Instant Glimpse on Instant Glimpse on Future Trends in Distance Future Trends in Distance

LearningLearning

Tseng Shu PingTseng Shu Ping

ST000499286ST000499286

• To a common Taiwanese high school teacher, ‘ dTo a common Taiwanese high school teacher, ‘ distance learning’ seems a little far-reached area that istance learning’ seems a little far-reached area that we don’t need to contemplate it a bit at the first sight.we don’t need to contemplate it a bit at the first sight.

• Still, many extracts from researches about distanStill, many extracts from researches about distance learning can reflect the very conception of technoce learning can reflect the very conception of technology integration into the curriculum, especially the logy integration into the curriculum, especially the web-based ones, which is highly praised these days iweb-based ones, which is highly praised these days in our school. n our school.

Preface (1)Preface (1)

Preface (2)Preface (2)• Many teachers, especially in a traditional Many teachers, especially in a traditional

climate school in Taiwan, still hold an climate school in Taiwan, still hold an ambivalent attitude towards ‘new technology’. ambivalent attitude towards ‘new technology’.

• To embrace it or not--- it is a big question, To embrace it or not--- it is a big question, with many doubts and uncertainties to them. with many doubts and uncertainties to them.

• According, on this report , I will deal with According, on this report , I will deal with future trends in distance learning with the future trends in distance learning with the focus on those relevant notions and practices focus on those relevant notions and practices of possibilities to be applied to a senior high of possibilities to be applied to a senior high classroom.classroom.

Preface (3)Preface (3)

• After presenting the future trends of distance lAfter presenting the future trends of distance learning and the strengths of it from various aspearning and the strengths of it from various aspects, I will continue to make short summaries ects, I will continue to make short summaries of teaching strategies and issues about teachersof teaching strategies and issues about teachers’ needs from the institute and so on. As I tighte’ needs from the institute and so on. As I tighten the net that I cast wide before, I will pose the n the net that I cast wide before, I will pose the issues on ‘teacher’ in the future trend of distanissues on ‘teacher’ in the future trend of distance learning towards the end of this report.ce learning towards the end of this report.

Preface (4)Preface (4)• So, “ What a teacher should prepare /do for the trends So, “ What a teacher should prepare /do for the trends

of distance learning?” is my next concern. of distance learning?” is my next concern. • There I list major points to be considered, such as There I list major points to be considered, such as

being a promulgators to our colleagues, being a being a promulgators to our colleagues, being a facilitator and catalyst to our students, integrate facilitator and catalyst to our students, integrate distance learning into curriculum and so forth.distance learning into curriculum and so forth.

• In conclusion , as an answer to the question that I In conclusion , as an answer to the question that I raised before : “confronted with the overwhelming raised before : “confronted with the overwhelming trends of new technology things, to embrace it or trends of new technology things, to embrace it or not--- that’s a big question” , I use an encouraging not--- that’s a big question” , I use an encouraging tone to my colleagues, “ go embrace it and enjoy it!”tone to my colleagues, “ go embrace it and enjoy it!”

In this report , I will deploy it with the following In this report , I will deploy it with the following sequence:sequence:

1. 1. The Definition of Distance LearningThe Definition of Distance Learning2. 2. Strengths of Distance LearningStrengths of Distance Learning3. 3.

Strengths of Distance Learning From My Point of ViewStrengths of Distance Learning From My Point of View as a Taiwanese High School Teacher as a Taiwanese High School Teacher

4. Future Trends in Distance Learning4. Future Trends in Distance Learning (a) (a) General ScopeGeneral Scope (b) (b) Education PerspectiveEducation Perspective (c) (c) Education InstituteEducation Institute (d) (d)

Education Institute to a high-school teacher’s needEducation Institute to a high-school teacher’s need

Abstract (1)Abstract (1)

