installation & maintenance foc

7/27/2019 Installation & Maintenance FOC

1/184

1


2/184

2

(FITL)


3/184

3

WHY FIBRE OPTICS

. DIGITALISATION OF LOCAL NETWORK

. MEETING FUTURE CUSTOMER NEEDS

(BOARD BANDWITH SERVICE)

. POTENCIAL COST-EFFECTIVENESS

. BETTER QUALITY, RELIABILITY AND

MAINTAINABILITY

. WIDER COVERAGE FOR EXCHANGES

. INFORMATION SECURITY

. REDUCE CONGESTION OF UNDERGROUND FACILITIES


4/184

4

DISADVANTAGES

. DELICATE TO HANDLE

. CRAFT SENSITIVE

- SPLICING

- EQUIPMENT

. GENERALLY STILL EXPENSIVE

- EQUIPMENT

- TOOLS AND TEST EQUIPMENT

. REQUIREMENT FOR FIELD EQUIPMENTS POWERING


5/184

5

SYSTEM AND FACILITIES

REQUIREMENTS

. CABLE AND ACCESSORIES

. TERMINAL EQUIPMENTS

. EQUIPMENT SPACE AND RACKING

. POWER SUPPLY

. SKILLED MANPOWER


6/184

6

TYPES OF APPLICATION

i) FIBRE TO THE OFFICE (FTTO)- FIBER IS TERMINATED DIRECT IN THE CUSTOMERS

PREMISES, CATERING TO DEMANDS OF COPPORATE

SECTOR.

ii) FIBRE TO THE STREET (FTTS)

- FIBER IS TERMINATED AT A POINT WHERE THERE IS A

CONCENTRATION OF DEMAND. THE DISTRIBUTION CABLE

WILL BE ON COPPER.

iii) FIBRE TO THE CURB (FTTC)

- SIMILAR TO THE FTTS BUT FIBRE IS BROUGHT NEARER TO

CUSTOMERS AND THE LAST APPROXIMATE 100M IS UNDERTAKEN BY

COPPER


7/184

7

TYPES OF APPLICATION

iv) FIBRE TO THE HOME (FTTH)- FIBER IS LAID DIRECT INTO INDIVIDUAL HOMES.

v) FIBRE TO THE ZONE (FTTZ)

- FIBER IS TERMINATED AT A POINT WHERE THEREIS A CENTRA .


8/184

8

MDF

PSTN

EXCHANGE

TUNNELMAINHOLE

DUCT

JOINT BOX

SHOP HSE OR

LOW-RISE

APARTMENT

RESIDENTIAL

HSES.

MULTI-STOREY

BLDG.

LOCAL

EXCHANGE A SDF

CABINET

AERIAL CABLE

DROP WIRE

DISTRIBUTIONPOINT

U/G COPPER

CABLE

TYPICAL SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF ACCESS NETWORK

LOCAL

EXCHANGE B


9/184

9

MDF

PSTN

EXCHANGE

TUNNELMAINHOLE

DUCT

JOINT BOX

SHOP HSE OR

LOW-RISE

APARTMENT

RESIDENTIAL

HSES.

MULTI-STOREY

BLDG.

LOCAL

EXCHANGE A SDF

FIBRE

CABINET

(FTTS)

AERIAL CABLE

DROP WIRE

DISTRIBUTIONPOINT

COT

RT

RT

(FTT0)

FIBRE

CABLE

TYPICAL SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF LOCAL NETWORK

LOCAL

EXCHANGE B


10/184

10


11/184

11

SYSTEM FOR OPTICAL TRANSMISSION

Optical transmission system are used fortransmission of electrical signal via anoptical fibre.

The component are:-(i) electro- optic transducer as the lighttransmitter at the beginning of the route.

(ii) The fibre optic transmission medium.(iii) Optic electric transducer as the lightreceiver at the end of the route.


12/184

12

Electrical signal from the Exchange is converted toOptical (using light as carrier) by Optical equipment

(DLC) at the COT. From the equipment, the light

signal is injected into the optical fibre. The light signalis guided by the fibre to its destination where it is

detected and converted back into electrical signal

again.


13/184

13

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR DIGITALSIGNALS

Bit Rate (rounded Mbps)Number of 64 kbpschannel

2 30

8 120

34 480

140 1920

565 7680

PDH System with higher number of channels transmit bitrates of 8, 34, 140, 565 Mbps signals of the PCM 30

multiplexing unit.


14/184

14

SDH

SYSTEMMAX.2M MAX. CHANNEL.

STM1 63 1890 (63X30C)

STM4 252 7560 (252X30C)

STM16 63 X 2M X 16 30240 (1008X2M)

SDH (SYNCHRONOUS DIGITALHIERACHY)

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR DIGITALSIGNALS


15/184

15


16/184

16

NETWORK TOPOLOGY

3 BASIC TYPES ARE:-

I) STAR

II) BUS

III) LOOP - STAR

TOPOLOGY ADOPTED BY TELEKOM

MALAYSIA BHD. :-

I) STAR

II) LOOP - STAR


17/184

17

NON-REDUCTIONAL LOOP + SWITCH-STAR WITH SHARED RESOURCE

Practical way to change the configuration

EXCHANGE EXCHANGE


18/184

18


19/184

19

STAR NETWORK CONFIGURATION

EXCHANGE

EXCHANGE


20/184

20

LOOP NETWORK

CONFIGURATION(1+1)

EXCHANGE


21/184

21


22/184

22

Basic Structure of an optical

fiber


23/184

23

THE CORE PERFORMS THE FUNCTION OF TRANSMITTING THE

LIGHT WAVES, WHILE THE CLADDING IS TO MINIMIZE SURFACE

LOSSES AND TO GUIDE THE LIGHT WAVES.

