INTRODUCTION

by Professor Karen Lucas,Director of Research and InnovationIt has been another busy year for ITSwith several new members of staffjoining us, some promotions and a fewgoodbyes. Professor Richard Batleytook up the role of interim Faculty Pro-Dean for Research and Innovation. Wewelcomed two new Professors;Professor Richard Romano, who nowleads the Driving Simulation Centreand Professor Jillian Anable, leading inthe area of Energy and theEnvironment. Promoted to Professorwere: Karen Lucas, Chair of Transportand Social Analysis and Susan GrantMuller, Chair of Technologies andInformatics.

Increasingly, our research is co-ordinated in multidisciplinary andcollaborative research centres. TheDemand Centre led by Professor GregMarsden is now in its third year. TheConsumer Data Research Centre openedat the Leeds Institute for Data Analyticswith a major work stream on mobilitiesand social innovation led by ProfessorSusan Grant-Muller. The ChoiceModelling Centre began recruiting itscore staffing team under the leadershipof Professor Stephane Hess. (See p4).

Staff across the Institute havecontributed to research excellenceresulting in the award of 39 newresearch projects representing anincome of £3.23m. Some notablegrant awards included:

The EMPOWER project – developingtools for industry to encourage theuptake of more sustainable modes oftransport, led by Professor SusanGrant-Muller; XCYCLE – a project tomake roads safer for cyclists, led byProfessor Oliver Carsten; NeTIRail – athree year project to optimiseEuropean railways, led by Dr AndrewSmith; and the Value of Travel Timestudy – informing the UKGovernment’s transport analysisguidance, led by Professor RichardBatley.

Projects running during 2015 arelisted in the index and described underResearch Projects starting on page 5.

Staff ChangesOur growing research portfolio has ledto the recruitment of 15 new membersof research staff, including twoAcademic Fellows appointed as part ofthe University’s ‘250 Great Minds’scheme: Dr Charles Fox and Dr EvaHeinen.

In addition to the above mentionedProfessors and Fellows we alsowelcomed Dr Romain Crastes ditSourd, Dr Dongyao Jia, Dr Ian Jones,Dr Ruth Madigan, Dr Gustav Markkula,Dr Louise Reardon, Dr Hongbo Ye andDr Jiwei Zheng. New support staffwere: Natalie Ainsworth, JennieStones, Maria Seijo Richart.

We celebrated the achievements andlong service of Dr Anthony Fowkes andProfessor Mark Wardman (Institute

Director 2007 to 2011). We also badefarewell to Dr Georgios Kountouriotis.

Influencing Government PolicyMembers of the Institute gaveevidence to a number of ParliamentaryCommittees and Boards including:

Professor Richard Batley wasappointed to the Department forTransport Joint Analysis DevelopmentPanel; Professor Chris Nash wasappointed to the Scientific Committeeof the European research programmeShift2rail; Professor David Watling wasinvited to join the Review Board of theDanish National Model; Dr James Lairdwas appointed to the advisory panelsof the Major Projects Association, HS2and Transport Scotland; Dr NatashaMerat was invited to the Departmentfor Transport’s (DfT) Science AdvisoryCouncil on Horizon Scanning; DrJames Tate gave evidence to the Houseof Commons Transport Committeebased on the findings of his researchon exhaust emissions; Bryan Matthewsco-authored the response of theChartered Institute of Logistics andTransport to the DfT consultation onchanges to Tactile Paving Guidance.

International ActivityThe Institute is playing a key role in apioneering new school, being formedbetween the University of Leeds andChina’s Southwest Jiaotong University.Based in Chengdu, the joint school willoffer a ‘BEng Civil Engineering with

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Dr Jianzhong Chen, NorthwesternPolytechnical University, China, hostedby Dr Ronghui Liu; Dr Angelo Guevara,Universidad de los Andes, Chile,hosted by Professor Stephane Hess;Harry Li, Department of Rail Traffic,Guang Dong CommunicationPolytechnic, China, hosted by Dr DongNgoduy; Deborah Misfud, University ofMalta, hosted by Professor KarenLucas; Luc Pellecuer, École deTechnologie Supérieure, Canada,hosted by Dr Samantha Jamson; KoTakakura, Ritsumeikan University,Japan, hosted by Dr Dong Ngoduy;Diana Talavera, University ofChihuahua, Mexico, hosted byProfessor Karen Lucas; AntoninoVitetta, University of Reggio Calabria,Italy, hosted by Dr Richard Connors;Shuxia Xu, BeiHang University, China,hosted by Dr Ronghui Liu; Dr HidekiYaginuma & Junji Urata, University ofTokyo, Japan, hosted by ProfessorDavid Watling.

Secondments andIndustry EngagementProfessor Simon Shepherd and DrChandra Balijepalli completed theirsecondment to METRO. Dr RonghuiLiu commenced a secondment toNetwork Rail. Dr Natasha Merat wasinvited as an External Advisory Board

Member to Autoliv Inc., the worldwideleader in automotive safety systems.

Dr James Tate’s secondment toTransport for London was extended,focused on reducing diesel emissionsand improving air quality. During the‘dieselgate’ scandal Dr Tate wasregularly called upon by the nationaland international media to provideexpert insight including The Guardian,The Times and BBC World Service.Kasia Speakman completed her part-time secondment from Leeds CityCouncil to collaborate on the projectRetrofitting Accessible Highway (seeResearch Projects below). From Arup,Anna Vickers completed hersecondment and Simon Mabey isworking on improving links betweenArup and the University of Leeds.

Student SuccessThe high quality of the postgraduateresearch students we continue toattract was evident on the global stage.

Tyron Louw received an award fromHonda for his research on transitionsfrom automation – work he isconducting as part of the AdaptIVEproject: Engaging With HighlyAutomated Driving: To Be Or Not To BeIn The Loop?

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Transport’ programme led by Dr JudithWang, and is the first overseas schoolto be set up by the University ofLeeds.

Prime Minister David Cameronwelcomed the joint school following itsformal launch in Chengdu: “Thispartnership will cultivate global talentand build strong connections betweenthe UK, China and other parts of theworld, addressing future skillsrequirements and opening up newresearch opportunities.”

Professor Simon Shepherd and DrChandra Balijepalli were invited topresent the Land Use TransportInteraction Model (MARS) to theMinistry of Transport in Jakarta. Thisincluded an international seminarlaunching a project to develop theTransport Master Plan for Jakarta andsurrounding districts. The mainobjective of the plan is to have apublic transport mode share of 60% by2030. The event was widely reportedin the local media e.g. Jakarta-Turns-to-Software-Modeling-to-Avoid-Future-Gridlocks.

International VisitorsOur international horizons werewidened by a number of incomingvisitors who shared their research withstaff and students across campus.(See presentations atwww.its.leeds.ac.uk/slideshare).

Our visitors included: ProfessorGraham Currie, Monash University,Victoria, Australia, hosted by ProfessorGreg Marsden; Professor KarelMartens, Radboud University, TheNetherlands, hosted by ProfessorKaren Lucas; Professor NoreenMcDonald, Fulbright Scholar,University of North Carolina, USA,hosted by Professor Greg Marsden;David Araneda, Pontificia UniversidadCatolica. Chile, hosted by ProfessorStephane Hess; Alessio Capellaro,University of Trento, Italy, hosted by DrHamish Jamson; Lucilia Capelli,University Nacional de San Martin,Argentina, hosted by Frances Hodgson;Waqas Cheema, Singapore Universityof Technology and Design, hosted byProfessor Simon Shepherd;

From left – 6th Prof Shepherd, 7th Dr Balijepalli at the Ministry of TransportForum, Jakarta.

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Charlotte Kelly received best posterprize at the NIHR trainees conference:What impact does transportaccessibility to healthcare have onhealth outcomes and how can thisinform policies such as centralisationof healthcare treatment?

PhDs awardedPostgraduate research degrees wereawarded to 14 of our students in2015. Afzal Ahmed Integration of real-time traffic state estimation anddynamic traffic assignment withapplications to advanced travellerinformation systems; Segun AlukoUnderstanding the safety performanceof commercial motorcycles in urbantransport using a system dynamicsapproach based on qualitative data;John Buckell Empirical essays on thecost efficiency and economicregulation of hospitals in the NationalHealth Service in England; Rawia ElRashidy The resilience of roadtransport networks: Redundancy,vulnerability and mobilitycharacteristics; James Fox Temporaltransferability of mode-destinationchoice models; Qian Fu Modellingroute choice behaviour with incompletedata: An application to the LondonUnderground; John HaithUnderstanding the relationshipbetween capacity utilisation andperformance and the implications forthe pricing of congested rail networks;Jie Huang Growth, Evolution andScaling of Transport Networks; AndrewKoh Toll competition in highwaytransportation networks; Chao Lu Aself-learning motorway traffic controlsystem for ramp metering; StevenO’Hare The influence of structure insupply and demand on theperformance characteristics of roadtraffic networks: An exploration of howmethodological approaches fromnetwork science can be implementedfor a transportation research problem;Stephen Parkes The longevity ofbehaviour change: A case study of theLondon 2012 Olympic and ParalympicGames; Rahman Pilvar Development ofan optimisation model for schedulingof street works schemes; PadmaSeetharaman Reliability based

disaggregate stochastic process modelswith strict capacity constraints incongested transit networks. These andother ITS PhD theses are available viaetheses.whiterose.ac.uk.

Postgraduate ResearchStudentsIn addition to those who graduated, afurther 64 students were activelyengaged in research in 2015. KhaledAbdullah, Oladele Afuje, Mahmoud Al-Khazaleh, Izza Anwer, Peter Atkinson,Valerio Benedetto, Julian Burkinshaw,Julian Bwambale, Chiara Calastri,Mauro Capurso, Madga Cepeda-Zorrilla, Fiona Crawford, Louise deTremerie, John Dixon, Joel Dodsworth,Rafael Dos Reis, Umoh Edemeka,Joanna Elvy, Anderson Etika, CristhianFigueroa-Martinez, Andrew Gillies-Smith, Thiago Guimaraes-Rodrigues,Alvaro Guzman, Stephen Hanley, MdBashirul Haque, Probo Hardini,Nicholas Herbert, Sheriff Idriss-Yahya,Haneen Khreis, Andyka Kusuma,Christopher Leahy, Qiyang Liu, TyronLouw, James Musgrave, TamasNadudvari, Andrew Naimanye, MunajatTri Nugroho, Taufiq Nugroho, BenjaminOlobo, Sanna Pampel, EvangelosPaschalidis, Anna Pereira, Lei Qian,Christopher Rushton, Ehsan Sadraei,Arwa Sayegh, Aswin Siregar, FangquingSong, Daosadeth Soysouvanh,Panagiotis Spyridakos, Sidi Sun,Yvonne Taylor, Jessica Taylor-Ashley,Lap Kwan (Jeff) Tjiong, Nur ZaimahUbaidillah, Chinebuli Uzondu, ErsiliaVerlingheri, Conor Walsh, Yin Wang,Matthew Whittle, Yao Yao, Jingyan Yu,Weiming Zhao and Tatjana Zimasa.

Collaborating with colleagues acrosscampus, ITS staff co-supervised eightstudents registered in other Universityof Leeds Schools: Clare Linton (Schoolof Civil Engineering); Pablo Guillen(School of Computing); Jing Ma(School of Geography); MahaAlsabbagh (School of Earth &Environment); Dr Ashkay Dwarakanath(School of Medicine & Health); AndrewDixon, Holly Edwards, and RichardRiley (School of Chemical & ProcessEngineering).

AlumniThe Institute’s active alumni networkencompasses nearly 2,000 formerstudents across 88 countries. The ITSalumni website has the latest newsand an alumni map which showcasesover 100 alumni profiles. Thehighlights of 2015 include:

Dr Michèle Dix (PhD, 1982) received aCBE in the Queen’s New Year’sHonours list for services to transport inLondon and received a lifetimeachievement award presented atTransport Practitioners Meeting,recognising her outstandingcontribution to transport planning inthe capital. She is presently ManagingDirector of Crossrail 2.

Hilary Holden (MSc in TransportPlanning, 1999) became Toronto’s firstsustainable transport director.

Frank Montgomery (MSc TransportPlanning & Engineering 1979 & ITSLecturer 1985-2013) received aCertificate of Merit from the CharteredInstitution of Highways &Transportation for his long-standingcontribution to the transport sector.

Professor Simon Shepherd and DrRonghui Liu attended the 19thInternational Conference of Hong KongSociety for Transportation Studies andhosted dinner for alumni guests.

Emeritus Professor Tony May, Dr ZiaWadud and PhD student Segun Alukoattended the 16th CODATU conferencein Istanbul and hosted dinner foralumni and friends of ITS.

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RESEARCH CENTRES

Choice Modelling CentreLed by Professor Stephane Hess, theChoice Modelling Centre (CMC) is alarge cross-disciplinary group ofleading academics working in choicemodelling. CMC brings togetherexpertise from all key disciplines andcreates an environment ofcollaboration by breaking downtraditional barriers. A one stop shop forconducting state-of-the-art theoreticalresearch, the CMC is making a stepchange in applied work, leading theway in postgraduate study, andproviding world class teaching andcontinuing professional development(CPD). Staff at the Centre are currentlyinvolved in thirteen research projectsincluding the Value of Travel Timestudy, Decisions in a changing world(see index). The Centre holds regularevents and professional trainingprogrammes. Read more atwww.cmc.leeds.ac.uk.

Consumer Data Research CentreThe Institute plays a key role in theConsumer Data Research Centre(CDRC) which is located in the LeedsInstitute for Data Analytics (LiDA) andopened in July 2015. Professor SusanGrant-Muller is leading the researchand translational activity in the field ofbig data and transport. Our research inthis area harnesses the big data arisingfrom remote sources such as mobilephones, social media, consumertransactions, smart cards and transportsystem sensors. This wealth of newdata allows us to answer grandchallenges for the transport sector,such as how to improve accessibility,reduce congestion and betterunderstand the movements of goodsand people. The long term impact willbe a more sustainable transport systemand improved city planning.

