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©ProdsOktorSkjærvø2007Cambridge,Mass.

INTRODUCTION TO PAHLAVI BY

PRODS OKTOR SKJÆRVØ

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INTRODUCTION:THEIRANIANS,THEIRLANGUAGES,ANDTHEIRLITERATURES

THE IRANIANS “Iranian”isatermofmanymeanings,butforourpurposesweshalldefineitaspertainingtopeopleswhoatsomepointinhistoryspokelanguagesbelongingtotheIranianlanguagefamily.TheIranianlanguagefamilyitselfbelongstotheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily,1withinwhichitsclosestrelativesaretheIndo-Aryanlanguages,morespecificallytheOldIndiclanguageoftheVedas,theoldestofwhichistheRigveda.2 Iranianpeoplesdidnotenterhistoryuntilthe9thcenturyB.C.E.,whenthePersianswereforthefirsttimementionedintheAssyrianannals.AfterthistherearescatteredreferencestoPersians,Medes,andScythiansintheMesopotamiantexts. Then,inthe7thand6thcenturies,theIraniansfinallymadeabigsplashinworldhistory,whentheMediankingCyaxaresdestroyedAssur(614)andNiniveh(612),butwereredeemedintheeyesoftheworldwhenKingCyrustheGreatin549overthrewthelastoftheMediankings,establishingtheAchaemenidsonthethrone,andallowingtheJewstoreturnhomefromtheirBabyloniancaptivity.OLD AND MIDDLE IRANIAN LANGUAGES AvestanandOldPersian,bothspokenseveralcenturiesbeforeourera,arethetwooldestIranianlanguagesknown.AmongotherOldIranianlanguagesareMedian,spokenbytheMedes,whoruledwesternIranbeforetheAchaemenids,andScythian,spokenbytheNorthwest-IraniantribesfromwhichtheAlansandthemodernOssetesaredescended.3 AvestanisthelanguageoftheAvesta,theholyscripturesoftheZoroastrians.TheAvestaasweknowitwaswrittendownsometimeduringtheSasanianperiod(ca.224-636C.E.)inanalphabetinventedforthatpurpose.ThisalphabetisbasedupontheMiddlePersianPahlavialphabetbutalsocontainselementsfromtheearlierPsalterscript,onwhichseebelow.TheAvestaiscollectionofmiscellaneoustextsfirstcompiledandcommittedtowritinginthemid-firstmillenniumofourera.Thistextcorpuswassubsequently,aftertheMuslimconquest,considerablyreducedinvolume. ItisfromoneofCyrus’ssuccessors,DariusI,thatwehavetheearliestindigenoustextsinanIranianlanguage,OldPersian,whichistheoldestknownancestorofmodernPersian(Pers.fārsi),theofficiallangaugeofmodernIran/Persia.OldPersianwaswritteninacuneiformscript,probablyinventedunderDariusforthepurposeofrecordinghisdeeds.Itwasalsothefirstcuneiformscripttobedecipheredandprovidedthecluetoalltheothercuneiformscripts. TheextantOldPersiantextsalldatefromthe6thtothe4thcentury.TheOldPersianlanguageasweknowitfromthelaterinscriptions(5th-4thcents.)wasalreadyabouttochangefromOldtoMiddlePersian,withsimplificationofdiphthongsandlossoffinalvowels,andwiththem,lossofgrammaticalendings. MiddleIranianisthecommonnameformumerousIranianlanguages,nowextinct,thatwerespokenthroughoutIranandcentralAsiafromaboutthe4thcenturyB.C.E.uptoaftertheIslamicconquest.TheycanbegroupedtogetherwithOldPersian,ononehand,intoasouthwesterngroup(MiddlePersian=Pahlavi),andwithAvestan,ontheother,intoanorthernandnortheasterngroup(Parthian,Bactrian,Chorasmian,Sogdian,Khotanese).MIDDLE PERSIAN, PAHLAVI TheMiddleIranianlanguagemostcloselyrelatedtoOldPersianisMiddlePersian,whichisknownfromavarietyofsources:inscriptionsandManicheantexts,theearliestofwhichdatefromthe3rdcent.C.E.,andfromtheZoroastrianscriptures.ThelanguageoftheZoroastriantextsiscommonlyreferredtoasPahlavi.1ForIndo-Europeanlanguages,see,e.g.,Mallory,1989;Fortson,2004;forIndo-EuropeanliterarypoeticsseeSchmitt,1967,andWatkins,1995.2ForEnglishtranslationsfromtheRigveda,seethePenguinClassicsedition,O’Flaherty,1981.3SeeSkjærvø,2006.

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TheMiddlePersianinscriptions,mostofthemlocatedinsouthernIran,arewritteninascriptderivedfromAramaic,andtheZoroastriantextsinastillmoredevelopedformofthisscript.AfewpagesfromaMiddlePersiantranslationofthePsalmswerealsofoundthere,writteninacursivescriptbetweenthescriptoftheinscriptionsandthePahlaviscript.4 TheManicheanMiddlePersiantextsarewritteninascriptderivedfromavarietyoftheSyriacalphabet.THE PAHLAVI TEXTS TheearliestMiddlePersiantextswithZoroastriancontentsarethe3rd-centuryinscriptionsofthefirstSasaniankingsandtheirhighpriestKerdīr. MostoftheextantPahlavitextswereprobablycompiledinthe9thcentury,althoughpartsofthemmusthavebeencomposedmuchearlier,evenasearlyasthe3rdcentury.Itisprobablymorecorrecttosaythattheextantliteraturewascompiledfromthelivingoraltradition,someofwhichwasascribedtospecific“authors.” Thecorpusconsistsof1.translationsofAvestantexts,2.textswithreligiouscontents,sometimesincorporatingtranslationsfromtheextantorlostAvesta;and3.seculartexts. TranslationshavebeenpreservedofmostoftheAvestantexts(referredtoasthe“PahlaviYasna,”“PahlaviVidevdad,”etc.),withtheimportantexceptionofthe“old”yašts.Allthetranslationscontainglossesandcommentaries,expeciallythePahlaviVidevdad,whichincorporateslengthylegalisticdiscussions. ThemainreligioustextsaretheDēnkard(deedsofthedēn)andtheBundahišn(thewaytheworldwasestablishedinthebeginning),bothofwhicharebestcharacterizedasencyclopaediasofZoroastrianreligion. Ofthe9booksoftheDēnkard,thefirsttwoarecompletelylost,asisthebeginningofthethird.Ofspecialinterestarebook3,whichdiscussesnumeroustheologicalissues(transl.Menasce,1973).book5(theologicalquestions,transl.AmouzgarandTafazzoli,2000),book6,awisdomtext(transl.Shaked,1979),book7,whichcontainsacompletelifeofZarathustra(Molé,1967),book8,whichcontainsadescriptionofthecontentsoftheAvestaasknownintheSasanianperiod,andbook9,whichcontainscommentariesontheGāθās. TheBundahišnandtheWizīdagīhāīZādspram(selectionsofZ.;transl.GignouxandTafazzoli,1978)areourmostimportantsourcesonZoroastriancosmology. TheDādestānīMēnōy[ī]Xrad(thejudgementsofthedivinewisdom)5isacollectionZoroastriantenetsoffaithintheformofquestionsaskedbythewiseman(dānāg)andanswersgivenbythedivinewisdom(mēnōyīxrad). TheDādestānīdēnīg(thejudgementsofthedēn;transl.Jaafari-Dehaghi,,1998)andtheNāmagīhāīManuščihr(lettersofManushchihr)dealwithquestionsofZoroastrianpractice. TheArdāWirāz-nāmagmaybedescribedasthePahlaviDivinaCommedia(transl.Gignoux,1984). Amongseculartextsarethefollowing: TheMādayānīhazārdādestān(bookofathousandjudgments),dealswithquestionsofreligiouslaw(transl.Macuch,1993. TheKār-nāmagīArdaxšērīPābagān(thebookofthedeedsofArdashir[founderoftheSasaniandynasty],sonofPabag;transl.Grenet,2003,andtheAyādgārīZarērān(thememorialofZarēr;transl.Monchi-Zadeh,1981),aboutthewaroverthedēnbroughtbyZarathustra. Seealsothetranslationsat http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Zoroastrianism/index.html http://avesta.org/4SeeSkjærvø,1996.5ThetitleisusuallycitedasMēnōyīxrad“thespiritofwisdom,”butmēnōynevermeans“spirit.”Itisanadjectivereferringtothingsintheotherworld,alsoinexpressionssuchasmēnōyāsmān“thesky(located)intheotherworld.”

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BIBLIOGRAPHYAmouzgar,J.,andA.Tafazzoli,LecinquièmelivreduDēnkard,Paris:Associationpourl’avancementdesétudesiraniennes,Leuven,2000.

Andreas,F.C.,andK.Barr,“BruchstückeeinerPehlevi-ÜbersetzungderPsalmen,”SPAW1933,pp.91-152.Back,M.,DiesassanidischenStaatsinschriften,ActaIranica18,TehranandLiège,1978.Barr,K.,“RemarksonthePahlaviLigaturesxandX,”BSO(A)S8,1936,pp.391-403.Bartholomae,C.,“MitteliranischeStudienI,”WZKM25,1911,pp.245-62;II,pp.389-409;III:27,1913,pp.19-24,IV:pp.347-74;V:29,1915,pp.1-47.

—,ZurKenntnissdermitteliranischenMundartenI,SHbAW,phil.-hist.Kl.,1916,no.9;II,1917,no.11;III,1920,no.2;IV,1922,no.6;V,1923,no.3.

Boyce,M.,“SomeMiddlePersianandParthianConstructionswithGovernedPronouns,”inDr.J.M.UnvalaMemorialVolume,Bombay,1964a,pp.48-56.

—,“TheuseofrelativeparticlesinWesternMiddleIranian,”Indo-Iranica.MélangesprésentésàGeorgMorgenstierne...,Wiesbaden,1964b,pp.28-47.

—,AWord-ListofManichaeanMiddlePersianandParthian.TehranandLiège,1977.Brunner,C.J.,ASyntaxofWesternMiddleIranian,Delmar,NewYork,1977.CanteraGlera,A.,“DieStellungderPahlavi-ÜbersetzungdesAvestainnerhalbdesMittelpersischen,”StudiaIranica28,1999,pp.173-204.

—,StudienzurPahlavi-ÜbersetzungdesAvesta,Wiesbaden,2004.CompendiumLinguarumIranicarum,ed.R.Schmitt,Wiesbaden1989.Dhabhar,BamanjiNusserwanji,EssaysonIranianSubjects,Bombay,1955.Durkin-Meisterernst,D.,DictionaryofManichaeanMiddlePersianandParthianinDictionaryofManichaeanTextsIII:TextsfromCentralAsiaandChina,Part1,ed.,NicholasSims-Williams,Turnhout,2004.

FortsonIV,B.,W.Indo-EuropeanLanguageandCulture.AnIntroduction,Malden,Mass.,2004.Gignoux,Ph.,Glossairedesinscriptionpehleviesetparthes,CorpusInscriptionumIranicarum,SupplementarySeries,Vol.1,London,1978.

—,Lelivred'ArdāVīrāz,Paris,1984.—andA.Tafazzoli,ed.andtr.,AnthologiedeZādspram.Editioncritiquedutextepehlevi,StudiaIranica.Cahier13Paris,1993.

Grenet,F.,Legested’ArdashirfilsdePâbag=KārnāmagīArdaxšērīPābagān,ÉditionsADie,2003.Henning,W.B.,“DasVerbumdesMittelpersischenderTurfanfragmente,”ZeitschriftfürIndologieundIranistik9,1933,pp.158-253=SelectedPapersI,pp.65-160.

—,reviewofNyberg,Hilfsbuch,inGGA,1935,no.1,pp.1-19.—,“Mitteliranisch,”In:HbOI,IV,1.Leiden-Cologne,1958.—,Selectedpapers,2vols.,ActaIranica14-15,TeheranandLeiden,1977.Herzfeld,E.,Paikuli.MonumentandInscriptionoftheEarlyHistoryoftheSassanianEmpire,2vols.,Berlin1924,especially“EssayonPahlavi,”pp.52-73.

Humbach,H.andP.O.Skjærvø,TheSassanianinscriptionofPaikuli:Parts3.1Restoredtextandtranslationand3.2Commentary,Wiesbaden,1983.

Jaafari-Dehaghi, M.,ed.,Dādestānidēnig.PartI.Transcription,TranslationandCommentary,StudiaIranica.Cahier20,Paris,1998.

Josephson,J.,ThePahlaviTranslationTechniqueasIllustratedbyHōmYašt,Uppsala,1997.—,“TheMiddlePersianNounsin-išnand-išnīh,”OrientaliaSuecana47,1998a,pp.87-104.—,“SemanticsandPahlaviTranslators,”Meijerbergsarkivförsvenskordforskning24(CategorisationandInterpretation.IndologicalandComparativeStudiesfromanInternationalIndologicalMeetingattheDepartmentofComparativePhilology,GöteborgUniversity),1998b,pp.147-78.

—,“NominalSentencesandCopulainMiddleandEarlyNewPersian,”inLudwigPaul,ed.,PersianOrigins–EarlyJudaeo-PersianandtheEmergenceofNewPersian.CollectedPapersoftheSymposium,Göttingen1999,Wiesbaden,2003,pp.79-94.

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—,“TheImportanceofthePahlaviTranslationTextsforaMiddlePersianDictionary,”inC.G.CeretiandM.Maggi,eds.,MiddleIranianlexicography.ProceedingsoftheConferenceHeldinRome,9-11April2001,Rome,2005,pp.357-73.

Lazard,G.,“Lesmodesdelavirtualitéenmoyen-iranienoccidental,”inW.SkalmowskiandA.vanTongerloo,eds.,MiddleIranianStudies.ProceedingsoftheInternationalSymposiumOrganizedbytheKatholiekeUniversiteitLeuvenfromthe17thtothe20thofMay1982,Louvain,1984,pp.1-13.

—,“Lesprépositionspa(d)etbē(ō)enpersanetenpehlevi,”inR.SchmittandP.O.Skjærvø,eds.,StudiaGrammaticaIranica,Munich,1986,pp.245-55.

MacKenzie,D.N.,“The‘IndirectAffectee’inPahlavi,”inDr.J.M.UnvalaMemorialVolume,Bombay,1964,pp.45-48.—,“NotesontheTranscriptionofPahlavi,”BSOAS30,1967,pp.17-29.—,AConcisePahlaviDictionary,London,1971.—,reviewofBack,1978,inIndogermanischeForschungen87,1982,pp.280-97.Macuch,M.,RechtskasuistikundGerichtspraxiszuBeginndessiebentenJahrhundertsinIran:DieRechtssamlungdesFarroḫmardiWahrāmān,Wiesbaden,1993.

Menasce,J.de,“Dixansd'étudespehlevies:publicationdetextes,”StudiaIranica1,1972,pp.133-39.—,LetroisièmelivreduDēnkart,Paris,1973.Molé,M.,LalégendedeZoroastreselonlestextespehlevis,Travauxdel’Institutd’étudesiraniennesdel’UniversitédeParis3,Paris,1967.

Nyberg,H.S.,HilfsbuchdesPehlevi,2vols.,Uppsala,1928,1931.—,AManualofPahlavi,2vols.Wiesbaden1964,1974.—,FrahangiPahlavīk,ed.B.UtasandC.Toll,Wiesbaden,1988.Osnovyiranskogojazykoznanija.Sredneiranskiejazyki,ed.V.I.Abaev,M.N.Bogoljubov,andV.S.Rastorgueva,Moscow,1981(“Srednepersidskijjazyk,pp.6-145).

Rastorgueva,V.S.,Sredne-Persidskijjazyk,Moscow,1966.Salemann,C.,“Mittelpersisch,”inGrundrissI,pp.249-332.Shaked,S.,TheWisdomOfTheSasanianSages(DēnkardVI)byAturpāt-iĒmētān,Boulder,Colo.,1979.Sims-Williams,N.,“NotesonManichaeanMiddlePersianMorphology,”StudiaIranica10,1981,pp.165-76.Skjærvø,P.O.,“CaseininscriptionalMiddlePersian,inscriptionalParthianandthePahlaviPsalter,”StudiaIranica12,1983,pp.69-94;2,pp.151-181.

—,“RemarksontheOldPersianverbalsystem,”inFestgabefürK.Hoffmann,MünchenerStudienzurSprachwissen-schaft45,1985,pp.211-27.

—,“VerbsinParthianandMiddlePersianinscriptions,”inR.SchmittandP.O.Skjærvø,eds.,StudiaGrammaticaIranic.FestschriftfürHelmutHumbach,Munich,1986,pp.425-39.

—,“VerbalideogramsandtheimperfectinMiddlePersianandParthian,”inÉtudesirano-aryennesoffertesàGilbertLazard,StudiaIranica.Cahier7,1989,pp.333-54.

—,“MiddlePersiananād,anānd,”inR.E.EmmerickandD.Weber,eds.,CorollaIranica.PapersinHonourofProf.D.N.MacKenzieontheOccasionofHis65thBirthdayonApril8th,1991,Frankfurt,etc.,1991,pp.190-97.

—,“L’inscriptiond’Abnūnetl’imparfaitenmoyen-perse,”StudiaIranica21,1992,pp.153-60.—,“TheEarliestDatableInscriptiononaSasanianBowl:TwoSilverBowlsintheJ.PaulGettyMuseum,”BulletinoftheAsiaInstitute7,1993[1994],pp.181-92.

—,“AramaicinIran,”ARAM6(PalmyraandtheAramaeans),1995[1997/98],pp.283-318.—,“IranianalphabetsderivedfromAramaic,”inP.T.DanielsandW.Bright,eds.,TheWorld’sWritingSystems,NewYork-Oxford,1996,pp.515-35.

—,“OntheMiddlePersianImperfect,”inE.Pirart,ed.,SyntaxedesLanguesIndo-iraniennesanciennes.ColloqueInternational,Sitges(Barcelona)4-5mai1993,AulaOrientalisSupplementa6,Barcelona,1997a,pp.161-188.

—,“TheJoyoftheCup,”BulletinoftheAsiaInstitute11,1997b[2000],pp.93-104.—,“Iraniv.IranianLanguagesandScripts,”inEncyclopædiaIranicaXIII/3,2006,pp.344-77.Sundermann,W.,“Mittelpersisch,”inR.Schmitt,ed.,CompendiumLinguarumIranicarum,Wiesbaden,1989,pp.138-64.Tedesco,P.,“DialektologiederwestiranischenTurfantexte,”MondeOriental15,1921,184-258.

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LESSON1PRELIMINARY REMARKS ABOUT STUDYING PAHLAVI SincePahlaviisanIndo-Europeanlanguage,itsgrammarandgrammaticalterminologyisthattypicalofsuchlanguagesEnglish,German,French,Latin,etc.).ThegrammaticalterminologyofSemiticlanguages,forinstance,Hebrew,cannotbeapplied,so,ifyouhavehadlittleexposuretoIndo-Europeangrammaticalterminology,youshouldstudyabookongrammar. Pahlaviisdifficulttogetintobecauseofitsscript,soyoushouldtrytomemorizeasmuchvocabularyaspossibleasyougoalong.Thespellingisparticularlydifficult,soyoushouldgetusedtorelyingonyourmemoryratherthanondictionariesandglossaries.Tryingtofindawordinadictionaryusuallytakesalongtime.Forthisreason,glossarieswillnotbeincludedinthefirstlessons.Instead,youshouldstartcompilingyourownmini-dictionaryrightaway.Itisthebestwaytolearnthewords.Categorizethewordsintonouns,adjectives,arameograms,etc. Youshouldbeabletofigureoutthemeaningsoftheindividualwordsinthesentencesquotedwithtranslationsfromtheexplanationsinthelessons.Donottrytolookthemupinadictionary. Youshouldreadthroughtheentirelessonbeforestudyingitindetail,since,occasionally,afeatureinasentenceisexplainedinwhatfollows. Numerouswordsincludedasexamplesinthesectionsonspellingandarameogramsarenotnecessarilyhigh-frequencyandneednotbelearned.High-frequencywordsandimportantterminologywillberepeatedlyusedintheexamplesandexercisestoensurefamiliarity.SOUND SYSTEM Thephonology(soundsystem)ofPahlaviissimilartothatofmodernPersian. Vowelsareshortorlong(markedbyamacron): a (e) i (o) u ā ē ī ō ū Vowelsshouldbepronouncedcleanly,thatis,asinSpansishandItalian,forinstance.Englishdiphthongizationshouldbeavoided(eiforē,etc.). Itisnotclearwhetherthevowelseandowere“phonemes,”thatis,whethertherewerewordsthatwereonlydistinguishedbyonehavingiandtheothere.Onthewholeitisdoubtful.Here,eandowillbeusedconsistentlyincaseswheretheymayhaveoccurred(e.g.,kerbag[notkirbag]“gooddeeds,”andabdom[notabdum]“last”).Tofindsuchwordsindictionariesandglossaries,youmayhavetolookfortheformswithiandu. TheconsonantsareasinmodernPersian.Notetheuseofahačekinč,ǰ,š,andž.• čandǰarethesoundsinEnglishchurchandjudge.• šisEnglishsh,Germansch,Frenchch,etc.• žisthevoicedsoundofEnglishpleasure.Itisonlyfoundasavariantofǰbeforedandgasinduždēn“havingevildēn,”forwhichweshallwriteduǰdēn;yōždahr“rituallyclean,”forwhichweshallwriteyōǰdahr;aždahāg“dragon”fromAvestanažidahāka,forwhichweshallwriteaǰdahāg;andažgahān“indolent,”forwhichweshallwriteaǰgahān.Theremayhavebeenothersporadiccases,suchasmiǰag(mižag),Pers.može“eyelash.”

• xisthech-soundinGermanBachandtheSpanishSpanishj-soundinjuego(notasinAmericanSpanish,wherethejispronouncedasEnglishh).

• γ(Greekgamma)isthesoundoftheSpanishgbetweenvowels,asinhaga.ItisavariantofgusedprobablybyinfluencefromAvestan,e.g.,moγ“Magian"insteadofregularmowfromAvestanmoγu(<magu).

• xwwasprobablyasoundlikeEng.wh,whenpronouncedwithaspiration(ratherthansimplyasw),butwithx(xw)insteadofh(hw).

Therewereprobablydoubleconsonants(geminates)kk,rr,tt,zz,e.g.,waččag“child”=Pers.bač(č)e.

LESSON1

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THE PAHLAVI SCRIPT ThePahlavialphabetcontainsonlytwelvedifferentletterstoexpressallthesesounds.Severalofthelettersthereforehavemanyvalues,whichmakesreadingdifficult.Thisdifficultyiscompoundedbythevariousshapesthedifferentletterscantake. Asstudentsprogress,theywillbecomeusedtorecognizingwholewordsratherthanidentifyingeachletterandfindingapossiblecombinationthatproducesawordandmakessenseinthecontext. Thetwelvelettersinthealphabeticalorder—righttoleft—usedinMacKenzie’sDictionaryandtheirequivalentsintheSemiticalphabetsareasfollows(thevaluesofthelettersarediscussedbelow): T Í C P M L K Z W Y B A

t š č(ṣ) p m l k z w y b a Thefollowingarerelativelyunambiguousletters: B b L r,l C c

Z z M m Í š

K k P p T t

WhenLspellsl(ratherthanthemorecommonr),itissometimeswrittenR.

Theveryambiguouslettersare: Asvowels Asconsonants A ʾ,a,ā h-x

Y i,ī,e,ē,ay d-g-ǰ–y Y+Y=SorJalso=s

W u,ū,o,ō,aw n-w-r

Theuseof<ʾ>(aleforhamza)isapracticetakenoverfromSemiticalphabets. Whenthesethreelettersexpressvowels,theyareoftencalledmatreslectionis“mothersofreading.”Longvowelsanddiphthongs,aswellasshortu,arealwaysspelledwithmatreslectionis,whileshortimayormaynotbespelledwith<y>.Theassumedeandoaresometimesspelledwith,sometimeswithout<y>and<w>. Notethatshortaisrarelywrittenandthatlongāiswrittenwith<ʾ> Thescriptisacursivescript,thatis,thelettersarecombinedwithoneanother. Notethatthefollowingsixlettersarenevercombinedtotheleft: B b C c K k P p T t W w

TypicalofthePahlavicursiveisthewaysomelettersarecombinedbyadeepcurve,droppingbelowthe“baseline”ofthescript,whileothersarenot,forinstance: A +A > aÅ B +A > bA

W +A > wA K +A > kA

W + M > N M +A > µA

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A +Y > E M + Y > µY

W +Y > wY T +Y > tD

K +Y > I orkY

Theonly“tall”letterisL,whichmaybecombinedonthebaselineorbelow:

L + T + W > LTW K + M + L >kmL L + A + M >la˜

L + W + P > LWP T + L >tÒ L + A + K > lAK

ThecombinationformoftheletterP<p>isoftenidenticalwiththatoftheletterC<c>.Whenthatisthecase,

weusuallytransliterate<p>as<>: P +A > pA<ʾp>orcÅ<ʾ>(common) C +A > cÅ<ʾc>

P +Y > pY<yp>orcD<y>(lesscommon) C +Y > cD<yc>

P +M > pM<mp>orcD<y> C +M > c˜<mc>

P +Z > pZ<mp>orc¸<z> C +Z > c¸<zc>

P +L > pL<mp>orcÒ<l> C +L > cÒ<lc>

NotethealternativeformsofcombinationswiththelettersL<l>andZ<z>onorbelow:

W + L > wLor<lw> W + Z > wZor U<zw>

P +L > pLorfÒ<lp> P +Z > pZorf¸<zp>

Inthemanuscripts,therearestillothervariations,e.g.,P +A>fÅ,Í +A>˙Å,etc.

SPELLING 1 Forvariousreasons,Pahlaviwasnotwrittenthewayitwaspronounced,butratherasithadbeenpronouncedcenturiesearlier.ThisissimilartothecaseofFrenchandEnglish.Inordertodeterminetheactualpronunciation,wemaycomparethespellingsusedintheManicheantextsofthe3rd-4thcenturies,whichwerewritteninadifferentalphabet,whichshowedtheactualpronunciation.Wemayalsocomparethemodernpronunciation,aswefinditinmodernPersian.Finally,wemayconsidertheetymology(history)ofthewordtoreconstructthepresumedpronunciation. Comparethespellingandpronunciationofthefollowing: tÒ <lt>rad“chief,ratu”6 lAk <kʾl>kār“work”

kmL <lmk>ramag“herd,flock” LTW <wtl>wattar“bad,evil”

la˜ <mʾl>mār“snake” LWP <pwl>purr“full(of)”

kahAWT <twhšʾk>tuxšāg“diligent” YtJ <gyty>gētīy“theworld-of-the-living,thisworld”

lïH <šyl>šēr“lion” tD <dt>dad“wildanimal”

6AnAvestantechnicalterm,meaning“model,prototype,principalrepresentative,”andsimilar.

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gLwY <gwlg>gurg“wolf” (Í+ï˜)ßï˜ <myš>mēš“sheep”

CWB <bwc>buz“goat” YWfJwY <gwspnd>gōspand“domesticanimal”

ÍwïdlY <dlygwš>driyōš“poor” MWt¬M <mltwm>mardōm“people,humans”

thAWt¬Z <zltwhšt>Zarduxšt“Zarathustra” µÍCwA <hwcšm>hučašm“benevolent”

Note:Doubleconsonantsarenotwrittendouble,exceptinsomecompounds,e.g.,LKKCB<bckkl>bazzak-kar

“evil-doer.”TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSCRIPTION Above,whatisinside<>isaone-to-onecorrespondencebetweenthePahlaviandLatinalphabets.Wecallthistrans-LITER-ation,meaning“transferringlettertoletter.” Thepronunciationofthewordisincursive.Thisiscalledtran-SCRIP-tion,meaningthatwe“write”outthewordsoitcanbepronounced. Later,weshalltalkmoreaboutvariouswaysoftransliteratingandtranscribingPahlavi.GRAMMAR 1 THE SENTENCE Pahlavisentencescanbeshortandclearorlongandponderous.Themostcommonconstituentsaresubject,directobject,andverb,inthatorder. Therearenodefiniteorindefinitearticles. Personalpronounsassubjectsofverbsmaybeleftout. Word order Theinflectedverbisusuallyattheendoftheclauseorsentence. Thebasicwordorderistherefore: SUBJECT-VERB(e.g.:“helives,hewas-killed”) SUBJECT-INDIRECTOBJECT-DIRECTOBJECT-VERBe.g.: “theman+theboy+book+gives”=themangivestheboyabook” ThisisthewordorderthatshouldpreferablybeusedinthetranslationsfromEnglishintheexercises. Thewordorderisrelativelyflexible,however,andapredicateordirectobjectisoften“lowered”behindtheverb,ortheverbmaybe“raised”toinfrontofthesubject. Adverbs and complements of t ime, place, manner, etc., may precede the subjec t and are often placed at the beginn ing of the sentence, but they can also occur elsewhere in the sentence in various logica l places. Noteonterminology: InWestern(Indo-European)languages,whatonecallsthe“subject”ofaclauseisusuallydefinedasthepersonorobjectthatperformsanaction(oruttersastatement,thinksathought)oris(orgetsinto)astate,forinstance: action:“Godcreatedtheworld”;“Zarathustraspokeaword”;“haveyoureflectedonthis?” state:“mansleeps”;“wealldie.” Inthesecases,thesubjectiswhatismostcloselyconnectedwiththeverb,andtheverb“agrees”withthesubject.