Basic Structure of an optical

fiber


24/184

24

OPTICAL FIBRE CONSTRUCTION

HIGH REFRACTIVE

INDEX

LOW REFRACTIVE

INDEX


25/184

25

Basic Structure of an optical fiber

Core 10 um

Cladding 125 um

Primary coating

250 umSecondary coating


26/184

26

TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBRE

TYPE

REFRACTIVE INDEX

PROFILE

LIGHT PROPAGATION

STEP - INDEX

MULTIMODE

GRADED -

INDEX

MULTIMODE

SINGLE -

MODE

100-200 50 - 100 LS

125 50 LS

125 LS

10

DIMENSION IN um LS = LIGHT

SOURCE


27/184

27

TYPE

INPUT PULSE LIGHT PROPAGATION

STEP - INDEX

MULTIMODE

GRADED -

INDEX

MULTIMODE

SINGLE -

MODE

LS

LS

LS

OUTPUT

PULSE

OPTICAL FIBRE PULSE DISTRORATION

PULSE DISTRORATION DETERMINE THE BANDWIDTH OF OPTICAL FIBRES.


28/184

28

CONSTRUCTION OF SLOTTED CORE OPTICAL

FIBER CABLE


29/184

29

125um 190um 250um

Ultra Violet Curable Acrylate Coated Fiber

Silica Fiber

SoftUV

Hard UV

CONSTRUCTION OF SLOTTED CORE OPTICAL FIBER

CABLE


30/184

30

CONSTRUCTION OF SLOTTED CORE OPTICAL FIBER CABLE

Nylon Coated Fiber

Silica Fiber

Silicon

Resin

Nylon

125um 400um 900um


31/184

31

FIBER

NO.4 FIBER 6 FIBER 8 FIBER 12 FIBER

1 BLUE BLUE BLUE BLUE

2 YELLOW YELLOW YELLOW YELLOW

3 GREEN GREEN GREEN GREEN

4 RED RED RED RED

5 VOILET VOILET VOILET

6 WHITE BROWN BROWN

7 WHITE WHITE

8 WHITE WHITE

9 WHITE

10 WHITE

11 WHITE12 WHITE


32/184

32

OPTICAL FIBRE

FILLING COMPOUND

SLOT

CENTRAL STRENGTH

MEMBER

WRAPPING

SHEATH


33/184

33


34/184

34


35/184

35

Cross-section of four (4)fiber Ribbon

Optical fiberPrimary coating Jacketing ( u v

cured material)

0.4mm

1.1mm

CROSS SECTION OF COMPLETED


36/184

36

4 - FIBRE RIBBON

FILLING COMPOUND

SLOT

CENTRAL STRENGTH

MEMBER

WRAPPING

SHEATH

RIB IDENTIFICATION

MARKING

CROSS-SECTION OF COMPLETED

CABLE 24 FIBER RIBBON


37/184

37

CROSS-SECTION OF

COMPLETED CABLE

48 FIBER RIBBON

CROSS SECTION OF 4 FIBER


38/184

38

CROSS-SECTION OF 4 FIBER

RIBBON IN A GROOVE OF SLOT

TAPE A

TAPE B

TAPE C

TAPE D

FOR CORE NO.1 - 24

FOR CORE NO.

25 - 48

FOR CORE NO.

49 - 72

FOR CORE NO.

73 - 96


39/184

39

LOOSE TUBE

FIBRE CABLE

AMOURED

FIBRE CABLE

CONSTRUCTION OF LOOSE BUFFERED TUBE OPTICAL FIBER CABLE


40/184

40

Petroleum Jelly

Two RipcordsFiller

Core wrapping

Strength member

Buffered Tube

Thixotropic Jelly

Fiber

Outer PE sheath


6 core



41/184

41


Buffered Tube

PE CoatingStranded wire

PE web

36 core



42/184

42

Petroleum Jelly

Two Ripcords

PE Coating

Core wrapping

Strength member

Buffered Tube

Thixotropic Jelly

Fiber

Outer PE sheath

96 core


43/184

43

FIBER

NO.

FIBER

COLOUR

TUBE

NO.

TUBE

COLOUR

FIBER

NO.

FIBER

COLOUR

TUBE

NO.

TUBE

COLOUR

1 BLUE 1 BLUE 19 BLUE 4 RED

2 YELLOW 20 YELLOW

3 GREEN 21 GREEN

4 RED 22 RED

5 VOILET 23 VOILET

6 BROWN 24 BROWN

7 BLUE 2 YELLOW 25 BLUE 5 VOILET

8 YELLOW 26 YELLOW

9 GREEN 27 GREEN

10 RED 28 RED

11 VOILET 29 VOILET

12 BROWN 30 BROWN

13 BLUE 3 GREEN 31 BLUE 6 BROWN

14 YELLOW 32 YELLOW15 GREEN 33 GREEN

16 RED 34 RED

17 VOILET 35 VOILET

18 BROWN 36 BROWN


44/184

44

FIBER

NO.

FIBER

COLOUR

TUBE

NO.

TUBE

COLOUR

FIBER

NO.

FIBER

COLOUR

TUBE

NO.