The CDRC at Leeds forms part of theEconomic and Social ResearchCouncil’s Big Data Network and ispartnered with University CollegeLondon and the Universities of

Liverpool and Oxford. The Centre hasdeveloped a three-tier data serviceusing a secure infrastructure whichenables the collection, analysis anddissemination of consumer data forpublic benefit, whilst protectingprivacy. The CDRC’s key objectives areto provide researcher access toconsumer data, serve as a centre ofexpertise in consumer analytics andresearch and to deliver training andcapacity building activities to a rangeof stakeholders. Find out more atwww.cdrc.ac.uk.

DEMAND CentreThe DEMAND Centre is a five yearcollaborative research centredeveloping new ways to cut energy usein the UK. While greater energyefficiency is important, the trend isoften towards more resource intensivestandards of comfort, convenience andspeed. The problem is that we lack asophisticated understanding of howthese trends take hold and of theunderlying dynamics of demand itself.The DEMAND Centre takes thisproblem as its central challenge,contributing directly to the objectivesof the call by focusing on what energyis for. In 2015 the Institute welcomedProfessor Noreen McDonald to developher work on understanding the trendsin millennials travel reduction. In April2016 a major international DEMANDconference will be held (seewww.demand.ac.uk).

Driving Simulation Centrewww.uolds.leeds.ac.uk

The University of Leeds DrivingSimulator is a virtual prototyping facilityproviding a flexible tool for research intodriver behaviour and road safety. 2015saw the appointment of two leadingacademics in the field of driverbehaviour and driving simulation.Professor Richard Romano and DrGustav Markkula contribute to theresearch direction and activities of theDriving Simulation Centre and lead thework on the Programme for SimulationInnovation project, one of the Institute’slargest research programmes. The

centre is due to expand with a proposednew truck simulator funded jointly bythe University of Leeds and the XCYCLEproject.

The Driving Simulator featured in ademonstration of hands-free driving inan automated vehicle on BBC BuildingCars Live www.youtube.com/watch?v=DT7FMs9L_vM.

RESEARCH PROJECTS

Relevance to Societal Grand ChallengesMobility is fundamental to economicgrowth and societal well-being. Yet it isalso understood that the impacts oftransport on public space, onenvironmental quality and publichealth are substantial. The Institute isat the heart of global grand challengesaround issues, including climateresilience, energy use, technologicaladaptation and resource efficiency. TheInstitute’s research has strongconnections with the University ofLeeds’ strategic themes in Cities,Energy and Health. This provides acontext in which to develop and deliverambitious long-term programmes ofresearch.

Expertise of staff at the Instituteranges from engineering, modellingand economics through to psychologyand sociology. The quality of ourresearch delivery is supported byISO9001 accreditation. The range ofresearch carried out at the Institute isdemonstrated in the following sixty-fiveprojects grouped under ten thematicheadings.

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Theme: Active Travel

VENIGrant holder: Dr Eva HeinenFunded by: Dutch Research CouncilDates: October 2014 – December2017 (commenced January 2014 atDelft University of Technology)

Abstract: Reducing car use andencouraging people to walk, cycle oruse public transport seems almostimpossible to achieve despiteextensive academic and policyattention. Change may be effected, butcalls for a different methodologicalapproach to the complexity ofbehaviour, and a focus that goesbeyond the current emphasis ontheories concerning rational choice.Current research seeks to explaindifferences in behaviour betweenindividuals and ignores differences inbehaviour within individuals(intrapersonal variability), such asvariation in destination and variation intransport mode use. Moreover,conventional transport researchassumes that choices are based on theevaluation of costs and time neededfor alternatives. The conventionalapproach fails to explain whyindividuals in similar situations andwith corresponding socioeconomiccharacteristics make differentdecisions. This project aims to tacklethe problem using a novelmethodological approach andfocussing on differences in behaviourfrom journey to journey withinindividuals. It is conceptualized that

people using multiple transportationmodes for different journeys asopposed to only one are more likely tochange their travel behaviour.Furthermore, it is recognised thatidentities could prevent behaviouralchange, as a threat to one’s identitycauses resistance to change. Thisresearch will make a majorcontribution towards effectivestrategies to achieve more sustainabletransport.

Papers: Heinen E, Chatterjee K (2015)The same mode again? An explorationof mode choice variability in GreatBritain using the National TravelSurvey, Transportation Research PartA: Policy and Practice, 78, pp.266-282.

WHISPER (Wearable Haptic Information Signals –Evidence and Research)Grant holder: Bryan MatthewsFunded by: Department For Transport(DfT)Dates: December 2015 – March 2016

Abstract: We are exploring theusefulness of a wearable device toprovide visually impaired people withhaptic feedback about the streetenvironment, so as to assist theirmobility. Haptic feedback is theconveying of information via the senseof touch in the form of vibrationsignals and/or the application of mildpressure to the skin; and the idea thatthe device is wearable means that itcould be used by anyone includingvisually distracted pedestrians. Weinvestigate whether haptic feedbackprovides useful information aboutobstacles and wayfinding points in theenvironment and supplements aperson’s useful vision, or the whitecane or guide dog if they use these.We will conduct focus groups andlaboratory tests of prototype devices bypotential beneficiaries.

XCYCLEGrant holder: Professor Oliver CarstenInvestigators: Professor RichardRomano, Dr John Nellthorp, Jeremy ShiresFunded by: EU H2020Dates: June 2015 – November 2018Coordinating partner: University ofBolognaCollaborating partners: 9 Europeanindustry and academic partners (seewebsite for details)Website: www.xcycle-h2020.eu

Abstract: This project aims to find themeans to equalise the treatment ofcyclists in traffic and thus bothencourage cycling and make cyclingsafer. The project will contribute toinnovative and efficient advancedsafety measures to reduce the numberof accidents involving cyclists ininteraction with motorised vehicles.The project will develop technologiesaimed at improving active and passivedetection of cyclists, systemsinforming both drivers and cyclists ofhazards at junctions, effective methodsof presenting information in vehiclesand on-site and cooperation systemsaimed at reducing collisions withcyclists. To this end, the University ofLeeds will develop an in-vehicle HMIto warn truck drivers of imminentcollision risk. The work will be carriedout on a new truck simulator,developed with University funding.Impact: There will be significantimpacts on cycling safety byaddressing some of the most severecollision scenarios.

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Theme: Choice Modelling

ACTUM (Analysis of activity-based travel chains andsustainable mobility)Grant holder: Professor Stephane HessInvestigators: Professor Andrew Daly,Professor Richard Batley, Professor David WatlingFunded by: Danish Strategic ResearchCouncilDates: January 2011 – December 2015Coordinating partner: Danish TechnicalUniversity

Abstract: The objective was to developa new decision support methodology fortransport policy evaluation. Wedesigned an instrument able toevaluate sustainable transport policiesthat need a balance betweenguaranteeing mobility and reducingtransport externalities (e.g. CO2emissions). The methodology is a noveldisaggregate person- and household-based, activity-based framework. Weexplored new techniques for theefficient collection of data aboutactivity (and hence travel) patternsthrough the use of individual GPS dataloggers and in-depth interviews toprovide a better understanding andprediction of how restrictions withindaily activity patterns influence thetravel pattern. We also identified howimproved accessibility generatespositive effects in terms of labourmarket changes and working hours.Such effects were overlooked in theexisting decision support methodologiesin Denmark. The project develops adecision support methodology whichcan address a broad spectrum oftransport policies more realisticallythan existing methods. It will improve

the chances to find a sustainablebalance between mobility and negativeeffects from transport to the benefit ofthe Danish society.

Papers:1) Vuk G, Bowman J, Daly AJ & Hess

S (2015) Impact of family in-homequality time on person traveldemand, Transportation.

2) Watling DP, Rasmussen TK, PratoCG, Nielsen OA (2015) Stochasticuser equilibrium with equilibratedchoice sets: Part I – Modelformulations under alternativedistributions and restrictions,Transportation Research Part B:Methodological, 77, pp.166-181.

3) Rasmussen TK, Watling DP, PratoCG, Nielsen OA (2015) Stochasticuser equilibrium with equilibratedchoice sets: Part II – Solving therestricted SUE for the logit family,Transportation Research Part B:Methodological, 77, pp.146-165

4) Rasmussen TK, Watling DP, PratoCG, Nielsen OA (2015) Stochasticuser equilibrium with ThresholdRSUET – Model formulation,solution methods and large-scaletest. hEART 2015: 4th symposiumof the European Association forResearch in Transportation.

Next Generation DrivingBehaviour ModelsGrant holder: Dr Charisma ChoudhuryInvestigators: Dr Daryl Hibberd,Michael Daly, Evangelos PaschalidisFunded by: EU-Marie CurieDates: May 2015 – January 2019

Abstract: We aim to develop dynamicdriving behaviour models that explicitlyaccount for the effects of drivercharacteristics in driver decisionsalongside the effects of path-plan,network topography and trafficconditions. In a novel approach, theproject will calibrate our drivingbehaviour models by combiningexperimental data collected from theUniversity of Leeds Driving Simulatorand actual traffic data collected usingvideo recordings.

Values of Travel Time Savings and ReliabilityGrant holder: Professor Richard BatleyInvestigators: Professor StephaneHess, Professor Mark Wardman, Dr Anthony Fowkes, Dan Johnson, Dr James Laird, Dr Phill Wheat, Dr Charisma Choudhury, ProfessorAndrew Daly, Dr Thijs Dekker, Dr Manuel Ojeda-CabralFunded by: DfTDates: May 2014 – April 2017Collaborative partners: Arup, Accent

Abstract: The value of travel time(VTT) is an important concept in policymaking and investment decisions forthe transport sector, since savings intravel time typically account for a largeproportion of the benefits of majortransport infrastructure. Current DfTvalues for non-work travel date back toresearch from 2003, and the datasupporting them is over two decadesold, whilst the values used forbusiness travel have come underincreasing scrutiny for their underlyingassumptions. Over the past five years,the DfT has undertaken a programmeof work including scoping studies tobetter understand the uncertaintiesaround the current values. The DfTconcluded that it would be appropriateto undertake fresh primary research, toensure that the values continue toreflect changes in society and people’stravel behaviour.Impact: The overall objective of thisstudy was to recommend up-to-datenational average values for in-vehicle(car and public transport) travel time(in-vehicle refers to the time spenttravelling on the specific mode oftransport). With regards to non-work,the project recommendations entail anincrease of around 50% in values forcommute, but a reduction of around25% for other non-work – relative tocurrent DfT WebTAG guidance. Withregards to business, ourrecommendations are based onwillingness-to-pay (WTP), and thusrepresent a methodological shift awayfrom the cost saving approachtraditionally used in WebTAG. TheWTP-based business values show

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marked variation by distance; for tripsof less than 20 miles, values arearound 75% lower than currentWebTAG values; for trips of around100 miles, WTP-based values arecomparable to WebTAG; and for longertrips still, WTP-based values exceedthose currently in WebTAG. The studyoutputs are gathered in the FinalReport published by DfTgov.uk/government/publications/values-of-travel-time-savings-and-reliability-final-reports.

Theme: Climate Change

CH4LLENGEGrant holder: Dr Caroline MullenInvestigators: Professor Tony May,Professor Simon Shepherd, Dr Astrid GühnemannFunded by: European Commission –Intelligent Energy Europe ProgrammeDates: March 2013 – March 2016Collaborative partners: 16 partnersacross the EU (see website for details)Website: www.sump-challenges.eu

Abstract: Planning for urban transportmust increasingly contribute toimproving energy efficiency, reducinggreenhouse gas emissions andimproving local economies and qualityof life for residents. A SustainableUrban Mobility Plan (SUMP) isdesigned to contribute to theseambitions for urban transport and itsimpacts on social inclusion, economyand environmental targets. In thisproject we have extended knowledge tosupport cities in planning,implementing and evaluating SUMPs.Working with cities has provided new

insights and knowledge drawn fromtheir experiences and pilots such aspedestrianisation, and evaluation ofparticipation in the City Connectproject.

Papers: May A and Khreis H (2015)Option generation for policy measuresand packages: the role of the KonSULTknowledgebase, presented at theWCTRS SIG G3 conference on climatechange and urban transport policy inValetta.Impact: Pilot projects in each of theeight partner cities will have tangibleimpacts for significant aspects ofsustainable urban mobility planning.The project has contributed to majordevelopment of the KonSULT optiongenerator plus freely available manualsand online resources to supportlearning and professional developmentfor planners across Europe andbeyond.

ecoDriverGrant holder: Professor Oliver CarstenInvestigators: Dr Samantha Jamson,Dr James Tate, Dr Zia Wadud, Dr JohnNellthorp, Dr Frank Lai, Dr DarylHibberd, Dr Astrid GuehnemannFunded by: European CommissionDates: October 2011 – March 2016Collaborative partners: 11 Europeanpartners (see website for details)Website: www.ecodriver-project.eu

Abstract: Environmentally friendlydriving, or ecodriving, is becoming anincreasingly important topic among theintelligent transport systemscommunity because carbon emissionsneed to be curbed in the context ofclimate change mitigation policies. Ingeneral, drivers are not aware thatcertain behaviours elevate fuelconsumption and result in unnecessaryemissions. Ecodriving interventions tryto modify such behaviour in order tomaximise energy efficiency andimprove traffic flows – withoutcompromising safety. The ecoDriverproject aims to achieve a 20%reduction of CO2 emissions and fuelconsumption in road transport by

delivering effective advice andfeedback to the driver. This fourthyear of the project has seen extensiveactivity. On-road trials with over 160participants have provided 18,000km of data. Analysis of the data andits subsequent use in a scaling upexercise has also been completed. Wewill showcase the ecoDriver vehiclesand present project results at theecoDriver Final Event,16th and 17thMarch 2016 at the Mercedes-BenzMuseum in Stuttgart.

Papers:1) Jamson SL, Hibberd D, Jamson

AH (2015) Drivers’ ability to learneco-driving skills; effects on fuelefficient and safe drivingbehaviour. TransportationResearch Part C: EmergingTechnologies, 58 657-668.

