institute of natural fibres and medicinal plants l. wojska ... · institute of natural fibres and...

Sustainable

Przemysław Baraniecki Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants

ul. Wojska Polskiego 71B, 60-630 Poznań, Poland

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products from bast fibrous plants

for European knowledge-based economy

FIBRA Project Summer School, Beijing, China 26-31/07/2015

World population – 9 billion by 2050 = depletion of fossil resources

Limitation of European economy growith

The European Knowledge Based Bio-Economy (KBBE) The increasing demand for a sustainable supply of food, raw materials and fuels, together with recent scientific progress, is the major economic driving force behind growth of the Knowledge Based Bio-economy (KBBE) in Europe over the last few

decades. The bioeconomy – the sustainable production and conversion of

biomass, for a range of food, health, fibre and industrial products and energy, where renewable biomass encompasses any biological material to be used as raw material - can play an important role in both creating economic growth, and in formulating effective responses to pressing global challenges. In this way it contributes to a smarter, more sustainable and inclusive economy. http://www.bio-economy.net/reports/files/KBBE_2020_BE_presidency.pdf


The EU bioeconomy already has a turnover of nearly €2 trillion and employs more than 22 million people, accounting for 9% of total employment in the EU. It includes agriculture, forestry, fisheries, food production, as well as parts of chemical, biotechnological and energy industries. It encompasses the sustainable production of renewable biological resources and their conversion, as well as that of waste streams into bio-based products, biofuels and bioenergy.

KNOWLEDGE-BASED


Ddefinition of sustainable development: To act in the way that „…that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs…” Brundtland (1989).

SUSTAINABILITY – what is it?

The postulate of sustainable development has been presented in detail in the Agenda 2001, being the conference materials of the Earth Forum, Rio de Janeiro, 1992. In this document the whole world was called to undertake every effort to ensure sustainable development.

“…we do not inherit the land, we have it on a loan from our grandchildren” - Hawaian proverb

"The Earth is not a gift from our parents, it is a loan from our children" - Kenyan proverb

"Treat the earth well: it was not given to you by your parents, it was loaned to you by your children. We do not inherit the Earth from our Ancestors, we borrow it from our Children." - Indian proverb


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NATURAL FIBRES

PLANT ANIMAL

BAST LEAF SEEDS FRUIT GRASS

Flax (Linum usitatissimum)

Hemp (Cannabis sativa)

Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus)

Jute (Corchorus capsularis)

Ramie (Boechmeria nivea)

Isora (Helicteres isora)

Pinapple (Ananas bracteatus)

Sisal (Agave sisalana)

Abaca (Musa textilis)

Curaua (Ananas erectifolius)

Cabuya (Furcraea andina)

Palm

Opuntia (Opuntia galapagos)

Paja (Carludovica palmata)

Jukka (Yucca sp.)

African Palm

Chambira (Astrocaryum chambira)

Cotton (Gossypium sp.)

Coir (Cocos nucifera)

Kapok (Ceiba pentandra)

Soya (Glycine sp.)

Poplar (Populus tremula)

Calotropis (Calotropis procera)

Coir (Cocos nucifera)

Luffa (Luffa aegyptiaca)

Bamboo (Bambusa sp.)

Totora (Scirpus

californicus)

WOOLS AND HAIR

SILK

Sheep

(Ovis aries)

Alpaca (Lama pacos)

Camel (Camelus

bactrianus)

Natural (Bombyx mori L)

Spider Silk (Araneus diadematus)

Goat (Genus capra)

Horse (Equus caballus)

Rabbit (Oryctolagus

cuniculus)

Vicuna (Lama vicugna)

MINERAL Asbestos

Glass

Mineral Wool

Basalt

Ceramic

Aluminium

Borate

Silicate

Carbon

WOOD

hardwood

softwood

CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL FIBRES

Nettle (Urtica dioica)


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COTTON

35,74%

WOOL 1,56%SILK 0,14%

PES 45,25%

PA 4,96%

PP 3,68% PAN 2,69%

FIBRES IN THE WORLD


FIBER COMSUMPTION IN 2009

(*) Oerlikon Textile „The Fiber Year 2009/10 Report”


Hemp

Flax

Kenaf Nettle


Well developed fibre bundles


Fibre Young's

modulus (GPa)

Strain to

failure (MPa)

Ultimate stress (%)

Density (g/cm3)

Average

diameter (µm)

