through interactions with people (teachers and peers) and instructional materials (textbooks, workbooks, instructional software, web-based content, homework, projects, quizzes, and tests).

Use of Technology in Teaching and Learning


Importance of technology in schools

Technology as an academic subject

Technology and design lessons allow children and teenagers to be creative while also developing new skills and grasping an understanding of how things work. Technology education can provide students with a wealth of information and knowledge, which they can then use in the future to purse a related career or simply as a subject of interest and [email protected]/

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For children

For children, computer technology has provided an indescribable wealth of resources, information and knowledge; since the introduction of the internet, students are now able to access information on whatever subject they want, wherever they want. Resources include journals, articles, e-books, practice tests and examinations, model answers and research findings


For staff

Computer technology has enabled teachers to make their lessons more interactive and therefore more interesting and rewarding.


Practical improvements

Computer technology has enabled systems of obtaining and recording information much more efficient and effective


Media technology

In addition to computers, many schools and colleges are using new methods of technology to enhance the learning experience; these include digital television channels, DVDs, digital radio and sophisticated forms of communication technology

Digital radio and television allow students to access a wealth of different channels which cover a vast range of different subjects including languages, science, history and geography to name just a few


Scientific technology

Science and technology are closely linked and often become intertwined. In schools, new technology can help students to understand science and make ideas that were previously banished to the pages of books, a visible or tangible reality


Effectiveness Instructional Materials

Instructional materials are the tools teachers use to teach their students. The effectiveness of instructional materials matters in the classroom since students have different learning styles.

Some examples of instructional materials are

Powerpoint presentations, videos, and computers.

As technology advances, there are more effective

instructional materials available which can

greatly help students [email protected]/

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Here are some of them;Social Learning

These tools use the power of social media to help students learn and teachers connect.

1. Edmodo: Teachers and students can take advantage of

this great tech tool, as it offers a Facebook-like

environment where classes can connect online.


1. Grockit: Get your students connected with

each other in study sessions that take place on

this great social site.

2. EduBlogs: EduBlogs offers a safe and secure

place to set up blogs for yourself or your

classroom.3. Skype: Skype can be a great tool for keeping in touch

with other educators or even attending meetings online.

Even cooler, it can help teachers to connect with other

classrooms, even those in other [email protected]/

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1. Wikispaces: Share lessons, media, and other materials

online with your students, or let them collaborate to

build their own educational wiki on Wikispaces.

2. Pinterest: You can pin just about any image you find

interesting on this site, but many teachers are using it as

a place to collect great lesson plans, projects, and

inspirational materials.

3. Schoology: Through this social site, teachers can

manage lessons, engage students, share content, and

connect with other educators.


Quora: While Quora is used for a wide range of purposes, it can be a great tool for educators. It can be used to connect with other professionals or to engage students in discussion after class.Ning: Ning allows anyone to create a personalized social network, which can be great for both teachers and students alike.OpenStudy: Encourage your students to work together to learn class material by using a social study site like Open Study


ePals: One of the coolest benefits of the Web is being able to connect with anyone, anywhere. ePals does just that, but focuses on students, helping them to learn languages and understand cultures different from their own.


LearningThese educational tools can help you to make lessons fun, interesting, and more effective.

Khan Academy: Many teachers use this excellent collection of math, science, and finance lectures and quizzes to supplement their classroom materials.MangaHigh: MangaHigh offers teachers a wealth of resources for game-based learning in mathematics.


FunBrain: If you’re looking for a great collection of educational games, look no further than FunBrain. On it, teachers can take advantage of fun tools for math and reading.Educreations: Educreations is an amazing online tool for the iPad that lets teachers (or students) create videos that teach a given topic. Perfect for studying or getting students to show off their knowledge.Animoto: Animoto makes it simple to create video-based lessons or presentations for the classroom and to share them with students or anyone else.