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Thereareexamplesofclausesthathavenosubject,forinstance,“itrains,”“itisimpossible,”inwhich“it”hasnomeaning.Suchclausesarecalled“impersonal.” Therearealsoexamplesofclausesinwhichtheonewhoperformstheactionisnotwhattheverbagreeswith,asin“theZoroastrianswerepersecutedbytheArabs.”Heretheperformersare“theArabs”andtheverbagreeswith“theZoroastrians.”Wecalltheseclausespassive. InthisIntroduction,theterm“subject”shallonlytorefertothepartofthesentencewithwhichtheverbagrees. A“predicate”isanounoradjectiveconnectedwithanoun(pronoun)bytheverb“tobe,”e.g.,“themanisbig,”“wearehungry,”“heisateacher.”NOUNS I m p o r t a n tI m p o r t a n t : Nouns as subjec ts and predicates have the same form in the singular and the plura l . Ifanounassubjectissingular,theverbis3rdpersonsingular.Ifanounassubjectisplural,theverbis3rdpersonplural.E.g.: andarmāndēwbūd “ademonwasinthehouse”=“therewasademoninthehouse” andarmāndēwbūdhēnd “demonswereinthehouse”=“thereweredemonainthehouse”Ontheverbs,seebelow.PERSONAL PRONOUNS Thepersonalpronounsusedassubjectarethefollowing:Singular Plural 1st an “I” 1st amāh “we” 2nd tō “you,thou” 2nd ašmāh “you,ye” 3rd ōy “he,she,it” 3rd awēšān “they”Note:donotconfusethe2ndsingularandplural,whicharenotdistinguishedinEnglish.“TO BE” Thepresent(indicative),imperative,andpasttenseof“tobe”areasfollows: Presenttense: Imperative:

Singular Plural Singular Plural 1st ham “Iam” hēm “weare” 2nd hē “youare(thouart)” hēd “you(ye)are” bāš “be!” bawēd “be!” 3rd (nothing) “he/she/itis” hēnd “theyare” Pasttense:

Singular Plural 1st būdham “Iwas,Ihavebeen” būdhēm “Iwas,Ihavebeen” 2nd būdhē “youwere,youhavebeen” būdhēd “youwere,youhavebeen” 3rd būd “he,she,itwas,hasbeen” būdhēnd “theywere,theyhavebeen”

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NEGATIONS Thecommonnegationisnē“not.” Thenegationma“(do)not”isusedwithimperatives.QUESTIONS Questionsaredistinguishedfromstatementsonlywhenintroducedbyquestionparticles,forinstanceinterrogativepronouns(kē“who?”etc.).

SENTENCES1 Analyzethefollowingsentences: aymardtōkēhē “Oman,whoareyou?” anKayHusrōyham=anhamKayHusrōy “IamKayHusrōy” ašmāhkēhēd “Whoareyou(all)?” amāhmazdēsnhēm “WeareMazdayasnians” ašmāhdriyōšmardōmhēd “you(all)arepoorpeople” awēšānmardhēndzannēhēnd “theyaremen,notwomen” dēwhēndnēmardōm “theyaredemons,nothumans.” andarmardōmērtanudčarbudhučašmbāš “amongpeople,behumbleandamenableandbenevolent!” ašmāhpadkārudkerbagtuxšāgbawēd “(youall),bediligentin(your)workandgooddeeds!” padAhrimenwistāxmabawēd “donotbeconfidentin(=relyon)Ahrimen(theEvilOne)!” padgētīynēbūdham “Ihavenot(always)beeninthisworld” andarmānmārbūd “(there)wasasnakeinthehouse” fradommardōmandarabēgumānīhbūdhēnd “thefirsthumanswereinastateofnon-doubt” andarērān-šahrwasmazdēsnbūdhēnd “InthelandoftheIranians,thereweremanyMazdayasnians”

EXERCISES11.PracticewritingthePahlaviwordsinthislesson,usinglinedpaper. Pahlaviiswrittenhorizontally,straightacrossthepage;thelinedoesnotbendupwardordownward. Note,inparticulartheheightanddepthofthelettersrelativetothebaseline,e.g.,

2.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtransliterationsandidentifythemwithwordsinthislesson: ÍwïdlY <bckkl> µÍCwA <hwp>

Ewa˜wïDcÅ <bwc> MWt¬M <kʾl>

CWB <bwt> MWtÒP <krpkkl>

kahAWT <clp> MwYcÅ <ky>

kmL <dlygwš> nlaÅ <lmk>

la˜ <dt> pLC <lt>

lAk <gwlg> PwA <mʾl>

lïH <pltwm> thAWt¬Z <mltwm> LKKCB <gwspnd> td <mʾn>

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LKKPWK <gyty> tÒ <myš>

LTW <ʾhlmn> TWB <ʾpdwm>

LWP <hwcšm> wa˜ <pwl>

Wt¬ïÅ <ʾpygwmʾnyh> YtJ <wtl>

YK <šyl> YWfJwY <ʾyltn>

gLwY <twhšʾk> ßï˜ <zltwhšt>3.TranslateintoEnglish(donotattempttowriteinPahlavi):

1. anPērōzhamtōWahrāmhē2. ašmāhmardōmhēd3. gurgudšērdadhēnd4. padgētīywistāxmabāš5. padmardōmwistāxmabawēd6. mānpurrwattarmārbūd7. andarramaggurgbūdhēnd8. ašmāhandarmazdēsnšahrērtanbawēd9. amāhmazdēsndriyōšmardōmnēhēm10. Zarduxštpadgētīykārtuxšāgbūdpaddriyōšhučašmbūd

4.TranslateintoPahlavi(donotattempttowriteinPahlavi): Besuretostudythesentenceswithtranslationsabovetogetusedtothecorrectwordorder.

1. YouareKayWištāsp,IamZarduxšt.2. KayWištāspwasaMazdayasnian.3. YouareMašīyandMašyānīy;youwerethefirsthumans(people).4. OZardušt,amongtheMazdayasnians,beamenableandhumble!5. OMazdayasnians,amongtheIraniansbebenevolentanddiligent!6. Ahrimenhasnot(always)beeninthisworld.7. Thereweremanydemonsinthisworld.8. Thesheepandthegoataredomesticanimals.9. Oman,beamenableandbenevolentto(your)wife(=woman)!10. Owoman,behumbleto(your)man!

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHESENTENCESANDTHEEXERCISES1 Note:Grammaticalwordsinthelessonarenotincluded.Spellingisonlyincludedwithwordsspelledwitharameograms.abēgumānīh Ewa˜wïDcÅ <ʾpygwmʾnyh> stateofnon-doubting;freedomfromdoubtAhrimen nlaÅ <ʾhlmn> Ahrimen,theEvilOneandar in,inside;duringabdom MwYcÅ <ʾdwm> last;intheenday Ä <ʾy> O!particleofaddressbuz CWB <bwc> goat

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bazzakkar LKKCB <bckkl> evil-doer,someonewhodoevildeedsbūd TWB <bwt> wasčarb pLC <clp> amenabledad td <dt> wildanimaldēw demon,demonsdriyōš ÍwïdlY <dlygwš> poorērān-šahr WWtHwa¬Ä <ʾylʾn-štr> landoftheIraniansērtan Wt¬ïÅ <ʾyltn> humblefradom MWtÒP <pltwm> firstgētīy YtJ <gyty> thisworldgōspand YWfJwY <gwspnd> domesticanimalgurg gLwY <gwlg> wolf hučašm µÍCwA <hwcšm> benevolentHusrōy Y]JwA <hwslwd> Husrōy(laterHusraw,Xosrow)kār lAk <kʾl> work,activitieskay YK <kd> atitle(Av.kauui)kerbag KPWK <krpk> gooddeedskerbakkar LKKPWK <krpkkl> someonewhodogooddeedsmān wa˜ <mʾn> housemār la˜ <mʾl> snakemard man,menmardōm MWt¬M <mltwm> people,humansMašīy îHM <mšyd,mšydy> MašīyMašyānīy íYwaåHM <mšydʾnyd> Mašyānīymazdēsn Wtja˜ <mzdysn'> Mazdayasnian(seeLesson3onthespelling)mēš ßï˜ <myš> sheeppad in,to,by(etc.)Pērōz CwlYP <pylwc> anamepurr LWP <pwl> fullramag kmL <lmk> flockšahr WWtH <štr> land šēr lïH <šyl> liontuxšāg kahAWT <twhšʾk> diligentWahrām µa¬aÅW <wʾhlʾm> anamewas much,many,verywattar LTW <wtl> bad,worse,worstwistāx waÅtJW <wstʾhw> confident;pad...wistāxbaw-“haveconfidence

in”xōb PwA <hwp> goodzan woman,womenZarduxšt thAWt¬Z <zltwhšt> Zarduxšt,Zarathustra

15 May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON2SPELLING 2 THE “OTIOSE” STROKE TheletterW<'>isoftenaddedattheendofawordtosignifytheend.Forsomereason,thisisoftenreferredto

asthe“otiose”stroke,butcouldalsobecalleda“final”or“superfluous”stroke. Thestrokeisonlyaddedafterthefiveconsonantsthatdonotconnecttotheleft,sothestrokeisalwayswrittenseparatelyandisnevercombinedwithaprecedingletter(totheright),e.g.:With“otiose”stroke: WBwlY <dlwb'>drō“deception,lie” WCwA <ʾwc'>ōz“strength”

WtÒ <lt'>rad“ratu” WPT <tp'>tab“fever”

WkmL <lmk'>ramag“herd,flock”Nootiosestrokeispossibleafterlettersthatcombinetotheleft: aåD <gʾh>gāh“throne,place” YN <mng>mang“hashish”

LKKCB <bckkl>bazzakkar“evil-doer” MWtÒP <pltwm>fradom“first”

ÍwY <gwš>gōš“ear”

Notallscribesusedthefinalstrokeoruseditconsistently,so,dependingonthescribe,thewordsbūd“was”andbūdan“tobe(come)”aredifferenciatedasfollows: withfinal<'> withoutfinal<'> būd: WTWB <bwt'> TWB <bwt>

būdan: WWTWB <bwtn'> WTWB <bwtn>

InthisIntroduction,thefinalstrokewillbeusedregularly.CONSONANTS TheunvoicedconsonantsP T k C<p,t,k,c>areusedtospellthesesounds(p,t,k,č)whenatthebeginningof

aword;afterf,x,s,š;orwhendouble,forexample: Initial: lAk <kʾl>kār“work” lAT <tʾl>tār“darkness”

LWP <pwl>purr“full” lAC <cʾl>čār“able,capable”

Afterf,x WTcÅ <ht'>haft“seven” WTPwY <gwpt'>guft“said”

WtåJ <sht'>saxt”hard,firm(ly)” LtåÅ <ʾhtl>axtar“constellation”

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Afters,š: W˝JW <nsk'>nask,bookoftheAvesta WtjaÒ <lʾst'>rāst“straight,true,truthful”

WfJW <wsp'>wisp“all” WfjAtHW <wštʾsp'>Wištāšp,aking

WkßlA <ʾlšk'>arešk“envy” WtHWK <kwšt'>kušt“killed”

Double: LKKCB <bckkl>bazzakkar“evil-doer/doing” LTW <wtl>wattar“bad,evil”

WtÒWcÅ <ʾpwlt'>appurd“stole” WKCW <wck'>waččag“child”

WhenthesameconsonantsP T k C<p,t,k,c>comeafteravoweloravoicedconsonant,theyare(usually)

pronouncedvoicedb,d,g,z.Aftern,<c>ispronouncedǰ.Examples: WPT <tp'>tab“fever” WkmL <lmk'>ramag“herd,flock”

WPwA <hwp'>xōb(xūb)“good” WKPWK <krpk'>kerbag“gooddeed”

WKCB <bck'>bazzag“evildeed”

WtÒ <lt'>rad“ratu” WCwA <ʾwc'>ōz“strength”

WtåÒ <lʾt'>rād“generous” EKcDcÅ <ʾyckyh>abēzagīh“purity”

WKtÒN <mwltk'>murdag“corpse” WcÒW <wlc'>warz“miraculouspower”

MWt¬M <mltwm>mardōm“people” CWP <pnc>panǰ“five”

Exceptionsincludethefollowingcommonwords: WilAT <tʾlyk'>tārīk“dark” WigZW <nzdyk'>nazdīk“near”

EilAT <tʾlykyh>tārīkīh“darkness” EigZW <nzdykyh>nazdīkīh“nearness,vicinity”

WcdA <ʾyc'>ēč“any(thing)”

someAvestanwords: ßAtÅ <ʾthš>ātaxš“fire” ÍkLW <wlkš>Warkaš,theWarkašsea

YtJ <gyty>gētīy“world-of-the-living”

andcompounds: WklAWkA <ʾknʾlk'>a-kanārag“limitless” < WklAWK <knʾlk'>kanārag“border,side” TheletterPisalsousedtospellf,usuallybeforeconsonants,butalsobetweenvowelsandinfinalposition,e.g.:

MWtÒP <pltwm>fradom“first” WPWK <kwp>kōf“mountain”

LPW <wpl>wafr“snow” WTcÅ <ht'>haft“seven”

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Theletter<z>spellszalsowhennotinitial,butthisisrelativelyrare(exceptinarameograms)andalmostonlyincompounds,e.g.: zA <ʾz>az“goat”(rarewordfromAvestanaza) Wwïjgza˜ <mʾzdysn'>māzdēsn“Mazdayasnian”(withdēn) WwaÂlZ <zlmʾn'>zarmān“oldage”but WwaÂlzA <ʾzlmʾn'>a-zarmān“unaging”GRAMMAR 2 THE USE OF -ĒW “ONE” TO SPECIFY ThereisnoindefinitearticleinPahlavi,butthenumeral!-<-1>-ēw“one”canbeaddedtoanountosignify

“oneparticular,acertain”andsimilar.SometimesitcomescloseinfunctiontotheEnglishindefinitearticle,butoneshouldnotmakeitahabittotranslateeveryEnglishindefinitearticlebyPahlavi-ēw!e.g.: rōd-ēw“acertainriver” gyāg-ēwbūd“therewasa(special)place(where)” kanīzag-ēw“acertaingirl” čiyōnmard-ēw“likeaman(who)”SINGULAR AND PLURAL Normally,theverbagreeswiththesubjectinnumber. When plurali ty is not emphasized, but rather spec ies, the s ingular is normally used,e.g.: padāsmānstāragudaxtarudabāxtarast“therearestars,constellations,andplanetsinthesky”Whentwoormore3rdpluralpasttenseformsfollow,thepluralmaybeindicatedonthelastonly,e.g.: padkerbagkerdantuxšāgbūdudazwināhpahrēxtārbūdhēnd“theywerediligent(tuxšāg)inperforming(kerdan

[infinitive])gooddeedsandkeptaway(pahrēxtārbūdhēnd)fromsin(wināh)”Thenounmardōm“people,humans”isalwaysplural:ēnmardōmkadāmhēnd“which(=who)arethesepeople?”

The plural ending -ān with plural nouns governed by preposi tions. Thepluralending-ānisalsousedwhennounsaregovernedbyprepositions(postpositions),e.g.:ēnkanīgōabārīgānkanīgānnēhomānāg“thisyoungwomanisnotlike(other)youngwomen”Zarduxštpadmardōmānrādudrāstbūd“Zarathustrawasgenerousandstraight/truthfultopeople”

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THE ADJECTIVE/ADVERB WAS “MUCH, MANY, VERY” Thisadjectiveisverycommonlyusedtoqualifynounsandadjectives,e.g.,andarērān-šahrwasmazdēsnbūdhēnd“inthelandoftheIranians,thereweremanyMazdayasnians”ēnkanīzagwashučihrānrēdagwashuwīr“thisgirlisverypretty,thatboyisverymanly”

Notethealternativewordorder,inwhichwasisthepredicateofthenounitqualifies:andarērānšahrwasmowmardhēnd“inthelandoftheIranians,therearemanyZoroastrianpriests”

besideandarērānšahrmowmardwashēnd“inthelandoftheIranians,Zoroastrianpriestsaremany”

POSSESSION 1 Possessioncanbeexpressedbysimplyputtingthepossessorinfrontofwhatispossessed,similartoEnglishInGod’sname(asopposedtoInthenameofGod). If the possessor i s a plural noun, it usual ly takes the ending -ān ,e.g.:padOhrmazdnām“inOhrmazd’sname”padyazdānnām“inthegods’name”dēwāndām“thecreationoftheevilgods.”mardōmānruwān“people’ssouls”

“TO BE” AND “NOT TO BE” Toexpressexistence,theverbsast“exists”andnēst“doesnotexist”areused,pasttensebūd. Theseformsarealsousedtoexpress“thereis,thereare.” Thepluralformshēnd,nēhēnd,būdhēndareusedwhenpluralityisemphasized. Examples:wahištastuddōšoxast“Paradiseexists,andHellexists;thereisaParadiseandthereisaHell”Ahrimenandargētīynēst“Ahrimendoesnotexistinthisworld”andarwahištbazzakkarnēst“thereisnoevil-doerinParadise,therearenoevil-doersinParadise(noonein

Paradisedoesevildeeds)”andardōšoxkerbakkarnēhēnd“therearenodoersofgooddeedsinHell(nooneinHelldoesgooddeeds)”andargētīyyazdnēbūdhēnd“therehavebeennogods(ever)inthisworld,therehaveneverbeenany...”

“TO HAVE” Theseverbsarealsousedtoexpresspossession.Grammatically,wecouldsaythatthepossessorisindirectobject.Pluralnounstaketheending-ān,e.g.:manēčnēst“Ihavenothing”(“thereisnothingforme”)murwānparrast“birdshavewing(s)”“forthebirdstherearewings”)

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SENTENCES2 andarOhrmazdmānwazurgšādīhast “inOhrmazd’shouse,thereisgreatjoy” waddēwhēndwadyazdnēhēnd “therearebaddemons,therearenobadgods” padOhrmazdwarzyazdāndušmennēhēnd “ByOhrmazd’smiraculouspower,thegodshavenoenemies” Wištāspšāhānšāhudērānšāhbūd “Wištāspwaskingofkingsand(the)kingoftheIranians” ēnWištāspbūdwazurgšāh “thiswasWištāsp,agreatking” padgētīymardōmwashēnd “therearemanypeopleinthisworld” andarJamxwadāyīhhaftkišwarmardōmpad “duringJam’skingdom(rule),thepeopleoftheseven abēgumānīhbudhēnd continentswereinabsenceofdoubt”(“hadnodoubts”) mardōmāntanudgyānudruwānast “humanshavebodies,vitalspirits(souls),and(immortal)

souls” gōspandānuddadānruwānnēst “domesticandwildanimalshavenosouls” andarwahištrōšnīhwiderdagānruwānwashēnd “inthelightofParadise,therearemanysoulsofthe

departed” padgētīykōfudrōdudzrēywasastbēstāragnēst “intheworldoftheliving,therearemanymountains,rivers,

andoceans,buttherearenostars” andarēnzrēyudrōdmāhīgast “inthisoceanandrivertherearefish” xwaršēdudmāhudstāragpadāsmānhēnd “thesun,moon,andstarsareinthesky” bazzakkarīhmardōmānwattarkunišn “evil-doingishumans’worstdeed(act,action)” andarmazdēsnānbazzakkarwasnēst “therearenotmanyevil-doersamongtheMazdayasnians”

EXERCISES21.PracticewritingthePahlaviwordsinthislesson,usinglinedpaper.2.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtransliterationsandidentifythemwithwordsinthislesson: aå˜ W˝JW <dʾm> <ʾsmʾn'>

aåD WfjAtHW <gʾh> <stʾlk'>

EilAT WfJW <hwcyh <šʾtyh>l>

EKcDcÅ WilAT <lwšny <ʾthš>h>

EtåH WKcDWK <hwwy <tʾlyk'>l>

lECwA WKCW <ht'> <tʾlykyh>

LPW WklAtJ <ʾknʾlk' <wck'>>

LwßYK WklAWkA <knyck'> <whšt'>

lYWwA WKtdL <ktʾm> <wlkš>

mATK WKtÒTW <kyšwl> <wpl>

ßAtÅ WthAW <lʾt'> <wsp'>

ÍkLW WtåÒ <lytk'> <wštʾsp'>

WTcÅ EwÍwL <mʾh> <wtltk'>

WwaÂsA µE <nsk'> <ʾyckyh>

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2.TranslateintoEnglish(donotattempttowriteinPahlavi):

1. OhrmazddāmhamnēAhrimendām2. Ohrmazdfradomdāmkadāmbūd3. ēnGayōmardbūdfradommardōm4. HōšangudTahmōrafudJamhaftkišwaršāhbūdhēnd5. andarwahištwiderdagānruwānandaršādīhbūdhēnd6. Ohrmazdudwasyazdandarwahištpadrōšnīhudabēzagīhbūdhēnd7. Ahrimenudwasdēwandardōšoxpadtārīkīhudbazzakkarīhbūdhēnd8. ēngētīyrōšnīhazxwaršēdudmāhudstāragast9. yazdānkunišnandargētīynēst10. āsmānkanāragnēst

3.TranslateintoPahlavi(donotattempttowriteinPahlavi):

1. Jamwasverygeneroustothepoor.2. Alldemonsdoevil,allgodsdogood.[say:areevil-doers,etc.]3. Theevil-doingdemonsareindarkness.4. Thesoulsofthegenerous(ones)areinpurityandjoy.5. Onthebigmountainthereismuchsnow.6. Inthehouse,therewereaprettygirlandabigboy.7. ByWištāsp’smiraculouspower,thelandoftheIranianshadnoenemies.8. InHell,thesoulsoftheevil-doersareindarkness.9. Therewasagirlinthehouse;shewasverypretty.10. Whoarethesetruthfulmen?TheyareMazdayasnians.

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHESENTENCESANDTHEEXERCISES2 Note:Grammaticalwordsinthelessonarenotincluded.Spellingisonlyincludedwithwordsspelledwitharameograms.abēzagīh EKcDcÅ <ʾyckyh> purity akanārag WklAWkA <ʾknʾlk'> limitless āsmān WwaÂsA <ʾsmʾn'> sky,heaven ātaxš ßAtÅ <ʾthš> firebazzakkarīh eLKKCB <bckklyh> thepracticeofdoingevildeedsdām µE <dʾm> creationdōšox(dušox) WwaHwY <dwšhw'> Helldušmen WnÍwY <dwšmn'> enemyēn this gāh aåD <gʾh> (aspecial)place;throneGayōmard Wt¬MwïåD <gʾywmlt'> Gayōmardgyān WwE <yʾn'> soul,vitalspirit(leavesthebodyatdeath)haft WTcÅ <ht'> sevenHōšang YwÍwA <hwšng> amythicalkinghučihr lECwA <hwcyhl> pretty,beautiful

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21 May4,2008-11:22PM

huwīr lYWwA <hwwyl> manlyJam µY <ym> Jam(mythicalking,deposedbyDahāg)kadām mATK <ktʾm> which(oftwo)kanārag WklAWK <knʾlk'> border,edge kanīzag WKcDWK <knyck'> girlkišwar LwßYK <kyšwl> continentkōf PWK <kwp'> mountainkunišn WwÍWWK <kwnšn'> activity,doingofdeeds māh aå˜ <mʾh> moon

māhīg Wiaå˜ <mʾhyk'> fish nask W˝JW <nsk'> theAvestawasdividedinto21nasksOhrmazd a˜wAwA <ʾwhrmzd> Ohrmazd(thesurpemegod) rād WtåÒ <lʾt'> generous rēdag WKtdL <lytk'> boy rōd WTwL <lwt'> river rōšnīh EwÍwL <lwšnyh> light(noun)ruwān WWABwL <lwbʾn'> soul(goestoParadiseorHell)šādīh EtåH <šʾtyh> happinessšāh aåH <šʾh> kingšāhānšāh aåH WwaååH <šʾh> kingofkingsstārag WklAtJ <stʾlk'> starTahmōraf WcÒnAT <thmwlp'> amythicalkingtan WWT <tn'> body tārīk WilAT <tʾlyk'> darkn tārīkīh EilAT <tʾlykyh> darkness waččag WKCW <wck'> childwad bad wafr LPW <wpl> snow wahišt WthAW <whšt'> ParadiseWarkaš ÍkLW <wlkš> Warkaš(theworldocean;Av.Vourukaša)wazurg big,great,largewarz WcÒW <wlc'> miraculouspower widerdag WKtÒTW <wtltk'> departed,dead wisp WfJW <wsp'> every,all Wištāsp WfjAtHW <wštʾsp'> Wištāsp(aking)xwadāyīh eÄTwA <hwtʾdyh> rulexwaršēd WtdßLwA <hwlšyt'> sunyazd WtåD <yzdt'> godyazdān WwaåD <yzdʾn'> (of,to,for)thegodszrēy î¬Z <zlyd> sea,ocean

LESSON2

22 May4,2008-11:22PM

23 May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON3SPELLING 3 THE LETTER <D/G/Y> ThisisthemostproblematicletterinthePahlaviscript.Initialy Ininitialposition,<y->rarelyhasthevaluey-andmostofteninwordsborrowedfromAvestan. Theword<yl>yal“hero”maybealoanword.Initialdandg Wordswithinitialdandgarecommon,e.g.: WtåD <dʾt'>dād“law” aåD <gʾh>gāh“throne,place” µE <dʾm>dām“creation” µE <gʾm>gām“step” WwïD <dyn'>dēn,technicalterm kAwïD <gywʾk>gyāg“place” aÅwY <dnʾh>dannāh“toothache” kAwY <gnʾk>gannāg“foul(-smelling)” lY <dl>dar“door,chapter” lY <gl>gar“mountain” Note:WeseethatlYhasthreedifferentreadings:yal,dar,gar.Such“homography”isquitecommoninPahlavi.<d/g>aftern: YWB <bnd>band“bond,tie,rope” YWW <nng>nang“modesty,shame” YWwlY <dlwnd>druwand“evil,wicked” YWT <tng>tang“narrow” YWC <cnd>čand“asmuchas,howmuch/many?” YWC <cng>čang“lyre”(musicalinstrument) YwLWB <bwlnd>buland“tall,high” YwL <lng>rang“color” YNwAtjA <ʾstʾwmnd>astōmand“withbones” YN <mng>mang“hashish”<d/g>afterz: gzA <ʾzd>azd“known” gzA <ʾzg>azg“branch” gzM <mzd>mizd“fee,reward” gzM <mzg>mazg“marrow,brain”<g>afterr: gLwY <gwlg>gurg“wolf” gLtJW <wstlg>wastarg“garment,clothes” glM <mlg>marg“death” gLtJW <wstlg>wistarg“carpet,bedspread,etc.”<y>for<z> SometimestheletterYisusedfor<z>andisthenusuallytransliteratedas<z>.Itcombineswithafollowing<y>intotheletterA<ʾ>,transliteratedas<-zd->,e.g.: imY <zmyk>zamīg“earth”(alsoimZ) WwAtjmY <zmstʾn'>zamestān“winter”(alsoWwAtjmZ) WwaåD <yzdʾn'>yazdān“(of,to)gods” a˜wAwA <ʾwhrmzd>ohrmazd,nameofthesupremegod

LESSON3

24 May4,2008-11:22PM

NotetheveryirregularWtåD<yzdt'>yazd“god,gods,”spelledwith<-zd->likeWwaåD<yzdʾn'>yazdānandwith-t-asintheolderspelling<yzt>intheinscriptions.ThewordismuchrarerthanWtåD<dʾt'>dād“law.” SimilarlyWtja˜<mzdysn'>mazdēsn“Mazdayasnian,”inwhichalsothewS<sn>hasbeendistortedintotD<yt>.Somescribeswritethewordlike<mhst'>mahist“biggest,greatest,”othersdistinguishthembyspellingmahistWtŸja˜<mhyst'>.ThewordisoccasionallyfoundspelledoutasWwïjgzM,WwïjzM<mzd(y)sn'>. Theadjectivemāzdēsn(indēnmāzdēsn)isspelledWwïjgza˜,Wwïjza˜<mʾzd(y)sn'>. NotealsotheirregularWt¬MwïåD<gʾywmlt'>Gayōmard(withanextra<-ʾ->),thenameofthefirsthuman-likelivingbeing. Inadditiontoitsmultivalence,whendouble,<yy>alsospells<s>:S,J,whichispronouncedassorh(onlyaftervowel),forexample: µaJ <sʾm>sām“Sām” WtjaÒ <lʾst'>rāst“straight,true,truthful” WwaÂsA <ʾsmʾn'>āsmān“sky,heaven” SwaHwïD <swšʾns>Sōšāns,acommentator WwAtJtådmA <hmdʾtstʾn'>ham-dādestān“agreed” SweÍwïD <swšyʾns>Sōšyāns(variantspelling) WtŸJplÍ <šlpsyt'>šarfsēd“isashamed” sM <ms>meh“bigger,greater” sAkA <ʾkʾs>āgāh“aware,knowledgeable”Learnthefollowingsimilarwords: WwaåD <yzdʾn'>yazdān“(of,to)thegods” WwaååD <gʾhʾn'>gāhān“theGathas” WwaåJ <gyhʾn'>gēhān“livingbeings,world(oflivingbeings)” WwaåH,WwaååH <ŠDYAʾn'>dēwān“badgods,demons” aåHWwaåH,aåH WwaååH <ŠDYAʾn'ŠDYA>dēwāndēw“the(worst)demonamongdemons” aåH WwaååH <šʾhʾn'šʾh>šāhānšāh“kingofkings”DIACRITICS Theambiguous<y>canbedis-ambiguatedbyaddingdiacriticsford,g,y,andǰ,butthediacriticsreflectthemanuscriptwriters’thoughtsontheidentityofthewordmoreoftenthantraditionalpractices.Themarksare: circumflex(“roof”)Y>ford(oftenaddedwronglyfor<y>) twodotsaboveY<forg onedotbelowY.forǰ(asinArabo-Persianج). twodotsbelowY,fory(asinArabo-Persianي)Examples: Y>Wwï>˜ <mdnwd>mēnōy = YWwï˜ Wwa˜wY< <gwmʾn>gumān = Wwa˜wY Y>NwA <HWEd>hēnd = YNwA WwE. <ǰʾn'>gyān(ǰān) = WwE

E>W <wdh>weh = EW

Note:Themarkfor<d>isnotoriginallyadiacritic,butthetopoftheoldformof<d>,cf.theearlierformsintheinscriptionsdandthePsalterD.