TUBE

COLOUR

1 BLUE 25 BLUE

2 YELLOW 26 YELLOW

3 GREEN 27 GREEN4 RED 28 RED

5 VOILET 29 VOILET

6 BROWN 30 BROWN

7 PINK 31 PINK

8 GREY 32 GREY

9 BLUE 33 BLUE

10 YELLOW 34 YELLOW


13 VOILET 37 VOILET

14 BROWN 38 BROWN

15 PINK 39 PINK

16 GREY 40 GREY

17 BLUE 41 BLUE

18 YELLOW 42 YELLOW

19 GREEN 43 GREEN

20 RED 44 RED

21 VOILET 45 VOILET

22 BROWN 46 BROWN

23 PINK 47 PINK

24 GREY 48 GREY

RED

VOILET

BROWN

1

2

3

4

5

6

BLUE

YELLOW

GREEN


45/184

45

FIBER

NO.

FIBER

COLOUR

TUBE

NO.

TUBE

COLOUR

FIBER

NO.

FIBER

COLOUR

TUBE

NO.

TUBE

COLOUR

49 BLUE 73 BLUE

50 YELLOW 74 YELLOW


53 VOILET 77 VOILET

54 BROWN 78 BROWN

55 PINK 79 PINK

56 GREY 80 GREY

57 BLUE 81 BLUE

58 YELLOW 82 YELLOW


61 VOILET 85 VOILET

62 BROWN 86 BROWN

63 PINK 87 PINK

64 GREY 88 GREY

65 BLUE 89 BLUE

66 YELLOW 90 YELLOW

67 GREEN 91 GREEN

68 RED 92 RED

69 VOILET 93 VOILET

70 BROWN 94 BROWN

71 PINK 95 PINK

72 GREY 96 GREY

7

8

9

10

11

12

PINK

GREY

BLACK

IGHT BLU

WHITE

ORANGE


46/184

46


47/184

47

INSTALLATION OFSUB DUCTS

INSTALLATION OF SUB DUCT


48/184

48

INSTALLATION OF SUB-DUCT

Two types of sub-duct :-

i) PVC Sub-duct 32mm X 6M length, one end side with

spigot for jointing purpose.

ii) Corrugated sub-duct 32mm X 600M length per coil

complete with nylon string.


49/184

49

Existing copper duct route (Main duct) :-

New duct route for 100% optical fibre cable can goes up

to 300M to 500M per section C/W concrete encasement.

180220M

M/H M/H M/Hcopper duct route

SPECIAL CONDITIONS BEFORE INSTALLING A


50/184

50

SPECIAL CONDITIONS BEFORE INSTALLING A

CABLE INTO THE MAIN DUCT/SUB-DUCT

i) Cable must always be installed in an empty duct

ii) Under no circumstance may a second cable be

drawn into the duct later

iii) Max allowable only 60% of duct space use for cable

PURPOSED OF MAIN-DUCT


51/184

51

PVC Main - duct 100mm X 6M length, one end sidewith spigot for jointing purpose.

i) For pulling cable

ii) Easy for maintenance ( cable breakdown)

iii) For recovery of cable (easy drawing in/out cables

without opening the ground)

iv) Additional duct space allow future cabling to be

drawn in without opening ground for new duct

installation

v) Manholes and joint boxes at interval of duct route

enable easier maintenance

100mm

PURPOSED OF SUB - DUCT


52/184

52

i) To increase the capacity of the duct route system inside

the main-duct.

ii) To provide the fibre cable with protection/safety

iii) Also provide the fibre cable with additional protection

from the environment

iv) Ameans for fiture cable installation and removal

v) To allow additional cables to be place in the same routevi) Economical, to reduce the duct cost per cable

SELECTION OF MAIN DUCT FOR


53/184

53

i) Should be at least at the second layer of the main duct(to avoid possible damage due to cave in and etc.)

ii) For loop network configuration when using the same

duct route, chose the lowest and the second lowest

layer of the main duct routeiii) Can be installed in duct already occupied by existing

cables, only for short distance


54/184

54

Installation procedure

1. Preparation of duct

a. Cleared of obstruction

b. Roding- use rod sweep cane, pvc rod

c. Cleaning mandrel cutting,brushes and cleaning disc

best mandrel is 457 mm long x 83 mm diameter and

cylindrical brush 108 mm in diameter

2. Preparation of sub duct prior laying

a. Jointing of sub duct

b. Bunches of sub duct

c. Cutting of sub duct

3. Laying of sub duct

Manually as sesame as cable pulling

4 I t ll ti f t d b d t


55/184

55

4. Installation of corrugated sub duct

1. Preparation of sub duct bunch together with 3 layer

adhesive tape at every 1.5 meter interval long

2. Fit 1 meter pulling rod to every sub duct

3. Hold the end of sub duct, tightly together 800 mm

4. Pass the cable grip over + swivel

5. Laying of sub duct1. manually pulling

2. Max.Pulling force 80 KN(8160kg)

3. Max pulling speed is 15 meter/minute

4. Use swivel to avoid twittering during hauling

5. 3 sub duct (34 mm )to be installed simultaneously in107 mm duct


56/184

56

6. After pulling in

1. cut 60 mm from the sub duct mouth

2. Install O ring3. Install flange holder (B plate)

4. Install another O ring

5. Make I slit to secure the nylon rope

6. Fit end cap

7. Marking of sub duct.

1 st sub duct white

2 nd sub duct yellow

3 rd sub duct Green


57/184

57

8. Jointing sub duct

1. cut both sub duct perpendicularly

2. Remove all burr

3. Jointing sleeve 250 mm piece of sub duct

4. Wrap 10-12 turn

5. Pull one of the sub duct 50 mm out of the jointing sleeve6. Wrap another 12-15 turn


58/184

58

PULLING ROD TO BE INSERTED INTO SUB-

DUCT 1000mm

1000 mm pulling rod


59/184

59

Wrap the sub-duct with four turns of colour tape 100mm

from duct end.