Socrative: Available for computers, mobile devices, and tablets, this student response system engages students through games and exercises on any device they have on hand. Even better, teachers can easily assess student progress and track grades.Knewton: Adaptive learning has been a hot topic in recent months, and with Knewton it’s something that any teacher can access and use. The site personalizes online learning content for each student according to his or her needs.Kerpoof: On Kerpoof, students can get creative with their learning with games, interactive activities, drawing tools, and more that are both fun and [email protected]/

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StudySync: With a digital library, weekly writing practice, online writing and peer reviews, Common Core assignments, and multimedia lessons available, this site is a fully-featured tool for teaching and learning that can be a big help in the classroom.CarrotSticks: On this site, teachers can take advantage of a wide range of math learning games, giving students practice while they have fun.


Lesson Planning and Tools

Use these tech tools to pull together great lessons and design amazing and memorable student projects.


Teachers Pay Teachers: Have great lessons to share? Looking for something to add to your classes? On this site you can do both, selling your own class materials and buying high-quality resources from other teachers.Planboard: Make sure your lessons are organized and that your day runs smoothly with the help of this amazing online tool designed just for teachers.Timetoast: Timetoast is a pretty cool for student projects, allowing them to build sleek, interactive timelines in [email protected]/

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Capzles: There are so many different ways that Capzles can be used in the classroom, there’s bound to be an application that fits your needs. What does it do? Capzles makes it simple to gather media like photos, videos, documents, and even blog posts into one place, making it perfect for teaching, learning, or online projects.Prezi: Want to build presentations that will wow your students? Make use of this online tool that makes it simple to do all kinds of cool things with your lessons, even allowing collaboration between [email protected]/

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Google Docs: Through Google Docs, teachers can create and share documents, presentations, or spreadsheets with students and colleagues as well as give feedback on student-created projects.YouTube: Not all schools allow YouTube, but they are missing out as the site contains a wealth of great learning materials for the classroom. There’s even a special education-focused channel just for teachers and students.


Useful Tools

These tools can help you to stay connected, organized, and increase the ease of building multimedia lessons and learning tools.


Twitter: There are so many ways Twitter can be used in education. Teachers can connect with other educators, take part in chats, share their ideas, or even use it in the classroom to reach out to students.Google Education: Google offers a number of great edtech resources for teachers, including email and collaborative apps, videos, lesson plan search, professional development, and even educational grants.Dropbox: Easily store, share, and access any kind of data from anywhere with the easy-to-use and free Dropbox service.


Apple iPad: One of the most widely used, though expensive, tech tools being used in today’s classroom is the Apple iPad. With a host of educational apps being developed Google Earth: From geography projects to learning about geological processes, Google Earth can be an amazing and fast way to show students anywhere in the world.SlideShare: With SlideShare, you can upload your presentations, documents, and videos and share them with students and colleagues. Even better, you can take advantage of materials that other have uploaded as [email protected]/

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Types of Instructional Media


• Real objects and models• Printed text (books, handouts, worksheets)• Printed visuals (pictures, photos, drawings, charts,graphs)• Display boards (chalk, bulletin, multipurpose)• Interactive whiteboards• Overhead transparencies


Slides and filmstrips• Audio (tape, disc, voice)• Video and film (tape, disc)• Television (live)• Computer software• The Web


Media Categories


text Text is typically presented on computer screens but the complete resources you provide can also include other formats such as paper handouts that contain summaries. audio Audio can be heard from DVD-ROM/CD-ROM discs, computer hard drives, an intranet, and the Internet. However, a complete instructional package can also include resources like tapes (audiocassettes), radio, television, and live commentary.


visuals Visuals can be stored on DVD-ROM/CD-ROM discs, computer hard drives, an intranet, and the Internet. Other resources can include slides, photographs, overhead transparencies, and paperbased material. video Video can be retrieved from DVD-ROM/CD-ROM discs, computer hard drives, an intranet, and the Internet. Other sources can include mini-DV tapes, film, VHS tapes ...


animations Animations can be stored on DVD-ROM/CD-ROM discs, computer hard drives, an intranet, and the Internet. Film, VHS tapes and other sources can also contain animation resources. real objects Real objects include actual equipment and models


Media and Motivation

Consider a student's experience with each media. For example, if the students have typically failed in text-based programs then consider using other media.