Stinging nettle

87 2.1 1594 na 20.0

Flax 58 3.3 1339 1.53 23.0

Hemp 35 1.6 389-900 1.07 31.2

Ramie 20-128 1.2-3.8 400-1000 1.56 50.0

Sisal 9-21 3 to 7 350-700 1.45 100 to 300

Glass 72 3.0 2200 2.54 5 to 25 Source: E. Bodros , C. Baley, 2008

Properties of single fibres


Advantages natural vegetable fibres

• Renewability!!! • Low density + good properties • Lower price of polymer composites reinforced with natural

fibres than those reinforced with glass fibre • Natural vegetable fibres can be used for the reinforcement of

natural polymers such as starch, lignin, hemicellulose and india-rubber which makes possible to obtain 100% biodegradable material,

• When burnt, natural fibre-containing polymers produce less CO2, CO and toxic gases

• Properties comparable to those of materials reinforced with glass fibre,

• Better elasticity of polymer composites reinforced with natural fibres, especially when modified with crushed fibres, embroidered and 3-d woven fibres


The application of vegetable fibres has, however, some

limitations:

• Quality and production efficiency depend on natural

conditions • Preparation of fibre is time- and labor-consuming • Changes in properties and dimensions of polymer

composites reinforced with natural fibres depend on inherent physical properties of the latter

• They require large areas for cultivation, if big amounts of raw material is required

• Low density of natural vegetable fibres can be disadvantageous during processing application (fibres tend to emerge on the surface)

• Level of understanding which are the best properties of fibre intended for using in composites and how to modify them is still unsatisfactionary

• Bonding of natural fibres to polymers is weak


Hemp

Kenaf

Flax


Crop Fat Protein Carbohydrates Ash Digestible fibre

Hemp 25-38 25 25 5.5 5,5

Flax 41 20 na 3.4 28

Kenaf 20 20 na 6.1 25

Chemical compositon of seed [%]


Fatty acid Composition Content [%]

Myristinic C 14:0 0.1

Palmitinic C 16:0 5.0

Palmitoleic C 16:1 c7 0.1

Margaric C 17:0 0.1

Stearinic C 18:0 4.3

Oleic C 18:1 c9 20.7

Octadecenic C 18:1 0.6

Linoleic C 18:2 6 17.5

Linolenic C 18:3 3 50.9

Arachidic C 20:0 0.2

Eicosenic C 20:1 0.2

Eicosadienoic C 20:2 0.2

Docosanoic C 22:0 0.1

Composition of fatty acids in fresh linseed oil


Fatty acid Composition Content [%] Myristinic C 14:0 < 0.1


Palmitoleic C 16:1 c7 < 0.1

9 Hexadecenoic C 16:1 c9 0.1

Margaric C 17:0 0.1

Heptadenoic C 17:1 < 0.1


Oleic C 18:1 c9 9.3

Vaccenic C 18:1 c11 0.9




Stearidonic C 18:4 3 1.0


Eicosenic C 20:1 0.4

Eicosadienoic C 20:2 1.1


Tetracosanoic C 24:0 0.1

Composition of fatty acids in fresh hempseed oil

Fatty acid Composition Content [%]

Myristinic C 14:0 0.45


Palmitoleic C 16:1 c7 1.6


Oleic C 18:1 c9 29.2





Tetracosanoic C 24:0 0.12

Composition of fatty acids in kenaf seed oil

Significant sterols content


Fiber-based products

Chemical products

Composite products

Energy products


Agriculture raw materials STRAW SEEDS

Primary industrial raw materials

Secondary industrial raw materials

Non-deseeded straw

Deseeded straw

Seeds

Chaffs

Biomass/biofuel

Biomass/biofuel Pulp & paper Whole stem mats

Sowing material, Agro–fine-chemicals Animal feed Edible oil Food (Para)pharmaceuticals Cosmetics

(Para)pharmaceuticals Agro–fine-chemicals


Chemical products

Composite products

Energy products



Chemical products

Composite products

Energy products

Long scutched fibre Short & Homomorphic fibre Hackled fibre

Hydraulic sealing Carded yarn

• Technical fabrics • Decorative fabrics • Cordage • Composite materials

Hydraulic sealing

100% linen yarn

• Woven and knitted fabrics • Garments • Table cloth • Bedlinen • Decorative fabrics