2) Hibberd DL, Jamson AH andJamson SL (2015) The design ofan in-vehicle assistance system tosupport eco-driving.Transportation Research Part C:Emerging Technologies, 58 732-748

3) Pampel SM, Jamson SL, HibberdDL and Barnard Y. (2015) How Ireduce fuel consumption: Anexperimental study on mentalmodels of eco-driving,Transportation Research Part C:Emerging Technologies, 58 669-680

Impact: A number of vehiclemanufacturers have incorporatedecoDriver concepts into their vehicles.BMW’s ecoAssist incorporates a newHMI using dashboard & HUD plus anautomated coasting mode when thedriver is not using the acceleratorpedal. In CRF’s system prototypes theHMI solutions are both visual & visualcombined with a haptic pedal. Thesystem suggestions for an improvedeco driving style are tailored tosubjective drivers’ style. Daimler hasdeveloped a new ecoDriver appconsisting of a map-based drivingstrategy calculation with a visual &haptic (accelerator pedal) HMI.

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EMPOWERGrant holder: Professor Susan Grant-MullerInvestigator: Frances HodgsonFunded by: EU H2020Dates: May 2015 – April 2018Collaborative partners: 11 Europeanpartners (see website for details)Website: http://empowerproject.eu

Abstract: One of the first researchprojects to be awarded under the newH2020 framework, EMPOWER is thefifth project in a programme ofresearch into transport and big data atthe Institute, supported by over £12mof funding.The main objective of EMPOWER is tosubstantially reduce the use ofconventionally fuelled vehicles in citiesusing positive incentives deliveredthrough pervasive ICT such assmartphone, as part of a behaviouralapproach to demand management. Toachieve this objective EMPOWER willcreate a set of tools for industry, policymakers and employers. These willempower them beyond the lifespan ofthis project to understand, help chooseand successfully implement positiveevidence-based and cost-effectivepolicy interventions, based on new andinnovative mobility services, and in thecontext of already existinginfrastructure, policy and measures.EMPOWER is working with over 40stakeholders including cities, transportsector suppliers and incentiveproviders, and will demonstrate largescale implementation in four ‘livinglabs’: Manchester, Helsinki,Gothenburg and Enschede, plus afurther seven take-up cities acrossEurope. The positive incentives beingdesigned, trialled and implementedinclude: financial incentives, pointsand digital currencies, tangiblerewards (such as prizes and vouchers),upgraded service offers and socialincentives. Early deliverables includedesign features for the ICT architectureand templates for business models inthe multi-stakeholder context. The keyperformance indicators of the projectwill include reductions in the distancestravelled by conventionally fuelledvehicles and impacts on vulnerablegroups.

Emission Factors fromRoad Vehicles by RemoteSensing Device

Grant holder: Dr James TateInvestigator: Christopher Rushton Funded by: European Commission –Joint Research Centre Dates: January 2014 – April 2015

Abstract: There is a pressing need tobetter understand the emissions fromvehicles on the road. Remote sensingdevices measure the tailpipe emissionsof vehicles as they drive through amonitoring site. The technology scansthe exhaust plumes from thousands ofvehicles per day. The measurementsare combined with vehicle registrationinformation. This allows the emissionsto be characterized by vehicle type(car, van, light and heavy commercialvehicle, bus), age, fuel type andemission standard (e.g. Euro 0 – 6).Impact: This project reviewed thecapability of vehicle emission remotesensing instrumentation, and we haveestablished ‘emission factors’ fordifferent vehicle classes andpowertrain types.

Hybrid Taxis – Developing the Business andEnvironmental CaseGrant holder: Dr James TateInvestigators: David Wyatt, Richard RileyFunded by: Leeds City Council (LCC),Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)Dates: October 2014 – September 2015

Abstract: Annual mean nitrogendioxide concentrations in towns oftenfail to achieve the objectives set in theUK Air Quality Regulations and thelimit values within the EU DirectivePM2.5. Particles from diesel emissionshave serious health consequences. Thetaxi fleet forms a significant proportionof vehicles operating in the urban areathroughout the day and night. Bygaining a better understanding of thecomposition and operation of the taxiand private hire fleet in Leeds (over4000 vehicles), we have assessed the

environmental benefits that could beachieved through the use of alternativevehicles (notably petrol-hybrids) andanalysed the costs to operators.Impact: We have developed a businesscase, looking into the feasibility andimplications of the use of hybrids asthe vehicles of choice for taxi operatorsin Leeds.

Modelling Wakefield AirQuality Action Plan MeasuresGrant holder: Dr James TateInvestigator: Arwa SayeghFunded by: Wakefield Council, DEFRADates: October 2014 – March 2015Collaborative partner: Fore ConsultingLimited

Abstract: We have evaluated theenvironmental benefits of a range ofpotential junction improvements inseveral Air Quality Management Areas(AQMAs) in Wakefield. Trafficmicrosimulation and instantaneousemission modelling provides accurateestimates of vehicle emissions,critically including robust predictionsof oxides of nitrogen from moderndiesel engines, which are likely to bethe principle cause of air qualityexceedances in the AQMAs underconsideration. The modellingcompared vehicle and fuel types andconsidered the contribution from Euro6 vehicles, some of which are now inoperation.

Shaping London’sAir Quality StrategyGrant holder: Dr James TateFunded by: Transport for London (TfL)

Abstract: Dr Tate’s extensive vehicleemissions measurements on behalf ofLocal Authorities across the UK, andin particular his report that dieselvehicles are more polluting withincities than manufacturer’sspecifications would have us believe,resulted in his secondment to TfL. DrTate is working with the TfLenvironmental policy and strategyteam, to support the on-goingdevelopment of London’s transport and

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emissions action plan; low emissionvehicle strategy; and design of theUltra-Low Emission Zone. Thisextended secondment brings the latestresearch developments andinternational evidence to the TfL airquality team. Dr Tate is working toenhance the robustness of the roadtransport carbon and air qualitypollutant emission evidence base. Thesecondment is facilitating theapplication of emerging researchmethodologies to the Greater Londonroad transport network that can takebetter account of congested drivingconditions.

Speed Emission/EnergyCurves for Ultra LowEmission VehiclesGrant holder: Dr James TateInvestigator: Dr Richard Connors,Richard RileyFunded by: DfTDates: September 2014 – March 2015Collaborative partner: Ricardo-AEA

Abstract: We have developedfuel/energy consumption and emissionspeed curves for a range of lowemission vehicles (petrol hybrid, dieselhybrid, petrol or diesel plug-in hybridand battery electric vehicles). Theperformance of low emissionpowertrains on cars, light-goodsvehicles, rigid- and articulated heavy-goods vehicles were evaluated.Experimental data was used ifavailable. Extrapolation methods andmathematical models of powertrainswere used if empirical data wasunavailable. We hypothesized that theenergy curves should be consistentwith the existing curves used forconventional vehicles by the NationalTransport Model (NTM) and WebTAG.

Theme: Dynamic Modelling

Advanced Traffic Flow –Theory and ControlGrant holder: Dr Dong NgoduyFunded by: EPSRCDates: September 2011 – September2016

Abstract: Active Traffic Management(ATM) is a scheme for improving trafficflow and reducing congestion onmotorways. It makes use of automaticsystems and human intervention tomanage traffic flow and ensure thesafety of road users. Information andcommunication technologies (ICT) arenow in the early stages of transformingtransportation systems by integratingsensors, control units and automatictechnologies with microchips to enablethem to communicate with each otherthrough wireless technologies. InJapan and South Korea, thedeployment of ICT in ATM programshas led to significant improvement oftraffic network performance. In thecoming decade ICT will considerablyprogress worldwide so that intelligentequipped vehicles, in which the drivingtasks are shifted from the driver to thevehicle will make up a significantshare of the traffic flow. Networkscontaining a mixed composition ofmanual and equipped vehicles aredefined as heterogeneous intelligenttraffic systems. This project seekssolutions for an improved ATM programto monitor and control intelligenttraffic networks. The complex issues inreal-life data collected from multiplesources will be tackled using a newreal-time model-based intelligenttraffic control framework to predict thetransitions between free-flow,congestion and stop-and-go jams, and

to investigate the true causes of suchcongestion. A sequence of immediatecontrol actions will be established inorder to reduce congestion, travel timeand air pollution.

DITTO (Developing Integrated Tools to Optimise Railway Systems)Grant holder: Dr Ronghui LiuInvestigators: Dr Anthony Whiteing, Dr Hongbo YeFunded by: Railway Safety &Standards Board (RSSB)Dates: September 2014 – August 2017Coordinating partner: University ofSouthampton

Abstract: This multi-disciplinaryproject brings together University-based traffic engineers and transportoperations researchers (from Leeds andSouthampton) and computer scientists(from Swansea). The project willcontribute to the Future TrafficRegulation Optimisation (FuTRO)programme by establishing relevantbasic principles and proofs of conceptfor the optimisation of rail operations.Our objective is to develop theformulations, algorithms and processesthat will deliver a step change in railsystem performance and meet futurecustomer needs. This will be done bytaking into account developments inhuman and automatic control on trainsand in control centres and by makingbetter use of data, particularly withrespect to the time and position oftrains. The Leeds team is developingnetwork simulation models to designand test real-time operations of FuTROsystems, in particular train controlalgorithms for the new European RailTraffic Management System (ERTMS)Levels 2 and 3.

Papers: Liu R, Ye H and Whiteing W(2015) Dynamic Simulation for Real-Time Operations of ERTMS Level 3.DITTO Project Deliverable 3.1.

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Network Rail SecondmentGrant holder: Dr Ronghui LiuFunded by: Engineering and PhysicalSciences Research Council (EPSRC),Impact Acceleration AccountDates: May 2015 – March 2016

Abstract: Network Rail’s DigitalRailway Division was formed in spring2015 to tackle the specific demand onmoving the UK railway system to thestandards set out for the European RailTraffic Management System. Byplaying a significant role in supportingand shaping the development ofNetwork Rail’s Digital Railway, Dr Liu’ssecondment lays the foundations forsubstantive and ongoing relationshipsbetween Network Rail and theUniversity of Leeds which willprecipitate further collaborativeopportunities over the coming years.

Papers: Dr Ngoduy has produced 21papers arising from this researchincluding 4 published during 2015:1) Nantes A, Ngoduy D, Miska M,

Chung E (2015) Probabilistic TravelTime Progression and itsApplication to AVI Data,Transportation Research Part B:Methodological, 81, 131-145.

2) Ngoduy D (2015) Linear stability ofa generalized multi-anticipative carfollowing model with time delays,Communications in NonlinearScience and Numerical Simulation,22, 420-426.

3) Ngoduy D (2015) Effect of the car-following combinations on theinstability of heterogeneous trafficflow, Transportmetrica B, 3, 44-58.

4) Nantes A, Ngoduy D, Miska M andChung E (2015) Real time trafficstate estimation in urban corridorsfrom heterogeneous data,Transportation Research Part C:Emerging Technologies, doi10.101b/j.trc.2015.07.005.

STEP-CHANGE (SustainableTransport Evidence andmodelling Paradigms: CohortHousehold Analysis tosupport New Goals inEngineering Design)Grant holder: Professor David WatlingInvestigators: Dr Paul Timms, Dr Richard Connors, Dr David MilneFunded by: EPSRCDates: April 2012 – June 2016Collaborative partners: University ofManchester, University of Birmingham,London School of EconomicsWebsite: www.changing-mobilities.org.uk

Abstract: STEP-CHANGE is a multi-centered multi-stranded project. Wehave collaborated across all strands ofthe project and our chief contributionsduring 2015 have been concernedwith the strand on new modellingparadigms, especially those concernedwith developing narratives of transportchange. In one body of work (Paper 1)we have analysed 19 papers thatnarrate historical change of realtransport system, distinguishingbetween the historical aspects of thepapers (the events that are recountedby the narratives) and theirhistoriographical aspects (how thehistories are written). The paper aimsto highlight how thinking abouttransport futures can be aided by suchan historical analysis, by drawinganalogies with past periods of politicaland societal change. In the secondwork (Paper 2), we focus specificallyon the narratology of ten academicpapers, with the aim to develop moreimaginative approaches for thinkingabout the future. The papers eachcombine an authorial voice with aphenomenological element whichdescribes, using quotes, theperspectives of various actors (from thepast) involved in the transport system.The paper analyses these tennarratives in terms of: periodisation ofthe narratives; significant factors(internal and external) driving thenarratives along; the types of actorsbeing considered; and the sources ofevidence for their perspectives. Finally(Paper 3), we have further developed

the link from planning to visioning offutures, by analysing historical views ofurban transport futures.

Papers:1) Timms PM and Watling DP (2015)

Using urban transport histories tohelp construct narratives of thefuture. Presented at T2MConference The Future ofMobilities: Flows, Transport andCommunication, Caserta, Italy.

2) Timms PM and Watling DP (2015)What might be learnt from thenarratology of historical transportbehaviour for constructingnarratives of the future? Presentedat the 14th InternationalConference on Travel BehaviourResearch, Windsor, UK.

3) Timms PM, Tight MR and F Rajé(2015) Visions from the past: anexploration of historical views ofurban transport futures.Presentation at RGS-IBG AnnualInternational Conference, Exeter, UK.

Towards Autonomic RoadTransport Support SystemsGrant holder: Dr Haibo ChenFunded by: European Cooperation inScience and Technology (COST ActionTU1102)Dates: 2011 – 2015Website: http://helios.hud.ac.uk/cost

Abstract: A well recognised societalproblem is the frequent failure of roadnetworks resulting from trafficincidents, capacity overload and lackof optimised support systems. The aimof this Action is to unite and aligngroups across Europe from computerscience, engineering and transportstudies into a world leading researchcommunity that will develop new waysof designing road transportationsupport (RTS) systems based on theideas of autonomic systems. If used asa platform on which to implementleading edge RTS technologies, suchsystems have the potential to deliversavings in the cost of configuration,maintenance, and infrastructure, whilepotentially improving networkefficiency and reducing the chances ofhuman error.