1st Sub-duct colour white

2nd Sub-duct colour yellow

3rd Sub-duct colour green


60/184

60

Use of cable grip, swivel, D shackle and pulling rope

for pulling sub-duct into the main duct.

Bunching of three sub-ducts with adhesive tape

1.5m

Terminating corrugated sub-duct in manhole


61/184

61

Sub-duct inserted into the PVC Plate B

122mm X 122mm X 5mm

Bolt Expansion

(Iron Raw plug)

Rubber O ring

End Cap

Optic fibre cable 60mm


62/184

62

INSTALLATION OPTICAL

FIBER CABLESUB DUCTS

1. TOOLS AND MATERIAL


63/184

63

Tool name Usage

1. Safety cones

2. Barrier & barricades

3. Flashing Light

4. Flag

5. Canvas Tent &frame GI

6. Manhole key

7. Gas detector

8. Water pump

9. Portable generator

10. Exhaust fan/blower

11. Cable jack

Safety/traffic warning




Provide shade for workman

For opening the manhole cover

To detect dangerous gases

To remove water in manhole

To supply electrical power

To ventilate manhole

For cable drum jacking


64/184

64

Tool name Usage

12. roding tools (PVC Type)

13. Cable cutter

14. Cable grip

15. Shackle D

16. Swivel

17. Pulling rope

18. Cable roller

19. Cable guide

20. Dynamometer

21. PVC Sheeting

22. Cable winch

23. Pulley24. Cable trailer

For rodding or sub duct

To cut the cable

Grip cable for pulling

As a connector

To prevent cable twisting

For pulling the cable

To guide the cable into duct

To protect the cable against damage

To measure the pulling tension

Cable protection while forming F8

Pulling cable

To pull pulling rope out of manholeTo hold cable drum

2. MAXIMUM PULLING TENSION


65/184

65

Contract No of core

Max.pulling

force

TOMEN UP TO 48 CORE 1.7 KN(170kg)

MARCONI/HESFIBEL UP TO 96 CORE 1.1 KN(110kg)

OPCOM UP TO 96 CORE2KN(200kg)

PERWIRAERICSON

UP TO 96 CORE2.5KN(250kg)


66/184

66

3. LAYING SPEED : 15 meter / minute

4. BENDING RADIUS :10 D while setting20 D while pulling

4. LAYING MATHOD :

1. unidirectional pulling2. Bi-directional pulling3. Intermediate pulling

5. Diameter of figure 8 is min.1 meter

UNIDIRECTIONAL PULLING METHOD


67/184

67

Cable drum

Manhole

Pulled in a continuous operation in one direction only ( < 1 km)

In this case, the cable drum is placed at one of the manhole,and cable is pulled in a continuous operation in one direction

only.


68/184

68

In this case, the cable drum is placed at one of the manhole,

and cable is pulled in a continuous operation in one direction

only.

BI - DIRECTIONAL PULLING METHOD


69/184

69

When it is difficult to lay the whole cable length in one continuous

operation due to geographical configuration of cable route bi-

directional pulling is used. This method is mainly adopted for

complicated cable route having curves or level differences of ducts

at pull-through manholes.

Bi-directional Pulling Method

Bi-directional Pulling Method


70/184

70

This method is recommended for complicated cable routes having

curves or level differences of sub-duct at pull through

manholes and or cable lengths greater than 1km.

a) Place the cable drum at the midpoint of the section.

b) Pull the cable towards one directions until it reaches its

destination.

c) Uncoil the balance of the cable in the drum for the second

pull. A PVC sheet placed on the ground to protect the cable

while forming the Figure 8.

d) A suitable space measuring about 6m x 3m is necessary for

uncoiling the cable. This operation is shown in figure 8. Pull

the cable end of the uncoiled cable in the other direction.


71/184

71

As illustrated in figure 6. A cable is placed at the corner of the cable

route and the cable is laid in two steps. In the first pull, a longerlength is laid into duct in continuous operation. The remaining

shorter cable on the same cable drum is uncoiled for the second

pull. The cable should be coiled on the ground in the form of

figure 8. This will be enable the remaining cable to pull in the

other direction easily. The diameter of figure 8 should be greaterthan 1 meter. Fig 7 show the uncoiling of the remaining cable in the

drum.


72/184

72

Pulling a long cable with sharp bends.

Figure 8a and 8b shows how bi-directional pulling is used in route withsharp bends.

a) Place the cable drum at the chosen corner manhole.

b) First pull in the direction indicated as (1)-fig 8a

c) Uncoil the balance of the cable in the drum in the form of a

Figure 8 at the position (2)

d) The second pull is in the opposite direction that toward (3) (Fig 8b)

and (4)-(Fig 8b)

METHOD OF CABLE LAYING INTO SUBDUCTS


73/184

73

BI - DIRECTIONAL PULLING METHOD

Manhole

2) Making of Figure

8

1) Direction of first

pull

3) Direction of second

pull

O O C NG N O SU UC S

Intermediate Manual Pull


74/184

74

Intermediate Manual Pull

This method is recommended for pulling cable in straight routeand with distance greater than 1 km.

a. Place the cable drum at the end of the cable length.

b. Pull the cable towards one of the splice location.

c. After pulling the cable through four or five manhole say 1

km, take the cable out of the manhole and coil it on the

ground to form the figure 8. Continue this process until

the cable in the drum as completely uncoiled. Turn the coiled

figure 8 cable over to get the pulling end to continue withthe cable pulling process.


75/184

75

Here we have a number of pull-through manholes assistance is

needed in the intermediate manholes. A man is stationed in each

intermediate manholes. A manholes manually assisting in the cable

pulling process ( hand-over-hand) as it passes through. This reduce

the effective tail load at the manhole. As a result, the maximumpulling tension is substantially reduced. Figure 9 shows the

intermediate manual assisted cable pulling.

