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Immunity and Infection

Chapter 17


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The Chain of Infection Links in the Chain

Transmitted through a chain (six links) Pathogen - disease causing microorganism

Reservoir - natural environment of the pathogen: Person, animal,or environmental component

Portal of Exit

Means of transmission Direct transmission

Indirect transmission

Vectors carrier of the pathogen from one host toanother

Portal of entry

Penetration of the skin

Inhalation through mouth or nose

Ingestion

New host

Breaking the Chain


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Bodys Defense System Physical and Chemical barriers

Skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract

The Immune System Immunological Defenders

Neutrophils

Macrophagesbig eaters Natural killer cells Dendritic cells eat pathogens and activate lymphocytes Lymphocytes

T-cells Helper, Killer, and Suppressor

B-cells Antibodies

Memory T and B cells


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The Inflammatory Response Histamine.

Dilation of blood vessels, heat, redness, and swelling.

The immune response

Phase 1 Dendritic cells are drawn to the site Phase 2 Helper T cells multiply

Production of Killer T and B cells

Cytokines chemical messengers

Phase 3 Killer T cells strike

Cell-mediated immune Antibody-mediated immune response

Phase 4 Last Phase

Suppressor T-cells

Slow down activity



Immunity

An infected person will never get the sameillness again.

Lymphocytes create amplification of the immune

response are reserved by memory T and B cells Symptoms and contagion

Incubation viruses are multiplying in the body orwhen bacteria are actively multiplying

Will not feel symptoms until the second or third phase of theimmune response cycle

Prodromal period the infected host has acquiredimmunity



Immunization The process of priming the body to remember an

encounter with a specific antigen.

Types of vaccines

VACCINE- Introduction of a killed or weakenedpathogen to stimulate the body to produce antibodies.

ACTIVE IMMUNITY - person produces his or her ownantibodies to the microorganism.

PASSIVE IMMUNITY- Injection of antibodiesproduced by other human beings or animals.

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY-The ability of a memorylymphocytes to remember a previous infection. (chickenpox).



Immunization Issues

Vaccine shortages in the U.S.

Vaccine safety



Allergy: The Bodys Defense

System Gone Haywire The Bodys Defense System Gone

HaywireAllergies

Allergens Pollen, Animal Dander, Dust mites and

cockroaches, Molds, Food, Insects

The Allergic response Immunoglobulin (IgE)

Anaphylaxis



Dealing With Allergies Avoidance

Medication

Immunotherapy allergy shots



Pathogens and Disease

BacteriumMicroscopic single celled organism Pneumonia

Meningitis

Strep Throat and other streptococcal infections Toxic shock and other staphylococcal

Tuberculosis

Tickborne infections

Ulcers

Other Bacterial infections Tetanus

Pertussis

Urinary tract infections



Antibiotic Treatment

Actions of Antibiotics

Antibiotic resistance

Proper antibiotics usageDont take an antibiotic every time you are

sick

Use antibiotics as directedNever take an antibiotic without an

prescription


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Type of Pathogens Viruses (parasites take what they need) Most common contagious disease

Common Cold

Influenza

Measles, Mumps and Rubella

Chickenpox, Cold Sores, and other herpes-virus infections Varicella-zoster virus

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

Viral encephalitis

Viral hepatitis Poliomyelitis

Rabies

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Treatment



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Types of Pathogens Fungi

Primitive plant Yeast infections, athletes foot, jock itch, and ringworm Candida albicans

Protozoan Microscopic single-celled animal Malaria, African sleeping sickness,

Giardiasis, Tricomonias, Trypanosomiasis, and Amoebic dysentary. Parasitic worm

Largest organism that can enter the body Tapeworm, Hookworm, andPinworm.

Prions Fetal degeneration disorders of the CNS, linked to proteinaceous

infectious particles. Lack DNA and RNA Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)

Spongelike holes in the brain Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Human

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or mad cow disease



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Emerging Infectious Diseases

Selected Infections of concern

West Nile virus

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

Rotavirus Escherichia coli 0157:H7

Hantavirus

Ebola



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Factors Contributing to Emerging

Infections Drug Resistance

Poverty

Breakdown of public health measures Environmental changes

Travel and Commerce

Mass food production and distribution

Human behaviors

Bioterrorism



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Other Immune Disorders:

Cancer and AutoimmuneDiseases

If the immune system breaks down Getting older

HIV infection

Chemotherapy

Autoimmune diseasesRheumatoid arthritis

Systemic lupus erythmatosus


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Support Your Immune System

How to support your immune system

General guidelines

Balanced diet Enough sleep

Exercise

Dont smoke

Moderation of alcohol

Wash your hands Avoid contact with

contagious people

Plenty of clean water Avoid contact with

vermin

Practice safe sex

Do not use Injectabledrugs

Vaccinations

Controlling Stress

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IMMUNITY AND INFECTION

Chapter 17

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