LESSON3

25 May4,2008-11:22PM

ARAMEOGRAMS 1 Wejustsawthattheworddēwān,possessivepluralofdēw“badgod,(male)demon”isspelledwithacompletelydifferent-lookingword,aåH<ŠDYA>.ThewordŠDYAisinfactfromAramaicand,whenitisusedtospellaPahlaviword,iscalledanarameogram(orheterogram,ideogram,Persianhozvāreš). ProbablyclosetohalfthePahlavivocabulary(ormore)isspelledbymeansofarameograms.Thismaysoundverydifficult,butwithtimethestudentwilllearnthatitiseasiertorecognizeanarameogramthananIranianword.Thisisinpartduetosomeverycommonpatters,mainlyintheverbs,butalsobecauseofcertainlettercombinations. Arameogramsaretraditionallytransliteratedwithcapitalletters. NotefinalN-=<-E>andthevalue<O>forW. Herearesomecommonarameogramsforwordswehavealreadylearnedandsomeothercommonwords:Conjunc tions and part ic le s W <W> ud “and” Y <Y> ī 1.particle;2.relativepronoun âL <LA> nē “not” oA <AL> ma “donot” AWB <BRA> bē “but;out,away”;verbalparticleexpressingcompletion à <AYK> kū 1.“that,”introducesdirectspeech(=“:”);2.“sothat”;3.“where?” YW <OD> tā 1.“until,foraslongas;2.“sothat,inorderthat”Adject ives YBK <KBD> was “much,many” AbL <LBA> wazurg “big,great”Adverbs W˚ <KN> ōh “inthatmanner,intheusualmanner” WwGwL <LOYN'> pēš “before” oaÅ <AHL> pas “after,afterward”Notetheexpressions:

pēšī“before”(place) pēšaz“before”(time) azpasī“after,behind”(place) pasaz“after”(time) Pronouns NwA <ANE> an “I” L <L> man “I,me,my” kL <LK> tō “you,your” NwL <LNE> amāh “we” MWkL <LKWM> ašmāh “you,your” WN <MNW>kē “who,whom,whose”(relativeandinterrogative) nÍPW <NPŠE> xwēš “own”Preposi tions OW <OL> ō “to” WWP <PWN> pad “in,with,bymeansof” N <MN> az “from” x <BYN> andar “in(side),among” YW <OD> tā “until” NTwL <LWTE> abāg “(together)with” Somelettershavespecialshapesinarameograms.Noteespecially<-k>inà<AYK>andW˚<KN>;<-l>inOW<OL>, oA<AL>,and oaÅ<AHL>(also:ØW,øA, øaÅ);andtheunusualx<BYN>.

LESSON3

26 May4,2008-11:22PM

“Tobe” Theverb“tobe”hastwoprincipalfunctions:1.toaddapredicate,inwhichcaseitiscalleda“copula”;2.inthe3rdpersontoindicateexistence,inwhichcaseitiscalledan“existentialverb.”Thecopulahasno3rdsingular.TheexistentialverbcorrespondstoEnglish“thereis,thereare.” MNwA <HWEm> ham “Iam” µYNwA <HWEym> hēm “weare” ìNwA <HWEyd> hē “youare” WtDNwA <HWEyt'> hēd “youare” (nothing) YNwA <HWEd> hēnd “(they)are” WtdA <AYT'> ast “is,exists;thereis” WtDwL <LOYT'> nēst “thereisnot” Inthepasttense,thetwokindsof“tobe”arenotdistinguished.Moreover,thereisnodifferencebetween1.“was”and“became”and2.“was”and“hasbeen,”“became”and“hasbecome”(Englishimperfectandperfect): WTWB <bwt'> būd “(he/she/it)was/hasbeen;therewas/hasbeen” “(he/she/it)became/hasbecome” YNwA WTWB <bwt'HWEd> būdhēnd “(they)were/havebeen;therewere/havebeen” “(they)became/havebecome”Notes: Arameogramsofverbstakephoneticallywrittenendings,usuallycalled“phoneticcomplements”: Onthespellingofhē“youare,”seelesson5. InsteadofMNwA,etc.,weoftenseeMWNwAwiththeotiosestroke(or<-N>)afterthearameogram,beforetheending.GRAMMAR 3 ADJECTIVES Adjectivescanqualifyanoundirectlyoraspredicateof“tobe”(manyexamplesinlessons1-2). Adjectivescanbeplacedbeforethenountheyqualify,asinEnglish,e.g.:padzarrēngāh“onagoldenthrone,onathroneofgold”padwazurgšādīh“ingreatjoy”

Morecommonlyadjectivesfollowthenoun,attachedtoitbytheparticleī,oftenreferredtoastheizafe,e.g.:wistargīxōb“agoodcarpet”zamānīakanārag“unlimitedtime”Rašnīrāst“thestraightRašn”(agodofjudgment)kanīzagīwashučihrudrēdagīwashuwīr“averyprettygirl,averymanlyboy”

Theparticlecanalsobeusedafterthespecifying-ēw,e.g.:rōd-ēwīwazurg“a(certain)bigriver”xarbuzīspēdbuzānrad“thewhiteoryx[oryxleucoryx]istherad‘chief’ofgoats(=ofthe‘goat’species)”

LESSON3

27 May4,2008-11:22PM

Itcanalsobeplacedafteraninterveningverb,e.g.:andarmānātaxš-ēwbūdīwazurg“inthehouse,therewasagreatfire”

Theparticleisalsousedinexpressionssuchas:kōfīHarburz“themountainHarburz,MountHarburz”andarzrēyīWarkašxar-ēwastīsē-pāy“intheWarkašsea(ocean),thereisathree-leggeddonkey(xar)”ērānšahrandarkišwarīXwanīrah“thelandoftheIraniansisinthecontinent(kišwar)ofXwanīrah”kerbagīgētīy“thegooddeeds(performed)inthisworld”

Severalparticleswithonenoun:šahrīwazurgīBābēl“thegreatlandofBabylon”

Theparticleisalsousedbeforeprepositionalphrases:nēkīhīpadwahištudanāgīhīpaddōšox“thegoodnessinParadiseandtheevilinHell”kanīg-ēwīōkanīgānnēhomānāg“ayoungwomannotlike(other)youngwomen”

ThePahlaviexpressionfor“theXone,”isānīX,literally,“thatXone.”Thisexpressioncanalsobeusedtoattachadjectivestonouns:e.g.:ānīpahlomaxwān“thebestexistence”=pahlomaxwān=axwānīpahlomānīwattaraxwān“thebest/worstexistence”=wattaraxwān=axwānīwattarānīasartārīkīh“theendless(asar)darkness”=asartārīkīh[*tārīkīhīasar*isnotused]ānīmehkerbagudānīkeh“thegreatergooddeedandthesmallerone”ānīahlawkasudānīdruwand“therighteouspersonandtheevilone”gāhīrāstānudānīdrōzanān“theplaceofthetruthfulonesandthatoftheliars”ānīdānēdudānīnē“theonewhoknowsandtheonewhodoesnot”

Notealso:ōyīmazdēsn“theMazdayasnian(person),theMazdayasnians”

The construc tion with ān ī i s very common and important, so learn it well! POSSESSION 2 NotethecommonpossessiveexpressionxXxwēš“belongingtoX.”Pluralnounstake-ānbeforexwēš,e.g.:kēxwēšham“whoseamI?”(“whodoIbelongto?”)OhrmazdmanxwēšudanOhrmazdxwēšham“Ohrmazdbelongstome,andIbelongtoOhrmazd”Ahrimenuddēwānxwēšnēham“IdonotbelongtoAhrimenandthedemons”

LESSON3

28 May4,2008-11:22PM

SENTENCES3anōšag-ruwānĀdurbādīMahrspandānmazdēsnānsālārbūd“ĀdurbādsonofMahrspandof-immortal-soul

(anōšag-ruwān)wasaleaderoftheMazdayasnians” Notetheending-āninMahrspand-ānmeaning“sonof.”ānīahlawānwiderdagānruwānhamāgabāgOhrmazdudamahrspandānandarGarōdmānpadwazurgšādīh

hēnd“thesoulsoftherighteousdepartedareall(hamāg)inGarōdmāntogetherwithOhrmazdandtheamahrspandsingreatjoy”

AppositionsarenotmarkedinPahlaviandcanattimesbenotsoeasytoidentify(atfirstglance):asarrōšnīhgāhīamahrspandānudGarōdmānudāsmānawināh“theEndlessLights,theplaceofthe

Amahrspands,Garōdmān,andtheskyaresinless(freefromsin,awināh)”ēkastrāhīahlāyīhrāhīpōryōtkēšīhudānīabārīgrāhhamāgnē-rāh“one(ēk)istheroad(path,rāh)of

righteousness,(namely)theroadoftheteachingsofold(pōryōtkēšīh);theother(abārīg)roadsareall‘non-roads’”

EXERCISES3

1.PracticewritingthePahlaviwordsinthislesson,usinglinedpaper.2.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtranscriptionsandaddthetransliterations: a˜wAwA LwßYK WTwL <ANE> <ʾhwʾn'> <mzdysn'> aåD MNwA Wwa˜ <AYT'> <HWEy,HWEd> <NPŠE>

AbL mYNwA WwaåD <BRA> <HWE'ym> <pltwm> EilAT MWtÒP WwaåJ <bckkl> <hwnyls> <ŠDYAʾn'> EKcDcÅ nÍPW WwaåH <bwlnd> <KBD> <ʾsmʾn'>

EtåH NwA WwAtJtådmA <BYN> <krpkkl> <stʾlk'>

EwÍwL PWK WwaÂsA <cnd> <kwp> <štr'> Ewa˜wïDcÅ slYWwA WwAwaÅ <cygwn'> <kyšwl> <šʾtyh> ega¬aÅ WcÒWvlA WwaÂZ <dyn'> <LBA> <ʾstʾwmnd> N WkAwïD WwïD <gʾh> <LK> <tʾlykyh>

WN WklAtJ WwïDC <gyhʾn'> <LOYT'> <ʾwhrmzd>

AWB WthAW WWtH <gywʾk'> <lwšnyh> <whšt'>

kL Wt¬MwïåD x <gʾywmlt'> <lwt'> <wpl>

LKKPWK WtdA YBK <ʾhlʾdyh> <MN> <yzdʾn'>

LPW WtDwL YNwA <hlbwlc> <MNW> <zmʾn>

LKKCV Wtja˜ YNwAtjA <hmdʾtstʾn'> <mʾn'> <ʾyckyh> YWC <HWEm>

LESSON3

29 May4,2008-11:22PM

3.Addthetransliterationstothesesentencesandtranslatethem:1 anPērōzham.tōkēxwēšhē / ìNwA nÍPW WN kL ? MNwA WCwlYP NwA

2 OhrmazdxwēšhamnēAhrimenxwēš / nÍPW ‹ aÒ MNwA nÍPW a˜wAwA

3 yazdānxwēšhamnēdēwān / WwaåH aÒ MNwA nÍPW WwaåD4 amāhOhrmazddāmhēmānīdruwanddāmnēhēm / µYWNwA âL µE YWwlY Y ˝¸ ? µYWNwA µE a˜wAwA NwL

5 ašmāhmardōmīmazdēsnhēdbēamāhdriyōšhēm/ µYWNwA ÍwïdlY NwL AWB WtDNwA Wtja˜ Y MWt¬M MWkL

6 dēwībazzakkarhēndnēmardōmīawināh / sAWwA Y MWt¬M aÒ YNwA LKKCB Y aåH

7 padkōfībulandwafrwasast / WtdA YBK LPW YwLWB Y PWK WWP

8 andarOhrmazdmānwazurgšādīhast / WtdA EtåH AvL Wwa˜ a˜wAwA x

9 padgētīykōfudrōdwasastbēstāragnēst / WtDwL WklAtJ AWB WtdA YBK WTwL W WPWK YtJ WWP

10 Ohrmazdandarasarrōšnīhbūdzamānīakanārag / WklAWkA Y WwaÂY WTWB EwÍwL :jA x a˜wAwA

4.Transliterate,transcribe,andtranslatethefollowingsentences: / YwLWB Y WPWK WcÒWblA . !

/ WtdA YWC WklAtJ WwaÂsA WWP . 2

/ WthAW x WkAwïD< W aåD< a˜wAWA . 3

/ YWNwA YBK Íwï<dlY> Y MWt¬M WWtH x . 4

/ YNwA WTWB WwAtJtådmA MWt¬M WkA≤A . 24

/ WTWB WtjaÒ W WtåÒ slYWwA ^ LwßYK x WthAWt¬Z . 33

/ WTWB WwaåJ< x Y Wwa˜Wt¬M N MWtÒP Wt¬MwïåD< ?34

/ YNwA WTWB Ewa˜wï<DcÅ x MWt¬M W EKcDcÅ x WwïD ? 44

/ WTWB WwaÂsA x WwaåD WwAIwAcÅ W WtjâL Y WwßL NTwL a˜wAwA . 333

/ ‹N EilAT W a˜wAwA N EwÍwL / EwÍwL WN N W EilAT WN N . º

5.TranslateintoPahlavi(trytowriteinPahlavi):

1. Jamwaskingoflivingbeingswithbones.2. GayōmardwasOhrmazd’sfirstcreationintheworldoflivingbeings.3. OhrmazdandtheothergodsareinParadiseinhighheaveningreatjoy.4. TheevilAhrimenisintheendlessdarkness,buttheamahrspandareintheendlesslight.5. Thedemonsarenotlikethegods:thegodsaregood,thedemonsarebad.6. Theworldoflivingbeingsisfullofpeople,domesticanimals,andwildanimals.7. WeMazdayasniansareinĒrān-šahrtogetherwiththeotherswhodogooddeeds.8. TheoneroadtoParadiseandthehouseofthegods,thatofrighteousness,isnarrow.9. Gooddeedsandworkfreefromsinisthepathofthedēn.Benotdiligentinbaddeeds.10. PeoplewhodogooddeedsbelongtoOhrmazdandthegods.ThosewhodobaddeedsbelongtoAhrimen

andthedemons.

LESSON3

30 May4,2008-11:22PM

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHESENTENCESANDTHEEXERCISES3 Note:Grammaticalwordsinthelessonarenotincluded.Spellingisnotincludedwithwordsspelledwitharameograms.abārīg WIwAcÅ <ʾʾryk'> theother,theremaining”Ādurbād WtÅPWWtÅ <ʾtwrpʾt'> thenameofafamoushighpriestinthe4th

centuryahlaw WBwlaÅ <ʾhlwb'> righteous(opposite:druwand)ahlāyīh ea¬aÅ,ega¬aÅ <ʾhlʾdyh,ʾhlʾyh> righteousnessanōšag-ruwān WwABwLkÍWwA <ʾnwšk'-lwbʾn'> ‘ofimmortalsoul’,deadasar :jA <ʾsl> withoutbeginning,‘eternal’,‘endless’astōmand YNwAtjA <ʾstʾwmnd> withbonesawināh aÅWwA <ʾwnʾh> freefromsinsbuland YwLWB <bwlnd> tall,highčand YWC <cnd> howmuch?howmany?čiyōn WwSC <cygwn> likedēn WwïD <dyn'> thedēndruwand YWwlY <dlwnd> evil,wicked(opposite:ahlaw)ēk WKwïÅ <ʾdwk'> oneGarōdmān Wwa˜TwlY <glwtmʾn'> thehouseofOhrmazd,Paradisegēhān WwaåJ <gyhʾn'> livingbeings,world(oflivingbeings)gyāg WkAwïD <gywʾk> placehamāg WkaÂA <hmʾk'> allham-dādestān WwAtJtådmA <hmdʾtstʾn'> agreedHarburz WcÒWvlA <hlbwlc> themountainsurroundingtheworldhomānāg WkAwa˜WA <hwmʾnʾk'> similarto(ō...homānāg)Mahrspandān WwaDWfJwa˜ <mhrspndʾn'> sonMahrspandnē-rāh non-road,roadleadingnowhereortoHellpōryōtkēšīh eßYKTwïÒWP <pwlywtkyšyh> theteachingsofoldrāh aåÒ,saÒ <lʾh,lʾs> road,pathRašn WwßL <lšn'> Rašn,oneofthejudgesinthebeyond;he

holdsabalance,onwhichthegoodandevilthoughts,etc.,areweighed

sālār lEwïD <srdʾl> leader,chief,governortang YWT <tng> narrowXwanīrah slYWwA <hwnyls> thecentraloneoftheseverncontinentszamān WwaÂZ <zmʾn'> time

31 May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON4SPELLING 4 THE LETTER <N/W/R> TheletterW<w>isnotquiteasambiguousasY<y>.Itscommonvaluesarenandwandasotiosestroke,ofwhichwehavealreadyseenmanyexamples. Inafewcommonwords,however,ithasthevaluer,forexample: WWt˜ <mtr'>mihr“Mithra;love” WWtH <štr'>šahr“land” WWWtÅ <ʾtwr'>ādur“fire” WwYWcÅ <ʾryn'>āfrīn“blessing,applause” WWwYcD <dpywr'>dibīr“scribe” YUWP <prznd>“children,offspring” WTWK <krt'>kerd“did” WKPWK <krpk'>kerbag“gooddeed(s)” WcÅWP <prʾc'>frāz“forth,forward” WIwAcÅ <ʾʾryk'>abārīg“theother,theremaining” WtŸJWWP <pwrsyt'>pursīd“asked”NoteespeciallytheirregularlEwïD<srdʾl>sālār“leader,chief,governor.” Thevalue<r>isalsofoundinmanyZoroastriantechnicalterms,notablyinthenamesofthe7amahrspands(alsonamesofmonths): YWfJwaÂA WTcÅ <hpt'ʾmhrspnd>haftamahrspand a˜wAwA <ʾwhrmzd>Ohrmazd WNwAW <whwmn'>Wahman WthAWTwA <ʾrtwhšt'>Ardwahišt WWwYWWtH <štr'ywr'>Šahrīwar Wt˜wYWfJ <spndrmt'>Spandarmad(theEarth) WtDWwA <hwrdt'>Hordad WtDWnA <ʾmwrdt'>AmurdadLETTER VALUES IN ARAMEOGRAMS Arameogramsarealwayswrittenwithcapitalletters,including<A>insteadof<ʾ>,forinstance:AWbY<GBRA>mard“man.” ThreelettervaluesarefoundonlyinArameograms: N-<-E>(onlyfinal),e.g.: NwY<ZNE>ēn“this” nLW<OLE>ōy“he,she,it.” W<O>,e.g.: OW<OL>ō“to” WWK<KON>nūn“now” M<Q>:onlyin q<QDM>abar“on” TheletterN<-mn,-E>whenfinalisalmostalwaysthesignofanArameogram,forinstance,nßYW<NYŠE>zan“woman”;onlyrarelyarewedealingwithanIranianword,forinstanceWnÍwY<dwšmn'>dušmen“enemy.” Notethatfinal<-E>doesnotusuallytakeafinal<-'>,whereasfinal<-mn'>usuallydoes.

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Notelettercombinationswith<-ME,-mm->: nM <ME>čē“what,which” q <QDM>abar“on” nMWP <PWME>dahan“mouth” (WtJWœ)WtJWnmï˜ <MDMEN-st'>sahist“seemed” TheprepositionWWP<PWN>pad“in,with,bymeansof,etc.”isapseudo-Arameogram,asitisnotaknownAramaicword.Notealsothestrangespellingx<BYN>andar“in(side)”(inscr.nyB).ARAMEOGRAMS 2 Herearesomemorearameograms:Conjunc tions –∂¸,–gZ <ZY-> ī- =ī,whenusedwithencliticpronouns(seebelow) –pY <A-> u- =u,whenusedwithencliticpronouns tÂA <AMT> ka “when,if” tÅ <HT> agar “if” WwïdA <ADYN'> ēg “then” Pronouns nLW <OLE> ōy “he,she,it” WwaHnLW <OLEšʾn'> awēšān “they,them,their” NwY <ZNE> ēn “this”(notthat) AwA <HNA> ēd “this”(Xinquestion) nMtÒ <LTME> ēdar “here” ˝¸ <ZK> ān “that”(notthis) nMT <TME> ānōh “there” nM <ME> čē “what,which”(alsoconjunction“for,because”) AWK <KRA> harw “every,each” ßÄ <AYŠ> kas “person,-body” YWT <TWB> did “other” MwYN <MNDOM> tis “thing,-thing,matter”Adverbs nMtÒ <LTME> ēdar “here”(cf.ēd“this”) nMT <TME> ānōh “there”(cf.ān“that”)Adject ives AbL <LBA>wazurg“big,great” WiâL <LHYK>dūr“far,distant” LtdlS <SLYtl>wattar“bad(people),worse” lYpÍ <ŠPYL>weh“good,better” EI <DKYA> pāk“clean,pure” WwYva¸ <ZHByn'>zarrēn“ofgold,golden”Nouns ATwÍwA <ANŠWTA> mardōm “people” WbA <AB'> pid “father” mA <AM> mād “mother” aÅ <AH> brād “brother” NtåÅ <AHTE> xwah “sister” AWbY <GBRA> mard “man” nßYW <NYŠE> zan “woman” AklM <MLKA> šāh “king” AWwM <MROH> xwadāy “lord,ruler” NTklM <MLKTE> bāmbišn “queen” ATWwM <MROTA> bānūg “lady”

LESSON4

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GRAMMAR 4 POSSESSION 3 Wehavealreadyseenexpressionssuchasmanpid“myfather”andērānšāh“(the)kingofiran(ians).”Morecommonly,genitivesareconnectedtotheirnounsbymeansoftheparticleī,alsousedwithadjectives.Inthiscase,too,pluralnouns(andsometimestheiradjectives)taketheending-ān,e.g.: gyāgīOhrmazdudabārīgānyazdān“theplaceofOhrmazdandtheothergods>Ohrmazd’sandtheothergods’place”(beside:Ohrmazdudabārīgānyazdāngyāg). Notethat,inthisconstruction,theīisinthesamepositionasEnglishof. Asinthecaseofadjectives,onecanalsousetheformulaānīX“thatofX,”whichcanbereplacedbyēn(ēd)īX“thisoneofX’s,”e.g.:ānīšāhpus“theking’sson”ānīmurwānparr“thebirds’featehrs’wings”ēnīmandēnudānītōkerb“thisdēnofmineandthatbody/shapeofyours”ēdīmardōmānzīndagīh“thispeople’slife,thislifethatpeoplelead”mizdīgētīyān-izīmēnōy“therewardinthisworldandthatintheotherworld,too”tanīpasēnānīOhrmazdabdomdām“theFinalBodyisOhrmazd’slastcreation”ānīahlawānkerbagudānīdruwandānwināh“thegooddeedsoftherighteousonesandthesinsofthewicked

ones”padānīOhrmazdāmurzīdārīhudpadānīOhrmazdrādīh“byOhrmazd’smercyandbyOhrmazd’sgenerosity”menišnudgōwišnudkunišnānīharwdōkēwehudkē-izwattar“thinking,speaking,andactingbelongstoboth

(harwdō):(theone)whoisgoodandalso(-iz)(theone)whoisbad” Note:theuseoftherelativepronouninkēwehudkē-izwattarisinimitationofAvestan.

Andwithxwēšandpluralnounswith-ān: ānīOhrmazdxwēš“thatofOhrmazd’s,thatwhichbelongstoOhrmazd” ēdīamahrspandānxwēš“thisthatbelongstotheamahrspands”PERSONAL PRONOUNS Personalpronounshavefullformsand“enclitic”forms.Encliticformsareshortformsthatcannotstandalone,butareattachedtoaprecedingword,oftenthefirstwordinaclause. Theyareoftenusedas:genitives(“my,your,his,”etc.),directobject(“me,you,him,”etc.),indirectobjects(“to/forme,you,him,”etc.);andgovernedbyprepositionsandpostpositions.Sincetheencliticpronounisusuallyattachedtothefirstwordofaclause,theprepositionwilloftenfollowitandbecomeapostposition. Anencliticpronouncanneverbethe(grammatical)subjectofaverb. Thepronounsassubjectsofverbsareoftenleftout. Thereisnogrammaticaldifferencebetween“he,she,it.” Notethatthe1stpers.anisonlyusedassubject(withwhichtheverbagrees),whilemanandtheotherpronounsareusedasdirectandindirectobject,possessive,withpre/postpositions,etc.

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Fullforms EncliticformsSingular 1st NwA <ANE> an “I” M- -(i)m “me,my” L <L> man “I,me,my” 2nd kL <LK> tō “you,your” T- -(i)t “you,your” 3rd nLW <OLE> ōy “he/she,him/her,his/her” Í- -(i)š “him/her/it,his,etc.”Plural 1st NwL <LNE> amāh “we,us,our” Wwa˜- -(i)mān“us,our” 2nd MWkL <LKWM> ašmāh “you,your” WwAT- -(i)tān “you,your” 3rd WwaHnLW <OLEšʾn'> awēšān “they,them,their” WwaH- -(i)šān “them,their”Notes: WhenthearameogramL<L>manisfollowedbytheencliticparticle-iz“too”itbecomescdL<LYc>man-iz“metoo.” The3rdpluralawēšāniscommonlyusedassubject,butōyisusedwithpluralnounsassubjects,e.g.ōyyazdandarwahišthēnd“thosegodsareinParadise”

Theencliticpronounsmustbeattachedtoanotherword,mostcommonlythefirstwordofaclause,whichmeansthattheyareoftenseparatedfromthewordstheyqualify.e.g.: mA <ʾm>ā-m MtÅ <HTm>agar-im t∂¸ <ZYt>ī-t mï¸ <ZYm>ī-m Wwa˜cÅ <APmʾn'>u-mān Wwa˜à <AYKmʾn'>kū-mān WwaHWN <MNWšʾn'>kē-šān WwATWwïdA <ADYNtʾn'>ēg-itānExampleswithu-:ZarduxštmādnāmbūdDugdōwu-špidnāmPōrušasp“Zarduxšt’smother’snamewasDugdōwandhisfather’s

namewasPōrušasp”frahangtōhmīdānišnu-šbarxrad“learningistheseedofknowledge,anditsfruitiswisdom”u-mdēnkadāmu-mkēdōstu-mkēdušmenu-mčēxwēškārīhīgētīyudčēmizdīmēnōy“Whichismydēn?Who

ismyfriend?Whoismyenemy?Andwhatismyduty(of=)inthisworld,andwhatismyrewardintheotherworld?”

padgōwišnīhīOhrmazdpaydāgkūēdtōMašīgāwu-tēdǰōrdā“bythestatementofOhrmazd(=fromwhatOhrmazdhassaid)itiswell-knownthat:This(is)yourcow,Mašī,andthis(is)yourbarley”

Theconjunctionu-“and”isalsooftenusedsimplyasaparticletoattachthepronounto,alternatingwiththeparticleā-“then,”e.g.:ānhaftamahrspandu-šānnāmēn“thosesevenamahrspands—theirnamesarethese”=ānhaftamahrspandā-šānnāmēnkēkerbakkarā-šmizdwahišt“hewhodoesgood,hisrewardisParadise”

LESSON4

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Relativepronounswithenclitics,e.g.:ānī-šandardānišn“thatwhich(is)withinhisknowledge”spazgīhmagōwēdčē-tānandardōšoxwināhīspazgīhazpēšdwārēd“donotspeakslander(spazgīh),forinHell,

thesinofslanderrunsinfrontofyou.”“TO BE” AND “TO HAVE” 2 Asalreadymentioned,theverb“tobe,become”isalsousedtoexpresspossession“thereisanXforY”=“YhasanX.”Thepossessoroftentakesthepostpositionrāy:agar-ithambun-izmihrīamāhast“ifyouhaveanyloveforusatall(hambun-iz)”Pābagrāyēčfrazendnēbūd“Pābaghadnochild.”