Abstract (2)Abstract (2)4. Future Trends in Distance Learning ( continued)4. Future Trends in Distance Learning ( continued) (e) Student(e) Student (f) Teaching Strategies (f) Teaching Strategies (I) general scope(I) general scope (II) cognitive development(II) cognitive development (III) interactive elements(III) interactive elements5. What a teacher should prepare/do for 5. What a teacher should prepare/do for the trends in distance learning?the trends in distance learning? a). General scopea). General scope b). Practice in a classroomb). Practice in a classroom c). Integrate distance learning into curriculum c). Integrate distance learning into curriculum

Abstract (3)Abstract (3)

5. What a teacher should prepare/do for 5. What a teacher should prepare/do for the trends in distance learning? (continued)the trends in distance learning? (continued) (d) Basic notion (d) Basic notion (e) Be a promulgators to her colleagues(e) Be a promulgators to her colleagues (f) Be a facilitator & catalyst to her students(f) Be a facilitator & catalyst to her students

6. Conclusion6. Conclusion

1. Definition of Distance 1. Definition of Distance Learning (1)Learning (1)

Distance Learning:Distance Learning:• is “Learning where the instructor and the students are is “Learning where the instructor and the students are

in physically separate locations. in physically separate locations. • can be either synchronous or asynchronous . can be either synchronous or asynchronous . • can include correspondence , video or satellite can include correspondence , video or satellite

broadcasts, or e-Learning .broadcasts, or e-Learning .• usually implies the higher education level”usually implies the higher education level”

(Getchell,(Getchell,2006)2006)

1. Definition of Distance Learning (2)1. Definition of Distance Learning (2)

• ““Distance education, or distance learning, is a field of Distance education, or distance learning, is a field of education that focuses on the education that focuses on the pedagogypedagogy and and andragogyandragogy, technology, and instructional systems desi, technology, and instructional systems design that aim to deliver education to students who are ngn that aim to deliver education to students who are not physically ‘on site’” (Wikipedia ,2008). ot physically ‘on site’” (Wikipedia ,2008).

• ““A good definition of distance learning is the use of eA good definition of distance learning is the use of electronic means to distribute education or training for lectronic means to distribute education or training for education or business. This could be television, videoeducation or business. This could be television, videotape, interactive video, audio-graphics, satellite video tape, interactive video, audio-graphics, satellite video or any other electronic means (Theresa Gilliard-Cook,or any other electronic means (Theresa Gilliard-Cook, 1999), 1999),

2. Strengths of Distant 2. Strengths of Distant Learning(1)Learning(1)

• It Increases access to learning, lifelong It Increases access to learning, lifelong learning opportunities, and convenienlearning opportunities, and convenience of time and place (St. Pierre, 1998) ce of time and place (St. Pierre, 1998)

• It is essential for learners who are trulIt is essential for learners who are truly place-bound because of factors such y place-bound because of factors such as employment, child-care demands, das employment, child-care demands, disability, or remoteness of the location isability, or remoteness of the location where they live (Rintala, 1998)where they live (Rintala, 1998)

2. Strengths of Distant 2. Strengths of Distant Learning(2)Learning(2)

• It helps self-motivated learners; raise self-confidence; It helps self-motivated learners; raise self-confidence; develop academic skills.develop academic skills.

• It strengthen students’ relationship.It strengthen students’ relationship.• It helps practice commitment to the public good.It helps practice commitment to the public good.• It providing minorities and disadvantages individuals It providing minorities and disadvantages individuals

with better access to global knowledge.with better access to global knowledge.• It reduces diverse implication of belittling based on raIt reduces diverse implication of belittling based on ra

cisms.cisms. (Guldun,2007)(Guldun,2007)

3. Strengths from a high 3. Strengths from a high school teacher’s point of school teacher’s point of

view view • It serves as good curriculum enrichment modules and It serves as good curriculum enrichment modules and

ongoing telecommunications projects.ongoing telecommunications projects.• It addresses the needs of small rural school districts It addresses the needs of small rural school districts

or underserved urban school districtsor underserved urban school districts• Talented or gifted high school students can take Talented or gifted high school students can take

advantages of distant learning to pursue higher advantages of distant learning to pursue higher academic ability and handle independent work.academic ability and handle independent work.

