institutional dimensions of climate-smart-agriculture: the role of property rights and collective...

MSc degree (Climate Change, Agriculture & Food Security)

MSc degree (Climate Change, Agriculture & Food Security)

www.nuigalway.ie/ccafsDr. Ruth Meinzen, IFPRI, Washington DC, USALecture Topic: Institutional Dimensions of Climate-Smart-Agriculture: The Role of Property Rights and Collective Action

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Learning Outcomes / Key Messagesfor MSc CCAFS students1) Ability to identify the institutional dimensions of climate change response, especially the role of collective action and property rights2) Ability to address key questions of how to make adaptation and mitigation be inclusive and pro-poor

Add Learning Outcomes/Key Messages for MSc CCAFs students from your presentation/lecture. What do you want them to have learned at the end of your lecture. 2

Climate ChangeMitigationAdaptationWithin AgricultureRaised awareness of climate change on agriculture and resourcesCommunity-based weather monitoring and forecastingNatural resource managementDrought and pest resistant cropsOut of AgricultureOccupational diversificationMigrationRemittancesCoping Strategies Local safety netsInsuranceDisaster ManagementEarly warning systemsDisaster preparednessDisaster and Emergency response

Climate change responsesGHG Emission ReductionEnergy diversificationRegulations including Cap and Trade

Carbon SequestrationCDM: Payments for Environmental ServicesVoluntary Emission ReductionsVoluntary Carbon MarketsREDD

Mitigation reduces climate changeAdaptation is what you do in response to CC

.Within the paper we are now using energy diversification at the heading and the sub-headings are biofuels and renewable energy (which does require PR in the long-term horizon)3

Rules of the gameShape access to resources, informationHow benefits (and costs) are accessed and distributedInclude both formal and non-formal, e.g.Organizations (formal and informal)Social networksProperty rights institutionsGender norms

Why are Institutions Relevant?

Collective ActionAction taken by a group (either directly or on its behalf through an organization) in pursuit of members perceived shared interest (Marshall 1998).Includes forming and enforcing rules for use (or non-use) of resourcesImportant for:Management of natural resources Facilitates joint investment by small farmersDissemination of technologiesMarketingGroup empowermentDevelopment policies premised on CA, e.g. microfinance

5Marshall, G. 1998. A dictionary of sociology. New York: Oxford University Press.

Property RightsThe capacity to call upon the collective to stand behind ones claim to a benefit stream (Bromley)Claims that are recognized as legitimateOnly as strong as the institutions that back them up Different legitimizing institutionsState lawProject regulationsCustomary lawReligious lawLocal norms

6Bromley, D. W. 1991. Environment and economy. Property rights and public policy. Cambridge: Blackwell.Wiber, Melanie G. 1992. Levels of property rights and levels of law: a case study from the northern Philippines. Man (N.S.) 26: 469-92.Meinzen-Dick, Ruth S. and Rajendra Pradhan. 2002. Legal Pluralism and Dynamic Property Rights. CAPRi Working Paper No. 22. Washington, DC: CGIAR System-Wide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights. http://www.capri.cgiar.org/pdf/capriwp22.pdf

This is a more complex view of property rights than is commonly understood

however, this kind of complexity is especially needed to understand resources such as water, trees, fish, and rangelands






The Case of Climate-Smart Agriculturesustainably increases productivity, resilience (adaptation), reduces/removes greenhouse gases (mitigation) while enhancing the achievement of national food security and development goals. (FAO 2010:ii)

Examples of Climate-Smart AgricultureCrop ManagementLivestock ManagementSoil and Water ManagementAgroforestryIntegrated Food Energy SystemsInfra-structureAccess to Climate InformationIntercropping with legumesCrop rotationsNew crop varietiesImproved storage and processingCop diversityValue chain and marketingImproved feedingRotational grazingFodder cropsGrassland restorationManure treatmentImproved livestock healthAnimal husbandry improvementConservation agriculture Contour plantingTerraces, bundsPlanting pitsWater storage Alternate wet/dry riceDams, pits, ridgesIrrigationRehabilitating degraded landscapesBoundary trees, hedgerowsNitrogen-fixing trees on farmsMultipurpose treesImproved fallow, fertilizer shrubsWoodlotsFruit orchardsBiogasEnergy plantsImproved stovesClimate proof infrastructure for storageRetrofit rural infrastructure to cope with climate risks (flooding or water shortage)Use of climate analogues to predict future changesFarmer exchangesLocal expertise in climate science and agricultureIntroduce forecasting and scenario planning

Key Requirements of Pro-poor CSA Inclusiveness at the global as well as local level, to ensure that the poor benefitInformation about changing climatic conditions as well as possible responses Innovation to develop and disseminate new practices and technologiesInvestment in physical infrastructure and learning new ways Insurance to cope with risks due to climate shocks and risks of adopting new practices

InclusivenessDifferent levels: countries, disadvantaged groups, genderProcesses of decision-making Distribution of costs and benefitsInstitutions:Are state and farmer groups inclusive? Formal rules and informal processesAre those without formal property rights precluded from CSA?