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Understanding Newand Improving ExistingTraffic Data

Grant holder: Professor Susan Grant-MullerInvestigators: Frances Hodgson, Jeremy ShiresFunded by: Conference of EuropeanDirectors of RoadsDates: April 2014 – August 2015Co-ordinating partner: Mott McDonaldCollaborative partners: NASTconsulting ZT GmbH (AT), TRANSVER (DE)

Abstract: The primary objective was toguide the national roadadministrations’ use of third party datasuch as crowd sourced / social mediaand floating vehicle data in place oftraditional infrastructure-basedtechniques. The more detailedobjectives of the project were (1) todevelop, implement and test methodsfor quality assessment of traffic dataand services based on mobile devices,(2) to understand the potential ofsocial media analysis for trafficmanagement and (3) to understandthe implications of these new datasources to support traffic managementdecision-making.Impact: The project has investigatedthe potential of social media data as asource of useful information for trafficmanagement purposes. The businessmodels around the use of such datahave also been proposed. Primaryresearch has been undertaken toassess the willingness of individuals tocontribute user generated content viasocial media and their attitudestowards the governance of that data.The project has also producedbenchmarking criteria for the quality ofalternative sources of new data.

Theme: Economic Appraisal

Our expertise in economic appraisalprovides a number of CPD courses forindustry professionals (seewww.its.leeds.ac.uk/courses/cpd).

Business Case DevelopmentManual (BCDM) review

Grant holder: Professor Mark WardmanInvestigators: Dr John Nellthorp,Professor Chris Nash, Dr James LairdFunded by: TfLDates: September 2014 – March 2015

Abstract: Transport for London’sBusiness Case Development Manualwas in need of an upgrade havingevolved in an organic manner overmany years. It required a developmentfocus particularly in important areassuch as urban realm and regeneration.The review carried out by the ITS teamprovided the basis for significantimprovements and enabled TfL to linkup with the academic community tohelp steer on aspects that hadpreviously been overlooked.Impact: The results of this work willhelp TfL make the case for a range ofinterventions that previously were hardto appraise. Urban TransportAuthorities are increasingly asked tosolve real world problems. Theappraisal environment must evolve toenable urban authorities to quantifythe benefits of their schemes. TfL havepraised this review: “It required deepthought that only the academiccommunity can provide … people whocare about the robustness of theoutput and who were genuinelyinterested in moving the appraisalworld forward.”

CQC Efficiency NetworkGrant holder: Dr Phill WheatInvestigator: Alex SteadCoordinating partners: Measure 2ImproveFunded by: Local AuthoritiesDates: April 2015 onwardsWebsite: http://nhtnetwork.org/cqc-efficiency-network/home

Abstract: The CQC Efficiency Network(Cost, Quality, Customer) is an offeringto local authorities throughout Britainto enable them to quantify the scopefor cost savings in the delivery ofhighway services and to identify betterpractices. Importantly the analysisrecognises the interplay between theCost of work done, the Quality of thework and the Customer perception ofthe highway service. The CQCEfficiency Network is a joint venturebetween the National Highways &Transport Network (NHT) and theUniversity of Leeds. Both partnersworked successfully together in twopilot studies of this approach fundedby the Highways MaintenanceEfficiency Programme.

Papers: Wheat P (2015) Cost QualityCustomer: Statistical Benchmarking,report to stakeholders.Impact: The network is helping localauthorities improve their costperformance, whilst at the same timemaintaining the quality of theiroffering. The work has identifiedsubstantial opportunities for savings.The CQC network provides evidence tosupport enhanced central governmentfunding as a reward to local authoritieswho adopt efficient practices

Crossrail EvaluationGrant holder: Dr James LairdInvestigator: Dr John NellthorpFunded by: Mott McDonaldDates: February 2015 – August 2015

Abstract: The aim of this study was todevelop an evaluation framework forCrossrail. This includes thespecification of the data to becollected for the baseline and post-scheme opening. The different

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elements of the evaluation need to beseparately identified and costed toallow Transport for London and theDepartment for Transport to choose theevaluation strategy most relevant tothem.

Cycling – Scoping StudyGrant holder: Dr James LairdInvestigator: Jeremy ShiresFunded by: DfT, TechnopolisDates: May 2015 – July 2015

Abstract: The aim of this study was todevelop a framework for the evaluationof different types of cyclinginvestments. The frameworkaccommodates a range area types: atown, a City Region such as Sheffield,Manchester or Leeds (these are CyclingAmbition Cities and have receivedsignificant cycling funding to date); anouter London Borough; and a lowdensity Local Enterprise Partnership.The study was led by Technopolis withITS providing specialist input. Cyclinginvestments can be area wide orlocalised. We set out the methods anddata that could be used to evaluateeach of a number of outcomes ofcycling investments in order to obtainrobust data on the different social andeconomic impacts of cycling. Thestudy focused on the impacts to: localresidents, consumers, retail andleisure, accessibility to labour markets,health, the environment, air pollution,wellbeing of employees and privatesector development.

Economics of ConnectivityGrant holder: Dr James LairdFunded by: ECPC Ltd New ZealandDates: November 2015 – April 2016Collaborating partners: Infometrics Ltd

Abstract: The concept of networkconnectivity and its role in providingfor economies of scale for individualsand firms across nodes (locations) hasrecently been identified. However,there is little research on

understanding the value of networkconnectivity and its role inproductivity, in particular through theprovision of transport links betweennodes. This research will estimate theeconomic impacts of inter-urban landbased connectivity between Auckland,Hamilton and Tauranga, particularlyaround air and sea ports. We aredeveloping a General Equilibriummodel capable of responding to theeffects of changes in networkconnectivity.

Efficiency analysis codingGrant holder: Dr Phill WheatFunded by: Office of Rail and Road(ORR)Dates: February – March 2015

Abstract: This was a small piece ofwork to translate code previouslydeveloped for the LIMDEP/NLOGITplatform into code for the STATAplatform. The work involvedrefinements to the original code incollaboration with one of the authors ofthe original method paper (ProfessorRobin Sickles). The work facilitatesORR to develop their efficiencyanalysis of Network Rail for the currentregulatory control period using theSTATA platform.

Gatwick Airport Peer ReviewGrant holder: Dr James LairdFunded by: Airport CommissionDates: January 2015 – February 2015

Abstract: The Price Waterhouse Cooperreport to the Airports Commissionconcerned the application of a SpatialComputable General Equilibrium (S-CGE) model to estimate the GDPeffects of proposed airport capacityincreases at Gatwick (1 runway option)and Heathrow (2 runway options). DrLaird has produced an in-depth peerreview of the PWC report.Papers: Laird JJ and A Stroombergen(2015) Airports Commission. 2.Economy: Wider Impacts Assessment.

Greener Journeys Phase 3Grant holder: Daniel JohnsonInvestigators: Professor Karen Lucas,Dr Ian PhilipsFunded by: Greener JourneysDates: October 2015 – December 2015Collaborative partner: KPMGWebsite: www.greenerjourneys.com

Abstract: We reported our recent workon the economic and environmentalvalue of local bus services (see Busesand the Economy II). The currentproject articulates and quantifies theimportant social impacts of local busservices, which when combined withthe economic and environmentalimpacts will demonstrate the ‘truevalue’ of local bus services. Ourcontribution is to apply an econometricapproach to modelling the linkbetween social outcomes and publictransport accessibility.

Highways benchmarking 2Grant holder: Dr Phill WheatInvestigator: Dr Andrew SmithFunded by: ORRCollaborative partner KPMG LLPDates: September – October 2015

Abstract: This work informed thepotential benchmarking opportunitiesfor Highways England. This isimportant work given that HighwaysEngland has only recently been formed(previously Highways Agency) and so anew economic benchmarkingframework is currently being developedto ensure Highways England providesvalue for money.

HS2 Economic Advisory PanelGrant holder: Dr James LairdFunded by: HS2 LtdDates: November 2015 – September2016

Abstract: The Economic Advisory Panelassists HS2 Ltd in scoping anddesigning a programme of work todeliver robust and credible analysis on

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the potential impact of HS2 on theeconomy, particularly at a sub-nationalor regional level. The existingmethodology used to assess theeconomic case for HS2 focuses onappraisal at the national level, in linewith WebTAG guidance. Analysis ofsub-national impacts of the scheme arelimited. Employment and regenerationeffects may extend beyond the benefitsquantified within the economic case.At present there is no widely acceptedmethodology to fully capture the sub-national economic impacts of highspeed rail projects. Given this and theimportance of producing robust andcredible analysis, HS2 Ltd hasconvened the Economic Advisory Panel,which is expected to meet 4 times ayear, to provide advice on the methodsadopted and results found by HS2.

Rail Demand ForecastingGrant holder: Professor Mark WardmanFunded by: DfTDates: May 2015 – April 2016Collaborative partners: Leigh Fisherand RAND Europe

Abstract: In recent years, therecommendations of the railwayindustry’s Passenger DemandForecasting Handbook (PDFH) havestruggled to explain changes in raildemand, particularly the strong growthin the context of difficult financialconditions. A number of recent studieshave failed to provide improvedinsights into these rail demand trends.The aim of this study is to betterexplain recent rail demand growth. Ithas made use of National Travel Survey(NTS) data to enhance rail demandmodels estimated to rail ticket salesdata. In particular, the analysis of NTSdata has provided estimates ofvariations in rail trip rates according toage group, employment status,occupation, car ownership and income.Parameters obtained from this analysisof trip rates are being used ineconometric models of rail demandwhere the routinely collectedexogenous data has beensupplemented with district level dataon the variables used in the NTSmodels.

Impact: The enhanced rail demandmodels can account for the impact ofchanges in socio-economic anddemographic factors in a way notpreviously possible. Mark Wardmanhas delivered annually two CPDcourses on Passenger DemandForecasting for industry professionals.

Transport Investment andEconomic PerformanceGrant holder: Dr James LairdFunded by: DfTDates: January 2014 – May 2015Collaborative partners: OxfordUniversity, London School ofEconomics

Abstract: The aim of this project was toboost the quality of public debatearound transport infrastructure, byproviding an up-to-date, comprehensiveand authoritative summary of theimpact of transport investment oneconomic performance. We identified towhat extent these impacts are capturedby the current appraisal framework andmodelling methods and gave broadquantification of the relative scale ofany impacts not captured.

Uncertainty and Real OptionsGrant holder: Dr James LairdFunded by: New Zealand TransportAuthorityDates: November 2015Collaborative partners: ECPC Ltd NewZealand, Motu Economic and PublicPolicy Research.

Abstract: Provision of transportsystems requires investments that areon many occasions huge, irreversible,and risky with long economic returnperiods. The underlying factors aredynamic in nature and in many casesvolatile. Planning transportinfrastructure systems to satisfy short-term and long-term demand conditionsrequires decision makers to take intoaccount uncertainty and irreversibilityand there is a need to explicitly dealwith uncertainty within the analysis.One of the key sources of uncertaintyis travel demand and its relationship

with uncertainty in economic growth.The purposes of the research are toexamine and understand the timeseries properties of travel demand, toanalyse the impact of stochasticproperties of travel demand and todevelop methodologies and techniquesof how travel demand uncertaintiescan be incorporated in real optionvaluation framework.

What Works Centre for LocalEconomic Growth: TransportGrant holder: Professor Karen LucasFunded by: Economic and SocialResearch Council (ESRC), LondonSchool of EconomicsDates: September 2013 – August 2016Website: www.whatworksgrowth.org

Abstract: The What Works Centre forLocal Economic Growth was set up toprovide solutions for local and nationalpolicymakers through the systematicreview of the evidence base on policiesfor local economic growth, as well asto improve that evidence base.Transport can have a positive impacton the local economy, although therole of transport in stimulating growthis not as clear-cut as assumed bymany decision makers. The impact oftransport investment on employment ismixed (for road) or unknown (for rail,bus, tram, and cycling). However, thereare good reasons to invest in transportinfrastructure beyond the impact onlocal growth. Many of the findingsdepend on a small number of studies.They are, however, consistent withother research on the economic impactof transport improvements.Impact: A report of the initial evidencereview can be found atwww.whatworksgrowth.org/policy-reviews/transportThe next stage of the study will be todevelop a toolkit of interventions thatwill help to guide local transportauthorities and other investors on whatworks for economic growth in the localtransport sector.

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Theme: Energy

DEMAND CentreGrant holder: Professor Greg MarsdenInvestigators: Dr Caroline Mullen, Dr Anthony Whiteing, Dr GiulioMattioli, Professor Jillian AnableFunded by: Research Councils UK(RCUK) Energy ProgrammeDates: May 2013 – May 2018Collaborative partners: Universities ofLancaster, Reading, Aberdeen,Birmingham, Southampton, UniversityCollege London, EDF Research, TfLWebsite: www.demand.ac.uk

Abstract: At ITS we lead the majorityof the mobility facing research of theDemand Centre’s programme. In 2016we will complete a study examiningthe extent to which technology isreconfiguring business practices andassociated travel and beginning a newstudy on the future of retail and theevolution of on-line shopping incombination with different supply sideoptions (described below). In parallelthere is a strong emphasis onunderstanding need and justice infuture mobility transitions through in-depth qualitative investigations inparallel with a quantitative explorationof economic stress across housing andtransport in the linked (t)ERES study(described below).Impact: The work is already havingimpact with Transport for Londonaround demand projections and usingnew data to understand evolving travelpatterns.

Energy-related economicstress in the UK; t(ERES)Grant holder: Professor Greg MarsdenInvestigators: Professor Karen Lucas,Professor Jillian Anable, Dr Giulio MattioliFunded by: EPSRCDates: November 2014 – April 2016

Abstract: This project is attached to theDEMAND Research Centre as part ofthe End Use Energy Demandprogramme, and is related to other on-going work at ITS on qualitativeunderstandings of transport needs andaffordability. At present, home energyissues are framed in terms of reducingenergy consumption and emissionswhile at the same time taking intoaccount fuel poverty – an establishedarea of interest for British policy andresearch. The same is not true fortransport poverty and economic stress,which are currently under-researched,despite increasing concerns fortransport costs. The project isdeveloping the concept of transportpoverty, exploring its relationships withhousing and fuel poverty, its systematicpatterns and implications for energydemand reduction and social justice.We are developing connections betweenthe British academic and policy debateand similar debates abroad. The projectconsists of 5 interdependent workpackages, mostly comprising secondaryquantitative analyses: (1)Conceptualising the relationshipsbetween transport, housing and fuelpoverty in an interdisciplinary andinternational perspective; (2) Exploringpatterns of transport spending and itsrelationship with spending on housingand domestic energy in the UK byanalysing family expenditure data; (3)Explore material deprivation andeconomic stress in low-income carowning households in the UK and theEU; (4) Exploring more geographicallydetailed patterns of transport povertywith the Merseyside Travel PovertySurvey; (5) Exploiting MOT Testing datato produce UK-wide maps of the fuel-related economic stress and oilvulnerability of car users.