• Homebound or disabled students can take classes Homebound or disabled students can take classes wherever and whenever they are. wherever and whenever they are.

4. Future Trends in Distance Learning4. Future Trends in Distance Learning a). General Scope a). General Scope

• Technological devices are becoming more versatiTechnological devices are becoming more versatile and ubiquitous. le and ubiquitous.

• A huge growth in Internet usage is arising.A huge growth in Internet usage is arising.

• Lifelong learning is becoming a competitive neceLifelong learning is becoming a competitive necessity. ssity.

( Howell.S.L, Williams.P.B & Lindsay.N.K.,2003)( Howell.S.L, Williams.P.B & Lindsay.N.K.,2003)

• World will indeed become a village where interacWorld will indeed become a village where interacting with a multitude of people will be possible ( ting with a multitude of people will be possible ( Zorn,2008).Zorn,2008).

4. Future Trends in Distance Learning4. Future Trends in Distance Learning b). Education Perspective b). Education Perspective

• With no boundary of space and time, distance With no boundary of space and time, distance learning provides both synchronous and learning provides both synchronous and asynchronous learning for more learners to continue asynchronous learning for more learners to continue their education. their education.

• Distance learning is expanding at an extremely rapid Distance learning is expanding at an extremely rapid rate and it has become more and more prevailing. rate and it has become more and more prevailing.

• More courses, degrees, and universities are becoming More courses, degrees, and universities are becoming available through distance-education programs.available through distance-education programs.

• There is a growing emphasis on academic There is a growing emphasis on academic accountability. “certification is becoming more accountability. “certification is becoming more preferable than a degree" ( Gallagher, 2003 ).preferable than a degree" ( Gallagher, 2003 ).

Future Trends in Distance LearningFuture Trends in Distance Learning c). Student c). Student

• Online students are becoming an entirely new subOnline students are becoming an entirely new subpopulation of higher-education learners.population of higher-education learners.

• Enrollments in higher education are growing to suEnrollments in higher education are growing to surpass the capacity of traditional infrastructures.rpass the capacity of traditional infrastructures.

• Students are shopping for courses that meet their sStudents are shopping for courses that meet their schedules and circumstances. Given the demand anchedules and circumstances. Given the demand and response, education is becoming a commodity, d response, education is becoming a commodity, making consumers of students and putting them in making consumers of students and putting them in a position to shop for the best deal.a position to shop for the best deal.

(Johnston, Ewell,& Paulson,2002; Paulson,2002;C(Johnston, Ewell,& Paulson,2002; Paulson,2002;Carnevale,2000). arnevale,2000).

Future Trends in Distance LearningFuture Trends in Distance Learning d). Education Instituted). Education Institute

• The need for effective course-management systems The need for effective course-management systems and teaching strategies that utilize technology is and teaching strategies that utilize technology is drastically increasing. drastically increasing.

• The need for faculty development, support, and The need for faculty development, support, and training is growing.training is growing.

• Institutions will strengthen their distance-learning Institutions will strengthen their distance-learning strategic plans by identifying and understanding strategic plans by identifying and understanding distance-education trends for student needs, distance-education trends for student needs, enrollments, faculty support, and larger academic, enrollments, faculty support, and larger academic, technological and economic issues. technological and economic issues.

e). Education Institutee). Education Instituteto a high-school teacher’s needsto a high-school teacher’s needs

• Since these classroom teachers are not the Since these classroom teachers are not the technical experts, nor are they expected to be, technical experts, nor are they expected to be, they will need a reliable and quick support they will need a reliable and quick support staff not only for repairing and maintaining staff not only for repairing and maintaining this stable computer environment but also this stable computer environment but also educators to show them the possibilities of educators to show them the possibilities of integration. integration.

Future Trends in Distance LearningFuture Trends in Distance Learningf). Teaching Strategies (I):f). Teaching Strategies (I):

General Scope:General Scope:

• There is an increasing need for learning There is an increasing need for learning and teaching strategies that exploit the and teaching strategies that exploit the capabilities of technology. capabilities of technology.

• The Internet is becoming dominant among The Internet is becoming dominant among other distance-education media.other distance-education media.