METHODs OF CABLE LAYING INTO SUBDUCTS


76/184

76

INTERMEDIATE PULLING METHOD

2) Making of

Figure 81) Direction of

first pull

3) Direction of second

pull

4) The next drum of

cable

Greater than 1 km

Colling Of Remaining Shorter Cable

Why figure 8..?


77/184

77

Manhole

Uncoil the balance of the cable in the

drum for the second pull. A PVC sheet

(6M X 3M) placed on the ground to

protect the cable while forming the

Figure 8.

Why figure 8..?To reduce pulling tension

CABLE FEEDING ENDARRANGEMENT OF MANPOWER FOR

CABLE PULLING


78/184

78

Cable rollerCable Jack

Cable Protecting Bend

ARRANGEMENT OF MANPOWER FOR

CABLE PULLINGCABLE FEEDING END


79/184

79

Cable feeder tube or

corrugated duct

Cable Jack

CABLE PULLING ENDARRANGEMENT OF MANPOWER FOR

CABLE PULLING


80/184

80The laying speed shall be less than 15 m/min.

Cable roller

Pulley Block

ChainsPulling rope


81/184

CABLE PULLING ENDARRANGEMENT OF MANPOWER FOR

CABLE PULLING


82/184

82

ARRANGEMENT OF MANPOWER FOR CABLE

PULLING AT INTERMIDIATE MANHOLE


83/184

83

Cable Protecting Bend Corrugated sub-duct to

replace the manpower.




84/184

84




85/184

85

STORING EXCESS CABLE


86/184

86

No Location Formula

1 Jointing manhole 3L+ 2w + H

2Pull throughmanhole 2H+ L

3Pull throughmanhole (potentialgrowth area

3L+ 2w + 2H


87/184

87

SETTING CABLE IN JOINTING MANHOLE

MIN. BENDING RADIUS 10 x

DAI. OF CABLE


88/184

88

SETTING CABLE IN PULL-THROUGH MANHOLE


DAI. OF CABLE

6. When bending the cable the following cable length


89/184

89

6 e be d g t e cab e t e o o g cab e e gtshould be kept straight :

- minimum 6 cm from duct inlet- minimum 6 cm from a cable joint end

7. All cable passing through manholes must be tiedto the cable bracket by using cable tie no.3

8. At jointing manhole, four additional cable bearerMust be installed at end wall to support cable ,

9. The space between the end of cable joint and theduct inlet 60 cm


90/184

90

10.The jointing closure is tight to to supporting

plate using cable tie no.6

11.To prevent the cable bearer bracket from floatinginstall anti floating device.

12. In manhole constructed at both end of bridge,

cable slack more than 100 cm to absorb cablecreep caused by expansion & contraction of cablelaid.

13. Important cable must be protected use helically

coiled protector.

LABELLING


91/184

91

1. Should be fitted 7 cm away from the cable joint.

2. Labeling information

a. Type and cable sizeb. Route name

c. Contract Numberd. Installation datee. Cable section code

3. Cable section comprises of :a. Network codeb. Cable section number


92/184


93/184

Minimum clearance :


94/184

94

LOCATION MINIMUM CLEARANCE

1 Along road 4.5 Meter

2 At road crossing 5,5 Meter

3 At railway crossing 6.7 Meter (not relevant)

4 From power cablesa. Less than 600

Volt

b. More than 600Volt

600 mm

2000 mm


95/184

95

2. The sag is 2% from span length(40 Meter-50 Meter = 1M)

MAX PULLING

3. MAXIMUM PULLING FORCE


96/184

96

CONTRACT NO.OF CORESMAX.PULLINGFORCE

TOMEN UP TO 36 8 KN(800kg)

MARCONI/HESFIBEL

UP TO 36 1.1 KN(110kg)

OPCOM UP TO 36 15KN(1500kg

PERWIRAERICSON UP TO 48 9KN(900kg)

4. Termination of IB OFC


97/184

97

a. Beginning and the end of route

b. Distribution pole

c. Angle pole deviation of the route isgreater than 400

d. All river and railway crossing

e. Poles where two cables are jointing.

f. Each end of isolated long span greaterthan 200 Meter.

1 Th i d di l ti

Integral Bearer wire earthling system


98/184

98

1. The required grounding location :

a. Dead end or terminal poles.b. Poles holding supporting wire for jointingclosures.c. At every interval of approximately 250 M

2. Type of openable jointing connector :a. HD 10 b.HD 12 A

3. The max.earth system is 1 ohm .

4. Earth wire size is 7/1.04 mm

Preformed gripBracket tubular pole


99/184

99

PVC tape

Thimble

Cable

Fig.1 Through Double Termination


100/184

100

L1 = Just sufficient to terminate bearer wire with correct size of

preformed grip + 200 mm

L2 = Just sufficient to terminate bearer wire with correct size of

preformed grip + 50 mm


101/184


102/184


103/184

NO TOOL NAME USE


104/184

104

1 Bolt cutter For cutting cable

2 Scissors For cutting wrapping

3 Optical Fibre Sheath Cutter For removal of cable sheath

4 Screw Driver Set For tightening screws

5 Tape Measuring For measurement

6 Allen Key For tightening nuts

7 Pliers Combination 8" For cutting tension member, etc

8 Knife Trimming Removing slot

9 Torque Wrench For tightening nuts

10 Adapter Spanner For tightening nuts

11 Fibre Cleaver For cutting glass fibre

12 Fibre Stripper To remove secondary coating

13 Buffer Tube Stripper

To remove PVC sheath of fibre

cord/buffer tube

14 SPLICING MACHINE For splicing fibre


105/184


106/184


107/184


108/184

PREPARING FIBER FOR SPICING


109/184

109

1. Removing secondary coating35 mm

2. Removing primary coatingpiece of gauge soaked

with alcohol.