Papers: Mattioli G (2015) Energy-related economic stress at theinterface between transport, housing

and fuel poverty: a multinational study,2nd International Days of Sociology ofEnergy, pp.254-257.

Infrastructures for onlineshopping: integrating supplyand demandGrant holder: Professor Greg MarsdenInvestigators: Dr Tony Whiteing, Dr Ian JonesFunded by: RCUK, EDF R&D, TfLDates: September 2015 – August2017

Abstract: The trend towards onlineshopping will result in changes totransport demand, for both personaltravel and freight movement. This willhave important implications for futureenergy demands. We will collect datafrom consumer focus groups andhousehold surveys as well as fromretailers and logistics service providers.The data will be analysed to gaininsights into how households expect toshop in the future, particularly for non-grocery items, and how logisticssystems will respond to such changes.The analysis will inform how energyuse both in households and industrywill change as a result of onlineshopping.

Moderated PolicyGrant holder: Dr Zia WadudFunded by: Marie Curie CareerIntegration GrantDates: February 2012- September 2016

Abstract: Energy consumption in thedomestic sector is responsible for morethan 50% of UK carbon emissions(and between one-thirds to one-half inmost EU countries) and presents asignificant challenge to reducinggreenhouse gas emissions from theEU. The overall goal of this project isto understand the impact anddistributional burden of downstreampolicies, especially carbon trading atthe personal or household level, inorder to mitigate carbon emissionsfrom the domestic sector of theeconomy. The project will makecontributions to modelling in-houseand transportation energy demand

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through developing an econometricdemand model allowing forsubstitution between household energyconsumptions and the transportationneeds of the households. Special focuswill be on personal carbon trading as apolicy to reduce emissions, andincorporation of an additional carbonbudget in the theoreticalmicroeconomic demand model. Inaddition, intermediate to long termtrade-offs in energy saving/carbonsaving behaviour will be investigatedand incorporated in the model. Sincethere is no existing ‘real’ worldexample of carbon capped behaviour,the project will also seek tounderstand potential behaviouralresponses through comparable realworld examples (e.g. vehicle lease fora given cap in km per month).Ultimately, the distribution of burdenwill be analysed for a carbon tax and apersonal carbon trading policy.Impact: The results will significantlycontribute to the current debate on thepotential of downstream policies tohelp reduce carbon emissions fromhouseholds and thus reduce overallcarbon emissions.

Theme: Rail

Argentinian RailwaysGrant holder: Dr Andrew SmithInvestigator: Professor Chris NashCollaborating partner: Michigan StateUniversityDates: October 2014 – July 2015

Abstract: The project was to advise theArgentinian government and railwayson European experience of rail reform.Argentina had recently taken railinfrastructure back into governmenthands having previously leased it to

train operators, but with continuedaccess to private operators, so issuessuch as allocation of paths and trackaccess charges were of key interest.The project culminated in Prof Nashgiving a one week short course tosenior figures in the rail sector inBuenos Aires.

Belgian Rail ChargesGrant holder: Dr Andrew SmithInvestigator: Professor Chris NashFunded by: Belgian Ministry ofTransportDates: January – May 2015Collaborative partner: Stratec

Abstract: We were commissioned toadvise on alternative approaches toinfrastructure charges for Belgium.Specifically we advised on evidence onthe variability of infrastructure costswith traffic volume and on how toimplement an efficient mark-upregime. We provided advice to theBelgian Ministry of Transport on thesetting of its access charges in linewith economic principles and with EUlegislation. Our role was mainlyfocused around the economicprinciples and the underlying empiricalevidence.Impact: The work has informed theBelgian Ministry of Transport’s policywith respect to rail access charges.

Centre for Transport Studies(CTS) New Guest ResearcherGrant holder: Dr Andrew SmithFunded by: Centre for TransportStudies at the Royal Institute ofTechnology (KTH, Sweden), SwedishNational Road and Transport ResearchInstitute (VTI, Stockholm)Dates: December 2015 – November2016

Abstract: This appointment follows onfrom an existing visiting arrangementdating back to 2009. The aim is todevelop new collaborations across CTS,moving beyond previous research inrail marginal cost and efficiency(though continuing to develop researchand projects in the rail area). Thearrangement involves several visits to

Stockholm each year, a presentation ofresearch (empirical andmethodological), plus collaboration onkey papers.

Papers: Dr Smith has submitted apaper to the North AmericanProductivity Workshop IX: A StochasticFrontier Analysis of Cost Efficiency inRoad Maintenance.

European Rail AccessCharging (Guest Researcher Programme)Grant holder: Dr Andrew SmithInvestigators: Dr Phill Wheat, Professor Chris NashFunded by: KTH, VTIDates: August 2011 – March 2016

Abstract: This project is an extension ofa previous visiting researcherarrangement with Sweden. Europeanrail legislation on enhancingcompetition and ensuring economicallyefficient and fair access to the commoninfrastructure focuses on three mainareas. First, developing our research onestimating marginal (wear and tear) railinfrastructure costs, which is importantinformation needed to set track accesscharges. In particular the research isseeking to better understand renewalcosts, through corner solution panelmodels and exploring dynamicapproaches. Second, the research aimsto quantify the impact of contractingout of rail maintenance activity inSweden on costs and efficiency usingstochastic frontier analysis techniques.Third, the research will explore how tobetter model heterogeneity betweendecision making units, includingmodelling the impact of climatevariables and quality measures.

Papers: Odolinski, K and Smith, ASJ(2015) Assessing the cost impact ofcompetitive tendering in railinfrastructure maintenance services:evidence from the Swedish Reforms(1999 to 2011). Journal of TransportEconomics and Policy, 1-32.Impact: In the above paper we haveshown that tendering of railmaintenance has reduced costs byaround 11% in the paper:

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Korean RailGrant holder: Dr Andrew SmithInvestigator: Professor Chris NashFunded by: Korean DevelopmentInstituteDates: September 2015 – August 2016

Abstract: Drawing on Europeanexperience, we were asked to advise ona project examining rail reform in SouthKorea, where the rail infrastructure hasbeen separated from operations but sofar the government owned train operatorstill has a monopoly. A key issue istherefore whether, and if so how, tointroduce competition between differenttrain operators.Impact: The work included hosting aone day seminar for staff of the KoreanDevelopment Institute and theUniversity of Seoul, including Prof EyonShon, who studied for his PhD at ITS.

Marginal Cost ResearchGrant holder: Dr Andrew SmithInvestigators: Professor Chris Nash, Dr Phill WheatFunded by: SNCFDates: April 2015 – March 2016Collaborative partners: Stratec,Ecoplan

Abstract: This project saw thedevelopment of new econometricmodels to understand the marginalwear and tear cost of different aspectsof rail maintenance for the purpose ofdeveloping track access charges fordifferent types of vehicle on thenetwork. The work involved a datasetof over 1000 track sections and a richset of factors explaining variation inrail costs as well as data on thedifferent types of traffic running ondifferent parts of the network. We ledthe development of the econometricframework and acted in an advisorycapacity, overseeing the econometricimplementation and reviewing theoutputs and drawing conclusions onbehalf of SNCF. Severalmethodological issues were explored aspart of the research, interacting withthe Scientific Committee.Impact: The results have been sharedwith the French Rail Regulator for

consideration for use as the basis forsetting track access charges in France.

MOCHAGrant holder: Academic Unit of HealthEconomics, University of LeedsInvestigator: Dr Andrew SmithFunded by: National Institute forHealth Research (NIHR)Dates: August 2015 – July 2018Collaborative partners: NHSBenchmarking Network, University ofSheffield, University of Nottingham,Patients Association, CommunityHospitals Association

Abstract: To understand the variationin performance between UKcommunity hospitals, our objectivesare: to measure the relative costefficiency of rehabilitation services incommunity hospitals; to identify thecharacteristics of community hospitalrehabilitation that optimiseperformance; to investigate the currentimpact of community hospital in-patient rehabilitation for older peopleon secondary care and the potentialimpact if community hospitalrehabilitation was optimised to bestpractice nationally; to examine therelationship between the configurationof intermediate care and secondarycare bed use; and to develop toolkitsfor commissioners and communityhospital providers to optimiseperformance. Dr Smith’s role was toconduct efficiency analysis based on asample of community hospitals usingthe most up-to-date techniques.

Papers: The project proposal wassubmitted to BMJ Open:Understanding the Models ofCommunity Hospital rehabilitationActivity (MoCHA): a mixed methodstudy.Impact: This project is but oneexample of cross-disciplinarycollaboration undertaken by theInstitute and the translation ofresearch across disciplines.

NeTIRailGrant holder: Dr Andrew SmithInvestigators: Dr James Laird, Dr Phill Wheat, Dan JohnsonFunded by: EUDates: June 2015 – May 2018Co-ordinating partner: University of SheffieldCollaborative partners: 12 Europeanpartners (see website for details)Website: www.netirail.eu

Abstract: The main purpose is todevelop and demonstrate technologiesand best practice tailored to the needsof different categories of rail systemsincluding busy capacity limitedpassenger lines, under-utilised rural orsecondary “low density” lines androutes dominated by freight. Theconsortium will deliver innovativeconcepts of new technologies forrailway operation and analyse currentbest practice to identify optimalsolutions to be applied to different linecategories across Europe. Moreover, itwill also assess the societal impact ofrailway and the business case for eachalternative asset management strategyand the applications of thetechnologies developed, includingconsideration of the incentives andregulatory/ financial frameworks acrossthe EU member states. Ourcontribution to this large projectinvolves establishing the business caseand associated cost, demandmodelling and undertaking research onincentives and regulatory aspects.

Steel composition and trackdegradationGrant holder: Dr Andrew SmithInvestigators: Professor Richard Batley,Dr James Laird, Dr Phill WheatFunded by: EPSRCDates: July 2015 – June 2017Co-ordinating partner: University ofHuddersfieldCollaborative partners: University ofCambridge, Cranfield University, TataSteel, with contribution from NetworkRail and RSSB.

Abstract: To reduce whole-life costs ofthe railway system, through increasedasset life and reduced maintenance,

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and to improve performance, such asincreased service availability andreliability, it is important to select theoptimum materials for railwaycomponents. There are manyconflicting requirements whenselecting the materials for wheels andrails including a range of failuremechanisms, operating and loadingconditions, and the associatedfinancial implications. This researchwill establish a comprehensiveunderstanding of the metallurgicalcharacteristics of rail and wheel steelsto enable scientifically-informedchoices. It will take account of boththe specific requirements arising fromthe peculiarities of wheel to railcontact and the economic trade-offs ata system-wide level. Recentdevelopment of high performance railsteel by Tata has shown thatimprovements in the resistance to bothwear and rolling contact fatigue can beachieved through judicious choice ofalloying elements to alter themicrostructural characteristic of thesteel. However, understanding thesuccess of such steels requires furtherresearch to establish how steelmicrostructures react to the forcesimposed at the wheel-rail interface.The project combines the skills of aninterdisciplinary team from fourUniversities necessary to deal with thecomplexity of the phenomena. Ourcontribution at Leeds is to establishthe business case and associated costand demand modelling, and toundertake research on incentives andregulatory aspects. New research oneconometric and engineering basedcost modelling is also envisaged.

SUSTRAIL (The SUSTainable freightRAILway)

Grant holder: Dr Phill WheatInvestigators: Dr John Nellthorp,Daniel Johnson, Dr Anthony Whiteing,Dr Andrew SmithFunded by: European CommissionDates: June 2011 – May 2015Coordinating partners: TRAIN (Ital)and Network Rail (GB)Collaborative partners: 29 academicand industry partners across the EUWebsite: www.sustrail.eu

Abstract: EU freight transport isexpected to grow by some 50% intonne-kilometres by 2020. In manyareas rail has been displaced from adominant position by road transportservices. The latter have grown anddeveloped in capability and levels ofsophistication that have not beenmatched by rail service providers. TheSUSTRAIL project was focussed onallowing the rail freight system toregain position and market by acombination of improvement in bothfreight vehicles and track components.At ITS we led three work packages: 1)Development of the business casewithin SUSTRAIL, in collaboration withuniversity and rail industry partnersfrom 13 countries. 2) Specialist workon infrastructure capacity benefits:Faster rail freight services runningcloser to line speed can free up pathsfor passenger and freight traffic. 3)Examining cost-reflective charges,which can play a key role inminimising whole system cost byaligning operator incentives with thetrack damage costs caused by aparticular vehicle type.

Papers: The final report is publishedon the project website.

Theme: Resilience

ATOC-DisruptionsGrant holder: Professor Mark WardmanInvestigators: Jeremy Shires, Greg MarsdenFunded by: Association of TrainOperating Companies (ATOC)Dates: March 2015 – September 2015

Abstract: The aim of this project wasto determine the impact of engineeringbased disruptions on rail passengerdemand. It was conducted for theRailway Industry’s Passenger DemandForecasting Council, set against abackground of perceived weaknessesin the Passenger Demand ForecastingHandbook’s treatment of this issue. Aseries of surveys was conducted,achieving a sample of over 7500 railtravellers, that covered: behaviouralintentions in the event of ahypothetical disruption; actualresponses to experienced previousdisruptions; awareness levels;preferences amongst different types ofservice in the event of a disruption;and impacts on future plannedbehaviour. Models were estimated toexplain how rail travellers respond todifferent types of engineeringdisruption, alongside analysis of howaware they were of planned disruptionsand the effects on future travel.