Wefindastincertaincontexts(notyetentirelydefined),referringtosomeprecedingdiscussionorexplanation,meaningsomethinglike“thatis(idest)”or“andthatisX.” Examples:ānastOhrmazd“(Wahmansaid:)That/heisOhrmazd”azasaragkerbAhunwarfrāzbūd.astdēn“Fromthehead-lessform,theAhunwaroriginated,thatis,thedēn”stāragīkōdagwashēndkē-šānnāmēnast“therearemanysmallstars,whose(kē-šān‘whotheir’)namesare

these(=asfollows)”THE VERB. THE 3RD PERSON SINGULAR AND PLURAL PRESENT AND THE IMPERATIVE Pahlaviverbsareconjugatedin3personsand2numbers(1st,2nd,3rdpersonsingularandplural),likeGerman,French,etc.Present indicat ive 3rd person singular and plura l Endings: Singular Plural WtD- <-yt'>-ēd YwY- <-ynd>-ēndExamples: WtdßAWT <twhšyt'>tuxš-ēd“makesaneffort” YwïhAWT <twhšynd>tuxš-ēnd WtŸJWWP <pwrsyt'>purs-ēd“asks” YwïJWWP <pwrsynd>purs-ēnd WtjaÂLP <plmʾdyt'>framāy-ēd“commands” YwïdaÂLP <plmʾdynd>framāy-ēnd Wtja:J <slʾdyt'>srāy-ēd“recites,sings” Ywïda:J <slʾdynd>srāy-ēnd WtDwï¸ <zywyt'>zīy-ēd“lives” YwYwï¸ <zywynd>zīy-ēnd WtDBwY <gwbyt'>gōw-ēd“says,speaks” YwYBwY <gwbynd>gōw-ēndExamples:ZarduxštazOhrmazdēdōnpursēdkūtōkēhē“ZarduxštasksOhrmazdthus:whoareyou?” Notepurs-+az“ask(something)‘from’somebody.”

mardazmardpursēndkū-tpadruwāndādestānčēbūd“menasksmen:whatwasthejudgmentuponyoursoul?” Notetheuseofthegenericsingularmard+pluralverbpursēnd.amahrspandandarGarōdmānpēšīOhrmazdestēnd“TheamahrspandsstandbeforeOhrmazdinGarōdmān”

LESSON4

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ahlawānkerbagōyazdānrasēdayābōdēwān“doesthegoodactivity(thegooddeeds)oftherighteousonescometothegodsortothedemons?”

Note:Rememberthatpluralnounstaketheending-ānalsoafterprepositions:ōyazd-ān/dēw-ān.Spandarmadzamīgrādīhēdkūhamāgdāmānazōyzīyēnd“Spandarmadtheearth’sgenerosityisthis:all

creatures(dāmān)livefromher”padānīOhrmazdāmurzīdārīhdāmānzīyēndudpadānīOhrmazdrādīhōānīpahlomaxwānrasēnd“by

Ohrmazd’smercy(āmurzīdārīh)thecreatureslive,andbyOhrmazd’sgenerositythey(will)cometothebestexistence”

winwāngānastkēahlawsrāyēndīAbestāgabargōwēnd“thesound(wāng)ofthelute(win)isthatwhichtherighteousonessingwhorecite(abargōwēnd)theAvesta”

Impera tive 2nd person s ingular and plural Endings: Singular Plural - <->-(noending) WtD- <-yt'>-ēdExamples: ßAWT <twhš>tuxš“makeaneffort!” WtdßAWT <twhšyt'>tuxšēd SWWP <pwrs>purs“ask!” WtŸJWWP <pwrsyt'>pursēd lABwY <dwbʾl>dwār“run!” WtdlABwY <dwbʾlyt'>dwārēd áÂLP <plmʾd>framāy“command!” WtjaÂLP <plmʾdyt'>framāyēd á:J <slʾd>srāy“recite!,sing!” Wtja:J <slʾdyt'>srāyēd

Note:The2ndpluralisalwaysidenticalwiththe3rdsingular.Examples:rāstgōwēdānīdrōmagōwēd“Speakthetruth!Donotspeakuntruth/lies!”ōānwināhkārzahrdahtāandarzamānmīrēd“givethatsinnerpoison,sothathediesintime=onthespot!”aybazzakkarOhrmazddāmmazanēdčēōdōšoxrasēd“Oevil-doers,donotsmiteOhrmazd’screation,because

youwillcometoHell!”Negat ions Notetheuseofdoublenegations:nē...(ud)nē,ma...ma,“neither...nor,”e.g.:ēnazabestāgpaydāgānbawēdkanēnānudnēgōštnēst“This(case)weknowfromtheAvesta.That(isthecase)

when(hehas)neitherbreadnormeat.”ma-izpas-izmazdēsnānzamīgkārēndmaābabarhilēndkūpadānabarsagayābmardwiderd“Also,afterward,

letthemnotillthatearth,letthemnotreleasewateronit,onwhichadogoramanhaspassedaway!”TWO TECHNICAL TERMS: DĒN AND PAYDĀG Thetermdēnisoftenrenderedas“religion,”whichcanbeadequateinlatetexts.Itcanbemisleading,however,ifappliedtopre-Christiantimes,when“religion”inthemodernsensedidnotreallyexist.Inancienttimes,“religion”wasmoreawayoflifeincludingthedivine,ratherthanapersonalattitudetothedivine.Westernscholars,however,haveprojectedthecharacteristicsofChristianityandIslamontoZoroastrianism,ratherthanseeingitasareligionlikethoseoftheAncientNearEast. The‘Dēn’andthe‘GoodDēn’(wehdēn)refertotheentiretradition,knowledge,andcustomsoftheZoroastrians,whichwererevealedtoZarathustrabyOhrmazd.Itissometimessynonymouswith“Zoroastrianism.”

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IntheZoroastrianeschatologicalmyth,thedēnisthetotalityofaperson’sgoodthoughts,speech,anddeeds.Afterdeath,sheappearstothesoulintheshapeofawoman,whoseappearanceisaccordingtothebalanceofgoodversusevilthoughts,etc.,andwholeadsthesoultoheavenorhellaccordingly. Thetermpaydāgandthephrasepaydāgbūdareoftenrenderedas“itis/wasrevealed,”butitonlymeans“apparent,(forall)tobeseen”andpaydāgbūdmeans“appeared.” Thetermiscommonlyconnectedwiththedēnor‘gooddēn’,andwhatappearsisoftensomethingthatOhrmazdshowsZardušt;inthosecasesitcomesclosetoouruseof“revealed.” ThesimilartermazAbestāgpaydāgmeans“itisknownfromtheAvesta”andissometimesfollowedbyanAvestanquotation. Thecorrespondingnounispaydāgīh,ofteninthephrase(bē)ōpaydāgīhāmad“cameintofullview(appeared,becameclearforalltosee).”Examples:padwehdēnpaydāgkūOhrmazddādārīhamāggēhānīastōmandān.ēn-izpaydāgkūharwkasōšōmand“(itis)

apparentintheGoodDēnthatOhrmazdisthecreator(dādār)ofalllivingbeings‘withbones’(gēhānīastōmandān);thistooisapparent:thateveryperson(=everybody)(is)mortal(ōšōmand).”

Notetheparticle-iz“too,also.”astkēēdōngōwēdēnazAbestāgpaydāg“thereisone(authority)whosays:ThisisknownfromtheAvesta”ēnazabestāgpaydāgānbawēdkanēnānudnēgōštnēst“This(case)weknowfromtheAvesta.That(oneisthe

case)whenhehasneitherbreadnormeat.”

TEXT4 AdaptedfromtheArdāWirāz-nāmag“BookoftherighteousWirāz”(theZoroastrianDivinaCommedia):ArdāWirāzazMihrudpērōzgarSrōšAhlīyudĀduryazdpursēdkūawēšānkēhēndudčērāyēdarestēndgōwēdSrōšAhlīyudĀduryazdkūēngyāghamēstagānxwānēndudēnruwāntātanīpasēnēngyāgestēndudruwānīawēšānmardōmānhēndkē-šānkerbagudwināhrāstbūdu-šānpādifrāhazwardišnīandarwāysardīhayābgarmīhu-šānabārīgpetyāragnēst

ArdāWirāzasksMihr,thevictoriousSrōšoftheRewards,andthedivineFire: Whoarethose(souls)andwhyaretheystandinghere? SrōšoftheRewardsandthedivineFiresay:ThisplacetheycallHamēstagān. Thesesoulsstand(in)thisplaceuntiltheFinalBody. Theyarethesoulsofthosepeoplewhose(kē-šān)gooddeedsandsinsareequal(inweight). Andtheirpunishmentisfromthecoldnessandheatof(resultingfrom)theturningoftheatmosphere. Andtheyhavenootheradversities.

EXERCISES41.Addthetranscriptions/transliterationstothesesentencesandtranslatethem:1 / WtdA WPwA ^ gLtJW WthAW x à WkAtDP WWWtdA WwïD WWP ? !

<PWNdyn'ʾytwn'pytʾk'AYKBYNwhšt'wstlgYhwp'AYT'>2 / WwßmâL WWP nMtÒ WN WwaÂE a˜wAwA N LWP YtJ NwY ? 2

<ZNEgytypwlMNʾwhrmzddʾmʾn'MNWLTMEPWNlʾmšn'zywynd>

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3 / WnÍwY lAksAWW McÅ WtJwY LKKPWK L ? WnÍwY µATK TcÅ WtJwY µATK kL ? 3

<LKktʾmdwst'APtktʾmdwšmn'.Lkrpkkldwst'APmwnʾskʾldwšmn'4 / Ywïda:J WkAtJcÅ W YwYwï¸ EKwYW WWP tÂA lYpÍ YtJ Y MwYN AwA ? 4

<HNAMNDOMYgytyŠPYLAMTPWNnywkyhzywyndWʾpstʾk'slʾdynd>5 / WtDBwY saÒPtÅP nMT nLW WwaHcÅ Ywï¬ABwY ‹ Y ßYP OW Wwa¬AksAWW ^ WwABwL WwaHwY x ? 23

<BYNdwšhw'lwbʾn'Ywnʾskʾlʾn'OLpyšYʾhlmn'dwbʾlyndAPšʾn'OLETMEpʾtplʾsgwbyt'>6 / WthAW gzM ßA Wtja:J LWWwaÅ W WtdßAWT ega¬aÅ WWP WN à WtDBwY eßYKTwïÒWP x ? 33

andarpōryōtkēšīhgōwēdkūkēpadahlāyīhtuxšēdudAhunwarsrāyēdā-šmizdwahišt7 / WKPWK elAkßYwA WwaHà YNwA WwAtJtådmA Wtja˜ ^ nLW ? 34

ōyīmazdēsnhamdādestānhēndkū-šānxwēškārīhkerbag8 / WwïDwA Y WKtdL YNwA WwM kL à WtŸJWWP WKtÒTW Y AWbY Y WwABwL N î¬aÅ ÍwlS ? 44

Srōšahlīyazruwānīmardīwiderdagpursēdkūtōkēhērēdagīhudēn9 / WBwY q WkAtJcÅ kL à WtjaÂLP WWWtdA thAWt¬Z OW AklM WfjAtHW ? 333

WištāspšāhōZarduxštēdōnframāyēdkūtōAbestāgabargōw10 / WtdßAWT EKwYW WWP WwïdA ? LtdlS EkAwA W lYpÍ EKwYW à WtDBwY SwaHwïD ? º

Sōšānsgōwēdkūnēkīhwehudanāgīhwattar.ēgpadnēkīhtuxšēd2.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtranscriptions,andtransliterate,andtranslatethem: ‹ NwL abāg hamāg à OW abārīgān hēd a˜wAwA YWfJwaÂA ādur ǰud-dādestān a¬AtDcÒwmA PwïÅ Ahrimen kē EilAT WcdA akanārag kū EwÍwL WiâL amāh mardōm

AklM WkaåD amahrspand marg ATwÍwA WkAtDP āmurzīdārīh mazdēsn AwA WkaÂA ān Mihr nMT WklAWkA ānōh nēst ˝¸ wMwY Ardawān nūn lAksAWW WN āšōb ō lYcÅB WnÍwY ayāb Ohrmazd NTwL WPwßA az paydāg MwYN WthAW Bābēl rāmišn WtDwï¸ WtDBwY čiyōn Rašn N WtdlABwY Dahāg rōšnīh nMtÒ WtDwL dūr ruwānān

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WtDwMwA WwßL dušmen šāh Wtja˜ WwßmâL dwārēd tā Wwa˜TwlY WWt˜ ēč tārīkīh WwaåD WWtHWwa¬Ä ēd tis WwAIwAcÅ WWwïDC ēdar wahišt WwAKtÒTW WWWtÅ ēdōn widerdagān WwAtJtåDtDwY WWWtdA ēn wināhkār WwAwABwL YW Ērān-šahr wistarg WwAwï¬A glM Garōdmān yazdān WWK gLtJW gōwēd zīyēd3.Transliterate,transcribe,andtranslateatleastthreeofsentences1-5andatleastthreeofsentences6-10: / ‹ N eLTW W a˜wAwA N EKwYW / eLTW WN N W EKwYW WN N ? !

/ µYwï¸ EtåH W WwßmâL WWP W WtDwL WnÍwY> WcdA NwL lYpAB Y WWtH x nMtÒ ? 2

/ YwMwA WTWB Ewa˜wï<DcÅ x MWt¬M W EKcDcÅ x WwïD> WTwÍ 333 ? 3

/ WwAtJtåDtDwY PwïÅ WtDwMwA WwAtJtådmA MwY>N NwY WWP MWkL ? 4

/ WwaåD WwAIwAcÅ W WtjaÒ ^ WwßL W WWt˜ NTwL Y>WNwA WthAW x WwïJP Y WWT Y>W YWfJwaÂA W a˜wAWA . 23

/ WtDWnA W WtDWwA W Wt˜wYWfJ W WWwYWWtH W WthAWTwA W WNwAW W a˜wAwA YWNwA WTcÅ NwY YWfJwaÂA . 33 / YWNwA EtåH AvL WWP WwAwABwL WwAKtÒTW NTwL Wwa˜TwlY< x WkaÂA ?34

WWtHWwa¬Ä OW glM W WPwßA WWP WnÍwY WwaåD Y lAksAWW ˝¸ WWK à WtDBwY< WWWtdA AklM WwAwï¬A ? 44

/ WtdlABwY> x

/ WtDBwY MWkL WWwïDC WWWtdA âL à WkAtDP WtDBwY MWkL Y AwA Wwa˜à WtDBwY AwA WthAWt¬Z .333

/ YWNwA WwßmaÒ W EtåH WWP WthAW x WWABwL EtåÒ ßï¸ ˝¸ WWP W elAtDcÒnA a˜wAwA Y ˝¸ WWP ? º

4.TranslateintoPahlaviatleastthreeofsentences1-5andatleasttwoof6-10(donotattempttowriteinPahlavi):

1. ThatmanwhosingstheAhunwarisourteacher.2. PērōzasksWahrāmthus:Isbattleagoodthingorabadone?3. Inthisworldtherearemanymen,domesticanimals,andfires.4. InĒrānšahr,thepeopleareallMazdayasniansdoinggooddeeds.5. Theevil-doingDahāg’shousewasfarfromthelandoftheIraniansinthelandofBabylon.6. PeopleareOhrmazd’screaturesandthedemonsarethoseofAhrimen.7. Here,therearenodemonsandtheirevil,fortheyaretogetherwithAhrimeninHell,therewherethereis

nogoodness.8. Whoisyourfather,mother,brother,andsister?OurfatherisOhrmazd,ourmotherisSpandarmad,our

brotherisSrōš,andoursisteristheDēnoftheMazdayasnians.9. ThiswomanwhoistogetherwithOhrmazdonthegoodcarpetishisdaughterSpandarmad.10. Itisclearinthedēnthatgoodnessistheseedofknowledge,butHellthefruitofsin.

ADDITIONAL READINGS 4.1 ZandīWahmanYasn7.36udwāngkunēdmihrīfrāx-gōyōdōPišišōtanībāmīgkūbēkanbēzanānuzdēstčārīdēwānnišēmag

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rawōēnĒrāndehānīmanOhrmazd-dādabāzwirāygāhīdēnudxwadāyīhabardruwandānkatōwēnēbēškennē$$

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHETEXTANDTHEEXERCISES4abargōw- utter,reciteĀdur WWWtÅ <ʾtwr'> thedivinefire,sonofOhrmazdāmurzīdārīh elAtDcÒwmA <ʾmwlcytʾlyh> mercy,forgivenessanāgīh EkAwA <ʾnʾkyh> evilandarwāy äwlYwA <ʾndlwʾd> theintermediatespace,atmosphereānōh nMT <TME> thereArdāWirāz Wcå¬YW At¬A <ʾltʾwylʾc'> propernameāšōb WPwßA <ʾšw> turmoilayāb,ayāb...ayāb WPwïÅ <ʾdwp'> or;either...orbar LB <bl> fruitBābēl lYcÅB <bʾyl> Babylončērāy äL nM <MElʾd> why?čiyōn WWwïDC <cygwn'> as,like,inthewaythat;how?Dahāg WkaåD <dhʾk'> amythicalevilrulerofIrandānišn WwÍwE <dʾnšn'> knowledgedastwar LBWtjY <dstwbl> guideinreligiousmattes,teacherdūr WiâL <LHYK> far,distantēdar nMtÒ <LTME> hereēdōn WWWtdA <ʾytwn'> thus,inthiswaygarmīh EmlG <glmyh> heatgumān Wwa˜wY <gwmʾn'> doubtful(bedoubtful=havedoubt)hamēstagān WwAKtjˆÂA <hmystkʾn'> theintermediaterestingplaceofthesoulsǰud-dādestān WwAtJtåDWtDwY <ywbt'-dʾdstʾn'> disagreeingǰud-dādestānīh EwAtJtåDWtDwY <ywbt'-dʾdstʾnyh> disagreementkārēzār lAcdlAK <kʾlycʾl> battlemarg glM <mlg> deathnēkīh EKwYW <nywkyh> goodnessnō 333 <333> nine,9nūn WWK <KON> nowpādifrāh saÒPtÅP <pʾtplʾs> punishmentpaydāg WkAtDP <pytʾk'> apparent,clearforalltosee,evidentpērōzgar lYCwlYP <pylwcgl> victoriousrādīh EtåÒ <lʾtyh> generosityrāmišn WwßmâL <lʾmšn'> joy,happinesssāl WTwÍ <ŠNT'> yearsardīh Et:J <sltyh> cold(ness)

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SrōšAhlīy î¬aÅ ÍwlS <slwšʾhlyd> SrōšoftheRewards(Av.Sraošaaiia)tā YW <OD> until;sothattanīpasēn WwïJP Y WWT <tn'Ypsyn'> theFinalBody(theworldintheend)tis MwYN <MNDOM> thingtōhm mAWT <twhm> seed wardišn WwÍtÒW <wltšn'> turning,rotatingwināh sAWW <wnʾs> sinwināhkār lAksAWW <wnʾs-kʾl> sinnerxwānēnd theycall

42 May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON5SPELLING 5 Therearenumerousirregular(i.e.,unpredictable)spellingsofPahlaviwords,asthereareinEnglish,mostofthemcausedbythehistoryofthewords.COMBINATIONS WITH < ʾ , H> <-ʾh->=-āh- Theregularreadingofthesequence<ʾh>isāh,e.g.: aå˜ <mʾh>māh“moon” aÅWP <pnʾh>panāh“refuge” aåD <gʾh>gāh“throne,place” aåÒ <lʾh>rāh“road,path” aÅkA <ʾkʾh>āgāh“aware,knowledgeable” aÅWW <wnʾh>wināh“sin,evilact” aÅKW <nkʾh>nigāh“alook” aåÒPtÅP <pʾtplʾs>pādifrāh“punishment”Someofthesewordsarealsospelledwith<-ʾs->,e.g.: sE <gʾs>gāh“throne,place” saÒ <lʾs>rāh“road,path” sAkA <ʾkʾs>āgāh“aware,knowledgeable” sAWW <wnʾs>wināh“sin,evilact” sAKW <nkʾs>nigāh“alook” saÒPtÅP <pʾtplʾs>pādifrāh“punishment”

Note:aåÒPtÅPandsaÒPtÅParealsospelledaåÒPWtÅPorsaÒPWtÅP<pʾtwplʾs/h>pādufrāh.

Lesscommonly,itistobereadas<hʾ>andspellshā,e.g.: MwlaÅC <chʾlwm>čahārom“fourth” WkaåD <dhʾk'>Dahāg,mythicalevilrulerofIran WwaååD <gʾhʾn>gāhān“theGathas” WwaåJ <gyhʾn'>gēhān“livingbeings,world”<-ʾh->=-ah-/-ax- Inanumberofcommonwords,however,thesequence<-ʾh->spells-ah-/-ax-(withshort-a-),e.g.: aÅP <pʾh>pah,smalldomesticanimal(sheepandgoats,Av.pasu)

laÅB <bʾhl>bahr“part,share” WtåÅB <bʾht'>baxt“divided,shared,allotted;destiny” MwlaÅP <pʾhlwm>pahlom“best” maåD <dʾhm>dahm“qualified(priest)” Butcompare,withregularspellings: WtåJ <sht'>saxt“hard,firm;firmly” WtååJ <sʾht'>sāxt“made,built”Occasionally,<-ʾh->isusedtospell-h-or-x-afterothervowels,e.g.: laÅwS <snʾhl>snexr“snow,sleet(?)” laÅwS <swʾhl>suxr“(glowing)red” laÅwZ,lAwZ <zwhl,zwʾhl>zōhr“libation” laÅwY,lAwY <gwhl,gwʾhl>gōhr“substance;jewel” laåÅ, leA <hyhl,hʾhl>hixr,excrement(s) WwaÂaå˜ <mʾhmʾn'>mehmān“guest;intimate” WwAkaåD <d՚hk՚n>dehgān“landowner”ZWY4.53$$

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THE SEQUENCE <HW> AND <-HW> = XW , -X Atthebeginningofwords,thesequence<hw>,inadditiontohu-,alsospellsxw-,e.g.: eÄTwA <hwtʾdyh>xwadāyīh“rule” WwßLwA <hwlšn'>xwarišn“food” LcÅwA <hwʾl>xwābar“munificent” elâwA <hwʾlyh>xwārīh“ease,bliss,joy” WtdßLwA <hwlšyt'>xwaršēd“sun” elAkßYwA <hwyškʾlyh>xwēškārīh“duty”(asaZoroastrian)Thesequence<hw>isfoundbetweenvowelsin: WWwaJ <shwn'>saxwan“word,speech,talk” Itisalsofoundattheendofsomeverycommonwords.Here,theoriginalsequence-axw(withshorta)wasprobablypronounced-ox,whileoriginal-āxwmayhavebeenpronounced-āxwor-āx. Originally,thepronunciationmayhavedifferedwhenendingswereadded,e.g.: WwaJP <pshw'>passox“answer” WwaÅtJW <wstʾhw'>wistāx(w)“confident” WwaÅ <ʾhw'>ox“existence” WwAwaÅ <ʾhwʾn'>oxānoraxwān“(thetwo)existences” WwaHwY <dwšhw'>dōšox“Hell” EwaÅwA <hwʾhwyh>hu-oxīhorhu-axwīh“goodexistence” WwaåÒP <plʾhw'>frāx“broad,wide” EwaåÒP <plʾhwyh>frāxīhorfrāxwīh“breadth,width”ComparetheManicheanspellings: WwaÅtJW <wstʾhw'>wistāx(w)“confident” Man.<wstʾxw,wystʾh> WwaÒP <plhw'>farrox“fortunate” Man.<prwx,prwxʾn> EwaÒP <plhwyh>farroxīh“fortune” Man.<prwxyh> WwaJP <pshw'>passox“answer” Man.<pswx>

<ʾw>forōorā Wefindinternal<ʾw>for<w>ōinacoupleofwords,perhapstoavoidconfusionwithsimilarwords,e.g.: Lwa¸ <zʾwl>zōr“strength”for LwZ <zwl>zōrcf. LwZ <zwl>zũr“deception,deceitful”The<w>isignoredinseveralwordsafteralongvowel,e.g.: WWwYcD <dpywr'>dibīr“scribe” LwaD <yʾwl>ǰār“time”(threetimes,etc.)AswellasintheimportantconjunctionWPwïÅ<ʾdwp'>“or.”POSTVOCALIC <Y, D, G> Intervocalic<-d->and<-g->spell-d-and-g-whentheyaretheinitialsofwordswithprefixesandincompounds,e.g.: WwïDwA <hw-dyn'>hu-dēn“havinggooddēn” WwÍBwYwA <hw-gwbšn'>hu-gōwišn“speakinggoodspeech” Ewa˜wïDcÅ <ʾy-gwmʾnyh>abē-gumānīh“lackofdoubt(gumān)”

LESSON5

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-yspelled<d/g> FromtheinscriptionsandthePahlaviPsalms,weseethatfinal-ywasalwaysspelled<-d>andthatintervocalic-y-wasoftenspelled<-d->butalso<-g->: YwL <rwd>rōy“face” YWB <bwd>bōy“smell,fragrance”

NotethatYwLandYWBalsospellrangandband.

ÄW <wʾd>Wāy,adeity áJW <nsʾd>nasāy“corpse” YWwï˜ <mynwd>mēnōy“theworldofthought” ÄTwA <hwtʾd>xwadāy“lord,ruler” iYWwï˜ <mynwdyk'>mēnōyīg“ofthemēnōy” eÄTwA <hwtʾdyh>xwadāyīh“rule” YB <bg>bay“god(s),Majesty” WwEB <bgʾn'>bayān“gods,Majesty” YBwLP <plnbg,plwbg>Farnbay,FarrōbayNotetheirregular (WtJWwY) Wt∆DWwY <drwyst',drwdst'(drwst')>drust“whole,healthy,sound”(Man.<dryst>) WPwïÅ <ʾdwp'>ayāb“or”-yā-spelled<-ʾʾ->=<-dyʾ-,-ydʾ-> Since<-ʾ->canbefor<-yy->(etc.),thesequence<-ʾʾ->canalsobefor<-ydʾ->or<-dyʾ>,e.g.: Wwaå˜ <mʾʾn'>=<mdyʾn'>mayān“middle” Wwaå¸ <zʾʾn'>=<zydʾn'>zyān“harm” WklaÅtDP= WklEtDP <pytyʾlk'>or<pytʾʾlk'=pytyyʾlk'>petyārag,theAdversary-yā-spelled<-ʾʾ-=-gdʾ-> WwaÅtå˜ <mʾtʾʾn'>=<mʾtgdʾn'>mādayān“book”-yē-spelled<-d-> <y>doesnothavetobewrittendouble<yy>whenitstandsfor-yē-(foundfrequentlyinverbs)or-yī-,e.g.: WtdaÂLP <plmʾdt'>framāyēd“hecommands” = WtjaÂLP <plmʾdyt'> eATwA <hwtʾyh>xwadāyīh“rule” = eÄTwA <hwtʾdyh>

Cf.inscriptionsYtdamn<nmʾdty>nimāyēd“heshows.”yspelled<-yw->,<-dw-> Insomecommonwords,<-yw->,<-dw->isusedinsteadofsimple<-y->: WKwïÅ <ʾywk',ʾdwk'>ēk“one” WKwYW <nywk'>nēk“good” WkAwïD <gywʾk'>gyāg“place” WwYcD <dywr>dibīr“scribe” WTPwïåD <dhywpt'>dahībed“lordoftheland” WtJwï¸-wï¸ <zyw-,zywst'>zīy-zīst“tolive” WIWwï¸ <zywndk'>zīyendag>zīndag“living,alive” wspelled<-gw-> ThiscombinationisfoundinaZoroastrianterm: AWbYwï˜,Wt¬Mwï˜ <mgwmlt',mgw-GBRA>mowmard“highpriest”(“Magianman”)

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Spellingof-ay,-ay-as<-ʾy(-)>

Inafewwords<ʾy,ʾd>spellsaywithshorta,amongthem: ÄW <wʾd>way“bird” -ïå¸ <zʾy-,zʾd->zay- “askfor” Wt¬MwïåD <gʾywmlt'>GayōmardNote : ThegraphÄalonehastworeadings:<HD>ēw“one”and<ʾy>1.ē,aparticleusedwiththepresenttensetogiveitimperativemeaning,e.g.,ēkunēd“lethimdo!”;2.ay,aparticle“i.e.,thatis”;3.vocativeparticleay“O.”Spellingoffinal-ē,-ī(-ēy,-īy),-ay

Theseendingsarespelledinseveralways.Therearenopreferredspellingsforindividualwords,butvariantsaccordingtoindividualscribes. TheformsbY-, ∫Y-,ì-<-yd>arearchaicformsof<-yd>,cf.PsalterdY-<-yd>. FormssuchasE-, Ä-, aÅ-<-ydy>arefromPsalterÁdY-<-ydy>-īy,-ēy/-ē. Insomemanuscripts,wefindtheendingshortenedtoA-and,perhaps,Y-. Examples: (etc.)aå¬Z,î¬Z <zlyd,zlydy>zrēy“sea,ocean;armor” aÅP,ìP <pyd,pydy>pay“sinew,tendon” AwA,ìwA <hwyd>xwēy“sleep” Note:zrēy“sea,ocean”andzrēy“armor”aretranscribedaszrehinMacKenzie’sDictionary(cf.NewPersianzereh“armor”). Theexactpronunciationofthewordfor“chariot,”ManicheanMiddlePersian<rh>and<rhy>isuncertain: îÒ,íaÒ, sL <ls,lhy,lyd>rahīy,reh,rah“chariot”(Avestanraθaand*raθiya;Man.<rhy,ryh,rh>).Theending-ī(-īy)isfoundinthePahlaviformsofAvestanwordsendingin-iia(=-iya),notablyin:Av.gaēθiia-: (etc.)íYtJ,aÅtJ <gytydy,gytyd>gētīy“worldoftheliving” iaÅtJ,WkïÅtJ <gytydyk'>gētīyīg“ofthegētīy” Note:Thetermsgētīyandmēnōyareoftentranscribedasgētīgandmēnōg,basedontheManicheanterm<mynwgyh>,buttheyarenever(exceptoccasionallyinlatetexts)spelledwith<-k>.Av.maiia-*maiiānī-(thefirsttwohumansinthePahlavitexts): aåHM,îHM <mšyd,mšydy>Mašīy (etc.)íYwaåHM <mšydʾnyd>Mašyānīy (etc.)î¬aå˜ <mʾhlydy>Mahlīy (etc.)íYwaå¬aå˜ <mʾhlydʾnydy>Mahlyānīy (etc.)íYWt˜ <mtrydy>Mahrīy (etc.)íYwaÅWt˜ <mtrydʾnydy>MahriyānīyNote:Thespelling<-yd->for-ī-issometimesfoundbeforeconsonants,aswell,e.g.: WwAkada˜wlA <hlwmʾdydkʾn'>HrōmāyīgānZWY4.59$$

LESSON5

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GRAMMAR 5 THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS Therelativepronounsī(Y<Y>)andkē(WN<MNW>)arebothofthemcommoninthefunctionsof“who,whom,which.” Notethatrelativeclausesintroducedbyīusuallycontainaverb,whichhelpsdistinguishthemfromezafeconstructions. Examples:astkēēdōngōwēd“thereisonewhosaysthus(asfollows)...”mardōmīandarēnšahrhēndmazdēsnhēnd“thepeoplewhoareinthistownareMazdayasnian”ātaxšīBurzisawangātaxšīpēšīohrmazdīxwadāyestēd“TheBurzisawangfireisthefirewhichstandsbefore

OhrmazdtheLord” Note:Thethreeparticlesinthislastsentenceallhavedifferentfuntions.Whatarethey?