3. Fiber cleaving16 mm


110/184

MAX. ESTIMATED SPLICING LOSS

Estimated splicing loss should be kept


111/184

111

p g p

low within the recommended valuesof:-

i) Fibre In The Loop (Local Cable) is 0.05

dB loss/splice.ii) Junction Cable is 0.05dB loss/splice.

iii)Trunk Cable is 0.03 dB loss/splice

CRACK

OBSERVATION OF SPLICE POINT


112/184

112

BUBBLE

SEPARATION

TOO THICK

TOO THIN

BUBBLE

Improper cleaving ofoptical fibre. Dust onf b d f

Cleave the fiberagain or change thel

TREATMENT OF DEFECTIVE SPLICE RESULTS


113/184

113

fibre end face. cleaver.

TOO THICK(Barrel)

Mulfunction of fusionsplice main body.

Adjust the spliceprogrammedparameter.

TOO THIN(Necking)

Abnormal discharge. Mulfunction of fusionsplice main body.

Adjust the spliceprogrammedparameter.(ARC POWER, etc.)

SEPARATIONImproper high rackingpower

Change the arcpower parameter


114/184


115/184

115

SPLICE CLOSURE KIT FOR OPTICAL FIBRE CABLEFUJIKURA TYPE

1. Sleeve halves

2 Centre band

11. Sealing tape

12. Sleeve gasket

SPLICE CLOSURE KIT FOR OPTICAL FIBRECABLE FUJIKURA TYPE


116/184

116

2. Centre band

3. Side clamp

4. Cable clamp

5. Tension member clamp

6. Slack tray

7. End seal block

8. Cable adapter

9. End cap

10. Tension member protector

12. Sleeve gasket

13. Fibre protection tube

14. Closure scal


117/184


118/184

RAYCHEM FOSC 400 TYPEFiber Optic Splice Closure


119/184

119


120/184

120


121/184

121



DAI. OF CABLE


122/184


123/184

INTERCONNECTION LOSS


124/184

124

Light Loss

Light Loss

Core diameter mismatch loss

( Core diameter of the TX Fibre is larger

than the core diameter of the RX Fibre)



125/184

125

Numerical Aperture Mismatch Loss


Core 2

Cladding


126/184

126

Core 1

Core 2

Concentricity and Ellipticity

( Alignment of the two cores connector loss)

ATTENUATION LOSS

Ray of light to

partially scatter


127/184

127

Light Loss

partially scatter

Rayleigh Scattering

Caused by microscopic non uniformities

in the optical fibre.

ATTENUATION LOSS


128/184

128

Obsorption

Caused by the molecular structure of the material,

impurities in the fibre, metal ions, OH ions (water)

and atomic defects (unwanted oxidized elements inglass composition).

MICROBENDING LOSS

ATTENUATION LOSS


129/184

129

CHANGES OF THE CORE DIAMETER, ROUGH

BOUNDARIES BETWEEN THE CORE AND

CLADDING, MECHANICAL STRESS, PRESSURE,

TENSION OR TWISTING.


130/184


131/184


132/184

132CHECK FOR MICROBENDING LOSS

MACROBENDING

LOSS

ATTENUATION LOSS


133/184

133

(i) Min. BENDING RADIUS OF CABLE10 X DIA. OF CABLE

(ii)Min. BENDING RADIUS OF FIBRE

40MM

50cm


134/184

134

CHECK FORMACROBENDING

LOSS


135/184

CHECK FOR MACROBENDING LOSS


136/184

136



DAI. OF CABLE

CHECK FOR MACROBENDING LOSS


137/184

137

SETTING CABLE IN PULL-THROUGH MANHOLE


DAI. OF CABLE


138/184

MATERIALS FOR FIBRE OPTIC CABLE

TEST


139/184

139

NO MATERIAL NAME USE REMARKS

1 COTTON BUD

For cleaning the

connectors and

optical detector.

2 ALCOHOLFor cleaning theconnectors and

optical detector.

Minimum

95% pure.

3 PACTH CORD

For pacthing at the

test eguipment and

Fibre DistributionFrame.

FC type

connector

TESTING AND COMMISSIONING OPTICAL

FIBRE SCHEME


140/184

140

1. Testing Optical Fibre Cable

The test to be conducted shall be as follows:

a. Cable End to End Loss

Maximum allowable loss between sending and receiving

stations

= aL +bN +C

a = Cable Loss dB/km, which is 0.40 or 1300 nm region

and 0.25 for 1550 nm region

where,


141/184

141

b = Average Loss per slice, which is 0.20 dB for RT and

0.1dB for Fokus and trunk lines.

C = Constant of 1 for Connector Loss (i.e 0.5 dB per

connector).

L = Cable Length (km).

N = Number of splice.


142/184

Splice loss

The maximum loss allowed shall be less than or equal to

0.20 dB for RT and 0.1dB for Fokus and Trunk lines. This

value shall be average value (measured from both sides of

the link using an OTDR)


143/184

143

the link using an OTDR).

The measured value at 1550 nm region shall not exceed that

measured at 1300 nm region by 0.15 db. The rationale of this

requirement is to ensure that the macro-bending and micro-

bending loses at 1550 nm is not excessive as a result of poor

installation practices at a jointing closures
http://www.gemini-inc.com/images/products/hp/8147big.htm


144/184

144

installation practices at a jointing closures.

Any splices failing to meet the above criteria shall be respliced.