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DisruptionGrant holder: Professor Greg MarsdenInvestigators: Jeremy Shires, Dr Caroline MullenFunded by: Research Councils UK,Energy ProgrammeDates: October 2011 – May 2015Collaborative partners: Universities ofAberdeen, Brighton, Glasgow,Lancaster, Open University, Universityof the West of EnglandWebsite: www.disruptionproject.net

Abstract: When, for whatever reason,an otherwise stable context isdisrupted, habits associated with thatcontext are also broken. This suggeststhat analysis of unplanned disruptionspresents a window of opportunity tocapture the maintenance, substitution,abandonment and protection of travelpractices during disruption, somethingwhich can provide insights into themain factors shaping an individual’stravel practices. In turn these insightscan help reveal the kinds of changes,to transport systems, social systemsand individual lifestyles that areneeded to inspire conversions to lowercarbon travel. The project thus seeksto move beyond the purelyindividualistic view of behaviourchange. The project has developed anumber of streams of on-goingresearch. First, the project workedcollaboratively with the ATOC-Disruptions project (above) to shaperesearch on how the rail industryresponds during temporary disruptionsand second the project created a set oftools which have been applied to arapid response investigation around theForth Road Bridge Closure (see below).Impact: The project has developed aGreen Paper on travel behaviourchange (www.fleximobility.solutions)which pulls together all of the findingsand suggests new ways in which weshould approach travel behaviour andtransport policy. On-going impactacceleration studies with JMPConsulting are exploring deploymentoptions in two cities.

Forth Road Bridge ClosureGrant holder: Professor Greg MarsdenInvestigator: Jeremy ShiresFunded by: EPSRC – ImpactAcceleration AccountDates: December 2015 – May 2016Collaborative partner: GlasgowUniversity

Abstract: This research follows on fromthe Disruption project (above). Whenthe Forth Road Bridge in Edinburghsuffered an unexpected structuralfailure, closing it to all traffic, thetools and insights we have developedwere put into action. As well asproviding insights to TransportScotland and ScotRail on likelybehavioural responses from previouslyassembled data sets, we havecollected over 1,500 surveys ofhouseholds and users of alternative railand bus services, and over 50business surveys. In early 2016 thisdata will be shared with the affectedagencies and a major new report onbehavioural responses to disruptionwill be released.

Future Resilience in Urban TransportGrant holder: Dr Nik Lomax (School ofGeography)Investigators: Dr Ian Philips, Ersilia VerlinghieriFunded by: EPSRC, ImpactAcceleration AccountDates: July – September 2015

Abstract: Resilience is now firmlyestablished as a transport policybuzzword, but what does it mean inpractice? A great deal of academicwork has established a range ofconceptualisations of the term.However, there is no multi-leveldefinition of transport resilience nor isthere a matrix summarising the zonesof consensus and contention indifferent stakeholder’s views ofresilience. It is important tounderstand the range of views becausethere are many threats to resiliencerequiring a response or vision, andbecause poor understanding leads topoor policy outcomes (as with the

definition gap in ‘sustainability’). Thisproject is developing methods to forman iterative process of engagementwith local stakeholders in the urbantransport planning process.Impact: Further insights werepresented at the Royal GeographicalSociety conferencehttp://conference.rgs.org/AC2015/71.

RUSSELL (Resilient UrbanSystems: Optimising LandUse with Multiple Objectives)Investigator: Dr Chandra BalijepalliFunded by: EPSRC – ImpactAcceleration AccountDates: April – July 2015Collaborating partners at the Universityof Leeds: Water@Leeds, SustainabilityResearch Institute, Institute forResilient Infrastructure

Abstract: This project investigated theinterdependencies between varioussystems such as water and transport toimprove their overall resilience.

Viajeo Plus (InternationalCoordination forimplementation of innovativeand efficient urban mobilitysolutions)Grant holder: Dr Haibo ChenInvestigator: Dr Paul TimmsFunded by: European Commission FP7Dates: May 2013 – April 2016Website: http://viajeoplus.eu

Abstract: Viajeo+ collects goodpractices in promotion of integratednetwork management (including multi-modal interchanges), public transport,intelligent infrastructure, cleanvehicles, and urban logistics in Europeand beyond. We are involved instudying such practices, identifyingneeds for implementation anddeveloping executive plans for differentscenarios. We are also exchangingexperience and knowledge with globalcities via showcases, site visits,workshops and learning materials withthe final objective of producing a‘Virtual Solution Book’.

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Theme: Social Equality

Co-Motion (Co-design of the built environment formobility in later life)Grant holder: Bryan MatthewsInvestigator: Frances HodgsonFunded by: Research Councils UK(RCUK)Dates: September 2013 – August 2016Coordinating partner: University of YorkCollaborative partners: University ofNewcastle, University of Northumbria

Abstract: The project is working withapproximately 120 older people acrossthree sites in Northern England.Focusing on life transitions whichaffect well-being and mobility – suchas losing a driving licence, losing apartner, sight deterioration orbecoming a carer. We are conductinginterviews with older people to exploretheir mobility and wellbeing over time.Smaller groups will participate activelyin the research through a series ofworkshops, interviews and co-designsessions, helping to develop and testinnovations such as crowd sourcingabout mobility barriers, mobility apps,adaptations to mobility scooters, andmeans to overcome conflicts betweenthe needs of different users of urbanspace. The project will co-createpractical tools which can act ascomplements or alternatives to theredesign of the built environment.

Retrofitting Accessible HighwaysGrant holder: Bryan MatthewsInvestigator: Kasia SpeakmanFunded by: EPSRC, LCCDates: June 2014 – September 2015Collaborative partner: Leeds CityCouncil

Abstract: The importance of accessiblestreet environments to people withmobility impairment was addressed.We researched the impact of demand-responsive retrofitting of the highwaywith accessible features on themobility and wellbeing of disabledresidents. Through a series ofinterviews with disabled people acrossthe Leeds district we sought tounderstand the problems encounteredby those with mobility impairment. Thethree main strands were; 1) Economic(explore how local spending by olderand disabled people may beinfluenced by the accessibility ofshopping parades); 2) Personal (scopehow a more accessible streetenvironment may contribute toindependence, wellbeing and areduced reliance on care delivery) and3) Social (greater participation ofdisabled people in Town Planning andHighways decision making processes).

Papers: Speakman K and Matthews B(2014) Retrofitting an accessiblehighway: a user-led approach,Proceedings of the ICE – MunicipalEngineer, 167(4) 207-213.Impact: Interim findings werepresented at TRANSED 2015, the14th International Conference onMobility and Transport for Elderly andDisabled Persons held in Lisbon, and adedicated final dissemination eventwas held in Leeds.

Social Assessment of theA465 scheme in South WalesGrant holder: Professor Karen LucasInvestigators: Dr Ian Philips, Dr LouiseReardon, Ersilia VerlinghieriFunded by: Welsh GovernmentDates: April – December 2015

Abstract: The Welsh Government iswidening the entire length of the A465in South Wales to dual carriagewaystandard. The A465, or Heads of theValleys road, is a key corridor andinternational gateway for the SouthWales economy connecting the M4 atNeath to Abergavenny and Hereford. Itprovides a strategic link between WestWales and the Midlands, and also linksup the northern valleys, supportingregeneration in the local communities.The focus of this social assessmentstudy is Section 3 of the A465,between Brynmawr and Tredegar. Thesection contains a stretch ofreplacement road on a new alignmentalong which several low-incomecommunities are located.Impact: Our study is the first of itskind in the UK. It uses a combinationof quantitative and qualitative analysesto identify the local social impactsarising from the Scheme after openingin summer 2015. The study isdesigned to act as an exemplar forfuture evaluations of the socialimpacts of road projects in Wales andwill also be used to feed in evidence tothe development of WelTAG.

Transport EquityAssessment (TEA COST)Grant holder: Professor Karen LucasFunded by: EU COST ActionCollaborative partners: 15 partnercountries of the TEA COST consortiumWebsite: www.teacost.eu

Abstract: Understanding the equityimplications of transport policies andinvestments is becoming increasinglyimportant, as underscored by socialmovements around the world. A majorchallenge in the assessment andappraisal of transport projects andpolicies is that equity issues arecurrently hardly addressed. The TEACOST Action brings together new

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approaches that incorporate equityconsideration in transport projectevaluation and decision making. Thisincludes the measurement ofaccessibility combined with theliterature on social justice, travelbehaviour models and socio-economicimpacts analysis in line withmainstream welfare economics. TEACOST has three main purposes: i) todevelop innovative and comprehensivetransport evaluation criteria accountingfor distributional effects andaccessibility; ii) to include social andspatial factors in social welfareassessment; iii) to devise a commonEuropean methodology that linksequity indicators and social welfaremaximization in order to promoteequity considerations in transportdecision making. It will achieve this bypromoting a series of knowledgeexchange workshops betweenacademics and policymakers in the 15partner countries that form the TEACOST Consortium.

Theme: Technology and Human Factors

AdaptIVe (Automated Driving)Grant holder: Dr Natasha MeratInvestigators: Professor RichardRomano, Tyron Louw, Dr Ruth MadiganFunded by: European CommissionDates: April 2014 – June 2017Collaborative partners: the projectincludes 45 partners (see website fordetails)Website: www.adaptive-ip.eu

Abstract: AdaptIVe develops variousautomated driving functions for dailytraffic by dynamically adapting thelevel of automation to situation anddriver status. The focus of ITS Leedspartners is to investigate how drivers’intentions and actions should be takeninto account in the design ofautomated systems.

Papers: The work was presented at twoconferences:1) Merat N, Kountouriortis G, Louw T

(2015) Driver inattention duringvehicle automation: how does driverengagement affect resumption ofcontrol? Proceedings of the FourthInternational conference on DriverDistraction and Inattention,Sydney, Australia.

2) Louw T, Merat N, Jamson AH(2015) Engaging with highlyautomated driving: to be or not tobe in the loop. Proceedings of theSeventh International DrivingSymposium on Human Factors inDriver Assessment, Training andVehicle Design, Park City, Utah,USA.

City Mobil 2Grant holder: Dr Natasha MeratInvestigators: Dr Ruth Madigan, Tyron LouwFunded by: European CommissionDates: September 2013 – August 2016Collaborative partners: the projectincludes 45 partners, see website forfurther detailsWebsite: www.citymobil2.eu

Abstract: CityMobil2 is setting up apilot platform for automated roadtransport systems, which will beimplemented in several urbanenvironments across Europe.Automated transport systems are madeup of vehicles operating without adriver in collective mode. They aredeemed to play a useful role in thetransport mix as they can supply agood transport service complementingthe main public transport network.Five sites in Europe will host a 6-month demonstration. Vehicles for thedemonstrations will be supplied byselected manufacturers within theproject. In addition to the pilotactivities, research will be undertakeninto the technical, financial, cultural,and behavioural aspects and effects onland use policies and how new systemscan fit into existing infrastructure indifferent cities. The legal issuessurrounding automated transport willalso be addressed leading to aproposed framework for certifyingautomated transport systems. In thismajor collaboration our role at ITS is tostudy road users’ (particularlypedestrians’ and cyclists’) interactionswith driverless vehicles, using bothquestionnaire-based and quantitativevideo analysis.

Papers: The work was presented at twoconferences including: Merat N &Louw T (2015) Pedestrian andcyclists’ interactions with automatedroad transport systems in La Rochelle,France: Results from the CityMobil2Project. Proceedings of theTransportation Research BoardWorkshop, Anna Arbor, USA.

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FORWARNGrant holder: Dr Natasha MeratInvestigators: Panagiotis Spyridakos,Dr Gustav MarkkulaFunded by: EPSRCDates: November 2012 – August 2016

Abstract: FORWARN aims to create aForward Collision Warning (FCW)system that is able to consider driverdistraction when making decisions onthe appropriateness and timing ofautomated warnings. To achieve this,drivers will be asked to engage in avariety of distracting tasks insimulated driving scenarios. As drivingis a multi-faceted activity, assessingthe effects of distraction on drivingperformance depends on the metricsbeing observed as well as the nature ofthe distracting task itself. Sinceidentifying non-visual distraction isparticularly problematic, the projectwill focus specifically on identifyingthe best metrics for this type ofactivity. This project builds upon workalready conducted by the Institute’sSafety and Technology group duringprevious projects such as AIDE(Adaptive Integrated Driver-vehicleinterfacE) and HASTE (Humanmachine interface And the Safety ofTraffic in Europe) and EASY (Effects ofAutomated Systems on safetY).

Papers: This work has resulted in 5outputs to date including the followingpublished or presented during 2015:1) Kountouriotis GK, Wilkie RM,

Gardner PH, Merat N (2015)Looking and thinking when driving:The impact of gaze and cognitiveload on steering, TransportationResearch Part F: Traffic Psychologyand Behaviour, 34 108-121.

2) Carsten O & Merat N (2015)Protective or Not? Proceedings ofthe Fourth International conferenceon Driver Distraction andInattention, Sydney, Australia.

3) Merat N, Kountouriortis G,Tomlinson A & Carsten O (2015)Visual and Non-Visual Distractions:Are they all that different?Proceedings of the FourthInternational conference on DriverDistraction and Inattention,Sydney, Australia.

4) Merat N, Kountouriotis G, CarstenO, Engstrom J (2015) Performanceon the Detection Response Taskduring driving: Separating themanual and cognitive element ofthe secondary task, 4thInternational Driver Distraction andInattention Conference.

FOT-Net Data (FieldOperational Test Networkingand Data Sharing Support)Grant holders: Dr Haibo ChenInvestigators: Professor Oliver Carsten,Dr Yvonne BarnardFunded by: European Commission FP7Dates: January 2014 – December 2016Co-ordinating partner: VTTCollaborative partners: seven Europeancollaborating partners (see website fordetails)Website: http://fot-net.eu

Abstract: Objectives of this project areto (1) support the efficient sharing andre-use of available Field OperationalTests (FOTs) datasets, (2) develop andpromote a framework for data sharingand data re-use, (3) build a detailedcatalogue of available data and toolsand (4) operate an internationalnetworking platform for FOT activities.The project keeps the momentum ofthe FOT network and delivers newperspectives with regard to the sharingand re-usage of globally availableFOT/Naturalistic Driving Studiesdatasets. The sharing of these datasetswill yield further research results,create new collaborative options,generate financial and time savings intransport research, support educationat high levels and contribute to themarket introduction of improvedvehicle ICT. The project will alsoupdate and promote the FESTAmethodology, maintain the FOT Wikiand reach an agreement on theadoption of data sharing principles.