“Whose” Therelativepronounkēcanbedirectorindirectobject,aswellaspossessive“whose,”e.g.:ānkēkārabāgwehānwehīhkunēdudkēabāgwattarānwattarīhkunēd“hewhohasbusinesswithgood(people)

doesgoodthings(goodness);hewho(hasbusiness)withbadonesdoesbadthings(badness)”Thepossessive“whose”canalsobeexpressedbyattachinganencliticpronountotherelativepronoun,e.g.:u-šānčēwināhbūdkē-šānruwānōwōngarānpādifrāhbawēd“andwhatsinwastheirswhosesoulgets(lit.who

fortheirsoul=forwhosesoultherewillbe)suchaheavypunishment?” Ardawānkanīzagbūdī-škerbwasnēk“Ardawānhada(servant)girl,whose(lit.whoher)shape(was)very

good(beautiful)”Therelativepronounčē(nM<ME>)ismostoftenusedindefinitely,“allthat,everythingthat,”etc.,e.g.:udčēandarāndar“and(that)which(is)inthatchapter”harčēandardānišnīOhrmazdkanāragōmand“everythingthat(is)inOhrmazd’sknowledgeislimited”

THE VERB. THE PRESENT AND PAST STEMS 1 ThePahlaviverbalsystemisbasedupontwoformsoftheverb:thepresentstemandthepaststem.Thepaststemendsin-daftervowelsandvoicedconsonantsandin-taftervoicelessconsonants. Thepaststemmad(Wt˜<mt'>)“came”hasnocorrespondingpresentstem. Verbscanbedividedintotwogroups:regular(weak)andirregular(strong)verbs.Thepresentstemofregularverbscanbededucedfromthepaststem,thoughnotviceversa,whilethestemsofirregularverbscannotbeguessedfromonestemortheother. Veryfewverbsformthepaststembyadding-dor-tdirectlytothepresentstem;mostofthetime,thepaststemdiffersfromthepresentsteminvariousways,e.g.: Presentstem Paststem abgan- abgan-d “throw” xwar- xwar-d “eat” mān- mān-d “remain,dwell” xwān- xwān-d “call”

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“Regular”(weak)verbstakeendings(-ād,-īd,-ist),while“irregular”verbshaveunpredictablepaststems,e.g.:-ād: est-(ēst-) est-ād “stand” nih- nih-ād “place,laydown”-īd: ras- ras-īd “arrive” tuxš- tuxš-īd “strive,workdiligently,makeaneffort” frēst- frēst-īd “send”-ist: dān- dān-ist “know” dwār- dwār-ist “rush”(howevilbeingsmove) drāy- drāy-ist “howl”(howevilbeingsspeak) zīy- zīst(<zīy-ist) “live”Note: Inthesamewaythat-yē-canbespelledwithsingle<-y->(<-d->)insteadofdouble<-yy->,thus,-yist-canbespelledwithdouble<yy=s>as<-yyt>insteadoftriple<yyy>,e.g.: WtjAcÅ <ʾʾst'>abāyist“itwasnecessary” for WtŸjAcÅ <ʾʾyst'> WtjaH <šʾst'>šāyist“itwaspossible” for WtŸjaH <šʾyst'>Thepaststemcanbemadefromthepresentstembyreplacingafinalconsonantwith-d,e.g.: zan- zad “strike,smite,smash” ōzan- ōzad “kill” framāy- framād “order,command” zāy- zād “beborn”ARAMEOGRAMS 3 . VERBS 1 ThelargemajorityofcommonPahlaviverbsarespelledwitharameograms.Thus,mostoftheverbsabovearespelledwitharameograms: -WNtHW <OŠTEN-> xwar-xward “eat,consume” -WWtÅwA <HNHTWN-> nih-nihād “place” -WtDWK=-WtdLK <KLYTN-,KRYTN-> xwān-xwānd “call” -WwLTK <KTLWN-> mān-mānd “remain” -WtdmL <LMYTN-> abgan-,abgand “throw” -Wtda˜ <MHYTN-> zan-zad “strike” -WWwïH <ŠDRWN-> frēst-frēstīd “send” -WtDwA <YDOYTN-> dān-dānist “know”(something) -WWtÂE <YHMTWN-> ras-rasīd “arrive” -WWwE <YHWWN-> baw-būd “be,become” -WnYWI <YKOYMWN-> est-estād(or:ēst-) “stand(up)” -WwLT˝¸=-WwLTI <YKTLWN-,YKTLWN-> ōzan-ōzad “kill” -WwaÒZ <YLYDWN-> zāy-,zād “beborn”

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Notethemanysimplifiedandotherwisechangedletters:<-BY->written<-YY->,<YD->,<-ʾ>;<-Z->written<-Y->,etc.;<-Y->written<-Z->,etc.Ifwearrangethesearameogramsbyforms,werecognizecertainpatterns:Endingin<-WN>: -WwLTK <KTLWN-> mān-mānd “remain” -WWwïH <ŠDRWN-> frēst-frēstīd “send”

Note:-WWwïH<ŠDRWN->isalsospelled-WWtH<ŠDRWN->(cf.Wtja˜<mzdysn'>).Endingin<-YTN(-YTWN)>: -Wtda˜ <MHYTN-> zan-zad “strike”

Note:Thisishowthesearespelledintheinscriptionsandoftenalsoingoodmanuscripts.Inlesscarefulmanuscripts,theyseemtoendin<-YTWN->,withanextra<w/n>.

Beginningwith<Y->,endingin<-WN>: -WWtÂE <YHMTWN-> ras-rasīd “arrive” -WnYWI <YKOYMWN-> est-estād(or:ēst-) “stand(up)” -WwaÒZ <YLYDWN-> zāy-,zād “beborn” Beginningwith<H->,endingin<-WN>: -WWtÅwA <HNHTWN-> nih-nihād “place”Beginningwith<Y->,endingin<-N>or<-YTN>: -WtDwA <YDOYTN-> dān-dānist “know” -WwsE <YHSNN->(<YHSNWN->) dār-dāšt “hold” -WWwE <YHWWN-> baw-būd “be,become”

Note:Theinscriptionshave<YHSNN->.Endingin<-EN>(or<-E>) -WNtHW <OŠTEN-> xwar-xward “eat,consume”

Note:Theinscriptionsalsohavejust<OŠTE->.Theverb“tobe”belongshere: (-WNwA)-WNwA <HWE-(HWEN-)> h- “be”PRESENT AND IMPERATIVE ENDINGS OF ARAMEOGRAMS Theending(phoneticcomplement)ofthe3rdpersonpresent/2ndpluralimperativeofarameogramsisthesameasphoneticallyspelledforms,butthe3rdpluraltakesonlyY-<-d>,e.g.: Present3rdperson Imperative2ndpersonSingular: WtDWwLTK <KTLWNyt'>mānēd“hewaits” WwLTK <KTLWN> mān“wait!”Plural: YWwLTK <KTLWNd> mānēnd“theywait” WtDWwLTK <KTLWNyt'> mānēd“wait!”

Note:FormssuchasWtDWWtÂE(etc.)canbereadas<YHMTWNyt'>rasīd(paststem)orrasēd(3rdsing.present).

LESSON5

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THE PAST STEMS OF ARAMEOGRAMS Arameogramsofverbstakeregular(Iranian)endings.Such“phonetically”spelledendingsarecommonlyreferredtoas“phoneticcomplements.” ThecommonendingofthepaststemisWT-<-t'>,e.g.: WTWNtHW <OŠTEN-t'> xward “eaten” WTWtda˜ <MHYTN-t'> zad “struck” Paststemsendingin-ād,-īd,-sttaketheendingsWtÅ-,WtD-,WtJ-,e.g.: WtÅWnYWI <YKOYMWN-ʾt'> est-ād “stood” WtDWWtÂE <YHMTWN-yt'> ras-īd “arrive” WtDWWwïH <ŠDRWN-yt'> frēst-īd “send” WtJWtDwA <YDOYTN-st'> dān-ist “know”THE PAST TENSE Thepasttenseofintransitiveverbsisformedlikethepasttenseof“tobe”(Lesson1).“Intransitive”verbsareverbsthatcannottakeadirectobject,forinstanceverbsofmotionorstate.NotethatPahlavidoesnotdistinguish“Iwent”from“Ihavegone.”MostofthetimetheformscorrespondtoEnglishimperfects,buttoperfectsinsentencessuchas“whenIhavegone.” Singular Plural 1st rasīdham “Iarrived,Ihavearrived” rasīdhēm “wewent,wehavearrived” 2nd rasīdhē “youarrived,youhavearrived” rasīdhēd “youwent,youhavearrived” 3rd rasīd “he,she,itarrived,hasarrived” rasīdhēnd “theywent,theyhavearrived” Singular Plural 1st MNwA WtDWWtÂE mYNwA WtDWWtÂE 2nd ìNwA WtDWWtÂE WtDNwA WtDWWtÂE 3rd WtDWWtÂE YNwA WtDWWtÂE“Tobe,become”: Singular Plural 1st MNwA WTWWwE mYNwA WTWWwE 2nd ìNwA WTWWwE WtDNwA WTWWwE 3rd WTWWwE YNwA WTWWwE Examples:kaardašīrōdādī15-sālagrasīdāgāhīhōardawānmad“whenArdašīrcametotheageof15,informationcameto

Ardawān.”

SENTENCES5 Analyzethefollowingsentences. / WcÅ W ‹ YWwLTK WcÅWP WCwlY 2 oaÅ ? !

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pas2(dō)druzfrāzmānēndAhrimenudĀz“afterward,twoLie-demonsremain:AhrimenandĀz” / µYNwA Wt˜ lAWP WTPWwYC OW WcÅWP ? 2

frāzōČinwadpuhlmadhēm“wecametotheČinwadbridge” / WtDWwmYWkY WKWcåÒT ÍcÅ WtjaÒ ^ WwßL nMT ? 3

ānōhRašnīrāstu-štarāzūgestēd“therestandsRašntheStraightandhisbalance” / YNwA Wt˜ WklYTP OW WwABwL WwAKtÒTW WwaHnLW WkAwïD ˝¸ WWP Wwa˜cÅ ? 4

u-mānpadāngyāgawēšānwiderdagānruwānōpadīragmadhēnd “and,inthatplace,thesoulsofthedepartedcametoward(ōpadīrag)us” / WtJwï¸ TwÍ # EtDbïÅ x Wt¬MwïåD WtjlABwY x WklEtDP tÂA ˝¸ N oaÅ ? 23

pasazānkapetyāragandardwāristGayōmardandarēbgadīh30(sī)sālzīst“aftertheAdversary(=Ahrimen)(had)rushedin,GayōmardlivedintheStateaftertheInvasion(ēbgadīh)for30years”

/ YNwA WTWwa¬Z Wt¬MwïåD ^ WkmAWT N WkaÂA ATwÍwA WIwAcÅ W íYwaåHM W îHM ? 33

MašīyudMašyānīyudabārīgmardōmhamāgaztōhmagīGayōmardzādhēnd “MašīyandMašyānīyandtheotherhumanswereallbornfromGayōmard’sseed” / WtDWWtÂE q WimY WWP EkYwY W ÍW WwaHcÅ WTWwLTK x WimY WWP WKtÒN ^ LtJplA ˝¸ ? 34ānxrafstarīmurdagpadzamīgandarmāndu-šānwišudgandagīhpadzamīgabarrasīd “thosedeadevilanimalsremainedinsidetheearthandtheirpoisonandfoulnesscameupontheearth”

TEXT5AdaptedfromtheArdāWirāz-nāmag:ēdōngōwēndkūpasazmargīahlawZarduxšttābowandagīhī300(sīsad)sāldēnandarabēzagīhudmardōm

andarabēgumānīhbūdhēndēgāngizistagAliksandarīhrōmāyīgpadgarānzyānudanāštīhōērān-šahrāmadpasazmargīAliksandarmardōmānīērān-šahrēkabāgdidwasāšōbudpahikārbūdčiyōn-išānxwadāyudsālāruddastwarīdēn-āgāhnēbūdudmowmard-izpadtisīyazdāngumānbūdhēndudwasǰud-dādestānīhandargēhānbēōpaydāgīhāmad Sotheysay:AfterthedeathofrighteousZarduxštuntilthecompletionof300years,thereligion(was)inpurity,

andpeoplewereinastateofnon-doubt. ThenthataccursedAlexander,theRoman,cametoIranwith(=bringing)muchharmandlackofpeace(=

war). AfterthedeathofAlexander,therewasmuchturmoilandstrifeamongthepeopleofIran(lit.“thepeopleof

Iranhadmuchturmoilandstrifeonewiththeother”) sincetheyhadnolord(king),governor,andguideknowledgeableinthedēn. Andthehighpriests,too,weredoubtfulaboutthemattersofthegods. Andmuchdisagreementappearedintheworld.

EXERCISES5 1.Transcribe/transliteratethesesentencesandtranslatethem.Underscoreletterswithirregularshapes.Identifythepastandpresenttensearameogramsandtranslatethesentences.:

LESSON5

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YNwA NTwL aåH ÍcÅ WtdA ‹ à WtDWtDwA esAkAfJwlA WWP CNwY a˜wAwA ? !

/ LtJplA LtdlS ^ ˝¸ W

Ohrmazdēn-izpadharwisp-āgāhīhdānēdkūAhrimenastu-šdēwabāgudānīwattarxrafstar / WtDWtda˜ egZfJ WWP MWt¬M ^ WtdA 1aåH à WkAtDP WWWtdA WwïD WWP ? 2

<PWNdyn'ʾytwn'pytʾk'AYKŠDYA-1AYT'YmltwmPWNspzgyhMHYTNyt'> / WwAwaÅ LtdlS ^ ˝¸ OW LKKCB AWB YNwA WtDWWtÂE WwAwaÅ MwlaÅP ^ ˝¸ OW LKKPWK ? 3

kerbakkarōānīpahlomaxwānrasīdhēndbēbazzakkarōānīwattaraxwān / WfjAc¬A WKwïÅ ^ ˝¸ AWB WTWwLTK âL AWB lAwaÒ WkYWwï¸ ßgA lAcdlAK ˝¸ N oaÅ ? 4 <AHLMNZKkʾlycʾlAYŠzywndk'LAWHLBRALAKTLWNt'BRAZKYʾdwk'ʾlcʾsp'>

/ YwYwïÒK áJW ÄW W AbLK W WtDWWtÂE q glM MwY>cÅ TnM ßAB oA WwaÅtJW EkY>Wwï¸ WWP ? 23

padzīndagīhwistāxmabāščē-tabdommargabarrasēdudsagudwaynasāykirrēnēnd / WtDWWtÅwA ßAtÅ q µïdA AwA à WtDBwY WwAIfjaÒ OW WTwZ ? 33<zwt'OLlʾspykʾn'gwbyt'AYKHNAʾsmQDMʾthšHNHTWNyt'>

1.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtranscriptions:ādur frāz pēš At¬A Wcå¬YW WtDWtda˜ānōh kanīg srōš ATwÍwA WcÅWP WwaåD

ardā mad wardišn AWbY WCwlY WwaJP

ašmāh mard wattar AWbYwï˜ WfjAtHW WwaåHāsmān mardōm wirāz LtdlS WIWK ÍWWwaD

bāš mazdēsnān wištāsp LTW Wt˜ ßAtÅdēwān mihr xwaršēd WwYba¸ WtåD WwAtja˜druz mowmard yazd lYCwlYP WtÅWwmYWkY WwaÂsAdwārēd nūn yazdān MWkL WtdaÂLP WWKēdōn pas zanēd nMT WtdlABwY WwÍtÒWestād passox zarrēn oaÅ ßYP WWt˜framāyēd pērōzgar ātaxš ÍwlS WtdßLwA WWWtÅ WWWtdA3.Transliterate,transcribe,andtranslateatleastfourofthefollowingsentences:

WTWB WCwlmYW lAnA W YNwA WtÅWwmYWkY WwaÂsA WWP WklAtJ W aå˜ W WtdßLwA Wt˜ WtDbïÅ YW ? !

/ YNwA WtÅWwmYWkY WwÍtÒW OW WklAtJ W aå˜ W WtdßLwA Wt˜ WtDbïÅ tÂA ˝¸ N oaÅ W

nLW N nM WtDWtda˜ oA WIWK ˝¸ à WtDWWWnY WWWtdA WwaåH OW WcjaHwLWP ? 2

/ µÍ WthAWt¬Z WBwlaÅ WN WtDWwa¬Z AbL Y1AWbY

WkAtDP nMT î¬aÅ ÍwlS lYCwlYP W WtåD WWt˜ WwsA YNwA WtDWWtÂE lAWP WTPWwYC OW WcÅWP tÂA . 3

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/ WtÅWwmYWkY ßYP WwYva¸ ^!WKWcåÒT ÍWN WtjaÒ ^ WwßL WTWB NTwL WwaHcÅ YNwA WTWB

WwAkYWwï¸ ^ WWtH NwY N WwaÂZ N ßYP Mà WtDBwY WWWtdA WwaÅWvYwï˜ OW Wcå¬YW At¬A 4

/ WtDWWwïH oA WwAKtÒN ^ ˝¸ oW AWB

WtÅWwmYWkY WiLW OW µY eÄTwaHwY x ÍWN WTWB !WTPwïåD WktJcD Y WkaåD ? 23 / WtÒTW TwÍ + N oaÅ W

Wcå¬YW At¬A OW WtåD WWWtÅ W WtdA WkAwïD µATK NwY à WtŸJWWP WtåD WWWtÅ N Wcå¬YW At¬A

/ YWtDWK WwAKt∆ŸµA WkAwïD NwY à WtDWWWnY WwaJP WWP ? 33

*4.TranslateintoPahlaviandwriteinPahlaviatleastfourofthesentences.Notethetenses.Donottranslatepresentintopast.1 Thedemonhowlstotherighteousman:“Donotspeaktruth,forthosewhospeakthetruthwillcometohell.2 Butspeaklies,forthosewhospeaklies,theirplaceandpositionwillbeinParadise.”3 ThenZarduxštstoodbeforethedemons.Thus,hesays:4 ButI,whoamZarduxšt,saytoyou,thedemons:Forthatlie,there,therewillbepunishmentforyoufromAhrimeninHell.5Havenodoubtaboutthisthing:fromtheaccursedAhrimentherewillbenomercy.6Donotspeakslander,forinHelleverysinwillrunafteryou,butthesinofslanderwillruninfrontofyou!7Destinyisfromtheturningofthestarsintheatmosphere,goodnessisfromthedutiesyouperform,andrewardsarefromthegenerosityandtruthfulnesswhichareintrinsictoyou(=inyou).

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHETEXTANDTHEEXERCISES5abarras- comeuponabāzmān- remainbehindanāštīh EthAwA <ʾnʾštyh> lackofpeace,warandarwāy äwlYwA <ʾndlwʾd> theintermediatespace,atmosphereArzāsp WfjAc¬A <ʾlcʾsp'> Arzāsp,kingoftheKhioniansbaxt WtåÅB <bʾht'> destinybēō toČinwadpuhl lAWP WTPWwYC <cynwpt'pwhl> theČinwadbridgedēn-āgāh aÅkAWwïD <dyn'-ʾkʾh> knowledgeableinthedēndrāy-drāyist -älY <dlʾd-> howl(demonicwayofspeaking) drō WBwlY <dlwb'> lie(s)druz WCwlY <dlwc'> theLie,lie-demons(female)dušxwadāyīh eÄTwaHwY <dwšhwtʾdyh> evilrule,misruleēbgad WtDbïÅ <ʾybgt'> theInvasion(theattackbytheEvilSpirit)ēk...did YWT...WKwïÅ <ʾdwk'..TWB> oneanotheresm mïdA <ʾsm> firewoodgarān Wwa¬G <glʾn'> heavygizistag WKtJcD <gcstk'> accursed(aboutAhrimenandAlexander)hamwār lAnA <hmwʾl> alwaysharwisp-āgāhīh esAkAfJwlA <hlwspʾkʾsyh> omniscience

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hazār + <1000> athousandhrōmāyīg Wia˜wlA <hlwmʾyk'> Romanhudēn WwïDwA <hw-dyn'> havinggooddēnam µY <ym> Jam,Jamshid(mythicalking,AvestanYima)ǰud-dādestānīh EwAtJtåDtDwY <ywbt-dʾtstʾnyh> disagreementkirrēn-īd WtDwYwïÒK <klyn-yt'> cutupmehmān WwaÂaå˜ <mʾhmʾn'> intimate,intrinsicnām µÍ <ŠM> name,famenēmrōz WCwlmYW <nymlwc'> noonpahikār lAKTP <ptkʾl> strifepaydāgīh EkAtDP <pytʾkyh> appearancePōrušasp,Pōršasp WfjßLWP,WfjÍwLWP <pwl(w)šsp'> Zarduxšt’sfatherpuhl lAWP <pwhl> bridgerāspīg WIfjâL <lʾspyk'> assistantpriestsag AbLK <KLBA> dogspazgīh Eï¸fJ <spzgyh> slandertarāzūg WKWcåÒT <tlʾcwk'> balance,scaleswardišn WwÍtÒW <wltšn'> turning,rotating;ōwardišnest-“beturning”wider-widerd WtÒTW-lYTW <wtyl-,wtlt'> pass(over,through:az),crossoverwirēg WiLW <wlyk'> flight,exile;ōwirēgest-“beinexile”wiš ÍW <wš> poisonxrafstar LtJplA <hlpstl> evilanimals(madebytheEvilSpirit)zīndag WIWwï¸ <zywndk'> living,alivezīst WtJwï¸ -wï¸ <zyw-,zywst'> tolivezōd WTwZ <zwt'> chiefpriest

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LESSON6SPELLLING 6 Initial<pt->=pay-,<pʾt->=pāy- Thesespellingsarefoundinafewwords: YWWTP <ptwnd>paywand“connection,lineage” WtJWTP,-YWWTP <ptwnd-,ptwst'>paywand-paywast“connect,link” SWKtÅP <pʾtkws>pāygōs“district”Notetheirregular: mAtDP <pgtʾm>paygām“message” LbmAtDP <pgtʾmbl>paygāmbar“messenger”Initial<pt->=pahi- Thisspellingisfoundbeforekandp(withtime,pahi-becamepay-): lAKTP <ptkʾl>pahikār“strife” WTcÅKTP,–cÅKTP <ptkʾ->pahikāf-,pahikāft“topierce,drivethrough” Wt∆DWWPTP,–SWWPTP <ptpwrs->pahipurs-(pahiburs-)pahipursīd“toread” -h-spelled<-t-> Thisspellingisfoundinthesequence<-tr->-hr-andoccasionallybetweenvowelsinsomewordsfromAvestancorrespondingtoAvestan-θ-,e.g.: WWt˜ <mtr'>mihr“Mithra(agod);love” WWtH <štr'>šahr“land” WwYPtDpL <lpytpyn'>rabihwin“noon”(Av.rapiθβina) WtÅWtdM <mytwht'>mihōxt“falsespeech”(Av.miθaoxta)Initial<y>=ǰ ThisrepresentstheregulardevelopmentofOldPersiany-toMiddlePersianǰ-,e.g.: WtåD <yʾt'>ǰād“share” µY <ym>am“Jam” µE <yʾm>ǰām“cup” WtdßmY <ymšyt'>amšēd“Jamshid”=Jam WTwY <ywt'>ǰūd“chewed” WwAtDwE <yʾwytʾn'>ǰāwēdān“eternal” WkAtÒwY,AtÒwY <ywltʾ(k')>ǰōrdā(g)“barley,grain” LwE <yʾwl>ǰār“time”(‘threetimes’,etc.) NoteWwE<yʾn'>gyān,laterǰān,butstillspelled<gyʾn>inManicheanMiddlePersian.Internal<b> Theletter<b>=bisrarelyfoundbetweenvowelsandusuallyinAvestanwordsorincompoundsandafterprefixes.Initiallyandaftern,mitspellsb,e.g.: lAB <bʾl'>bār“burden;time(threetimes,etc.)” WWwlYB <bylwn'>bērōn“out,outside” WKWB <bwk'>būg“owl” MWB <bwm>būm“earth”

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WKvmaÅtJ <stʾhmbk'>stahm(b)ag“violent” LWBWT <tnbwl>tanbūr,tambūr“drum” WtDvïÅ <ʾybgt'>ēbgad(ēbgat),theInvasion(attackoftheEvilSpirit;Av.*aibigaiti) mYvYcÅ <ʾpy-bym>abēbīm“withoutfear” YWBwA <hw-bwd>hubōy“havinggoodsmell,sweet-smelling,fragrant”Final<-mb>

Final-bafter-m-wasprobablystillpronouncedinearlyPahlavi,butspellingswithout-bshowthatitwaseventuallylost.After-hm-itwasprobablynolongerpronounced,thoughitmayhavepersistedbeforesuffixes,e.g.: ∫MwY <dwmb>dumb“tail” MwS,∫MwS <swmb,swm>sumb“hoof” ∫MkßA ,∫MWkßA <ʾškwmb,ʾškwmb>aškamb,aškomb“womb” ∫MwYCK <kcdwmb>kazdumb“scorpion” ∫maÅtJ <stʾhmb>stahm(b)“violence” WKvmaÅtJ <stʾhmbk'>stahm(b)ag“violent” YWwaÂY,YWwAvMwY <dwmbʾwnd,dmʾwnd>Dumbāwend,Damāwand”(mountain)-w-spelled<-wb-> Thiscombinationisfoundinafewcommonwords,someofwhichwehavealreadyencountered: WBwlaÅ <ʾhlwb'>ahlaw“righteous” WWABwL <lwbʾn'>ruwān“soul” LBWtjY <dstwbl>dastwar“teacher” lABwsA <ʾswbʾl>aswār“onhorse,rider”-w-spelled<-wy->insteadof<-wb-> WtDwY <ywbt>ǰud“separately” WkAtDwY <ywbtʾk'>ǰudāg“separate” WwEwY <ywbʾn'>ǰuwān “young, a youth” µEwA <ʾwbʾm>āwām“time(period),age” NotethatµEwA<ʾwbʾm>āwāmisindistinguishablefromµEwA <hngʾm>hangām“time(pointoftime,timeforsomeactivity),”whichisthereforeoftenspelledµE<wA<hngʾm>.-w-spelled<-wp-> WTPWwYC <cynwpt'>Činwad“Činwadpuhl,”thebridgeofjudgement

Note:ThespellingWTWwYC<cynwt'>isalsofound.