Students must have confidence or expectations of success with the selected media. To be successful, students must also have the skills to extract information and learn from the media


Depending on a student's learning preferences or learning style, the media you choose could be liked or


Audio You can use audio for obvious things like music, poetry, and sound effects and also when real sounds, such as heart, animal, and normal and defective equipment sounds, are an integral part of the learning outcome. Audio is also excellent for teaching attitudes. especially if you personalize the material, and intellectual skills such as learning languages [email protected]/

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Some advantages of audio over text is that listening is much easier than reading.

You can use audio to gain attention, give feedback. give directions

You can use audio effectively for students with poor reading abilities


Steps in the Implementation of Instructional Media

- Review instructional goals, objectives, audience and instructional strategy - Determine the best medium for your lesson components - Search for and review existing media/materials


Adapt existing media/materials if necessary If new media/materials need to be developed: - Determine format, script, visuals, etc. Draft materials and media Check for clarity and flow of ideas Conduct formative evaluation Implement/apply Evaluate/revise


Visuals

You can use visuals for identifying objects, classifying objects, showing spatial relationships, performing psychomotor skills that do not need to be recognized or copied, and helping make abstract concepts concrete (e.g., with graphs). When you design multimedia applications follow the old adage, "A picture is worth a thousand words."


The term psychomotor refers to all the cognitive processes associated with physical movement. It refers to the coordination between the brain and the muscles that brings about movement. Psychomotor skills are skills one is so comfortable doing without giving them any thought.


Video

You can successfully use video for showing realism, skills requiring learners to recognize or copy movements such as psychomotor skills, procedures, processes, making abstract concepts concrete, classifying information, comparing information, presenting introductions (which may otherwise be boring), and gaining and focusing a learner's attention. [email protected]/

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Video combined with audio can depict events faster than can be done with only text. However, students perceive video as being easier than text and tend to spend less effort in learning from video than text.


Consequently, students may learn less from video than comparable text. You can enhance learning with video by cuing the learner, providing interaction, and keeping the video clips short


Disadvantage

Video tends to be weak at teaching detailed information


Costs and Cost-Effectiveness

You will need to answer a number of questions to determine costs and cost-effectiveness:


What are the equipment, media resources, and copying costs?

Will the media run flawlessly on the expected hardware platforms?

For computer-managed presentations, media can be easily presented when it is stored in a standardized format. Media can be retrieved from hard drives, devices such as DVD-ROMs and CD-ROMs, networks, and the Internet. Are there costs associated with getting copyright clearance to use existing materials? [email protected]/

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In general, copyright clearance is required in writing from the author or copyright holder for all materials, including print, visuals, video, and software, created by others.


Why Use Media in Instruction?

Instructional media help add elements of reality - for instance, including pictures or highly involved computer simulations in a lecture.


Media can be used to support one or more of the following instructional activities:

Gain attention. A picture on the screen, a question on the board, or music playing as students enter the room all serve to get the student‘s attention. • Recall prerequisites. Use media to help students recall what they learned in the last class, so that new material can be attached to and built upon it.


• Present objectives to the learners. Hand out or project the day‘s learning objectives

Present new content. Not only can media help make new content more memorable, media can also help deliver Support learning through examples and visual elaboration. One of the biggest advantages of media is to bring the world into the classroom when it is not possible to take the student into the world.


Elicit student response. Present information to students and pose questions to them, getting them involved in answering the questions. • Provide feedback. Media can be used to provide feedback relating to a test or class exercise.

Enhance retention and transfer. Pictures enhance retention. Instructional media help students visualize a lesson and transfer abstract concepts into concrete, easier to remember objects.


Assess performance. Media is an excellent way to pose assessment questions for the class to answer, or students can submit mediated presentations as classroom projects. (a text, movie, or video).


VISUAL AIDS

Definition: devices, such as films, slides, models, and blackboards, that display in visual form material to be understood or remembered (Visual Aids, 2003)


Chalkboard


the oldest and most traditional piece of equipment found in the classroom.