Programme for SimulationInnovation (PSI)Grant holder: Dr Gustav MarkkulaInvestigators: Professor RichardRomano, Dr Hamish Jamson, Tony Horrobin, Dr Andrew Tomlinson,Lei Qian, Ehsan Sadraei, PanagiotisSpyridakos, Jessica Taylor-AshleyFunded by: EPSRC, Jaguar Land RoverDates: April 2013 – December 2017Collaborative partners: Dr Erwin Boer-independent researcher; Universities ofLoughborough, Warwick, Cambridge,Sheffield and Manchester

Abstract: PSI is developing capabilitiesin advanced simulation to support avirtual vehicle design process and toreduce the reliance on physicalprototypes. If a vision of zero physicalprototypes is ever to be realised, thenthe process of digital design andverification needs to encompass notjust the physical dimensions ofcomponent and system functionality,but also the driver’s perceptualexperience. Hence, an emerging lynch-pin in PSI is an increasingly complexdriver model. This is being developedin a number of sub-projects in PSIwhich characterise how visual,vestibular, auditory, tactile and hapticcues are perceived, integrated andused to produce resulting vehiclecontrol actions. This driver model willultimately allow us to develop anobjective Simulator FunctionalityMatrix which aims to quantify, at atask-based level, the capability of aspecific simulator to undertake aspecific vehicle evaluation task. Withinthe scope of the project this rangesfrom high-quality Human-MachineInterface design to the development ofa human-like co-driver to underpinwell-accepted and reliable vehicleautomation.

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UDRIVEGrant holder: Professor Oliver CarstenInvestigators: Dr Daryl Hibberd, Dr Frank LaiFunded by: European CommissionDates: October 2012 – June 2017Collaborative partners: 19 partnersacross 11 countries (see website fordetails)Website: www.udrive.eu

Abstract: UDRIVE is the first large-scale European Naturalistic DrivingStudy, with a fleet of 200 vehiclesacross cars, trucks and powered-twowheelers. It aims at enhancing in-depth understanding of actual roaduser behaviour by means of fieldobservations. The objectives of theproject are to identify measures toimprove road safety and to identifyapproaches for reducing vehicleemissions and fuel consumption inorder to make road transport moresustainable. ITS is involved in allstages of the project, including studydesign, field trials, data analysis anddissemination. ITS has particularresponsibility for the analysis ofeveryday driving, i.e. examining howthe choices that drivers make second-by-second on aspects of driving suchas speed choice and car following arelinked to risk, and the uptake of in-vehicle secondary tasks. The fieldtrials are currently underway and thedata analysis is due to take place fromApril 2016 onwards.

Vehicle and Road Automation (VRA)Grant holder: Dr Natasha MeratFunded by: European CommissionDates: November 2013 – December2016Collaborative partners: over 30partners and associates (see websitefor details)Website: http://vra-net.eu

Abstract: VRA is a support actionfunded by the European Union tocreate a collaboration network ofexperts and stakeholders working ondeployment of automated vehicles andrelated infrastructure. The VRA projectis the cooperation interface between

EC funded projects, internationalrelations and national activities on thetopic of vehicle and road automation.Dr Natasha Merat is leading the tri-lateral working group that is focussingon human factors.

JOURNAL ARTICLES

Increasingly, our research publicationsare available via Open Access, so thatthe outcomes of publicly fundedresearch are more widely available tothose outside of academia. Authorsaffiliated with ITS are shown in bold.

Ahmed A, Ngoduy D, Watling D (2015)Prediction of traveller information androute choice based on real-timeestimated traffic state,Transportmetrica.

AlSabbagh M, Siu YL, Guehnemann A,Barrett J (2015) Mitigation of CO2emissions from the road passengertransport sector in Bahrain, Mitigationand Adaptation Strategies for GlobalChange.

Bache I, Reardon L, Anand P (2015)Wellbeing as a Wicked Problem:Navigating the Arguments for the Roleof Government, Journal of HappinessStudies.

Bache I, Reardon L, Bartle I, FlindersM, Marsden G (2015) Symbolic Meta-Policy: (Not) Tackling Climate Changein the Transport Sector, PoliticalStudies, 63 830-851.

Balijepalli NC, Shepherd S (2015)Cordon tolls and competition betweencities with symmetric and asymmetricinteractions, Transportation.

Balijepalli NC, Shepherd SP, Kant P(2015) Calibration and validation ofparking search-time function,Proceedings of the Institution of CivilEngineers:Transport, 168(1) 3-14.

Batley R (2015) The Hensherequation: derivation, interpretation andimplications for practicalimplementation, Transportation, 42(2)257-275.

Blainey SP, Armstrong J, Smith ASJ,Preston JM (2015) New routes on oldrailways: increasing rail’s mode sharewithin the constraints of the existingrailway network, Transportation.

Brouwer R, Martin-Ortega J, Dekker T,Sardonini L, Andreu J, Kontogianni A,Skourtos M, Raggi M, Viaggi D, Pulido-Velazquez M, Rolfe J, Windle J (2015)Improving value transfer through socio-economic adjustments in amulticountry choice experiment ofwater conservation alternatives,Australian Journal of Agricultural andResource Economics, 59(3) 458-478.

Buckell J, Smith ASJ, Longo R,Holland D (2015) Efficiency,heterogeneity and cost functionanalysis: empirical evidence frompathology services in the NationalHealth Service in England, AppliedEconomics, 47(31) 3311-3331.

Cantarella GE, Velona P, Watling DP(2015) Day-to-day dynamics andequilibrium stability in a two-modetransport system with responsive busoperator strategies, Networks andSpatial Economics, 15(3) 485-506.

Carey M, Balijepalli C, Watling D(2015) Extending the CellTransmission Model to Multiple Lanesand Lane-Changing, Networks andSpatial Economics, 15(3) 507-535.

Carsten O, Vanderhaegen F (2015)Situation awareness: Valid orfallacious?, Cognition, Technology andWork, 17(2) 157-158.

Choudhury CF, Ayaz SB (2015) Whylive far? – Insights from modelingresidential location choice inBangladesh, Journal of TransportGeography, 48 1-9.

Connors RD, Watling DP (2015)Assessing the demand vulnerability ofequilibrium traffic networks vianetwork aggregation, Networks andSpatial Economics, 15(2) 367-395.

De Bok M, De Jong GC, Baak J, HelderE, Puttemans C, Verlinden K,Borremans D, Grispen R, Liebens J,Van Criekinge M (2015) A populationsimulator and disaggregate transport

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demand models for Flanders,Transportation Research Procedia, 8168-180.

De Jong GC, Bliemer M (2015) Onincluding travel time reliability of roadtraffic in appraisal, TransportationResearch Part A: Policy and Practice,73 80-95.

De Vries ST, De Vries FM, Dekker T,Haaijer-Ruskamp FM, De Zeeuw D,Ranchor AV, Denig P (2015) The roleof patients’ age on their preferencesfor choosing additional blood pressure-lowering drugs: A discrete choiceexperiment in patients with diabetes,PLoS ONE.

Dent CM, Bale C, Wadud Z, Voss H(2015) Cities, energy and climatechange mitigation: An introduction,Cities.

Dumont J, Giergiczny M, Hess S(2015) Individual level models vs.sample level models: contrasts andmutual benefits, Transportmetrica A:Transport Science, 11(6) 465-483.

Edwards SJ, Partington D, MatthewsB, Blythe P (2015) Technology tosupport independent travel in the UK,Proceedings of the Institution of CivilEngineers: Municipal Engineer, 168(2)140-149.

Ehreke I, Hess S, Weis C, AxhausenKW (2015) Reliability in the Germanvalue of time study, TransportationResearch Record, 2495 14-22.

Ehrgott M, Wang JYT, Watling DP(2015) On multi-objective stochasticuser equilibrium, TransportationResearch Part B: Methodological,81(3) 704-717.

El-Rashidy RAH, Grant-Muller SM(2015) An operational indicator fornetwork mobility using fuzzy logic,Expert Systems with Applications,42(9) 4582-4594.

Foley L, Panter J, Heinen E, Prins R,Ogilvie D (2015) Changes in activecommuting and changes in physicalactivity in adults: A cohort study,International Journal of BehavioralNutrition and Physical Activity, 12.

Fonzone A, Schmöcker JD, Liu R(2015) A model of bus bunchingunder reliability-based passengerarrival patterns, TransportationResearch Part C: EmergingTechnologies, 59, pp.164-182.

Hamersma M, Heinen E, Tillema T,Arts J (2015) Residential movingintentions at highway locations: Thetrade-off between nuisances andaccessibility in the Netherlands,Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment, 35 130-141.

Heinen E, Chatterjee K (2015) Thesame mode again? An exploration ofmode choice variability in Great Britainusing the National Travel Survey,Transportation Research Part A: Policyand Practice, 78 266-282.

Heinen E, Panter J, Mackett R, OgilvieD (2015) Changes in mode of travel towork: A natural experimental study ofnew transport infrastructure,International Journal of BehavioralNutrition and Physical Activity, 12.

Heinen E, Steiner RL, Geurs KT(2015) Special issue: Builtenvironment and travel behaviour,European Journal of Transport andInfrastructure Research, 15(1) 1-5.

Hess S, Quddus M, Rieser-SchüsslerN, Daly A (2015) Developing advancedroute choice models for heavy goodsvehicles using GPS data,Transportation Research Part E:Logistics and Transportation Review,77 29-44.

Hoyos D, Mariel P, Hess S (2015)Incorporating environmental attitudesin discrete choice models: Anexploration of the utility of theawareness of consequences scale),Science of the Total Environment, 5051100-1111.

Jamson S, Benetou D, Tate F (2015)The impact of arc visibility on curvenegotiation, Advances in TransportationStudies, 79-92.

Jamson SL, Brouwer R, Seewald P(2015) Supporting eco-driving,

Transportation Research Part C:Emerging Technologies, 58 629-630.

Jia D, Lu K, Wang J, Zhang X, Shen X(2015) A Survey on platoon-basedvehicular cyber-physical systems, IEEECommunications Surveys and Tutorials,PP(99).

Kelly C, Laird J, Costantini S, RichardsP, Carbajo J, Nellthorp J (2015) Expost appraisal: What lessons can belearnt from EU cohesion fundedtransport projects?, Transport Policy,37 83-91.

Kolosz B, Grant-Muller S (2015)Comparing smart scheme effects forcongested highways, TransportationResearch Part C: EmergingTechnologies, 60 313-323.

Kolosz B, Grant-Muller S (2015)Extending cost-benefit analysis for thesustainability impact of inter-urbanIntelligent Transport Systems,Environmental Impact AssessmentReview, 50 167-177.

Koster P, Peer S, Dekker T (2015)Memory, expectation formation andscheduling choices, Economics ofTransportation, 4(4) 256-265.

Kountouriotis GK, Wilkie RM, GardnerPH, Merat N (2015) Looking andthinking when driving: The impact ofgaze and cognitive load on steering,Transportation Research Part F: TrafficPsychology and Behaviour, 34 108-121.

Leahy C, Batley R, Chen H (2015)Toward an automated methodology forthe valuation of reliability, Journal ofIntelligent Transportation Systems:Technology, Planning, and Operations.

Linton C, Grant-Muller S, Gale WF(2015) Approaches and Techniques forModelling CO2 Emissions from RoadTransport, Transport Reviews, 35(4)533-553.

Liu B, Jia D, Wang J, Lu K, Wu L(2015) Cloud-Assisted Safety MessageDissemination in VANET-CellularHeterogeneous Wireless Network,Systems Journal, IEEE.

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Liu R, Smith M (2015) Route choiceand traffic signal control: A study ofthe stability and instability of a newdynamical model of route choice andtraffic signal control, TransportationResearch Part B: Methodological, 77123-145.

Loecher M, Ropkins K (2015)Rgooglemaps and loa: Unleashing Rgraphics power on map tiles, Journalof Statistical Software, 63(4) 1-16.

Lucas K, van Wee B, Maat K (2015) A method to evaluate equitableaccessibility: combining ethicaltheories and accessibility-basedapproaches, Transportation.

Mariel P, Meyerhoff J, Hess S (2015)Heterogeneous preferences towardlandscape externalities of windturbines – Combining choices andattitudes in a hybrid model, Renewableand Sustainable Energy Reviews, 41647-657.

Markkula G (2015) Answeringquestions about consciousness bymodeling perception as covertbehavior, Frontiers in Psychology, 6.

Mullen C, Marsden G (2015) Transport,economic competitiveness andcompetition: A city perspective, Journalof Transport Geography, 49 1-8.

Munir S, Habeebullah TM, Ropkins K,Seroji AR (2015) Modelling ozone-temperature slope under atypicallyhigh temperature in arid climaticconditions of Makkah, Saudi Arabia,Aerosol and Air Quality Research,15(4) 1281-1290.

Murray CC, Twiddy M, Meads D, HessS, Wright J, Mitchell ED, Hulme C,Dodd S, Gent H, Gregson A, McLintockK, Raynor DK, Reynard K, Stanley P,Vincent R, Minton J (2015)Community IntraVenous AntibioticStudy (CIVAS): Protocol for anevaluation of patient preferences forand cost-effectiveness of communityintravenous antibiotic services, BMJOpen, 5(8).

Mussone L, Grant-Muller SM, Laird J(2015) Sensitivity analysis of trafficcongestion costs in a network under a

charging policy, Case Studies onTransport Policy, 3(1) 44-54.

Nantes A, Ngoduy D, Miska M, ChungE (2015) Probabilistic travel timeprogression and its application toautomatic vehicle identification data,Transportation Research Part B:Methodological, 81(1) 131-145.

Nantes A, Ngoduy D, Miska M andChung E (2015) Real time traffic stateestimation in urban corridors fromheterogeneous data, TransportationResearch Part C: EmergingTechnologies.

Ngoduy D (2015) Effect of the car-following combinations on theinstability of heterogeneous trafficflow, Transportmetrica B, 3(1) 44-58.

Ngoduy D (2015) Linear stability of ageneralized multi-anticipative carfollowing model with time delays,Communications in Nonlinear Scienceand Numerical Simulation, 22(1-3)420-426.

Ngoduy D, Hoang NH, Vu HL, WatlingDP (2015) Optimal queue placementin dynamic system optimum solutionsfor single origin-destination trafficnetworks, Transportation Research PartB: Methodological.