The acceptance test format used is as shown in App.1.

Core Reversal Test

This test is to ensure that the correct fibre cores ar

e

spliced together. It is to be tested at both sides of

the optical fibre link specifically at the FDF by


145/184

145

the optical fibre link specifically at the FDF by

using Fibre Identifier.


146/184


147/184

COMMISIONING

After testing have been successfully completed in the presence of


148/184

148

After testing have been successfully completed in the presence ofSuperintendent Officer (S.O) or his appointed representative, test

results shall be certified by both contractor and TMs S.O.

THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FROM

FDF TO FDF

CONTRACT NO: INDENT NO: STATE:

ROUTE: REGION: CORE:

ACTUAL DISTANCE: OTDR DISTANCE: NO. OF SPLICING: +(TB X 2)

WAVELENGHT: 1300nm / 1550nm

CABLE LOSS MEASUREMENT BY OTDR

CORE NO 1-2 LOSS (dB) REMARKS

1


149/184

149

2

3

4

5

6

PREPARED BY CONFIRMED BY TELEKOM MALAYSIANAME

SIGNATURE

DATE

THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE

(EVERY SPLICING POINT)



ACTUAL DISTANCE: OTDR DISTANCE: NO. OF SPLICING: +(TB X 2)

WAVELENGHT: 1300nm / 1550nm

SPLICEP

OINT

CORE NO. TESTING

1 2 3 4 5 6 DATE BY


150/184

150

EQUIPMENT USED

PREPARED BY CONFIRMED BY TELEKOM MALAYSIAO.T.D.R.

SERIAL NO:

THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FROM FDF TO FDF



ACTUAL DISTANCE: OTDR DISTANCE: NO OF SPLICING:

CORE NO 1 2 LOSS (dB) REMARKS

CABLE LOSS MEASUREMENT BY OTDR

WAVELENGTH:


151/184

151

CORE NO. 1-2 LOSS (dB) REMARKS

1

2

3

4

5

6

78

9

10

11

12

PREPARED BYCONFIRMED BY TELEKOM

MALAYSIANAME

SIGNATURE

DATE

THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE (EVERY SPLICING POINT)

CONTRACT NO:

ROUTE:

STATE:

CORE:

ACTUAL DISTANCE:

INDENT NO:

REGION:

OTDR DISTANCE:

TESTINGSPLICE

WAVELENGTH: 1300nm/1550nm

NO OF SPLICING: +(TBX2)


152/184

152

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 DATE BY

CONFIRMED BY TELEKOM

POINT

EQUIPMENT USED

OTDR:

SERIAL NO:

PREPARED BY

BASIC TERMS - OTDR


153/184

153


154/184


155/184

155

SPLICE LOSSCONNECTOR LOSSFAR-END FRESNAL

REFLECTION

NEAR-ENDFRESNAL

REFLECTION


156/184

156

OTDR


157/184


158/184


159/184


160/184

160

A reflection combined with a loss (as shown at the point of the bold

vertical bar labeled C) is usually either a mechanical splice or a

connector, but could also be acrackin the fibre. As the locations of

connectors and mechanical splices is normally known the

identification of the type of event should be easy.


161/184

Fibre Bend


162/184

162

Fusion Splice

AB


163/184

163

A point loss which has no reflection is usually either a fusion splice

or a bend. Again splice locations should be known so

differentiating between splices and bends is normally easy. Note

that if a good splice is testing really bad it can mean that their is a

bend nearby and the OTDR is not able to split the two close together

events.

The real splice loss isll


164/184

164

Backscatter coefficientFibre B > A

very small

A B


165/184

165

Here the level of backscatter before and after a fusion splice shows a

upwards trend, usually called a 'gainer splice' or simply a 'gain'. This isnot due to the splice having an actual gain but is instead a result of the

second fibre have a higher backscatter. If the OTDR was placed at the far

end of the fibre (so that we view from the higher backscatter fibre to the

lower one) then we would see a large loss through the same splice. The

actual splice loss is the average of the splice loss measured in bothdirections.


166/184


167/184

167

The end of this fibre shows a strong reflection as it is

terminated in a polished connector. If the end was

shattered or immersed in water (as can happen in a broken

cable situation) then there may be a smaller reflection or

no reflection at all.


168/184

Mismatch of Fibre Types


169/184

169

Single ModeFibre

Multi Mode

Fibre

You can use the OTDR to locate features or breaks

for a larger fibre core diameter, but not to measure

loss accurately.


Position of features is

OK


170/184

170

Attenuation and loss iswrong!



171/184

171

Single ModeFibre

Multi Mode

Fibre

You can use the OTDR to locate features or breaks

for a larger fibre core diameter, but not to measure

loss accurately.

SETTING LIGHT SOURCE & POWER METER

1. WARM UP THE METER SET AT LEAST 30 MIN.

2 SETTING LIGHT SOURCE:SET THE WAVE LENGTH


172/184

176

2. SETTING LIGHT SOURCE:SET THE WAVE LENGTH

ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF FIBER LINK.

SETTING LIGHT SOURCE & POWER METER

P M d P h M dif l h


173/184

177

- Press Mode Param then Modify to select the

right wave length.

- Press Mode Param to set Attenuation to 0.00.

- Press Mode Param set to CW for complete

wave.

3. SETTING POWER METER:

- Set the wave length according to Light Source

setting.

- Press Param until you get T to set Average


174/184

178

Time , press Modify to set 200ms.

- Press Auto to set into Auto.

- Press dBm to set Unit into dBm

- Press N Dig to place decimal point XX.XX

CALIBRATION OF TWO POWER METERS :


175/184

179

To make the two power meters same reading.