• Open-source ideas may be applied to Open-source ideas may be applied to online learning and education.online learning and education.

f.) Teaching Strategies (II)f.) Teaching Strategies (II) cognitive development (p.1) cognitive development (p.1)

** ** Distance teaching strategies should regarDistance teaching strategies should regard not only cognitive development for thd not only cognitive development for the learners, but also interactive elements e learners, but also interactive elements among learners and instructors.among learners and instructors.

1.1. Instruction is becoming more learner-ceInstruction is becoming more learner-centered, non-linear, and self-directed.ntered, non-linear, and self-directed.

f.) Teaching Strategies (III)f.) Teaching Strategies (III) cognitive development (P.2) cognitive development (P.2)

2. Informal and field-based learning opport2. Informal and field-based learning opportunities are greater appreciated. unities are greater appreciated.

3. Distance education programs are designe3. Distance education programs are designed with clear objective, individual feedbad with clear objective, individual feedback, communication tool, chat sessions ack, communication tool, chat sessions and discussion list ,etc included.nd discussion list ,etc included.

f.) Teaching Strategies (IV)f.) Teaching Strategies (IV)interactive elements (P.1)interactive elements (P.1)

"Human beings are at their best when they inter"Human beings are at their best when they interact with the real world and draw lessons from tact with the real world and draw lessons from the bumps and bruises they get" (Simon, 1994). he bumps and bruises they get" (Simon, 1994).

• Social presence is an important key to understaSocial presence is an important key to understanding communication and to enhancing and imnding communication and to enhancing and improving effective distance instruction (Thomas proving effective distance instruction (Thomas G. Reio, Jr. and Susan J.Crim2006).G. Reio, Jr. and Susan J.Crim2006).

f.) Teaching Strategies (IV)f.) Teaching Strategies (IV)interactive elements (P.2)interactive elements (P.2)

• Failure to consider the relational Failure to consider the relational dynamics in the online setting may dynamics in the online setting may produce greater feelings of isolation, produce greater feelings of isolation, reduced levels of satisfaction, less reduced levels of satisfaction, less participation, poor academic participation, poor academic performance, and increased attrition performance, and increased attrition among distance learners ( Lim 2001).among distance learners ( Lim 2001).

5. What a teacher 5. What a teacher should prepare/do for should prepare/do for the trends of distance the trends of distance

learning ? learning ? a). General Scope:a). General Scope:

• “ “ The biggest challenge in distance education The biggest challenge in distance education is perhaps the lack of vision and the failure to is perhaps the lack of vision and the failure to use technology strategically”use technology strategically”

( Bates ,2000).( Bates ,2000).

5. What a teacher should 5. What a teacher should prepare/do for the trends of prepare/do for the trends of

distance learning ?distance learning ?• Too often, instructional designers and Too often, instructional designers and

curriculum developers have become enamored curriculum developers have become enamored of the latest technologies without dealing with of the latest technologies without dealing with the underlying issues of learner characteristics the underlying issues of learner characteristics and needs, the influence of media upon the and needs, the influence of media upon the instructional process, equity of access to instructional process, equity of access to interactive delivery systems, and the new roles interactive delivery systems, and the new roles of teacher, site facilitator, and student in the of teacher, site facilitator, and student in the distance learning processdistance learning process

( Bates ,2000).( Bates ,2000).

5. What a teacher should 5. What a teacher should prepare/do for the trends of prepare/do for the trends of

distance learning ?distance learning ?b). Practice in a classroom (I): b). Practice in a classroom (I):

• It is essential for instructors of It is essential for instructors of distance learning to consider students’ distance learning to consider students’ ages, cultural and socioeconomic ages, cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds, interests ,experiences, backgrounds, interests ,experiences, educational levels, familiarity , and educational levels, familiarity , and delivery systems. delivery systems.

