instructional design trends: the king is dead, long lives the king!
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Instructional Design Trends: The king is dead – long lives the king!
Dr. Stefanie PankeDirector of E-Learning
Ulm UniversityGermany
A little history…
Learning Machine (Skinner ,1950ies),The Evolution of Classroom Technology, New York Times (Sept. 2010)
Distance Learning Material 1900, Zawacki-Richter (2011)
E-Learning – Foam on the
Dotcom Wave
“Education over the Internet is going to be so big it is going to make e-mail usage look like a
rounding error." John Chambers, CEO, Cisco
Systems, 1999
E-Learning – the proverbial Jackalope?
Expensive, complex, time-consuming, hardly finished
and already out-of-date
Publications on E-Learning 1999 to 2010 Google Scholar (excl. patents /citations)
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
727 12002660
5570
7330
10400: E-Learning 2.0
12700
14900
17100
1920020500
19200
ADDIE
Pepple-in-the-Pond
Constructivist Learning Environments
ADDIE
Pepple-in-the-Pond
Constructivist Learning Environments
Theoretical Perspectives
• Cognitive Information Processing– Mayer‘s Theory of Multimedia Learning– Cognitive Load Theory
• Sociocultural Perspective– Social Constructivism– Connectivism
The king is dead – long
live the king!
Content is king! (Gates, 1996)
Digitization: Lecture Recording Services
http://electure.uni-ulm.de/playlists/O4PZEfOgC1
User Generated Content
• 3.75 million articles in Wikipedia (English)• 4 billion pictures in Flickr• 146 million weblogs worldwide• Up to 3000 Tweets per second on Twitter
Complaint Blog: Tell us!
https://sagsuns.tu-braunschweig.de
Content is king! (Gates, 1996)
Metadata is king! (Weinberger, 1999)
SCORM-Editors: eXe Learning
http://exelearning.org/wiki
Tagging & Folksonomies
• Definition: "A folk taxonomy of important and emerging concepts within the user group" (Marlow et al., 2006).
• The effort of creating metadata is spread out amongst several users
• Personal information management and social interactions• Collective Intelligence ("wisdom of the crowd"): The
allocation of tags to similar resources becomes stable over time (Catturo, Loreto & Pietronero, 2007)
• "Digital information does not have to be structured the way our socks are!" (Weinberger, 2007)
Marlow, C.; Naaman, M., Boyd, D. & Davis, M. (2006). HT06, tagging paper, taxonomy, Flickr, academic article, to read, Hypertext06 Proceedings. Weinberger, D. (2007). Everything Is Miscellaneous: The Power of the New Digital Disorder. Times Books, Ney York NY.Cattuto, Loreto & Pietronero (2007). Semiotic Dynamics and collaborative tagging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Content is king! (Gates, 1996)
Metadata is king! (Weinberger, 1999)
Content is King, Infrastructure is God! (Kelly, 2000)
Learning Management Systems
https://testdrivesakai.com/portal
Electronic Whiteboards
http://www.scribblar.com/
Content is king! (Gates, 1996)
Metadata is king! (Weinberger, 1999)
Content is King, Infrastructure is God! (Kelly, 2000)
Learner is King – All Hail the Learner! (Wilson, 2002)
If Content is King, Context is Queen! (Duval et al. 2009)
XERTE
http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/toolkits/play_264
XERTE
http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/toolkits/play_264
Personal Learning Environment
• “tools, communities, and services learners use to direct their own learning and pursue educational goals” (Educause, 2009)
• “management of learning migrates from the institution to the learner” (Downes, 2007)
• “a metaphor to describe the activities and milieu of a modern online learner" (Martindale & Dowdy, 2010).
• “the tools, artifacts, processes, and physical connections that allow learners to control and manage their learning." (Couros, 2010).
Content is king! (Gates, 1996)
Metadata is king! (Weinberger, 1999)
Content is King, Infrastructure is God! (Kelly, 2000)
Learner is King – All Hail the Learner! (Wilson, 2002)
If Content is King, Context is Queen! (Duval et al. 2009)
„Vive la République!“
Open Educational Resources
“OER are teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or
have been released under an intellectual property license that permits their free use or re-purposing by others. Open educational resources include full courses, course materials, modules,
textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, and any other tools, materials, or techniques used to
support access to knowledge.”
Atkins, Brown & Hammond (2007). A Review of the Open Educational Resources (OER) Movement: Achievements, Challenges, and New Opportunities. http://www.oerderves.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/03/a-review-of-the-open-educational-resources-oer-movement_final.pdf
“With open learning, people have greater access to higher education material than ever before, at their pace and
time and from anywhere in the world” (Scott & Tomadaki, 2007).
“Open courseware is a classic example of disruptive
technology […] an innovation that comes along one day to change a product or service” (New York Times, 8. April
2010).
“Opening educational resources is an action that will take education to a new place” (Beck, 2007).
Key Trend or Problem Child?
• “Open Content is a key trend, expected to reach mainstream within the next twelve months” (Horizon report 2010).
• In fall 2010, the UNESCO initiated an international online discussion “Taking OER beyond the OER community”.
• Shift from resources to Open Educational Practices: „Although open educational resources (OER) are high on the agenda of social and inclusion policies and supported by many stakeholders, their use in higher education (HE) and adult education (AE) has not yet reached the critical threshold” (Ebner, 2011).
Massive Open Online Course
http://connect.downes.ca/
Open Courses: P2PU
http://p2pu.org/en/groups/prototyping-the-innovation-ecology/
Textbook Project L3T
http://l3t.tugraz.at/index.php/LehrbuchEbner10
Conclusion
• E-Learning is trend-driven – emerging technologies shape instructional design practice.
• At the same time, we accumulate instructional design expertise through best practices, case studies and emprical data on the design of learning material.
• Open Learning and Personal Learning Environments are emerging trends that support - and require - self-reliant, life-long learners.
The Listener is King!Thanks!