Considered to be so omnipresent that many of us fail to think of it as an audio-visual aid at all; yet most teachers would be hard put if they had no chalkboards available (Educators)

allows for spontaneity, speed, and change;


Can fit the tempo of any lesson in ay subject;

Can be used for displaying pictures and important clippings; drawing sketches, etc.; and

Valuable for emphasizing the major points of a lesson and working out problems for the whole class to see


TYPES OF CHALK BOARDS

ORDINARY CHALK BOARD: it is movable and adjustable

And contains a wooden support

ROLLER TYPE: made of thick canvas, wrapped on a roller

Magnetic board: made up of steel on which magnet can used to hold the objects

BLACK OR GREEN BLACK BOARD: framed with wood and available on black or green color [email protected]/

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Guidelines for Using the Chalkboard

1.Write legibly and large enough for all to see.

2.Use the chalkboard as if you were writing on paper.

3.While writing, stand to one side of the board as much as possible so you can maintain eye contact with students


4. Stand to the side so you don’t block the students’ view

5. Don’t talk toward the chalkboard while writing on it.

6. If the chalkboard is limited, draw a line down the middle of the board, thus creating a margin and two smaller boards


7. Organize your chalkboard work ahead of time.

8. Don’t clutter the board.

9. If you must abbreviate, use standard forms.

10. Utilize colored chalk, rulers, string, stencils, and other materials to make your illustrations more effective


11. Don’t get embarrassed or show resentment if you make a mistake and a student corrects you.12. If you are working with young or low-achieving students, write in complete sentences.13. Establish routine uses for the chalkboard


14. Erase the chalkboards completely after you finish, and keep them clean.

15. Don’t overuse the chalkboard.


MAGNETIC BOARD


Specimen

Part of a real object taken from natural setting. It shows the quality of structure . E.g. :section of lung


Display Board


Used for: Displaying student projects and progress;Displaying current items of interest related to a lesson unit; Posting announcements, memos, and routine assignments; and Decorating the room


Types of Display Board

Bulletin board

Pegboard

Flannel board

Magnetic board


PowerPoint (or equivalent)


Microsoft PowerPoint is probably now the most commonly used form of visual aid. Used well, it can really help you in your presentation; used badly, however, it can have the opposite effect. The general principles are


Do Don't

use a big enough font (minimum 20pt)

make it so small you can't read it

keep the background simple

use a fussy background image

use animations when appropriate

but don't over-do the animation - it gets distracting

make things visual use endless slides of bulleted lists that all look the same


PROJECTED AIDS


Definition of terms: Projected visual aids are pictures shown upon a screen by use of a certain type of machine such as a filmstrip projector, slide projector, overhead projector or TV/VCR


Values of projected visuals. A. Provides greater enjoyment in learning B. Stimulates more rapid learning C. Increases retention: larger percentages and longer retention D. Makes teaching situation adaptable to wider range E. Compels attention F. Enlarges or reduces actual size of objects


G. Brings distant past and the present into the classroom H. Provides an easily reproduced record of an event I. Influences and changes attitudes


TYPES OF PROJECTED VISUAL AIDS

FILMS• The most influential and seductive

educational medium for transmitting ideas and persuading an audience to a point of view.

• Both interest and motivate students


Categories of Films

1.Historical

2.Dramatic

3.Special topic

4.Slice of Life

Animated


Film slides•Are individual pieces of film for projection, mounted on thin cardboard or plastic frames, usually 2-inch squares.

•Are more flexible than filmstrips, since unnecessary slides can be omitted.

Slide sets are accompanied by audiotape narrations

Filmstrips

Filmstrip is a continuous strip of 35 mm or 16mm or 8mm film consisting of individual frames or pictures arranged in sequence, usually with exploratory [email protected]/

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Film strip projector


A filmstrip is one of the projective audio visual

that a fixed sequence related still on a roll of 35

mm film.

The filmstrip can be projected backside of the

map as convenience of the teaching situation

demand.

A large number of subjects come with in the

range of filmstrips.