-y-spelled<-yyb-> ThesequenceAbsAspellsayāinthefollowingwords: lAbsA <hdybʾl>hayār(ayār)“helper” WtÅvsA <ʾbydʾt'>ayād“memory” elAvsA <hdybʾlyh>hayār“help” a¬AKtÅvsA <ʾbydʾtkʾlyh>ayādgārīh“remembrance”

Note:TheolderspellingsareknownfromthePahlaviPsalms.Note:DonotconfuselAbsA<hdybʾl>hayārandlABwsA<ʾswbʾl>=aswār“horseman”

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GRAMMAR 6 THE VERB. THE PRESENT AND PAST STEMS 2 Thepaststemcanbemadefromthepresentstembychangingthefinalconsonantandadding-t(noexamplesof-d?),e.g.: ōbad- ōbast “fall” xwāh- xwāst “seek,askfor” hil- hišt “let,leave,allow” dār- dāšt “have,hold”Thepaststemcanbemadefromthepresentstembychangingthevowelandadding-d(noexamplesof-t?),e.g.: bar- burd “carry,bring” mīr- murd “die” Thepaststemcanbemadefromthepresentstembychangingthevowelandfinalconsonant(s)andadding-dor-t.Thisgivesuspaststemsendinginoneortwoconsonants,e.g.:Paststemendinginoneconsonant: dah- dād “give” šaw- šud “go” baw- būd “be,become” srāy- srūd “recite,sing” āšnaw- āšnūd “hear,listen”Paststemendingintwoconsonants: band- bast “tie,bind,close” nišīn- nišast “sit” šōy- šust “wash” kun- kerd “do,make” raw- raft “go(about)” gōw- guft “say,speak”Sometimesthechangeismoresubstantial,e.g.: gīr- grift “take,seize” padīr- padīrift “receive,accept”Somepaststemsarenotetymologicallyrelatedtothepresentstem,e.g.: h- būd “be,become” āy- āmad(mad) “come” wēn- dīd “see”

Note:Cf.Englishbe-am-wasandgo-went.

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ARAMEOGRAMS 4 . VERBS 2 Herearethearameogramsoftheverbsabovearrangedbypatterns:Endingin<-WN>: -WwïÅW <OBYDWN-> kun-kerd “do” -WwïÅW <OHDWN-> gīr-grift “take,seize” –W]JW <OSLWN-> band-bast “tie,bind,close” -WwlZW <OZLWN-> šaw-šud “go” WtJwEW|-WwEW| <BOYHWN-> xwāh-xwāst “seek,askfor,request” WtJWwLPW-WwLPW <NPLWN-,NPLWN-st'> ōbad-ōbast “fall” -WWiÍ <ŠBKWN-> hil-hišt “let,leave,allow”Beginningwith<M->,endingin<-WN>: –WWwlY>kM <MKBLWN-> padīr-,padīrift “receive,accept”Endingin<-YTN(-YTWN)>: -WtjA <HZYTN-> wēn-dīd “see” -WTWtåJ <SGYTN-> raw-raft “go(about)”Beginningwith<Y->,endingin<-WN>: -WWtåD <YATWN-> āy-āmad “come” -WWvE <YHBWN-> dah-dād “give” -WwsE <YHSNN-(YHSNWN-)> dār-dāšt “hold” -WwllmY, -WWWnY <YMLLWN-,YMRRWN-> gōw-guft “say,speak” WtJWWYtD-WWvYtD <YTYBWN-> nišīn-nišast “tosit”

Someverbstendtowritethepaststemphonetically,butspellingswitharameogramsarealsocommon: WTWKorWTWwïÅW,-WwïÅW <OBYDWN-,OBYDWNt'orkrt'> kun-kerd “do” WTWBorWTWWwE,-WWwE <YHWWN-,YHWWNt'orbwt'> baw-būd “be,become” WthEorWTWwsE,-WwsE <YHSNN-,YHSNNt'ordʾšt’> dār-dāšt “hold” Wtå¸or WTWwaÒZ,-WwaÒZ <YLYDWN-;YLYDWNt'orzʾt'> zāy-,zād “beborn” WTPwYorWTWWWnY, -WWWnY <YMLLWN-,YMRRWN-> gōw-guft “say,speak”ARAMEOGRAMS. ADVERBS Herearesomecommonadverbsandotherusefulwords,arameogramsandothers: nMtÒ <LTME> ēdar “here” nMT <TME> ānōh “there” WcÅWP <prʾc'> frāz “forth,forward” lAwaÒ <LAWHL> abāz “back,backward” WTwLP <plwt'> frōd “down” a¬aÒ <LALA> ul “up” WWwlYwA <ʾndlwn'> anda(r)rōn “in(side)” WWwlYB <bylwn'> bērōn “out(side)” lYcÅ <ʾcdl> azēr “below” LPcÅ <ʾcpl> azabar “above”

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WwYwL <LOYN'> pēš “before,infront” oaÅ <AHL> pas “after,behind” MWtÒP <pltwm> fradom “first” MwYcÅ <ʾdwm> abdom “last” ˆ¸W <nzd> nazd “near” WiâL <LHYK> dūr “far,distant” WtŸjZW <nzdst'> nazdist “first(ofall)” tÂA <AMT> ka “when,if” tÂïÅ <AYMT> kay “when?”

Note:nazdistisoftenspelledWtjZW<nzst'>,whichmayreflectalocalpronunciation.

Thefollowingadverbisalsousedasanimperative: nMWcÒ <LPNE> awar “hither,comehere!” WtDnMWcÒ <LPNEyt'>awarēd “hither,comehere!”

Note:Thewordisspelledasif<L-PWME>with<PWME>“mouth.”NOUNS AND ADVERBS AS PREPOSITIONS AND POSTPOSITIONS Severaloftheseadverbscanbeusedasprepositions,inwhichcasesometaketheconnectingparticleī,otherscombinewiththeprepositionaz,e.g.,pēšī“infrontof,”ōpēšī“(go)before,”pēšaz“before,”pasaz“after,”azpasī“after,inpursuitof,”dūraz“farfrom,”etc.Notepasazān(ī)ka“after...”(conjunction). Manynounsindicatingpositionalsobehaveinthismanner,e.g.,mayānī“inthemiddleof,”pērāmōnī“around,”kanāragī“bythesideof,beside.” Notethat,inmanycases,itcanbedifficulttodecidewhetherornotanexpressiontakestheparticle. Examples:pēšandpas

udpasōyWirāzpēšīmazdēsnānšud“and,afterward,thatWirāzwentbeforetheMazdayasnians”dānāgudxwamn-wizārōpēšxwāsthēnd“thewisemenandthedream-interpreterswerecalledbefore(him)”pasazān(ī)kadruzōdāmdwārist“aftertheDruzrushedupontheworld”azpasīawēšānrōdān18rōdazhambunxānfrāztazīdhēnd“afterthoserivers,18(other)riversflowedforth

fromthesamesource”spāhīKirmazpasīArdaxšīraweštāft“Kirm’sarmyhurriedafterArdashir”Ohrmazdpēšazdām-dahišnīhnēbūdxwadāyudpasazdām-dahišnīhxwadāybūd“beforethecreationwas

established,Ohrmazdwasnotlord,and,afterthecreationwasestablished,hebecame/waslord”Others

Wādmēnōywādkēēnzamīgazērudazabardārēd“theWindisthewindintheotherworld,whichholds(up)thisearthbelowandabove”

azērīēnzamīghamāggyāgābbēestēd“underthisearth,ineveryplace,therestandswater”Harburzānkōfīpērāmōnīēnzamīg“Harburzisthatmountain(whichis)aroundthisearth”kōfīHarburzpērāmōnīgēhānkōfīTēragmayānīgēhān“MountHarburzisaroundtheworld,MountTēragis

inthemiddleoftheworld”ČinwadpuhlpadčagādīDāitīyestēdīkōfībulandīmayānīgēhān“theČinwadBridgeisontheRidgeofDāitīy,

whichisthehighmountaininthemiddleoftheworld”zrēyīFrāxkerdkanāragīHarburz“theFrāxkerdseaisbeside(Mount)Harburz”

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SENTENCES 6 Analyzethefollowingsentences,andidentifythearameograms: / WtDWWiÍ oA AWB lsaÅ x aÅWW ? !

wināhandarhāsrbēmahilēd“donotletasinwithinamile(ofyou)!” / YWwLT˝¸ WwahA YWtjA LtJplA tÂA MWt¬M ? 2 mardōmkaxrafstarwēnēndā-šānōzanēnd“when/ifpeopleseeevilanimals,theykillthem” / LbmAtDP WwAtja˜ NwL ^ Wcå¬YW kL nMWcÒ Wt∆DWwY ? 3

drustawartōWirāzīamāmazdēsnānpaygāmbar“welcome,Wirāz,our,theMazdayasnians’,messenger!”

/ WtDWtjA EkAwA AWK nMT W WtDWwLPW WwaHwY OW YWWwlY Y WwABwL ? 4

ruwānīdruwandōdōšoxōbadēdudānōhharwanāgīhwēnēd“thesouloftheevil(person)fallsdowntoHell” / WcÒWvlA Y WPWK Y WklAWK WCwlmYW Y WtJWK WWP ÍkLW Y íglZ à WwïD WWP WtDWWWnY ? 23

gōwēdpaddēnkūzrēyīWarkašpadkustīnēmrōzkanāragīkōfīHarburz“ItsaysinthedēnthattheWarkašSea(is)inthesoutherndirectionnexttoMountHarburz”

/ WtDWWwïH WwAKtÒN ^ ˝¸ oW AWB WwAI>Wwï¸ ^ WWtH NwY N WwaÂY N WwYwL MWWK ? 33

nūn-impēšazzamānazēnšahrīzīndagānbēōānīmurdagānfrēstēd“now,sendmebefore(my)timefromthisrealmofthelivingtothatofthedead!”

/ YWWbE WwaHwY oW WPwïÅ WthAW oW WwABwL WTWWtdmY tÂA íYtJ x nMtÒ ^ MWt¬M ? 34

mardōmīēdarandargētīykamurdruwānōwahištayābōdōšoxdahēnd“peopleinthisworld,whentheyaredead,dotheygive(their)soul(s)toparadiseortohell?”

/ WtDWwïÅW Wwaå¸ à YWWiÍ âL WklaÅtDP NwY W YWwEWB MwYN NwY ^ WklAC YWfJwaÂA W a˜wAwA ? 44

Ohrmazdudamahrspandčāragīēntisxwāhēndudēnpetyāragnēhilēndkūzyānkunēd“Ohrmazdandtheamahrspandswillseekameans(todealwith)thismatter,andtheywillnotpermitthisadversarytodoharm”

TEXTS6TEXTS 6.1 FromPand-nāmagīZarduxšt“Zarduxšt’sBookofAdvice”(alsocalled:Wizīdagīhāīpōryōtkēšān“Select(sayings)oftheteachersofold”):paydāgkūxwaršēdharwrōzsēbārōmardōmīgētīyframāndahēd.bāmdādēngōwēdkūOhrmazdōašmāhkēmardōmhēdhamēgōwēdkūpadkārudkerbagtuxšāgbawēdtā-tānanzīšnīgētīypad

mayānkunam Itiswellknownthateverydaythreetimes,thesuncommandsthepeopleofthisworld.Atdawnitsays: “Ohrmazdkeepssayingtoyou,(whoare)people:‘Bediligentinall(your)activitiessothatI(can)placeamong

youlifeinthisworld!’” Note:kēmardōmhēd“(you)whoarepeople”isanAvestan-typephraseandmeansonly“(you)people.”

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TEXTS 6.2 AdaptedfromtheArdāWirāz-nāmag:fradomgāmpadhumaduddidīgargāmpadhūxtudsidīgargāmpadhuwarštfrāzōČinwadpuhlmadhamīwas-pahnāyīamāwandīOhrmazd-dādčahāromgāmfrāznihamōānīrōšnGarōdmānīhamāg-xwārīhu-mānōpadīragāmadawēšānwiderdagānruwānuddrōdpursēndudāfrīnkunēndudēngōwēndkūčiyōntōahlawbēmadhēazānīwas-anāgīhaxwānudabarōēnaxwānīapetyāragāmadhēudanōšxwarčēdagrzamānēdarrāmišnwēnē Thefirststepwithgoodthought,thesecondstepwithgoodspeech,andthethirdstepwithgoodaction— IcameforthtotheverywideandpowerfulČinwadbridgeestablishedbyOhrmazd. TheforthstepIplaceforthtotheluminousGarōdmān,fullofbliss. Andthosesoulsofthedepartedcametomeetus. Andtheyask(usaboutour)health;theyapplaud(us);andtheysaythis: Howdidyou,Orighteousone,comefromthatexistencewithmuchevilandcametothisexistence,freefrom

adversity? Anddrinknectar!Foryoushallseepeaceforalongtime.

EXERCISES61.Addthetranscriptions/transliterationstothesesentencesandtranslatethem:Ohrmazdīxwadāypadānīasarrōšnīhnišīnēd / WtDWWbYtD EwÍwL :jA Y ˝¸ WWP AWwM Y a˜wAwA ? !

/ WkAwa˜wA la˜ WtÅWnYkY AWB WwaÂsA ^ WWwlYwA lECwY ? 2

<gwcyhlʾndlwn'YʾsmʾnBRAYKOYMWNʾt'mʾlhwmʾnʾk'> / WTWwlZW WwAwï¬A Y WwYwL OW lAwaÒ oaÅ W WTWWwE lgßelA NTwL µAB ^ gZW YW WKcDWK ˝¸ ? 3

ānkanīzagtānazdībāmabāgArdaxšīrbūdudpasabāzōpēšīArdawānšud

/ WtDWwE WwaÂaå˜ WkßlA WwaÂA WtDWWtÂE WtÅWtdM à . 4

<AYKmytwht'YHMTWNyt'ʾ-mʾn'ʾlšk'mʾhmʾn'YHWWNyt'>

/ WtDWtjA EkAwA AWK nMT W WtDWwLPW WwaHwY OW WWWKwlS lAWP WTPWwYC N YWWwlY Y WwABwL . 23

ruwānīdruwandazČinwadpuhlsar-nigūnōdōšoxōbadēdudānōhharwanāgīhwēnēd / WtDWWvE WwAtDwE ^ EIWwï¸ Mà WtDWwEWB NwY WwaåD N YWwï˜ ^ ˆ>ΩM WthAWt¬Z . 33

<zltwhštmzdYmynwdMNyzdʾn'ZNEBOYHWNyt'AYKmzywndkyhYyʾwytʾn'YHBWNyt'>

/ a˜WAwA WvA McÅ Wt˜wYWfJ µA McÅ ? Wt¬MwïåD N W˝ÂAWT W YWWTP McÅ . 34

÷ YNwA WTWB Wt¬MwïåD N µAWT W YWTWP MWtÒP WWM íYwaå¬aå˜ W î¬aå˜ N eMWt¬M McÅ

u-mpaywandudtōhmagazGayōmard.u-mmādSpandarmadu-mpidOhrmazd.u-mmardōmīhazMahlīyudMahliyānīykēfradompaywandudtōhmazGayōmardbūdhēnd.

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2.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtranscriptions:abārīg druwandān stahmbag WKwïÅ lgßelA MwY>cÅabdom ēg-iš tis aåH ÍWwïDA WwYva¸amahrspandān ēk tōhm WwaÂE WWtHWwa¬ïÅ WwAwï¬AArdaxšīr ērān-šahr u-šān WtåD WwïDwA WkAwEArdawān farrox wēnam WIwAcÅ lAkaÅWW WKvmaÅtJ

arešk gētīy wināhkār WwEWwlY lAWP WkßlA

aswār haftān wistāx YWWiÍ mEwA MwYNāwām hilēnd xwaršēd mAWT WwEWfJwaÂA WwATcÅdāmān hudēn yazd MWtjA aÅtJ WwaÅtJWdānāg pasēn zarrēn WwaHcÅ WwïJP WwaÒPdēw puhl lABwsA WtdßLwA

3.Transliterate,transcribe,andtranslateatleastfiveofthefollowingsentences: / WtDWWvE a˜wAwA ^ WwaÂE OW eY>wïDWwaÅ à NwY lAk aåH WKwïÅ ? !

/ YWWiÍ âL WwßmâL W EtåH ÍcÅ WthAW x WwABwL WwEWwlY ^ ˝¸ WtåD WIwAcÅ W a˜wAwA ? 2

/ YNwA nï>d<LWP W WwÍwL lYcÅ aåD< WwaHcÅ MWtjA WwABwL WwABwlaÅ Y ˝¸ WthAW x ? 3 / YWwsE lAwaÒ WWtHWwa¬ïÅ N WnÍwY> W YWWwE NTwL lABwsA Y>BK ÍWwïDA WtDWWtåD tÂA WWTwaHP ? 4

YWwlZW µGvGcÅ ^ YWBwA ^ WthAW ^ WwAwaÅ MwlaÅP OW WwïDwA ^ LKKPWK lYpÍ ? 23

/ YWtdmL WTwLP WwaHwY OW LKKCB ^ WKvmaÅtJ ^ lAkaÅWW LtdlS AWB à WtDWWWwmY WwaHcÅ WtDWwsE q EthA Wwa¬AbsA ÍcÅ YWwï˜ WkAwY OW a˜wAwA WwïDA ? 33

/ WWbE Wwßï>ÅtJ W W]J elAvsA L ^ µE> OW q YWwï˜ WkAwY

WtDWWwE kAwa˜wA G<wïdLP Ä ÄwaÅP lAWP ã WtdlYTW lAWP ã WWP tÂA WwABwlaÅ ^ WwABwL ? 34

/ WtdlYTW AWB lAWP ã N WwABwL WwABwlaÅ ^ ã W

EI>Wwï¸ a˜wAwA N W WtDWWtåD âlâL WwEWfJwaÂA W a˜wAwA ^ WwYwL WthAWt¬Z µEwA ˝¸ WWP ? 44

÷ WtDWwlZW WTwLP aÅtJ OW lAwaÒ W YWWbE âL ßAWB WtDWwEWB WwAtDwE ^

4.TranslateintoPahlaviandwriteinPahlaviatleast2ofsentences1-5and3ofsentences6-10: Notethetenses.Donottranslatepresentintopast.

1. WhenSōšānscomes,theFinalBodywillcomeabout(=become).2. Everyday,thesungoesin(side)throughonewindowandgoesout(side)byonewindow.3. Whoknowshowmuchgoodandevilthereisinthisworldandwhatwillbeatlast?4. Donotdoworkthatyoudonotknow,anddowell(=good)theoneyoudoknow!5. Seekfromthegodstherewardofthisworld,andtheywillgiveyouthatoftheotherworld,too.6. Andthenthosesevenmensatdownonagoldenthrone.Thus,theysay:Mazdyasnians,donotdothis

thing!7. Oneday,Ardawānrequeststhewiseones(tocome)before(him)andasks(them):Whatdoyouseeinthe

matteroftheseven(planets)?8. IfyouhaveconfidenceinthelawofOhrmazd,youwillbeveryfortunateinthisworldandveryrighteousin

theotherworld.9. InParadise,thegenerousandtruthfulmanseeksfromOhrmazdtherewardoftherighteous(ones).10. InthatfiercebattleoftheIraniansandtheXyōns,manyMazdayasnianheroesarekilledandgoto

OhrmazdinGarōdmān,wheretheywillnowbetogetherwiththeotherrighteousones.

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ADDITIONALREADINGS6FromBundahišn26.34-36ADDITIONAL READINGS 6.1 mēnōy-ēwīabāgMihrhamkārSōgxwānēnd.hamāgnēkīhkaazabargarānōgētīybrēhēnīdnazdistōSōgāyēdSōgōMāhabespārēdMāhōArdwīsūrabespārēdudArdwīsūrōSpahrabespārēdudSpahrpadgēhānbaxšēdkēwēšdahēdnēkīhSpahrudkēkemdahēdwadSpahrxwānēndudān-izbaxšišnpadzamānrasēdkēWāyīdagrand-xwadāyīastZurwān OnebeinginthemēnōywhocollaborateswithMihrtheycallSōg. Allgoodness,whenitisfashioned(tobesent)fromthosewhoworkabovetothisworld,firstcomestoSōg. SōgtransfersittotheMoon.TheMoontransfersittoArdwīsūr. AndArdwīsūrtransfersittotheFirmament.AndtheFirmamentdistributesitamonglivingbeings. TheonewhogivesthemoregoodnessistheFirmament,andtheonewhogiveslesstheycallthebad

Firmament. Andthatdistribution(ofgoodness),too,comesthroughTime,whoisWāyoflong-lastinglordship,thatis,

Zurwān.

ADDITIONAL READINGS 6.2 Ardwahištxwēškārīhēdkūruwānīdruwandānandardōšoxdēwānwēšazwināhī-šānastpādifrāhnēhilēd

kerdanu-šānwasabāzdārēd.čiyōngōwēdkūAšwahištašāyīhīpahlomīamargīabzōnīg. Ardwahišt’sspecialdutyisthis:Hedoesnotpermitthedemonstoexactmorepunishmentonthesoulofthe

wickedinHellthantheirsins(warrant),andheholdsmanyofthemback. Asitsays:ArdwahištisthebestRighteousness,undyingandmakingincrease.

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHETEXTSANDTHEEXERCISES6abardār- -WwïDEq <QDMYHSNN-> extend,offerabargar lˆÒcÅ <ʾlgl> whoworksaboveabēr lYcÅ <ʾyl> veryabespār-,abespurd WtÒWfJcÅ–lAfJcÅ <ʾspʾl-ʾspwlt'> deliver,render,handover,transferabzōnīg WIWwZcÅ <ʾzwnyk'> makingincrease(forAv.spənta)āfrīn WwYWcÅ <ʾryn'> blessing;+kun-:blessahunsandīh eYwïDWwaÅ <ʾhwnsndyh> discontentamarg g<lmA <ʾmlg> undyingamāwand ^WwaÂA <ʾmʾwnd> powerfulanāg-kerdārīh elATWK kAwA <ʾnʾk-krtʾlyh> evil-doinganōš ÍWwA <ʾnwš> nectar

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apetyārag WklEtDpA <ʾpytyʾlk'> lackingadversityArdaxšīr lgßelA <ʾldhšyl> ArdaxšīrArdawān WwAwˆ¬A <ʾldwʾn'> Ardawānašāyīh eˆåhA <ʾšʾdyh> Righteousness(anotherformofahlāyīh)āštīh EthA <ʾštyh> peaceāwām µABwA <ʾwbʾm> (timeand)agebām,bāmdād WtådmA| ,µAV <bʾm,bʾmdʾt'> dawnbār lAB <bʾl> time(threetimes,etc.)baxš-baxt -WWklA <HLKWN-> share,divide(equally),distributebaxšišn WwÍWWklA <HLKWNšn'> distributionbrēhēn-brēhēnīd -wïådL| <blyhyn-> fashion;frāz+“fashionforth,‘create’” čārag WklAC <cʾlk'> means,remedy,helpdādār lAtåD <dʾtʾl> creatordagr :J <dgl> long,long-lastingdagrand-xwadāy ÄTwaD>]J> <dglndhwtʾd> havinglong-lastinglordshipdidīgar LItD <dtykl> seconddrōd WTwlY,MwÍ <dlwt',ŠRM> health,well-beingduškām-kerdārīh elATW˝ÂAkÍwY <dwškʾm-krtʾlyh> performingofevilwishesframān WwaÂLP <plmʾn'> order,commandfrasang GwïDLP <plsng> parasang,“mile”GannāgMēnōy YWwï˜ WkAwY <gnʾkmynwd> theFoul(-smelling)SpiritGōčihr laDCwG <gwcyhl> acelestialdragon;thelunarnodes?hamāg-xwārīh elâwA ,WkaÂA <hmʾk'-hwʾlyh> allbliss,alljoyhamēstārīh elAtŸjmA <hmystʾlyh> oppositionhamkār lâ˝ÂA <hmkʾl> collaboratorhāsr :jaÅ <hʾsl> a“league”(measureofdistance)homānāg WkAwa˜wAWkAwaÂA <hwmʾnʾk',hmʾnʾk'> similarto,likeǰāwēdān WwAtDwE <yʾwytʾn'> eternalkem µYK <kym> lesskust WtJWK <kwst'> side,directionmadār lAt˜ <mtʾl> comingmayān Wwaå˜ <mdyʾn'> middle,waistmēnōy YWwï˜ <mynwd> theworldofthought,theotherworldmizd gZM <mzd> fee,rewardnazdist (WtjZW)WtŸjZW <nzdst'(nzst')> first,atfirstpahnāy ÄwaÅP <pʾhnʾd> widthPišyōtan WWTwaHYP <pyšydwtn'> Pišyōtan,sonofWištāsppurr-xwarrah nïdLWP <pwl-GDE> fulloffortune,veryfortunaterōzan WWCwL <lwcn'> windowsahmgen WwˆÂaJ <shmgn'> fearsomesar-nigūn WWWKwlS <sl-nkwn'> headlongsidīgar LItJ <stykl> third

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stāyišn Wwßï>ÅtJ <stʾdšn'> praise was-anāgīh EkAwA YBK <KBD-ʾnʾkyh> ofmuchevil>veryevilwas-pahnāy ÄwaÅP YBK <KBD-pʾhnʾd> ofmuchwidth>verywidewēš ßYW <wyš> morexurdruš ÍwlgLwA <hwldlwš> Av.xruuidruš“withabloodyclub”xwah NtåÅ <AHTE> sisterxwarišn WwßLwA <hwlšn'>= foodXyōn WWwïÅ <hywn'> Xyōn(enemiesoftheIranians)yal lY <yl> hero

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LESSON7ARAMAEOGRAMS, NOUNS Hereare(again)somecommonandlesscommonnounsfromthehumansphere: WbA <AB'> pid “father” µA <AM> mād “mother” LtDbA <ABYtl> pidar “father” LtdmA <AMYtl> mādar “mother” aÅ <AH> brād “brother” NtåÅ <AHTE> xwah “sister”

Note:theformspidarandmādarareusedinthesamewayasthepluralsin-ān:withpre/postpositionsandaspossessiveandindirectobjects.

ATwÍwA <ANŠWTA> mardōm “people” AWbY <GBRA> mard “man” nßYW <NYŠE> zan “woman” O˝¸ <ZKL> nar “male” YKW <NKB> mādag “female” AklM <MLKA> šāh “king” NTklM <MLKTE> bāmbišn “queen” AWN <MROH> xwadāy “lord,ruler” ATWwM <MROTA> bānūg “lady” AtDbLV <BLBYTA> wispuhr “prince” ABwY <GNBA> duzz “thief” eßLP <PLŠYA> aswār “horseman” nßYwL <LOYŠE> sar “head” NwïÅ <AYNE> čašm “eye” nMWP <PWME> dahan “mouth” nLWC <CWLE> grīw “neck,self” nïD <YDE> dast “hand” nlïÒ <LGLE> pāy “foot” nsLK <KLSE> aškomb “belly” ÚBL <LBBE> dil “heart” eA <HYA> gyān(ǰān) “soul” MwÍ <ŠRM> drōd “health,well-being” Note:TheuseofÚ<-E>forNinÚBL<LBBE>dilisalsoseeninÚWcÒ<LPNE>awar“hither,comehere!”

WORD FORMATION 1. InPahlavi,wordderivationisverycommon.Nounsandadjectivesaremadefromothernounsandadjectivesandverbs,byprefixesandsuffixesandbycombiningwords;verbscanbemadefromnounsandadjectivesandotherverbs;andthemeaningofverbscanbemodifiedbypreverbs.Wehavealreadyseenmanyexamplesofsuchderivedwords. OftenPahlaviderivativesexpresswhatinEnglishwouldbeexpressedbysyntax.Understandingderivedwordsisthereforeanimportantpartofunderstandingthelanguage.PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES 1 Newnounsandadjectivescanbeformedbymeansofprefixesorsuffixesfromothernounsandadjectives,singleorincombination(compounds)orfromthestemsofverbs,mostcommonlythepresentstem,occasionallythepaststem.Someofthemostcommonprefixesandsuffixesarethefollowing:-īh Thissuffixisusedtoformabstractnounsfromothernounsandadjectives,especiallyofcompounds,e.g.:Noun>noun

xwadāy“lord” xwadāyīh“(over)lordship,rule” ǰādūg“sorcerer” ǰādūgīh“sorcery”

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Adjective>noun

šād“happy” šādīh“happiness” nēk“good” nēkīh“goodness” wattar“bad” wattarīh“badness” frārōn“(morally)good” frārōnīh“(moral)goodness” abārōn“(morally)bad” abārōnīh“(moral)badness” druwand“evil” druwandīh“evilness” abēzag“pure” abēzagīh“purity” dānāg“knowing,wise” dānāgīh“wisdom” tuxšāg“diligent,hard-working” tuxšāgīh“diligence,hardwork” hubōy“smellinggood,perfumed,fragrant” hubōyīh“goodsmell,perfume,fragrance” dusraw“ofevilfame” dusrawīh“infamy” abēgumān“freefromdoubt” abēgumānīh“freedomfromdoubt” ham-dādestān“agreeing” ham-dādestānīh“agreement” harwisp-āgāh“omniscient,all-knowing” harwisp-āgāhīh“omniscience”Notethephoneticchangein ahlaw“righteous” ahlāyīh“righteousness”-išn Thissuffixisusedtoform“actionnouns”frompresentstemsofverbs,occasionallyfromthepaststeme.g.: men-“think” menišn“thinking,thought” gōw-“say,speak” gōwišn“speaking,speech” kun-“do” kunišn“doing,deed” warz-“make,perform,produce” warzišn“making” dān-“know” dānišn“knowledge” dwār-“run”(aboutevilbeings) dwārišn“running” rām-“beinpeace” rāmišn“peace” āmad“come” āmadišn“coming”(inthepast) Theoriginalimplicationof“action”isoftenfaded,andthenounisnolongeran“action”nounandmayexpresstheresultoftheactionratherthantheactionitself,asinseveraloftheaboveexamples(“thinking”>“thought”). Occasionally,thereisno“action,”asin xwar-“eat” xwarišn“food”-išn īh Thecombination-išnīhisalsocommon,e.g.: bēwider-“passaway” bē-widerišnīh“passingaway” tarmen-“scorn” tar-menišnīh“scorning,scorn” drōgōw-“speaklies” drō-gōwišnīh“speakinglies,theliesonespeaks” dāmdah-“establishthecreation” dām-dahišnīh“theestablishmentofthecreation” hamēraw-“goforever” hamē-rawišnīh“‘goingforever’,eternity” hu-kunišn“doinggooddeeds” hu-kunišnīh“thedoingofgooddeeds,thegooddeedsonedoes” Thesenounsarefrequentlyspelledwiththearameogramoftheverb,e.g.,WwÍWwllmY<YMLLWNšn'>gōwišn“speaking,speech,”EwÍWWiÍWwÍwY<gwšn'-ŠBKWN-šn-yh>gušn-h il-išn-īh“thereleasingofthemaleanimals”(i.e.,intothefemalesformating).