InformationClimate and weather informationResponse options: technology, practices, marketsNot packages, but info and ability to process itInstitutions:State weather services, NARS, extensionFarmer organizations2-way communicationSocial networksInformation not always shared or used: build adaptive capacity (e.g. FFS, experiential learning)

InnovationProcess and capacity, not packages to adoptInstitutions:State, collective, private sectorArticulation between local and outside sourcesWhat rewards for local innovation and sharing of innovation?

InvestmentTime, learning, labor, cash, land, equipment, other resourcesWho has these resources, who is excluded?

TimeShortLong

SpacePlotCom-munityNationGlobalProperty RightsCoordinationInter national

StateCollective ActionTransboundary River BasinsForestsReservoirsWatershed managementCheck damsTerracingNew seedsCarbon MarketsAgroforestrySoil CarbonInfo sharingIrrigationSeed Systems

This is an adaptation of the CAPRi box framework we have used for identifying the relevance of PR and CA in NRM

Differences: goes up to global scaleRange of coordination mechanisms, not just CAMarkets are also possible as coordination mechanismGenerally, CA at lower levels, state more involved at higher

Remember that the size of farm matters: individual pond in the US is small reservoir in countries with small holdings, requires more coordination15

TimeShortLong

SpacePlotCom-munityNationGlobalProperty RightsCoordinationInter national

StateCollective ActionNARSAgrobiodiversityNew seedsGene BanksAgroforestrySoil CarbonInfo sharing

Seed Systems

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InsuranceTo withstand shocks, encourage innovation and investmentOptions:Formal crop insurance (state)Weather index-based (state)Microfinance insurance (private sector, NGOs)Social groups, e.g. iddir in EthiopiaSocial networks (remittances, access options)Assets (self-insurance)Public works, safety netsExamine biases, inclusiveness of each






Occupational diversificationIndividual, with state support and social networks

Migration and remittancesIndividual, with state support and social networks

Adaptation: Out of Agriculture

I have combined migration and remittances in our paper, per a 2002 paper by W.N. Adgeret al. called Migration, Remittances, Livelihood Trajectories and Social Resilience. And based on our framework, they operate under very similar institutional constraints.

Useful to define the spatial constraints of occupational diversification and migration- there are significant differences in the institutional implications- if they are across national borders, they could actually weaken local institutions.

Additionally, PR could be

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GHG Emission Reductionnational or international level cooperationEnergy diversificationBiofuelsRenewable EnergyRegulations including Cap and TradePR to pollute?

Institutional Dimensions of Mitigation

Examples of energy diversification have included capitalizing on the renewable energy resources indigenous to the region (solar, wind, tidal, hydro etc.)-Cotula et. Al- land tenure and biofuels- Indonesia land-takeovers wind mills and land tenure in India- community level.Panama and China - hydropower and dams displacing people with insecure land tenure, resulting in protests combating involuntary resettlementMini-hydro projects in Nepal involving collective action and water rights.-The ability to change fuel sources is linked with resource access and local institutions through education and extension work, hooking communities into the electricity grid.22






Carbon SequestrationCDM: Payments for Environmental ServicesPR , scale often prohibit smallholders from participating, CA can help overcome these barriersVoluntary Emission Reductionsrole for CA?Voluntary Carbon Marketsmay be more geared to smallholders because of goodwill, willing to work with groups rather than individuals?REDDwill depend on how PR are defined for participation

Institutional Dimensions of Mitigation

The Stern review says that the CDM is not an efficient measure for significantly reducing GHG emissions, BUT in terms of strengthening local institutions and promoting NRM, it could be a valuable tool- important to highlight that distinction. 24

ConclusionsInstitutions required to respond to climate changePolycentricityMultiple levels, from farm to globalState, market, collective and individual actionNeed for coordination, 2-way communicationExamine inclusiveness of each institutionformal and informal

Recommended Reading on Lecture TopicResources, Rights and Cooperation: A Sourcebook on Property Rights and Collective Action for Sustainable Development. 2011. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute.http://www.capri.cgiar.org/sourcebook.(Introductory pieces on many of the topics in this lecture)

Meinzen-Dick, R., Q. Bernier, and E. Haglund. 2013. The six ins of climate-smart agriculture: Inclusive institutions for information, innovation, investment, and insurance. CAPRi Working Paper 114. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/capriwp114.asp

Meinzen-Dick, R., H. Markelova, and K. Moore. 2010. The role of collective action and property rights in climate change strategies. CAPRi Policy Brief 7. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/polbrief_07.pdf

Meinzen-Dick, R.S., and R. Pradhan. 2002. Legal pluralism and dynamic property rights. CAPRi Working Paper 22. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. http://www.capri.cgiar.org/pdf/capriwp22.pdf.

Recommend using Google scholar so that students can locate the references easily. If you send us PDFs of papers they can be provided to the students via the universitys on line learning platform. 26

Websites, tools & other learning resources on Lecture TopicCGIAR Program on Collective Action and Property Rights: www.CAPRi.cgiar.orgClimate Change, Collective Action, and Womens Assets http://womenandclimate.ifpri.info/

Recommend using Google scholar so that students can locate the references easily. If you send us PDFs of papers they can be provided to the students via the universitys on line learning platform. 27

institutional dimensions of climate-smart-agriculture: the role of property rights and collective...

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