The teacher only needs to tap the right type of

strip for his teaching [email protected]/ 0977987868

Guidelines for Using Films, Filmstrips, and Film slides

1.Keep the film lists up to date.

2.When ordering from sources outside the school, be sure to order well in advance of the screening date.

3.Preview the film.


1.Arrange to have the projector and screen or video equipment in the classroom.

2.Be sure all students can see the screen.

3.Prepare the students for the presentation.

4.Keep the film lists up to [email protected]/

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1.When ordering from sources outside the school, be sure to order well in advance of the screening date.

2.Preview the film.

3.Arrange to have the projector and screen or video equipment in the classroom.


1.Be sure all students can see the screen.

2.Prepare the students for the presentation.

3.Keep the film lists up to date.

When ordering from sources outside the school, be sure to order well in advance of the screening date


Overhead Projector


An overhead projector typically consists of a large box containing a very bright lamp and a fan to cool it


Guidelines for using Overhead Projectors


• Permits the teacher pointing the material & observe the student on the same time• It can be used in fairly lighted room• Materials projected can be changed quickly and easily• Operation of OHP is convenient• OHP can be used with other type of AV aids [email protected]/

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OHP is too costly

Writing by some type of pen get

blotted out on plastic


AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS


Audio/video aids in business communication and training help in numerous ways. Each individual understands and retains information differently, which is why professional training organizations use multiple audio and visual tools during presentation sessions.


This type of session is commonly known as a "multimedia presentation," which can include written, visual, auditory and sometimes interactive methods.


Visual Aids and Time Saving

Using visual aids can save your business time, especially if the subject contains information that may be too lengthy for written or oral communication.


Pie charts, graphs, diagrams, photographs, video shorts and animation can often help explain subject matter quickly, and in a manner that is more easily absorbed by the learner.


Time is valuable in every organization, so the importance of timely and effective implementation of training and communication should be a prime consideration. Visual aids can include projectors, flip charts, models, white boards or any combination thereof


“Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to make the learning experience more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic”


Audio visual material should function as integral part

of educational programme

Audio visual aids should be centralized under

specialized direction and leader ship

Advisory committee should be appointed for the

selection and co-ordination of AV aids

Instructors have to help the student how to use AV aids

Budget appropriation should be made regularly

Legal aspect should be [email protected]/

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Television


It offers opportunity for seeing and

listening

It can teach large number of students

at a time

It provides excellent learning

opportunity for both pre service and

in-service education of teachers


Helps to make the leisure time more interested

It combines the sound and sight, thus makes the experience more concrete, real, and immediate


Types of Television


Refers to programs produced for

broadcast on commercial or public

television stations that are intended to

inform and develop understanding.

1.Educational television


1.Instructional television

Refers to programs produced by schools

to teach specific skills and subject

matter and for viewing in school.


Audio-visual aids in the classroom can

enhance teaching methods and improve student comprehension. Today's technology offers many choices to the informed educator who wishes to capitalize on a new generation's appetite for multimedia presentations. Lesson plans that incorporate the use of audio-visual aids should be consistent with curriculum objectives and not segued improperly.

Conclusion


AUDIO AIDS


Immediacy : can describe the events as they

happen

Emotional impact :through the combined

effect of music , voice , and environmental

sound students interest can captured

One way communication :no possibility of

students feed back

CHARACTERISTICS OF AUDIO EXPERIENCE


Factors affecting teaching


Educational qualification of teacher

Higher qualified teacher can provide high scholarly instructions which can effect than general graduate teacher. Many teachers hold different degrees and diplomas which is the sign of their higher education qualification.


Skill is an ability to do any work with better way. If a teacher has teaching skill then he can provide effective teaching. Often says that teaching is God gifted but getting good education training and Psychologize best educational books, we can get this skill and create better result

Skills


Experience of Teacher

Experience of teacher affects also the teaching. After increasing teaching experience, a teacher learns many new things in teaching experience which he can employ in next time teaching. First day teacher may not effect on students but after 5 years teaching, a teacher can more effect on students.