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GRAMMAR 7 COMPARISONS WITH ČIYŌN Theconjunctionofcomparisončiyōn“as,like;how?”isusuallycombinedwithanadverbmeaning“such,inthis/thatmanner.”TheconstructionscanrarelybetranslatedliterallyintoEnglish. Thecommonestcombinationsare: WWwYwA <ʾwgwn'>ōwōn “inthatway,so” WWwïDC <cygwn'>čiyōn “as” WWWtdA <ʾytwn'> ēdōn “inthisway,so”

Note:BothWWwYwAandWWwïDCtendtobewrittenwithoutfinalstrokeandevenwithoutthefinal-nasWwYwA,wYwA,WwïDC,wïDC.Theadverbsmayprecedečiyōndirectlyoratadistance,e.g.:ōwōnčiyōn,ōwōn...čiyōn“as,like,inthatwaythat”ōwōnčiyōnpaddēngōwēdkū“as/inthewaythatitsaysintheTradition”ōwōnsaxtčiyōnsang-ēw“asheavyasastone”ArdāWirāzōwōnbūdčiyōnmard-ēwīhuram“ArdāWirāzwaslikeahappyman”tōōwōnkerbagkunčiyōn-itOhrmazdframāyēd“performgooddeedsinthewaythatOhrmazdcommandsyou!”

ēdōnčiyōn,ēdōn...čiyōn“like,inthiswaythat”ēdōnčiyōntō“likeyou”padēčnēkīhīgētīywistāxmabāščēnēkīhīgētīyēdōnhomānāgčiyōnabrīpadabsālānrōzāyēdkēpadēčkōf

abāznēpāyēd“haveconfidenceinnogoodnessofthisworld,forthegoodnessofthisworldisjustlikeacloudthatcomesonanautumndayanddoesnotlingeronanymountain”

mēnōyāsmānēdōnestādčiyōngurdīartēštār“thedivineskystoodlikeawarriorhero”dāmīOhrmazdpadmēnōyīhēdōnparward...čiyōnšusrhomānāg“thecreationofOhrmazdwasnurturedas

somethingbelongingtotheworldofthought,likesemen”anēdōndušxwārbūdhēmčiyōnmard-ēwka-šmānkanēnd“Iwasasunhappyasamanwhentheydestroyhis

house”Notethatōwōnandēdōnarecommonlyusedwithadjectivesandadverbstomean“as,so,”e.g.:kerbagōwōnwazurgudakanārag(kū...)“gooddeedsaresogreatandimmeasurable(that...)”

ARAMEOGRAMS 5 . VERBS 3 Herearesomemorearameograms,arrangedbypatterns:Endingin<-WN>: -W]Ÿ>D> <DBLWN-> nay-nīd “lead” -WwLTW <NTLWN-> pāy-pād “protect,wait,linger”Beginningwith<Y->,endingin<-WN>: -WwLvY,-W]J <YBLWN-,YBLWN-> bar-burd “carry,bring” -WwAvzY <YDBHWN-> yaz-yašt “sacrifice(to)” -WwYtdE <YHYTYWN-> āwar-āwurd “bring,fetch”(things)

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-WWvYTI <YKTYBWN-> nibēs-nibišt “write” -WWtdmY <YMYTWN-> mīr-murd “die” -WwïJwY <YNSBWN-> stan-stad “take”Endingin<-EN-> -WnmÍW <OŠMEN-> āšnaw-āšnūd “hear,listen”Beginningwith<H->,endingin<-N>or<-WN>: -WwYtdA <HYTYWN-> ānay-nīd “bring,fetch”(people) -WwAkßA <HŠKHWN-> wind-windād(-īd) “find”Notethepairs: -W]J <YBLWN-> bar-burd “carry,bring”(awaythings) -WwYtdE <YHYTYWN-> āwar-āwurd “bring,fetch”(hitherthings) -W]Ÿ>D> <DBLWN-> nay-nīd “lead”(awaypeople) -WwYtdA <HYTYWN-> ānay-nīd “bring,fetch”(hitherpeople)Similarly: Wt˜ <mt'> -,mad “come” -WWtåD <YATWN-> āy-āmad “come”THE VERB. THE PRESENT INDICATIVE AND THE IMPERATIVE Thepresentindicativeandtheimperativeareformedfromthepresentstem.AsinEnglish,thepresentindicativeiscommonlyusedtoexpresspresentandfutureactionorstate. Thereisalsoa1stpluralimperative(=1stpluralindicative),whichisusedtoexpress“letus...!”The present indicat ive Endings:

Singular Plural 1st -am <-m>,aram.<-m> -ēm <-ym> 2nd -ē <-yd,-ydy> -ēd <-yt'> 3rd -ēd <-yt'> -ēnd <-ynd>,aram.<-d>

Note:Onthespellingsofthe2ndsingularending-ēand<-dt'>for<-yyt'>,seeLesson5.The1stsingular:

Phoneticallywritten1stsingularformsarerareoutsidethePahlavitranslationsoftheAvesta,wherewefindboth<-m>and<-ym>.Forinstance,intheoldYasnamanuscriptJ2,wefind<-m>intheformulaMwYt¬YwAMwYIWW<nwydynmhngltynm>niwēyēnamhangerdēnam,inMwï˜<mynm>menam“Ithink,”andinµmAwLPorMµAwLP<plnʾmm>franāmam“Igoforth”;otherexamplesareMwYwaåÒP<plʾhwynm>frāxēnam“Ishallexpand”(VidevdadmanuscriptK3a)andMCwA<ʾwcm>uzam“Ishallgoup”(Dēnkard). Theending<-ym>isalsoattested,e.g.,<whšym>waxšēm,paralleling<tcm>tazaminZWY.9.19.hāzēm$$ Frompresentstemsin-y-,wehaveµïå¸<zʾym>zayamorzayēm“Iaskfor”andµsAtJ<stʾdym>stāyamorstāyēm.InYasna44,thephraseānīaztōpursēm“thatwhichIaskyouabout,”hasbothµïJWWP<pwrsym>andµïŸJWWP<pwrsyym>[!!].

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Paradigms:

Paradigmsofmen-(-wï˜<myn->)“tothink,”ōbār-(-lAPwA<ʾwpʾl->)“swallow,”purs-(-JWWP<pwrs->)“toask,”framāy-(-áÂLP<plmʾd->)“toorder,command,”kun-(-WwˆÅW<OBYDWN->)“todo”andšaw-(-WwlZW<OZLWN->)“togo”:Singular 1st Mwï˜ <mynm> menam µSWWP <pwrsm> *pursam µïdaÂLP <plmʾdym> *framāyam 2nd ìwï˜ <mynyd> menē îJWWP <pwrsyd> pursē ísaÂLP <plmʾdyd> framāyē 3rd WtDwï˜ <mynyt'> menēd WtŸJWWP <pwrsyt'> pursēd WtdaÂLP <plmʾdt'> framāyēdPlural 1st µYwï˜ <mynym> menēm µïJWWP <pwrsym> pursēm µïdaÂLP <plmʾdym> framāyēm 2nd WtDwï˜ <mynyt'> menēd WtŸJWWP <pwrsyt'> pursēd WtdaÂLP <plmʾdt'> framāyēd 3rd YwYwï˜ <mynynd> menēnd YwïJWWP <pwrsynd> pursēnd YwïDaÂLP <plmʾdynd>framāyēndSingular 1st MWwˆÅW <OBYDWNm> kunam MWwlZW <OZLWNm> šawam 2nd ìWwˆÅW <OBYDWNyd> kunē ìWwlZW <OZLWNyd> šawē 3rd WtDWwˆÅW <OBYDWNyt'> kunēd WtDWwlZW <OZLWNyt'> šawēdPlural 1st ÂYWwˆÅW <OBYDWNym> kunēm ÂYWwlZW <OZLWNm> šawēm 2nd WtDWwˆÅW <OBYDWNyt'> kunēd WtDWwlZW <OZLWNyt'> šawēd 3rd YWwˆÅW <OBYDWNd> kunēnd YWwlZW <OZLWNd> šawēnd

Notes: Inarameograms,the1stsingularand1stpluralendingsarealwaysdistinguished:sing.<-m>∼plur.<-ym>.

ForîJWWP,wealsofindîŸJWWP,etc.The2ndsingularofzay-isísa¸,aŸŸ©a¸<zʾdyd,zʾdyydy>,etc.,“youask(for).”

FormssuchasWtDWWtÂE(etc.)canbereadas<YHMTWNyt'>rasīd(paststem)orrasēd(3rdsing.present).The imperative Theimperativehasnoendinginthe2ndsingularandisidenticalwiththepresentindicativeinthe1stand2ndplural.The2ndsingularpresentindicativeisalsooftenusedasimperative.Paradigms:Singular 2nd lAPwA <ʾwpʾl> ōbār “swallow!” SWWP <pwrs> purs “ask!”Plural 1st µï¬APwA <ʾwpʾlym> ōbārēm “letusswallow!” µïJWWP <pwrsym> pursēm “letusask!” 2nd WtdlAPwA <ʾwpʾlyt'> ōbārēd “swallow!”(youall) WtŸJWWP <pwrsyt'> pursēd “ask!”(youall)Singular 2nd áÂLP <plmʾd> framāy “order!” Plural 1st µïdaÂLP <plmʾdym>framāyēm “letusorder!” 2nd WtdaÂLP <plmʾdt'> framāyēd “order!”(youall)

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Singular 2nd WwˆÅW <OBYDWN> kun“do!” WwlZW <OZLWN> šaw“go!”Plural 1st ÂYWwˆÅW <OBYDWNym> kunēm“letusdo!” ÂYWwlZW <OZLWNm> šawēm “letusgo!” 2nd WtDWwˆÅW <OBYDWNyt'> kunēd WtDWwlZW <OZLWNyt'> šawēd“go!”(youall)Notes: Theimperativeof“tocome”istheregularāy,āyēd,butawar<LPNE>awarēd<LPNEyt'>(seeabove)isalsocommon. baw-“become,be”hastheirregular2ndsingularimperative:ÍWWwE<YHWWNš>bāš“be!”USES OF THE PRESENT AND THE IMPERATIVE Present indicat ive Thepresentindicativeisusedforactionstakingplaceinthepresentorfutureandforgeneralstatements,e.g.:

ēdōngōwēndkū“thustheysay(aresaying):...”agarašmāhstāyēdwehdēnīabēzagīSpitāmānahlawZarduxštamāhōtōdahēmdagr-xwadāyīh“ifyoupraise

thegood,puredēnoftherighteousSpitamānZarduxšt,(then)weshallgivetoyoulong-lastingkingship”azdēwānuddruzāngarānzyānudwizendpadOhrmazddāmānbawēd“therewillbeheavydamageandharmto

Ohrmazd’screaturesfromthedemonsandlie-demons”GannāgMēnōyhagrizazpetyāragīhnēwardēd“theFoulSpiritwillnever(hagriz...nē)turnawayfrombeingthe

Adversary(ofOhrmazd’screation)”ātaxšgōwēdkūnēwaxšēmudābgōwēdkūnētazam“thefiresays:‘Iwillnotblaze!’thewatersays:‘Iwillnot

run/flow!’”Impera tive Theimperativeexpressescommands,e.g.:

andarhamahlānērtanudčarbudhučašmbāš“behumbleandamenableandbenevolentwithrespectto(=toward)thoseofequalsocialstanding!”

SōšānsgōwēdkūKayrawuddēnstāyKayHusrōydēnbēstāyēd“Sōšānssays:‘Go,Kay,andpraisethedēn(dēn)!’—KayHusrōypraisesthedēn”

Withthe2ndsingularendingoftheindicative:zayēZarduxštazamāhkēamahrspandhēmēdīōtōrādīh“askus,OZarduxšt,(us),theamahrspands,forthis

generousgifttoyou!”The1stpluralexpressesanexhortationtooneself,e.g.:

tāšabkārēzārkunēm“letusdobattleuntilnight(-fall)!Zarduxštbēōgētīybēdahēm“letusgiveZarduxšttotheworld!”

Theimperativeisnegatedwithma“donot,”whichusuallyprecedestheverbbutcanalsobeseparatedfromit,e.g..

SāsānōPābagguftkū-mwizendudzyānmakun“SāsānsaidtoPābag:donotdoharmanddamagetome!”padēčnēkīhīgētīywistāxmabāš“donotbeconfidentin(donotrelyupon)anygoodnessofthisworld!”ēčzamānmapāyu-šōzan“Donotlinger(hesitate)any(amountof)time,and(=but)killhim!”

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ašmāhmardmadēwānstāyēd“you,men,donotpraisethedēws!”čarātīgkēšawēmaōānōhrawēfrāzdastšōypadāndastesmstanēudfrāzōātaxšbarē“Owoman,whoaregoing

(there),donotgothere!Washyourhand!Withthathandtakefirewoodandcarryittothefire!”SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT Whenthesubjectisthepluralofananimatenoun(humansoranimals)thepredicateisusuallyintheplural,butinthepasttensetheauxiliary(hēnd)issometimesomitted.Whenthesubjectisnotexpressed,theauxiliarycannotusuallybeomitted:

čandāyēndxyōnazbunagčandaswārāyēndčandmīrēndudčandabāzšawēnd“howmanyXyōnswillbecomingfromthecamp?Howmanywillcomeonhorseback?Howmanywilldie?Andhowmanywillgoback?”

udpasawēšānhaftmardbēnišasthēnd“andthenthosesevenmensatdown”u-mānōpadīragāmadawēšānwiderdagānruwān“andthesoulsofthosedepartedcametomeetus”

Collect ive nouns Collectivenounsinthesingularcantakeapluralverb:

grōh-ēwāyēndudrōstāgīĒrānšahrtāBābēlgīrēnd“onegroupwillcome,andtheywilltaketheprovincesofIran(alltheway)toBabylon”

Whenthesubjectisaninanimatenounthepredicateisusuallyinthepluralwhentheindividualityisemphasized,alsowhenthenounhasnopluralending:

gōwēdpaddēnkūnazdistkōffrāzrustHariburzudazānpashamāgkōffrāzrusthēndpad18sāl“itsaysinthedēn:Thefirstmountain(that)grewup(is)Hariburz.Andfromthat,afterward,allthemountainsgrewupin18years.”

VERBAL PARTICLES Therearetwokindsofnegations,withnēandma,andthreecommonverbalparticleswithmodalfunctions:hamē,bē,andē.Negat ions Torecapitulate:Thenormalnegationsarenē(aÒ<LA>)andma(oA,øA<AL>)“(do)not!,”bothofwhichwehaveseenmanytimes,e.g.:

ēg-imakāmagōmandmangmadahēd“thendonotgivemehashishunwillingly(i.e.,ifIdonotwantit)Itisusedalsoinotherpersonstoexpress“letnot!”e.g.:

maxyōnrasēnd“letnottheXyonianscome!”Noterepeatednēandma,oftenwith-iz“either,”e.g.:

āntarāzūgēčkustagōgrāynēkunēdnēahlawānrāyudnē-izdruwandānnēxwadāyānrāyudnē-izānīdahībedān“thatbalancedoesnotdiptoanyside(i.e.,thewrongway):neitherfortherighteousnortheevil,neitherforlordsnorgovernors”

ānēkrāhgīrēdīahlāyīhudmapadfrāxīhudmapadtangīhudmapadēčrāhaz-išwardēd“Takethatonepath,thatofrighteousness,anddonotturnfromitontoany(other)path,(n)eitherinwell-being(n)orindistress!”

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The partic le hamē Theparticlehamē(áÂA<hmydy>)literallymeans“ever,forever”andisusedtoexpresscontinuingaction;itcanberenderedby“keepdoing”orsimilar,e.g.:tāhamēudhamē-rawišnīh“foreverandever”kāmagīGannāgMēnōyhamēwarzēnd“theykeepperformingthewill/wishoftheFoulSpirit”Ohrmazdōašmāhkēmardōmhēdhamēgōwēdkūpadkārudkerbagkerdantuxšāgbawēd“Ohrmazdkeeps

sayingtoyou(whoare)people:Bediligentinperforming(your)workandgooddeeds!”hamēka“(for)aslongas”

hamēkawārišnwārēdxrafstarēdōnwārēdčiyōnwārišn“foraslongasitrains,itrainsevilanimalslikerain”The partic le bē Asanadverb,bē(AWB<BRA>)means“out(from),away(from),”andisoftenusedwithprepositions,asinbēō“to,allthewayto.” Asaverbalparticle,oneofitsmostcommonfunctionsseemstobetoexpresscompletedaction,especiallywithpasttenses,butalsowiththepresent,andimperative,e.g.:Withthepresent:

kanōhazārsālbowandagbawēdSrōšahlīyhešmbēzanēd“whentheninethousandyearsarecomplete,SrōšoftheRewardswillsmiteWrath”

padabdomGannāgMēnōynēbawēdandardāmīOhmrazdudpadfrazāmbēabesīhēd“Intheend,theFoulSpiritwillnotbe(exist)inOhrmazd’screation,and,for(all)future,hewillbedestroyed”

Withtheimperative:

bēnigerēd“look!”wināhandarhāsrbēmahilēd“donotletasinwithinamile(ofyou)!”

The partic le ē Theparticleē(Ä,íA,3<ʾy,ʾd>;inscr.ēwwya,Man.hēb)isusedwiththepresenttoexpressexhortationtootherthan2ndperson.Itcanusuallybetranslatedwith“let...!” Itisnegatedwithma(maē)e.g.:

Note:Inthemanuscripts,ēisfrequentlyspelled<HNA>ēd,whichindicatesthatatthetimeofthemanuscriptswerewritten,thepronounēdhadlostitsfinal-dandbecomeē.

paydāgkūmardmēnōyazzanēbandēd“itiswellknown:Letamanclosehismindtowomen!”kamehruwān-dōstarmehēšawēd“Whenthegreater=olderloves(his)soulmore,letthegreatergo!”aškambrāyēdōnmaētuxšēd“Lethimnotlaborsoforthesakeofhisbelly!”SpitāmānZarduxšttēzōmanbēērasēdpadtuxšāgīhīSpitāmānZarduxšttēzudōmanēnigēzēddēnīOhrmazd

udZarduxšt.Notetā...maē...“sothatnot,lest,”e.g.:

tāazspāhīdušmenānēčxyōnmaēmānēd“sothatnoXyōnremainsofthearmyoftheenemies”

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SENTENCES7 Analyzethefollowingsentences,andidentifythearameograms: / YWtDWK WTCW nßYwL ABwY< ^ WtdA !W˝JW WTWKwïD x ? !

andarDēnkardnask-ēwastīDuzd-sar-nizadxwānēnd “IntheDēnkard,thereisabookwhichtheycall‘struckdownontheheadofthethief’” Note:Cf.Yt.10.40Eventheirwell-wieldedaxes/well-brandishedcudgels,whenstruckdownupontheheadsofmen...”

WklAWkA ^ WwaÂZ elYpÍ W esAkAWfJwlA WWP WItjlA| a˜wAwA à WkAtDP WWwY<wA WwïD> EW WWP ? 2 / WTWWwE áÂA EwÍwL q

padweh-dēnōwōnpaydāgkūohrmazdbālistīgpadharwisp-āgāhīhudwehīhzamānīakanāragabarrōšnīhhamēbūd. “InthegooddēnitisthusevidentthatOhrmazdwasonhighinthelightinomniscienceandgoodnessforan

endlesstime” ^ nßYwL WN WWwSC WkAwa˜wA WWWtdA nLW WtDWNtHW nÍPW ^ EkaHAWT WWwlaÒP N âL WN ? 3 / WtDWNtHW WwaÅTwÍwA ^ g<zM W WtDWwsE nïD WWP Wwa˜Wt¬M

kēnēazfrārōntuxšāgīhīxwēšxwarēdōyēdōnhomānāgčiyōnkēsarīmardōmānpaddastdārēdudmazgīmardōmānxwarēd

“Hewhodoesnoteatfromhisowngooddiligence,heislikesomeonewhoholdspeople’sheadsinhishandsandeatspeople’sbrains.”

/ WtDWwLTW oA WtDWtjA NwïÅ WWP aå¬Z tÂA W î¬Z OW Y>W WtDpAtHwA WWK ? 4 ÷ WtDWWwE µYvYcÅ WwAnÍwY N TtDWwLPW älZ OWNwïÅ WwATtÂA nM

nūnaweštābēdtāōzrēyudkazrēypadčašmwēnēdmapāyēdčēka-tānčašmōzrēyōbadēdazdušmenānabēbīmbawēd “Now,hurrytothesea!And,whenyouseetheseawith(yourown)eye(s),donotlinger! For,whenyoureyesfallonthesea,youwillbewithoutfearoftheenemies”

33 WwaHnLW N W AWbY W nßYW WTWwaÒZ !WtÅwY. aå˜ 333 WWP íYwaåHM W îHM N ? 23

/ YWNwA WTWWwE nßYW ^ NtåÅ W aÅ WkaÂA W ? Y>KW W O˝¸ ^ YWNwA WTWWwE WtÅwY.

azMašīyudMašyānīypadnōmāhǰuxt-ēwzādzanudmardudazawēšānšašǰuxtbūdhēndīnarudmādag.udhamāgbrādudxwahīzanbūdhēnd “FromMašīyudMašyānīy,withinninemonths,acouplewasborn,womanandman,and,fromthose(two),

therecamesixcouples,maleandfemale.Andtheywereallbrotherandsister-wife.”

WtåÅWtjA W ÍwlgLwA ^ µßA WWwSC YWnYWkY lAtjïÂA YBK WWkmaJ ^ YwLWB ^ lAWP WTPWwYC WWP ? 33

/ WtDWtDwA âL elï<J W WtdlAPwA µE> WwïD>naÅ WN

padčīnwadpuhlībulandīsahmgenwashamēstārēstēndčiyōnXešmīxurdrušudAstwihādkēhāmōyēndāmōbārēdudsagrīhnēdānēd “AtthehighandfrighteningČinwadbridge,manyopponentsarestanding:Wrathwith-the-bloody-cluband

Astwihād,whoswallowstheentirecreationandknowsnosatiety.”

¡Y>WV aåH WtåÅWtjA ÍWwïdA WtDWwlZW LtdmA ^ nsLK OW LtDvA ^ WtHWP N tÂA ATwÍWA ? 34

/ WtDWWtdmL nLWC OW x

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mardōmkaazpuštīpidarōaškombīmādaršawēdēg-išAstwihāddēwband-ēwandarōgrīwabganēd “Whenahumangoesfromthefather’sloinstothemotherswomb,then(=atthattime)thedemonAstwihād

throwsaropeabouthisneck.”

/ WtDWwLPW nLWC N Y>WB WVwlaÅ ^ ˝¸ EwÍWWKwA nÍPW ^ ˝¸ WWP EwßlYTW AWB N oaÅ . 44

pasazbē-widerišnīhpadānīxwēšhukunišnīhānīahlawbandazgrīwbēōbadēd “Afterhispassing(away),onaccountofhisgooddeedstheropeoftherighteousfallsaway.”

TEXTS7TEXTS 7.1 FromtheaccountofthelastdaysintheBundahišnpasmardōmmardōmbēšnāsēndkūruwānruwāntantanbēšnāsēdkūēnmanastpidēnmanastbrādudēnman

astzan.pasbawēdhanǰamanīIsadwāstarānkūmardōmpadēnzamīgbēestēnd.andarānhanǰamanharwkasnēk-kunišnīhudwad-kunišnīhīxwēšwēnēnd.ahlawandardruwandōwōnpaydāgčiyōngōspandspēdandarānīsyābawēd.pasahlawazdruwandǰudāgkunēndudahlawōGarōdmānnayēnduddruwandabāzōdōšoxabganēnd.ud3(sē)rōzšabdōšoxīgtanōmandgyānōmandandardōšoxpādifrāhwidārēndudahlawandarGarōdmān

tanōmandān3rōzšaburwāhmenīhwēnēd. Thenpeoplewillknow(recognize)people,i.e.,soulswillknowsouls(and)bodiesbodies(knowingthat)thisis

myfather,thisismybrother,andthisismywife. ThencomestheassemblyofIsadwāstar,where(inwhich)peoplewillstandonthisearth. Inthatassembly,allwillseewhatgoodtheydidandwhatbadtheydid. Therighteouswillbeasevidentamongthewickedasawhitesheepamongtheblack. Thentheywillseparatetherighteousfromthewicked.AndtheyleadtherighteoustoGarōdmānandthrowthe

wickedbackintoHell. And,forthreedays(and)nights,theHell-bound,theywillsufferpunishmentinHellinbodyandsoul,andthe

righteous(one)inGarōdmānwillsee(=experience)blissinbodyforthreedays(and)nights.TEXTS 7.2 Māhnyāyišn3.4,translationfromAvestanandcommentary.č iyōn ka māh waxšēd č i yōn ka māh nirfsēd 15 (panzdah)ka māh wax šēd 15 ka māh nirfsēd 15rōzazgētīyānkārudkerbagpadīrēdudazmēnōyānmizdudpādāšnud15rōzōmēnōyānkārudkerbagbēabespārēdōgētīyānmizdudpādāšnnēkīhīmāhpērōzgarazēktā15rōzazmēnōyānnēkīhudfarroxīhpadīrēdudaz15tābowandagīhī30(sīh)rōzpadgētīyānbaxšēdudazānēkrōzkanōgbēabzōnpadmāhbawēdtābowandagīhī30rōzrōšnīhudnēkīhazmēnōyānpadīrēdō

gētīyānabespārēdmizdudpādāšn ‘How(isit)whenthemoonwaxes?How(isit)whenthemoonwanes? Fifteenwhenthemoonwaxes.Fifteenwhenthemoonwanes.’

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Forfifteendays,itreceivesalltheactivitiesofthoseinthisworldandrewardsandcountergiftsfromthoseintheotherworld.

Andforfifteendays,ittransferstheactivitiestothoseintheotherworld,tothoseinthisworldtherewardsandcountergifts.

Thegoodnessofthevictoriousmoon:fromdayoneto(day)fifteen,itreceivesfromthoseintheotherworldgoodnessandgoodfortune.

Andfromdayfifteentothecompletionofthirty(days),itdistributesitamongthoseinthisworld. Andfromthatdayone,when(itis)new,thereis(bē...bawēd)increaseinthemoon,tothecompletionofthirty

(days),itreceiveslightandgoodnessfromthoseintheotherworld(and)transfersrewardsandcountergiftstothoseinthisworld.

EXERCISES7

1.IdentifytheverbsinTexts1-2thatarespelledwitharameograms.2.Addthetranscriptions/transliterationstothesesentencesandtranslatethem:

/ WtÒTW AWB tÂïÅ YWNwA Wt˜ WWwL WKtJWK NwY OW ^ nßYW W AWvY ^ eßLP 2 ˝¸ ? !