Odolinski K, Smith ASJ (2015)Assessing the cost impact ofcompetitive tendering in railinfrastructure maintenance services:evidence from the Swedish Reforms(1999 to 2011), Journal of TransportEconomics and Policy, 50(1) 93-112.

Pampel SM, Jamson SL, Hibberd DL,Barnard Y (2015) How I reduce fuelconsumption: An experimental study onmental models of eco-driving,Transportation Research Part C:Emerging Technologies, 58(D) 669-680.

Perederieieva O, Ehrgott M, Raith A,Wang JYT (2015) A Framework for andEmpirical Study of Algorithms forTraffic Assignment, Computers andOperations Research, 54 90-107.

Rasmussen TK, Watling DP, Prato CG,Nielsen OA (2015) Stochastic userequilibrium with equilibrated choice

sets: Part II – Solving the restrictedSUE for the logit family, TransportationResearch Part B: Methodological, 77146-165.

Schepers P, Fishman E, Beelen R,Heinen E, Wijnen W, Parkin J (2015)The mortality impact of bicycle pathsand lanes related to physical activity,air pollution exposure and road safety,Journal of Transport and Health, 2(4)460-473.

Schwanen T, Lucas K, Akyelken N,Cisternas Solsona D, Carrasco JA,Neutens T (2015) Rethinking the linksbetween social exclusion and transportdisadvantage through the lens of socialcapital, Transportation Research PartA: Policy and Practice, 74 123-135.

Shepherd S, Balijepalli C (2015) Agame of two cities: A toll setting gamewith experimental results, TransportPolicy, 38 95-109.

Smith MJ, Liu R, Mounce R (2015)Traffic control and route choice;capacity maximization and stability,Transportation Research Part B:Methodological, 81 863-885.

Tennøy A, Øksenholt KV, Fearnley N,Matthews B (2015) Standards forusable and safe environments for sightimpaired, Proceedings of theInstitution of Civil Engineers:Municipal Engineer, 168(1) 24-31.

Thanos S, Bristow AL, Wardman MR(2015) Residential sorting andenvironmental externalities: The caseof nonlinearities and stigma in aviationnoise values, Journal of RegionalScience, 55(3) 468-490.

Tomlin A, Ziehn T, Goodman P, Tate J,Dixon N (2015) The Treatment ofUncertainties in Reactive PollutionDispersion Models at Urban Scales,Faraday Discussions.

Upham P, Virkamäki V, Kivimaa P,Hildén M, Wadud Z (2015) Socio-technical transition governance andpublic opinion: The case of passengertransport in Finland, Journal ofTransport Geography, 46 210-219.

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Wadud Z (2015) Decomposing thedrivers of aviation fuel demand usingsimultaneous equation models, Energy,83 551-559.

Wadud Z (2015) Imperfect reversibilityof air transport demand: Effects of airfare, fuel prices and pricetransmission, Transportation ResearchPart A: Policy and Practice, 72 6-26.

Wang JYT (2015) “Resiliencethinking” in transport planning, CivilEngineering and EnvironmentalSystems, 32(1-2) 180-191.

Wang S, Zhang C, Jia D (2015)Improvement of type declaration of theIEC 61499 basic function block fordeveloping applications of cyber-physical system, Microprocessors andMicrosystems, 39(8) 1255-1261.

Wang XL, Ye H, Yang H (2015)Decentralizing Pareto-efficient networkflow/speed patterns with hybridschemes of speed limit and roadpricing, Transportation Research PartE: Logistics and Transportation Review,83 51-64.

Wardman M, Batley R, Laird J, MackieP, Bates J (2015) How shouldbusiness travel time savings bevalued?, Economics of Transportation,4(4) 200-214.

Wardman M, Lyons G (2015) Thedigital revolution and worthwhile useof travel time: implications forappraisal and forecasting,Transportation.

Wardman M, Murphy P (2015)Passengers’ valuations of train seatinglayout, position and occupancy,Transportation Research Part A: Policyand Practice, 74 222-238.

Watling DP, Cantarella GE (2015)Model representation and decision-making in an ever-changing world: Therole of stochastic process models oftransportation systems, Networks andSpatial Economics, 15(3) 843-882.

Watling DP, Rasmussen TK, Prato CG,Nielsen OA (2015) Stochastic userequilibrium with equilibrated choicesets: Part I – Model formulations under

alternative distributions andrestrictions, Transportation ResearchPart B: Methodological, 77 166-181.

Watling DP, Shepherd SP, Koh A(2015) Cordon toll competition in anetwork of two cities: Formulation andsensitivity to traveller route anddemand responses, TransportationResearch Part B: Methodological, 76,93-116.

Wheat P, Batley R (2015) Quantifyingand decomposing the uncertainty inappraisal value of travel time savings,Transport Policy, 44 134-142.

Wheat PE, Smith ASJ (2015) Do theusual results of railway returns to scaleand density hold in the case ofheterogeneity in outputs: A hedoniccost function approach, Journal ofTransport Economics and Policy, 49(1)35-47.

Wu W, Shen L, Jin W, Liu R (2015)Density-based mixed platoondispersion modelling with truncatedmixed Gaussian distribution of speed,Transportmetrica B, 3, 114-130.

Xiao LL, Huang HJ, Liu R (2015)Congestion behavior and tolls in abottleneck model with stochasticcapacity, Transportation Science, 49,pp.47-65.

Xiao LL, Huang HJ, Liu R (2015)Tradable credit scheme for rush hourtravel choice with heterogeneouscommuters, Advances in MechanicalEngineering, 7, 1-12.

Xu M, Grant-Muller S, Gao Z (2015)Evolution and assessment of economicregulatory policies for expresswayinfrastructure in China, TransportPolicy, 41 42-49.

Xu M, Grant-Muller S, Huang HJ, GaoZ (2015) Transport managementmeasures in the post-Olympic Gamesperiod: Supporting sustainable urbanmobility for Beijing?, InternationalJournal of Sustainable Developmentand World Ecology, 22(1) 50-63.

Yang H, Ye H, Li X, Zhao B (2015)Speed limits, speed selection andnetwork equilibrium, Transportation

Research Part C: EmergingTechnologies, 51 260-273.

Ye H, Yang H, Tan ZJ (2015) Learningmarginal-cost pricing via a trial-and-error procedure with day-to-day flowdynamics, Transportation Research PartB: Methodological, 81(3) 794-807.

Zhao F, Wu J, Sun H, Gao Z, Liu R(2015) Population-driven Urban RoadEvolution Dynamic Model, Networksand Spatial Economics, , pp.1-22.

Books and Book Chapters

Bache POPI, Bartle I, Marsden G,Flinders M (2015) MultilevelGovernance and Climate ChangeInsights from Transport Policy,Rowman & Littlefield International.

Barnard Y, Fischer F, Flament M(2015) Field operational tests anddeployment plans, In: Campolo C,Molinaro A, Scopigno R eds. VehicularAd Hoc Networks Standards, Solutions,and Research, Springer, pp.393-408.

Connors RD, Patriksson M, RydergrenC, Sumalee A, Watling DP (2015)Sensitivity Analysis of Welfare, Equity,and Acceptability Level of TransportPolicies, In: Optimization, Control, andApplications in the Information Age,(Springer Proceedings in Mathematics& Statistics, Volume130) SpringerInternational Publishing, pp.39-65.

De Jong GC (2015) Freight demand,In: Nash C ed. Handbook of ResearchMethods and Applications in TransportEconomics and Policy (Handbooks ofResearch Methods and ApplicationsSeries) Edward Elgar Publishing,pp.212-234.

Grebe S, De Jong GC, Borremans D,Van Houwe P, Kienzler HP (2015)Redeveloping the Strategic FlemishFreight Transport Model, In: ClausenU, Friedrich H, Thaller C, Geiger Ceds. Commercial Transport, Springer.

Gudmundsson H, Hall RP, Marsden G,Zietsman J (2015) SustainableTransportation Indicators, Frameworks,and Performance Management,Springer.

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May A, Liu R, Shepherd S (2015)Road Congestion, In: Nash C ed.Handbook of Research Methods andApplications in Transport Economicsand Policy (Handbooks of ResearchMethods and Applications Series),Edward Elgar Publishing, pp.112-133.

McKinnon AC, Whiteing AE (2015) 3DPrinting, In: McKinnon A, Browne M,Whiteing A, Piecyk M. eds. GreenLogistics – Improving theEnvironmental Sustainability ofLogistics (3rd Edition), Kogan Page,pp.403-406.

Nash C (2015) Handbook of ResearchMethods and Applications in TransportEconomics and Policy, Edward ElgarPublishing.

Prescott T, Mitchinson B, Lepora N,Wilson S, Anderson S, Porril J, Dean P,Fox CW, Pearson M, Sullivan C, Pipe T(2015) The robot vibrissal system:understanding mammaliansensorimotor co-ordination throughbiomimetics, In: Krieger P, Groh A.eds. Sensorimotor Integration in theWhisker System, Springer, pp.213-240.

Smith ASJ, Wheat PE, Wolanski M(2015) Public Transport OperationsCosts, In: Nash C ed. Handbook ofResearch Methods and Applications inTransport Economics and Policy(Handbooks of Research Methods andApplications Series) Edward ElgarPublishing, pp.38-70.

Woodburn A, Whiteing AE (2015)Transferring Freight to ‘Greener’Transport Modes, In: McKinnon A,Browne M, Whiteing A, Piecyk M. eds.Green Logistics – Improving theEnvironmental Sustainability ofLogistics (3rd Edition), Kogan Page,pp.148-164.

Reports

Worsley T, Mackie PJ (2015) Reportfor RAC Foundation: Transport Policy,Appraisal and Decision-Making.

Conference Papers (in published proceedings)

Ahmed N, Iftekhar L, Ahmed S,Rahman R, Reza T, Shoilee S,Choudhury CF (2015) Bap re Bap!Driving Experiences throughMultimodal Unruly Traffic on BumpyRoads, Sixth Annual Symposium onComputing for Development pp 63-64.

Carrasco JA, Lucas K (2015)Measuring attitudes: quantitative andqualitative methods, 10th InternationalConference on Transport SurveyMethods. In:Transportation ResearchProcedia, Vol 11.

Gellerman H, Svanberg E, Barnard Y(2015) Data sharing framework fornaturalistic driving data, 22nd WorldCongress on Intelligent TransportSystems and Services.

Grebe S, De Jong GC, Borremans D,Van Houwe P, Kienzler HP (2015)Redeveloping the Strategic FlemishFreight Transport Model, Proceedingsof the 2nd Interdiciplinary Conferenceon Production Logistics and Traffic.

Markkula G, Eklov J, Laine L,Wikenhed E, Frojd N (2015) Improvingyaw stability control in severeinstabilities by means of a validatedmodel of driver steering, IntelligentVehicles Symposium (IV), 2015 IEEE.

Mattioli G (2015) Energy-relatedeconomic stress at the interfacebetween transport, housing and fuelpoverty: a multinational study, 2ndInternational Days of Sociology ofEnergy.

Merat N, Kountouriotis G, Carsten O,Engstrom J (2015) Performance on theDetection Response Task duringdriving: Separating the manual andcognitive element of the secondarytask, 4th International DriverDistraction and InattentionConference.

Nugroho MT, Whiteing AE, de Jong G(2015) Port and Inland Mode Choicefrom the Exporters’ and Forwarders’Perspectives, WCTRS SIG2.

Philips I (2015) Development andapplication of a two stage hybridspatial microsimulation technique toprovide inputs to a model of capacityto walk and cycle, GIS Research UKconference.

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Index of Featured Projects

ACTUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6AdaptIVe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20Advanced Traffic Flow – Theory and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Argentinian Railways . . . . . . . . . . . .15ATOC-Disruptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Belgian Rail Charges . . . . . . . . . . . .15Business Case Development Manual review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Centre for Transport Studies (CTS) New Guest Researcher . . . . . . . . . .15CH4LLENGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7City Mobil 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20Co-Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19CQC Efficiency Network . . . . . . . . . .11Crossrail Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Cycling – Scoping Study . . . . . . . . . .12DEMAND Centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14Disruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18DITTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9ecoDriver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Economics of Connectivity . . . . . . . .12Efficiency analysis coding . . . . . . . . .12Emission Factors from Road Vehicles . .8EMPOWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Energy-related economic stress in the UK . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14European Rail Access Charging . . . .15Forth Road Bridge Closure . . . . . . . .18FORWARN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21FOT-Net Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21Future Resilience in Urban Transport .18Gatwick Airport Peer Review . . . . . . .12Greener Journeys Phase 3 . . . . . . . . .12Highways benchmarking 2 . . . . . . . .12HS2 Economic Advisory Panel . . . . .12Hybrid Taxis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Infrastructures for online shopping . .14Korean Rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16Marginal Cost Research . . . . . . . . . .16MOCHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16Modelling Wakefield Air Quality . . . . . .8Moderated Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14NeTIRail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16Network Rail Secondment . . . . . . . . .10

Next Generation Driving Behaviour Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Programme for Simulation Innovation 21Rail Demand Forecasting . . . . . . . . .13Retrofitting Accessible Highways . . . .19RUSSELL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18Shaping London’s Air Quality Strategy .8Social Assessment of the A465 scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . .19Speed Emission/Energy Curves . . . . . .9Steel composition and track degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16STEP-CHANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10SUSTRAIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Towards Autonomic Road Transport Support Systems . . . . . . .10Transport Equity Assessment . . . . . . .19Transport Investment and Economic Performance . . . . . . . . . .13UDRIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22Uncertainty and Real Options . . . . . .13Understanding New and Improving Existing Traffic Data . . . .11Values of Travel Time Savings and Reliability . . . . . . . . . . .6VENI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Viajeo Plus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18VRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22What Works Centre for Local Economic Growth . . . . . . . . .13WHISPER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5XCYCLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

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Index of Themes

Active Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Choice Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Dynamic Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Economic Appraisal . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14Rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15Resilience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Social Equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19Technology and Human Factors . . . . .20

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University of LeedsLeeds, United Kingdom

LS2 9JTwww.leeds.ac.uk

Institute for Transport StudiesLeeds, United KingdomLS2 9JTTel: 0113 343 5325www.its.leeds.ac.uk

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