Class – room environment

Class room environment effects also on teaching. This environment is made both by teacher and students.


Economic Factor

Economic background of teacher and student is also affected teaching. Even salary of teacher effects on his thinking level. Poor and rich students can also classify economically and sometime these factors can effect on effective teaching.


Administrative policies of school or college or university

Administrative policies also effect teaching. Teacher wants to instruct with his way but administrative policies is not allowed, so the voice of teach can stop and effect of teaching may slow in class room.


Sometime when a teacher teaches that subject in which he is not specialized , he can not create any effect through his teaching but same teacher can teaches his specialize subject with better way .

Subject Matter


What are the expectations of parent on students? This factor can be defined psychologically. If parent wants to frame up his children doctor or engineer and continually stress on student, sometime student may not at that rank, so mentally he can create depression and which can stop effective teaching of teacher.

Parental expectations


Factors that May Affect the Learning Process


Intellectual factor:

The term refers to the individual mental level. Success in school is generally closely related to level of the intellect.


Learning factors:

Factors owing to lack of mastery of what has been taught, faulty methods of work or study, and narrowness of experimental background may affect the learning process of any pupil


Under this group are included such factors as health, physical development, nutrition, visual and physical defects, and glandular abnormality. It is generally recognized that ill health retards physical and motor develop-ment, and malnutrition interferes with learning and physical growth.

Physical factors:


Attitude falls under mental factors attitudes are made up of organic and kinesthetic elements. They are not to be confused with emotions that are character-ized by internal visceral disturbances. Attitudes are more or less of definite sort. They play a large part in the mental organization and general behavior of the individual.

Mental factors:


Personal factors, such as instincts and emotions, and social factors, such as cooperation and rivalry, are directly related to a complex psychology of motivation. It is a recognized fact that the various responses of the individual to various kinds of stimuli are determined by a wide variety of tendencies.

Emotional and social factors:


The teacher as an individual personality is an important element in the learning environ-ment or in the failures and success of the learner. The way in which his personality interacts with the personalities of the pupils being taught helps to determine the kind of behavior which emerges from the learning situation.

Teacher’s Personality:


Physical conditions needed for learning is under environmental factor. One of the factors that affect the efficiency of learning is the condition in which learn-ing takes place. This includes the classrooms, textbooks, equip-ment, school supplies, and other instructional materials.

Environmental factor:


Other factors;


Existing facilities in the classroom or

school affect teaching learning in the

classroom. With the existence of adequate

facilities, it will be very easy for teachers to

provide an innovative learning system.

Educational Facilities


Media is a tool that can be used in teaching learning process in the classroom. Such as whiteboards, board markers, rulers, etc. With the tools, learning in the classroom can be done.

Teaching Media


Teaching aids is an aid that can be used in learning in the classroom. Such of aids is may include props. This aids that can increase the creativity of students in learning. Some of the purpose of teaching aid used in the learning of mathematics, among others:a. Make students more understand the concepts being studiedb. Provide a variety of activities for studentsc. Provide a variety of learning methods that can be used in studying a topicd. Provide a different atmosphere in the learning

Teaching Aids


In teaching and learning mathematics should teacher use many more methods provide the opportunity for students to solve mathematics problems by using his way. In this way, it will produce students who are active, critical, increase interest and excitement in learning mathematics.

Teaching Method


Several methods can be used in mathematics teaching and learning activities, among others:


a. Expository Methodb. Discussion Methodc. Exercise Methodd. Demonstration Methode. Discovery Methodf. Problem Solving Method


Assessment is the process of collecting and processing information to determine student achievement. With the assessment, the teacher will know which students who have understood the material in learning and which students who have not understood the material in learning.

Assessment


The development in technology also may affect learning system of students. With the development in technology can be used to develop the insight and knowledge of students.

Technology


The method that used in teaching learning process in the classroom is affecting the activity and creativity of students in the classroom. Therefore, teachers are expected to provide an innovative learning system so that students will be more involved in teaching learning in the classroom. Innovative learning system must be implemented by teachers from time to time.

CONCLUSION


instructional medial (2)

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