END PRODUCTS

Composite materials

Hygiene products

Primary industrial raw materials Retted straw


Primary industrial raw materials Unretted straw

Decorticated fibre

Nonwoven

Insulation Composite materials

Pulp & paper

Cordage

END PRODUCTS


Chemical products

Composite products

Energy products



Chemical products

Composite products

Energy products

Secondary industrial raw materials Shive, dust

Insulation Particleboard Solid biofuel* Composite materials

Substrate for mushrooms

Construction material

Animal bedding

Pulp & paper

Furfural Pectin Hemicellulose

Plant substrate


Non-deseeded raw straw Biomass for bio-fuel

Deseeded raw straw Seeds

Dew-retted straw Shives & dust

Technical fiber Short fiber

scutched tows

Short fiber

matted tows

Special carded yarn

Weaving Carded yarn

Bedlinen fabrics

Decorative

fabrics

Cottonized fiber

Special carded yarn

Weaving carded yarn

Ropes

Long scutched fiber Special carded yarn Cleaning material

Combing waste fiber

Carded yarn

Bedding material Insulating matarial

Paper production

Felts

Threads

Technical and

decorative fabrics

Nets and others Ropes

Long combed

fiber Special combed yarn

Spinning waste material

Weaving carded yarn

Paper production

Bedding material

Nonwovens

Nets and other

Sowing seed

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phytochemical properties - Magnesium - not less than 0.5%, Caffeoyl-malic acid - up to 1.6%, Chlorogenic acid - up to 0.5%, Flavonoids - 2% (kaempherol, quercetin, rutina), Chlorophyll - 2,7-5%, Mineral - about 18-20%, Silicon - 1-4%, Free amino acids - 30 ug / kg, Fitochinon (vitamin C) - 0.64%, Protein 20.8%, Fat 2.5%, Cellulose 18%, Nitrogen-free substances extraction 30.7%, Carotene 50 mg%, Vitamin C 0.1-0.6%, lecithin, secretin, Beta-sytosterol, folic acid, Tocopherol (vitamin E), Fitochinon (vitamin K), xanthophylls, glycolic acid, succinic acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, quinic acid, caffeic acid, acetic acid, malic acid, serotonin, tryptamine, betaine, scopoletin (coumarin), tannins.

phytochemical properties – Lectins, Steroids: b-sitosterol (0.03 - 0.06%), b-sitosterol-3-Ob-glucoside (0.03 - 0.5%), (6'-palmitoyl)-sitosterol-3-OBD-glucoside (ca. 0.003%), 7b-hydroxysitosterol (0.001%), 7b-hydroxysitosterol (0.001%), stigmasterol, campesterol, stigmast-4-en-3-one; Lignans: secoisolariciresinol-9-O-glucoside (0.004%), neo-olivil (0.003%), Neo-olivil-4-O-glucoside (0.004%);Tannins; Ceramides, Sphingosine, Fatty acids (10E, 12Z)-9.hydroxy-10,12-octadien, linoleic acid, 14-octacosanol, Hydroxycoumarin: scopoletin, Monoterpendiole and their glycosides; Triterpenes: oleanolic acid, ursolic acid; Polysaccharides: arabinogalactans, glucan, Silica digestible, Fenyloetanoidy (homovanillic alcohol).


Textiles - Garments


DISINFECTION MATS

Textiles – Non Garments


Agrotextiles

an environment friendly, annual renewable

base layer for the plant industry replacing peat

(fibre)


Automotive Industry

Fibre

Non-woven Fleece

Finished Door

Naked Door


Natural fibre composites

wide range of application possibilities

Scale


Bast fibrous crops contain 25-30% of fibre, holding about 70% of celulose

Annual growth of cellulose produced by hemp exceeds 2.5 times increase in

cellulose extracted from trees

Pulp and paper


Construction materials industry

(fibre)


Insulation made from fibre:

• help to save valuable energy, consequently reducing the negative impact on the

environment caused by energy generation,

• contribute to the reduction of CO2 emission. During growth phase plants bind CO2,

thus removing it from the atmosphere. In order, up to 1t CO2 is bound in 1m3 of wood.

This gas remains stored in insulation materials for the whole of their life cycle,

• help to control the air humidity in buildings - the natural fibre insulation can store

relatively high moisture.


Construction materials industry (shives)


Construction material based on

shive and lime. „Innovative

Economy” Project


Animal bedding – implementation for

the comfort of your animal

Chicken farming

EU 2007: 48 000 t

production of

hemp shives

Animal Bedding


Mulching alternative to bark (shives)


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Uses of some fibrous crops seed

Flaxseed


chemical

cosmetics

food

pharmaceutical

paints, varnishes, lubricants

and diesel, cosmetics,

edible oils, dietary foods, bakery products

Hemp seeds


Research gaps:

• new, economically feasible fibre extraction and processing technologies are necessary that will eliminate weather dependency of retting process (quality)

• cell and tissue structure of a plant is very complex and still many information is missing which has straight impact on efficiency of fibre extraction technology (e.g. on efficiency of enzymes).

• better cultivars • lack/very high costs of research on medical applications • legislative and economic incentives stimulating broader industrial use of

fibrous plants • nettle – virtually any issue is a research gap


INSTITUTE OF NATURAL FIBRES AND MEDICINAL PLANTS

ul. Wojska Polskiego 71 b

60-630 Poznan

POLAND

Tel: (+ 48 61) 845 58 21

e-mail: [email protected]

www. iwnirz.pl

Thank you for your attention!!!

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