- Press Mode Param until you get CAL ,then press Modify soft key to do calibration.



ACTUAL DISTANCE: OTDR DISTANCE: NO OF S PLICING:WAVE LENGTH:

1ST

2ND

3RD

DEVIATION V (E=MAX - MIN)

REP. CALIBRATION VALUE

E+ (P1-P2)/3

THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FROM FDF

(1) REPRESENTATIVE CALIBRATION VALUE OF THE POWER METER

P1 PP2 E=P1-P2

dBm dBm

REMARKSDESCRIPTION

dBm


176/184

180

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

INPUT LEVEL P IN: (1)

OUTPUT LEVEL P OUT: (2)

REP. CALIB. VALUE "E": (3)OPTICAL LOSS: (2)-(1)+(3)

(3) ALLOWANCE VALUE

NAME

SIGNATURE

DATE

Core No. (unit:dB)DESCRITION

ALLOWANCE VALUE (dB)

AVERAGE VALUE (dB)

MAXIMUM VALUE (dB)

OPTICAL POWER METER AT UPPER EXCH:

OPTICAL POW ER ME TER AT LOWER E XCH:

STABILIZED LIGHT SOURCE:

(2) OPTICAL LOSS OF END TO END

FORMULA(4) A LLOWANCE

VALUE IS CALCULATED BY THE

FOLLOWING FORMULA :

ALLOWANCE VALUE dB

0.4L+0.2N+1.0(const)

PREPARED BY CONFIRMED BY TELEKOM




WAVE LENGTH:



P1 P2 E=P1 P2


177/184

181

1ST

2ND

3RD



E+ (P1-P2)/3

P1 P2 E=P1-P2

dBm dBm

REMARKSDESCRIPTION

dBm




WAVE LENGTH: * 1300nm / 1550nm



P1 P2 E=P1-P2


178/184

182

1ST

2ND

3RD



E+ (P1-P2)/3

P1 P2 E=P1-P2

dBm dBm

REMARKSDESCRIPTION

dBm






P1 P2 E=P1-P2



179/184

183

1ST

2ND

3RD



E= (P1-P2)/3

dBm dBm

REMARKSDESCRIPTION

dBm

20.48

61.3

20.34

60.51

P1 P2 E P1 P2

20.4 19.85 0.55

20.42 20.32 0.1

0.14

0.45

0.26


ROUTE:WERE RD. - IPK REGION: CORE:6

ACTUAL DISTANCE: 4.623km OTDR DISTANCE:4.624km NO OF SPLICING: 3+(TBx2)



P1 P2 E=P1-P2



180/184

184

1ST

2ND

3RD



E= (P1-P2)/3

dBm dBm

REMARKSDESCRIPTION

dBm

20.3 20.27

P1 P2 E P1 P2

20.35 20.32

20.32 20.29


ROUTE:WERE RD. - IPK REGION: CORE: 6

ACTUAL DISTANCE: 4.623km OTDR DISTANCE:4.624km NO OF SPLICING:3+(TBX2)




P1 P2 E=P1-P2


181/184

185

1ST

2ND

3RD



E= (P1-P2)/3

20.32 20.29 0.03

0.03

0

0.03

20.35 20.32 0.03

20.27

60.88

20.3

60.97

dBm dBm

REMARKSDESCRIPTION

dBm

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

INPUT LEVEL P IN: (1) 20.30 20.35 20.32 20.30 20.35 20.30

OUTPUT LEVEL P OUT: (2) 23.65 23.55 23.70 23.58 23.71 23.54

REP. CALIB. VALUE "E": (3)OPTICAL LOSS: (2)-(1)+(3)




182/184

186

(3) ALLOWANCE VALUE

NAME

SIGNATURE

DATE

FORMULA(4) ALLOWANCE


FOLLOWING FORMULA :

aL+bN+C

ALLOWANCE VALUE dB

0.4L+0.2N+1.0(const)

Wlength 1300nm

AVERAGE VALUE (dB)


MAXIMUM VALUE (dB)


OPTICAL POWER METER AT LOWER EXCH:



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

INPUT LEVEL P IN: (1) 20.30 20.35 20.32 20.30 20.35 20.30

OUTPUT LEVEL P OUT: (2) 23.65 23.55 23.70 23.58 23.71 23.54

REP. CALIB. VALUE "E": (3) 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03OPTICAL LOSS: (2)-(1)+(3) 3.38 3.23 3.41 3.31 3.39 3.27




183/184

187

(3) ALLOWANCE VALUE

NAME

SIGNATURE

DATE


MAXIMUM VALUE (dB) 3.41 coreno.3


OPTICAL POWER METER AT LOWER EXCH:


ALLOWANCE VALUE (dB) 3.44dB



FOLLOWING FORMULA :

aL+bN+C

ALLOWANCE VALUE dB

0.4L+0.2N+1.0(const)

Wlength 1300nm

AVERAGE VALUE (dB) 3.33dB

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

INPUT LEVEL P IN: (1)

OUTPUT LEVEL P OUT: (2)

REP. CALIB. VALUE "E": (3)

OPTICAL LOSS: (2)-(1)+(3)

(3) ALLOWANCE VALUE





184/184

188

(3) ALLOWANCE VALUE

NAME

SIGNATURE

DATE



FOLLOWING FORMULA :

aL+bN+C

ALLOWANCE VALUE dB

0.25L+0.1N+1.0(const)Wlength 1550nm

AVERAGE VALUE (dB)


MAXIMUM VALUE (dB)


OPTICAL POWER METER AT LOWER EXCH:STABILIZED LIGHT SOURCE:


installation & maintenance foc

Documents