5. What a teacher should prepa5. What a teacher should prepare/do for the trends of distance re/do for the trends of distance

learning ?learning ?b). Practice in a classroom (II): b). Practice in a classroom (II):

• The most important factor for successful distanThe most important factor for successful distance learning is a caring, concerned teacher who ce learning is a caring, concerned teacher who is confident, experienced, at ease with the equiis confident, experienced, at ease with the equipment, uses the media creatively, and maintainpment, uses the media creatively, and maintains a high level of interactivity with the students s a high level of interactivity with the students (Schamber, 1988 ).(Schamber, 1988 ).

5. What a teacher should 5. What a teacher should prepare/do for the trends of prepare/do for the trends of

distance learning ?distance learning ?c). Integrate distance learning into curriculum:c). Integrate distance learning into curriculum:

• The teacher of the future must be not only The teacher of the future must be not only accomplished in instructional techniques and accomplished in instructional techniques and technology, but also in the integration of technology, but also in the integration of technology into the curriculum .technology into the curriculum .

• Teachers need to learn all the possibilities of Teachers need to learn all the possibilities of how to incorporate technology, not as a how to incorporate technology, not as a separate element in the classroom but to separate element in the classroom but to effectively use the available technologies as effectively use the available technologies as seamlessly as using a chalkboard. seamlessly as using a chalkboard.

5. What a teacher should 5. What a teacher should prepare/do for the trends of prepare/do for the trends of

distance learning ?distance learning ?d). Be a promulgators to her colleagues:d). Be a promulgators to her colleagues:• Teachers can use technology in various ways Teachers can use technology in various ways

that don't have anything to do with the that don't have anything to do with the mechanics of using specific software or mechanics of using specific software or hardware.hardware.

• Teachers need to not only be knowledgeable in Teachers need to not only be knowledgeable in specific content area, but now take on specific content area, but now take on additional learning themselves to become additional learning themselves to become promulgators of technology.promulgators of technology.

What a teacher should What a teacher should prepare/do for the trends of prepare/do for the trends of

distance learning ?distance learning ?e). Basic notion:e). Basic notion:• Using the tools and available resources that Using the tools and available resources that

technology affords does not mean that the technology affords does not mean that the teacher need to be a computer expert teacher need to be a computer expert

• Students usually adapt more quickly than their Students usually adapt more quickly than their teachers to new technology. don't mind having teachers to new technology. don't mind having their students teach them new tips and tricks their students teach them new tips and tricks (Apple Classrooms of Tomorrow, 1992) (Apple Classrooms of Tomorrow, 1992)

What a teacher should What a teacher should prepare/do for the trends of prepare/do for the trends of

distance learning ?distance learning ?f). Be a facilitator and catalyst to her students:f). Be a facilitator and catalyst to her students:• Through the most effective choice of media, the teaThrough the most effective choice of media, the tea

cher becomes a facilitator of learning, rather than a cher becomes a facilitator of learning, rather than a communicator of a fixed body of information. The lcommunicator of a fixed body of information. The learning process proceeds as knowledge building amearning process proceeds as knowledge building among teacher and students (Hilary Perraton ,1988).ong teacher and students (Hilary Perraton ,1988).

• The role of instructor of distant learning should shifThe role of instructor of distant learning should shift from “ intellect-on-stage and mentor towards a leart from “ intellect-on-stage and mentor towards a learning catalyst! (Volver,2002).ning catalyst! (Volver,2002).

6. Conclusion6. Conclusion• In one response to a discussion board, I wrote, In one response to a discussion board, I wrote, “ “Time changes, so do students and circumstances. The Time changes, so do students and circumstances. The

most adaptable and competent teachers/educators will most adaptable and competent teachers/educators will still take the lead on the tide, rather than washed away still take the lead on the tide, rather than washed away by it. Educators must always have something that by it. Educators must always have something that can ‘awe’ the young and thus to instruct and educate can ‘awe’ the young and thus to instruct and educate them well.” them well.”

• Now I want to add more: Now I want to add more: The best way to change the world is to change The best way to change the world is to change

ourselves first. Confronted with the future trends in ourselves first. Confronted with the future trends in distance learning, I would say, just go embrace it and distance learning, I would say, just go embrace it and enjoy it !enjoy it !

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