āndōaswārīmardudzanīōēnkustagrōnmadhēndkaybēwiderd

/ YwYwï¸ elâwA x nMT WWK W YNwA WTWwlZW WcDWwa¬Ä OW AWB WwaåJ WkaÂA ˝¸ N oaÅ W ? 2

<WAHLMNZKhmʾk'gyhʾn'BRAOLʾylʾnwyc'OZLWNt'HWEdWKONTMEBYNhwʾlyhzywynd> WtDWWtÂE WwaåD OW WKPWK NwY à Y>WtDwA Y>WNwA WWK ^ ATwÍwA à WtŸJWWP a˜wAwA N WthAWt¬Z ? 3

/ WwaåH OW WPwï>Å

<zltwhšt'MNʾwhrmzdpwrsyt'AYKANŠWTAYKONHWEdYDOYTNdAYKZNEkrpk'OLyzdʾn'YHMTWNyt'ʾdwp'OLŠDYAʾn'>

EwaÒP µÍ NwY W µï¬AfJcÅ MWkL OW AWB WtjYwlYWWT MwY 34 Y>W Wcå¬YW At¬A NwL . 4

/ WtDWwLTK AWB AWvY NwY q

amāArdāWirāztāhaftrōztan-drustbēōašmāabespārēmudēnnāmfarrōxīhabarēnmardbēmānēd WtDWwLTW oA AwY>W WcdA nMT / WtDWWtÂE aå¬Z OW YW WtdlABwY à WtDWwrrmY WWWtdA WwAwï¬A ? 23 / WtDWwLT˝¸ WkAwïD WWP ßAWB <ʾldwʾn'ʾytwn'YMLLWNyt'AYKdwbʾlyt'ODOLzlydyYHMTWNyt'.TMEʾyc'ODNAALNTLWNyt’BRAšPWNgywʾk'YKTLWNyt'> EtåH W WwßmaÒ W EwajA W elAwA W EwÍwL W WwaHwY W WthAW µïda˜W kL OW Y>W WWtåD AWB . 33

/ YWwlY>kM WwE>WfJWwaÂA W a˜wAwA N nMT ^ WwABwlaÅ Y WwßE>tÅP W WthAW x Y eY>WBwA W

bēāytāōtōnimāyamwahištuddōšoxudrōšnīhudxwārīhudāsānīhudrāmišnudšādīhudhubōyīhīandarwahištudpādāšnīahlawānīānōhazOhrmazdudamahrspandānpadīrēnd. Note:Rememberthatīcanbeeithertheconnectingparticleorarelativepronoun.

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3.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtranscriptions: Ä saÒPtÅP ānōh ōftēnd aÅ WwAtja˜ ArdāWirāz ōzanēnd aÅfJ WwATcÅ aswār pādifrāh AklM WcdA aswār pad-iz

áÂA WfjAtHW brād paygāmbar eßLP WNwAW dārēd pēš cå¬YW At¬A Wt¬A ēč šāh CWWP WtDWtda˜ ēw spāh EKwYW WtDWwLTK farroxīh šud EkY>Wwï¸ WtDWwsE frēstēd u-tān EwaÒP WtDWWwïH hamē Wahman ï>ΩM WtJWWvYtD harwkas Waran lAbsA WTWwlZW hayār Wištāsp lABwsA WwAtDwE ǰāwēdān xrad LbmAtDP WwLW kay xwah lY WWwïÅ mānēd Xyōn nMT YWwLPW mazdēsnān yal NtåÅ YWwLT˝¸ mizd yazdān ßÄ AWK µÍ nām zanēd ßYP WwaåD nēkīh zīndagīh tÂïÅ nišast4.Transliterate,transcribe,andtranslatethefollowingsentences:

/ YNwA WtJWWvYtD nMT W YNwA WTWwlZW ßYP WwAtja˜ ^ WNCwA x Wcå¬YW At¬A ^ NtåÅ WTcÅ ˝¸ ? !

WtDWWwïH WwAwaÅ WwEWwï˜ OW AWB NwL ^ aÅ Ä ˝¸ Wtja˜ MWkL oA à YWWWnY WWWtdA oaÅ

/ EtåH W EKwYW WfJwlA AWbY nLW N Wwa˜nM

à WtdaÂLP WWWtdA AklM WfjAtHW ? 2

WtDWtda˜ WnÍwY WwaåD ^ sAWW LWP ^ LKKCB Y WWwïÅ ˝¸ W WtDWwlZW WcÅWP MWkL WWK ? lY<CwlYP ^ lY Ä

WtDWWwE AWB WwAtDwE ^ EwaÒP W µÍ WwATcÅ WtDWwLTK Ä oA WWwïÅ WcdA WwAnÍwY ^ aÅfJ N Y>W

/ EwÍBwLáÂA W áÂA Y>W

/ WtÅWWtÅwA Wwa˜Wt¬M ^ WWT x ^ aåÒ 3 CNwY . 3

/ YWwsE aåÒ WCwlY 3 W aåD YWwï˜ 3 aåÒ 3 NwY WWP

/ WtDWwsE aåÒ µßA W aåD WNwAW WwÍwï˜ WWP

/ WtDWwsE aåÒ WwLW W aåD Wt¬A WwÍBwY WWP

÷ WtDWwsE aåÒ YWwï˜ WkAwY W aåD YWwï˜ WkAwYfJ WwÍWWK WWP

Note:nihãdisthepasttense:“(are)placed.”

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5.TranslateintoPahlaviandwriteinPahlaviatleastfoursentences,includingatleasttwoofthelongerones:

1. Gayōmard’slifewas30years.Afterthathedied.2. Zarduxšt,theMazdayasnians’messenger,willbringOhrmazd’sdēntoKingWištāsp.3. Now,Ohrmazd,showmeheavenandhellandtherewardoftherighteousandthepunishmentoftheevil!4. Alwaysbetruthfulandgenerous(so)that(tā)youwillbehappyafterdeath![singularandplural]5. PraiserighteousnessandscornthedemonslikeZarduxštpraisesthemandscornsthem!6. AttheČinwadbridge(there)standthreehelpersandthreeopponents.7. FromthatbridgethewickedfallintoHell,buttherighteousgotoHeaven.8. LetPišyōtanandhishorsemengoforth,andletthemkilltheenemies!9. DonotlettheXioniansstriketheherosofIran!10. Everybodyinthisworldhas(<thereisfor...!)sinsin(his)handandfoot(=commitssinswithhishands

andfeet).

ADDITIONALREADINGS7ADDITIONAL READINGS 7.1 FromMēnōyxrad2.110-115padzīndagīhwistāxmabāščē-tabdommargīhabarrasēdudnasāsagudwaykirrēnēdudastagōzamīgōftēd.udtāsērōz-šabānruwānpadbālēnītannišīnēd.udrōzīčahārōmandarōšbāmpadabāgīhīSrōšahlīyudWāyīwehudWahrāmīamāwandudhamēstārīhīAstwihādudWāyīwadudFrazištdēwudNizištdēwudduškām-kerdārīhīXešmīanāg-kerdārīxurdruštāōČinwadpuhlšawēdībulandīsahmgenkēharwahlawuddruwandawišmadār. Donotrelyonlife,because,intheend,deathwillcometoyou. Anddogsandbirdswillcutupthecorpse,andtheboneswillfallontheground. Andforthreedaysandnigths,thesoulsitsattheheadboardof(thebedwhere)thebody(lies). And,onthefourthday,atdawn,(itgoes)accompaniedbySrošwiththerewards,thegoodWāy,andthe

powerfulWahrām andwiththeoppositionofAstwihād,theevilWāy,thedemonsDrag-forthandDrag-down, andWrathwhoonlyfulfillsevilwishesanddoesevilthings,hewiththebloodyclub, itgoestotheČinwadbridge,tallandfearsome, towhich(kē...awiš)everyrighteousandwickedmustcome(thereiscoming).

ADDITIONAL READINGS 7.2 FromDēnkard7.1.21udandarwehdēnpadgōwišnīdādārOhrmazdōampaydāgkūēgānīmangēhānfrāyēnkūmaragwēšbēkunēudēgānīmangēhānwālēnkūfrabihtarbēkunēudēgazmanpadīrēgēhānsrāyišnudparwarišnudsālārīhudabar-nigāhdārīhēdōnbēkunēkūkasabarōyīdidrēšudzyānnēkunēd

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AndintheGoodDēnitisevidentfromthecreatorOhrmazd’swordstoam: ‘Sofurtherthisworldofmine!’i.e.,makethenumbermore!‘Andthenincreasethisworldofmine!’i.e.,makeit

fatter! ‘Andthenacceptfrommetoprotectandfosterthisworld!’ ‘Andgovernitandlookafterit!’(i.e.)sothatnobodycancausehurtandharmtooneanother!

ADDITIONAL READINGS 7.3 AfterPand-nāmag29-44 / WtDWwLTK aÒ WTWkA WkPWK W lAK Tà WcÒW oA WfjaHWB

/ LTBwlSwA MwYcÅ WWP ^ lYcH ˝¸ nM WwYCW laÅwY WWP ^ nßYW

/ WtdE aÒ Wwa¬Y ^ lAtjA YWfJwaÂA WtDWnA W WtDWwA x Tà WwïÅW oA EwßYwYWwea¬Y

/ WtDWWtÂE âL YUW WwEwYWP WWP W Wwaå¸ WweAP4 W WweAP2 WWP Tà WwïÅW OA EwßlABwYWtåHW

/ WtDWWtÂE aÒ WwABwL OW Wwa¬Y ^ lAtjA Tà WtåJ OA WKN!

/ YwˆHK aÒ WwaHwY> OW aåH áÒ sAWW ã Tà WwˆÅ oA lAwlahYP nlˆÒ N

WwˆÅ laÅV Wwa¬YcH W WwaåD W WNtHW nÍPW ^ EkahAWT WwlaÒP N W ÍWWwaD WkahAWT

būšāspmawarzkū-tkārudkerbagakerdnēmānēd.zanīpad-gōhrwizīnčēānwehīpadabdomhusrawtar.drāyān-ǰōyišnīhmakunkū-tandarhordādudamurdādamahraspandāstārīgarānnēǰahēd.wišād-dwārišnīhmakunkū-tpaddō-pāyānudčahār-pāyānzyānudpadfrazendānwizendnērasēd.ēk-mōgmarawkū-tāstārīgarānōruwānnērasēd.azpāypēšārwārmakunkū-tānwināhrāydēwōdōšoxnēkešēnd.tuxšāgbāšudazfrārōn-tuxšāgīhīxwēšxwarudyazdānudwehānbahrkun Donotpracticesloth,sothatyourworkandgooddeedsdonotremainundone! Chooseawomanofgoodfamily,forthatoneisthebetteronewhointheendistheoneofbetterreputation! Donotspeakwhileeating,sothatnoheavysinagainstHordadandMurdadbefallsyou! Donotwalkaboutwithouttyingthekusti,sothatnoharmcomestoyourbipedsandquadripeds(thoseinyour

householdontwoandonfour)andnodamagetoyourchildren! Donotwalkwithoneshoe,sothatnoheavysincomestoyoursoul! Donoturinatestandingup,sothat,onaccountofthatsin,thedemonsdonotdragyoutoHell! Workhard,andeatfromyourgoodhardwork,andgivethegodsandgood(people)(their)share!

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHETEXTSANDTHEEXERCISES7Idiomspadgyāg atoncerāhdār- watchtheroad,lieinwait;cf.rāhdār“higwayrobber”nāmudfarroxīh fameandfortuneNouns,adjectives,adverbs,pronouns:

abāgīh EkAcÅ <ʾʾkyh> accompaniment;<abāg“togetherwith”abar-nigāhdārīh eladaÅKwLcÅ <ʾpl-nkʾh-dʾlyh> watch,guardabē-bīm ÂYvYcÅ <ʾpy-bym> fearless,withoutfear(of:az)

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amāwand ^WwaÂA <ʾmʾwnd> powerful(Av.amauuant)āsānīh EwajA <ʾsʾnyh> ease(ofmind),freedomfromworryastag WKtjA <ʾstk'> boneāstār lAtjA <ʾstʾl> sinAstwihād WtåÅWtjA <ʾstwhʾt'> Astwihād,theBone-untierbahr laÅB <bʾhl> part,sharebālēn Wwï¬AB <bʾlyn'> theheadendofthebed,headboard,pillowbālistīg WItjlAB <bʾlstyk'> locatedonhighband Y>WB <bnd> bond,ropebūšāsp WfjaHWB <bwšʾsp'> sloth,thedemonofsloth(procrastination)čahār-pāy ÄP4 <4-pʾd> quadruped,livingbeingonfourfeetDēnkard WTWKwïD <dynkrt'> nameofalargePahlavibookdō-pāy ÄP2 <2-pʾd> biped,livingbeingontwofeetdōšoxīg WIwaåHWY <dwšʾhwyk'> Hell-bound,inhabitantofHelldrāyān-ǰōyišnīh EwßYwYWwea¬Y <dlʾdʾn-ywdšnyh> speakingwhileeatingēk-mōg(ēw-mōg) WKN! <1-mwk'> walkingwithoneshoefrabih,-tar LtåDpLP,EpLP <plpyh,-tl> fat,fatterfrārōn WwlaÒP <plʾlwn'> good(morally)frazend(frazand) YwYWP <prznd> offspring,childgētīy(gētīyān) (WweYtJ)ÄtJ <gytydy,gytydʾn'> thisworld;ofthisworld(adj.)gyānōmand YNwAwE <yʾn'-ʾwmnd> withsoul,insoulhamē-rawišnīh EwÍBwláÂA <hmydy-lwbšnyh> eternityhamēstār lAtjˆÂA <hmystʾl> opponenthanǰaman WNCwA <hncmn'> assemblyharwisp WcJwAWK,WcJwlA <KRA-ws',hlws'> every,allhusraw,-tar LTBwlSwA,WBwlSwA <hwslwb',-tl> ofgoodfame,famous;morefamousIsadwāstarān WwaÒtjAWtjY <ystwʾstl-ʾn'> adjectiveofIsadwāstar,sonofZarduxštǰudāg WkAtDwY <ywbtʾk'> separated;+kun-:toseparate; +baw-:beseparated(from:az)ǰuxt WtÅwY <ywht'> pair,couplekustag WKtJWK <kwstk'> side,directionmarag WklM <mlk'> count,numbermargīh eglM <mlgyh> death,mortalitymēnōy(mēnōyān) (WwEWwï˜)YWwï˜ <mynwd,mynwdʾn'> theotherworld;oftheotherworld(adj)ōšbām µAvÍwA <ʾwš-bʾm> dawn;fromōš”dawn”+bām“brightness”pādāšn WwßEtÅP <pʾtdʾšn'> countergift,rewardpad-gōhr laÅwYWWP,lAwYWWP <PWN-gwhl,-gwʾhl> ofgoodfamilyparwarišn WwßLwLP <plwlšn'> fostering,raisingpāy nlïÒ <LGLE> footpēšārwār lAwlahYP <pyšʾlwʾl> urinationrēš ßˆÒ <lyš> wound,harm,injuryrōn WWwL <lwn'> direction;ō...rōn:inthedirectionof...

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rōz-šabān WwAcHCwL <lwcšʾn'> day-and-nightšād WtåH <šʾt'> happy sahmgen WWkmaJ <shmkn'> terrible,terrifyingsālārīh elEwïD <srdʾlyh> leadership,governmentšnāyišn WwßÄwÍ <šnʾdšn'> satisfaction,(by:pad)satisfyingspāh aÅfJ <spʾh> armyspēd WtDfJ <spyt'> whiteSpenāgMēnōy YWwï˜ WkAwYfJ <spynʾk'mynwd> theLife-givingSpiritsrāyišn Ww߈å:J <slʾdšn'> protectionsyā aåJ <sydʾ> blacktan-drust WtjYwlYWWT <tn'-dlwdst'> healthy(inbody),ingoodhealthtanōmand YNwAWWT <tn'-ʾwmnd> withbody,inbodyurwāhmenīh EnaÅwLwA <ʾwlwʾhmnyh> blissfulnessWaran WwLW <wln'> thedemonGreedwišād-dwārišnīh EwßlABwY WtåHW <wšʾt'-dwbʾlšnyh> goingaboutwithouttyingthekustihešm(hešm) µßA <hšm> anger,thedemonWrath(demonofdarkness)xrad Wt¬A <hlt'> wisdomxurdruš ÍwlgLwA <hwldlwš> with-the-bloody-club,epithetofXešmxwārtar Lt¬AwA <hwʾltl> lessserious,lessheavy(sin)Verbs:

aweštāb-aweštāft WTcÅtHwA-WcÅtHwA <ʾwštʾ-ʾwštʾt'> hurryfrāyēn-frāyēnīd –wˆdaÒP <plʾdyn-> furtherǰah-ǰast WtjY-aD <yh-yst'> jump,occur(to),befallnikōh-nikōhīd –AWKW <nikōh-> blame,scorn,mocknirfs- –ScÒW <nlps-> wane šnās-šnāxt WtåÅwÍ-sAwÍ <šnʾs-šnʾht'> know(aperson),recognizestāy-stūd WTWtJ-ätJ <stʾd-stwt'> topraisewālēn-nīd -wˆ®AW <wʾlyn-> increase(something)warz-īd -cÒW <wlc-> perform…cultivatewaxš-īd -ßAW <whš-> grow,waxwidār-widārd Wt¬ATW–lATW <wtʾl-t'> gothrough,undergo,sufferwizīn-wizīd WtDCW–wYCW <wcyn-wcyt'> choosexwar-,xward –WNtHW <OŠTEN-> eat,consume

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LESSON8SPELLING 7 The phoneme / ǰ / (ž) Thesoundžmayhaveexistedinsomewords,especiallywordswithAvestan-ž-,buttheevidenceisnotclear.MacKenzie,inhisDictionary,assumesthisžbelongstothephoneme/ǰ/(Aǰdahāg,etc.).Amongthepossibleexamplesarethefollowing: WkaåDcÅ <ʾcdhʾk'> Aǰdahāg(Aždahāg) Av.AžiDahāka(dragonslainbyΘraētaona,Pahl.Frēdōn) :jadÍwY <ywšdʾsl> yōǰdahr(yōždahr) “rituallyclean,”Av.yaoždāθra MWtDCwlA <hlwcdtwm> xruǰdtom(xruždtom) “hardest,”Av.xruždišta Wwaåd<ßA <ʾšghʾn'> aǰgahān(ažgahān) “lazy,indolent” Thesoundmayalsohavebeenusedinduž-,abyformofduš-“evil,bad,”e.g.: WwsÍwY <dwš-dyn'> duǰdēn(duždēn) “ofevildēn,”Av.duždaēna ExamplesofAvestan-ǰ-inPahlaviincludethefollowingcommonterms: WcŸJ <syc'> seǰ “danger,”Av.iθiiajah;alsosomekindofimperfection(sexualimpotence?) WcŸjA <ʾsyc'> aseǰ “freefromdanger,freefromimperfection,”Av.aiθiiajahARAMAEOGRAMS, NOUNS Herearesomemorecommonarameograms: aŸJwS <SWSYA> asp “horse” AWWT <TWRA> gāw “bull,cow” AnA <HMRA> xar “donkey” AbLK <KLBA> sag “dog” AnY <GMRA> uštur “camel” AwYK <KYNA> gōspand “sheep” aÂaÒ <LHMA> nān “bread’ elSV <BSLYA> gōšt “meat” a:ÂA <HMLA> may “wine” AwYW <ODNA> zamān “time” MwY <YWM> rōz “day” TwÍ <ŠNT> sāl “year” elgL <LYLYA> šab “night” AwYB <BYRH> māh “month” la˜ <MHL> fradāg “tomorrow” (MwG) LtÂY <YMTL(YWM)> dī(-rōz) “yesterday” aÒt˜ <MTLA> wārān “rain” nïD <GDE> xwarrah “fortune” nïŸJW <OSGDE> namāz “homage” Y<WP <PRG> nēm “half” AWtH <ŠTRA> ālag “side” WBC <CBW> xīr “matter,possessions” MwYN <MNDOM> tis “thing,something”

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WORD FORMATION 2. PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES 2 a- (an-) Adjectivesdenotinglackofsomethingareformedfromnounsorpresentstemsofverbsbymeansoftheprefixa-(an-beforevowels)“un-,-less,without,”etc.Theoppositesoftheseadjectivesareformedbymeansofthesuffixes-ōmandand-gen,onwhichseebelow.Nounsin-īhcaninturnbeformedfromsuchadjectives,e.g.: dān-“toknow” adān“withoutknowledge,ignorant” adānīh“ignorance” petyārag“adversary” apetyārag“withoutadversary” apetyāragīh“adversary-less-ness” kanārag“border” akanārag“borderless” akanāragīh“border-less-ness” zarmān“oldage” azarmān“unaging” marg“death” amarg“undying” amargīh“immortality” ōš(hōš)“death” ahōš“immortal” ahōšīh“immortality” bīm“fear” abīm“freefromfear” bēš“harm” abēš“freefromharm” tazišn“running,flow(ofrivers)” atazišn“notflowing” atazišnīh“fact/stateofnotflowing”Noteanērān“non-Iranian.”abē- Adjectivesdenotinglackofsomethingcanalsobeformedfromnounsorpresentstemsofverbsbymeansoftheprefixabē-(<ʾy,ʾyy>)“without.”Theoppositesoftheseadjectivesareformedbymeansofthesuffixes-ōmandand-gen“fullof,”onwhichseeLesson9.Examples: mizag“taste” abē-mizag“tasteless” bīm“fear” abē-bīm“withoutfear” abē-bīmīh“fearlessness” wināh“sin” abē-wināh“sin-less,havingnosin” abē-wināhīh“sinlessness” gumān“doubt” abē-gumān“havingnodoubt” abē-gumānīh“stateofnon-doubt”pad- “with” Afewadjectivesareformedwithpad-.Theyarenoteasytorecognize,lookinglikeprepositionalphrases,e.g.: gōhr“substance,descent” pad-gōhr“ofsubstance,of(good)descent” parr“wing” pad-parr“winged” dād“law” pad-dād“legitimate,accordingtothelaw” drō“lie” pad-drō“lying,untruthful” bun“beginning” pad-bunīh“beingatthebeginning”hu- ~ du š- Nounscanbeformedfromothernounsbymeansoftheprefixeshu-andduš-andmean“agoodX,abadX,e.g.: pādixšāy“king” hupādixšāy“agoodking” hupādixšāyīh“agoodrule” dušpādixšāy“abadking” dušpādixšāyīh“abadrule” Morecommonly,adjectivesareformedfromnounsbymeansoftheprefixeshu-andduš-mean“havinggood/badX.”Notethatduš-becomesdu(s)-beforesand,sometimes,duǰ-beforevoicedstops,e.g.: menišn“thinking” hu-menišn“havinggoodthinking” duš-menišn“havingbadthoughts" gōwišn“speaking,speech” hu-gōwišn“havinggoodspeech” duš-gōwišn“havingbadspeech” kunišn“action,deeds” hu-kunišn“havinggooddeeds” duš-kunišn“havingbaddeeds” dēn,technicalterm hu-dēn“havingagooddēn” duǰ-dēn“havingabaddēn” sraw“reputation” husraw“ofgoodfame,famous” dusraw“ofbadfame,infamous”

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NotethefollowingformsfromAvestan: humad(humat) dušmad(dušmat) Man.dwšmtyh =hu-menišn duš-menišn hūxt dušhūxt Man.dwšxwptyh =hu-gōwišn duš-gōwišn huwaršt dušhuwaršt Man.dwšwštyh =hu-kunišn duš-kunišnSometimesthemeaningismodifiedandcannotbepredictedfromtheindividualcomponents: čihr“appearance” hu-čihr“beautiful” duš-čihr“ugly” čašm“eye” hu-čašm“benevolent” duš-čašm“envious” āgāh“aware” duš-āgāh“ignorant”-īg , -īk Themostcommonsuffixforformingadjectivesfromnounsis-īg,withthelesscommonvariant-īk,e.g.: āb“water” ābīg“lvinginwater” zamīg“earth” zamīgīg“livingonearth” hrōmāy“aRoman” hrōmāyīg“Roman”(adjective) dōšox“Hell” dōšoxīg“denizenofHell” abzōn“increase” abzōnīg“makingincrease” abzōnīgīh“increase” waran“greed” waranīg“greedy” waranīgīh“greediness” tār“darkness” tārīk“dark” tārīkīh“darkness” nazd“nearness,vicinity” nazdīk“near”-āg Thissuffixmakesagentnounsfromverbs: dān-“know” dānāg“knowledgeable;awiseman” dānāgīh“beingknowledgeable” saz-“fit” sazāg“fitting,appropriate” tuwān-“beable” tuwānāg“able,mighty” tuwānāgīh“ability,might” tuxš-“bediligent,strive” tuxšāg“diligent” tuxšāgīh“diligence”COMPOUNDS 1 Wehavealreadyseenmanyexamplesofcompounds,thatis,wordsformedbycombiningotherwords,withorwithoutsuffixes.Somecommontypesofcompoundsarerepresentedbythefollowing:harwisp“all”+āgāh“aware” >harwisp-āgāh“omniscient,all-knowing” >harwisp-āgāhīh“omniscience”rāst“truthful”+gōwišn“speech” >rāst-gōwišn“oftruthfulspeech,truthful” >rāst-gōwišnīh“speakingthetruth”dām“creation”+dahišn“establishing” >dām-dahišn >dām-dahišnīh“establishmentofthecreation”kār“work”+nāmag“writtendocument” >kār-nāmag“bookofdeeds”uzdēs“idol”+parist-“toworship” >uzdēs-parist“idol-worshipper” >uzdēs-paristišnīh“idol-worship”+kerd“madewith/from”: zarrēn-kerd“madefromgold,withgold(thread,etc.)”

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+pēsīd“adornedwith”: harwisp-pēsīd“adornedwithevery(adornment)” zarrēn-pēsīd“adornedwith(adornments)ofgold” asēmēn-pēsīd“adornedwith(adornments)ofsilver” gōhr-pēsīd“adornedwithjewels”pronouns+wordsmeaning“manner,kind,”etc. čē-ēwēnag“whatkindof” ēdōn-čihrag“thistypeof,ofthistype”GRAMMAR 8 THE PLURAL ENDING -ĪHĀ ThepluralendingaåD--īhāexpresses“individualplurality,”e.g.,kōfīhā“(all)the(individual)mountains.”Thispluralformtakesthepluraloftheverb,e.g.:SpahānudPārsudkustagīhāīabārīg“Spahān(Isfahan),Pārs,andtheotherareas”xrafstarīparrwarandarsūrāgīhāīzamīgšudhēnd“thewingedevilanimalswentintotheholes(cavities)ofthe

earth”Tištarwārānōkišwarīhāwārēd“Tištarrainstherainontothecontinents”zrēyīhāazwārānīTištarbūdhēnd“theoceansbecame(cameintoexistence)fromTištar’srain”abārīgkōfīhāazHarburzfrāzrusthēnd“theother(=remaining)mountainsgrewforthfromHarburz”ēdōn-čihragīhānēgarmnēsard“thingsofthistypeareneitherwarmnorcold”

THE POSTPOSITION RĀY ThepostpositionäL<lʾd>rāyplaysaveryimportantroleinPahlavisyntaxandhasseveralfunctions.Wehavealreadyseenitusedwith“tobe”toexpresspossession.Otherexamples:Pābagrāypus-ēwbūdīabāyišnīg“Pābaghadaniceson.”Pābagrāyēčfrazendnēbūd“Pābaghadnochild”udōyWirāzrāyhaftxwahbūd“andthatWirāzhadsevensisters”amāhaftxwahrāybrādēnēkast“wesevensistershaveonlythisonebrother”

Itsotherprincipalfunctionsare:“forthesakeof”andindirectobject(insteadofō)tanruwānrāybēabespārēd“hegivesover(givesup)hisbodyforthesakeofhissoul”pidudmādfrazendīxwēšrāyēnkārudkerbagpēšazpānzdahsālbēēhammōzēnd“lettheparentsteachtheir

childthesesecularandreligiousactivitiesbeforetheageoffifteen(beforefifteenyears)”“onaccountof,becauseof”čērāy“forwhatreason,why?”čērāyxwāstagēdōnkam“whyispropertysoscarce?”ēdrāyčē“forthisreasonthat,because”hamčimrāy“forthesamereason,forthatveryreason”harwisp-āgāhīhīOhrmazdrāy“becauseofOhrmazd’somniscience,becauseOhrmazdknows/knewall”

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“about,regarding,asfor”mayrāypaydāgkū…“regardingwine,itiswellknownthat…”bāzīspēdrāygōwēdkūmārīpad-parrōzanēd“aboutthewhitefalconitsaysthatitkillsthewingedsnake”

ADJECTIVES. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE Thecomparativeofadjectivesisregularlyformedwiththeending-tarandthesuperlativewith-tom. InManicheantexts,thesuffixesbecame-darand-domaftervoicedconsonants,butPersianhastheformswith-t-,whichareusedhere,e.g.: Comparative Superlative

abēzag abēzagtar, abēzagtom “pure,purer,purest.” rēman rēmantar rēmantom “polluted,morepolluted,mostpolluted” xwār xwārtar xwārtom “light,lighter,lightest”(i.e.,describingsins) garān garāntar garāntom “heavy(serious),heavier,heaviest”(i.e.,describingsins) Whentheadjectiveendsin-t,sometimesonlyone<-t->iswritten,e.g.,saxt-tar“harder”spelled<s’htl>beside<shttl>.Irregularforms.

Thefollowingirregular(“suppletive’”)comparativesandsuperlativesshouldbenotedcarefully: Comparative Superlative

xōb e>W,lYpÍ weh (MwßAP)MwlaÅP pahlom(pāšom) “good,better,best” wazurg Ltja˜,sM meh,mahistar WtŸja˜,Wtja˜ mahist “great,greater,greatest” kōdag SK keh WtjSK kahist “small” kam µYK kem WtŸjMK kamist “few,alittle;fewer,fewest” garān älY grāy grāyist “heavy(serious)” was ßYW wēš “more” eLP,äLP frāy,freh WtŸjâLP, WtjâLP frāyist,frahist “much,more,most” (bālāy“height”) WtjlAV bālist “highest(point)”Notes: Thereisalsoanadjectiveweh“good”differentfromweh“better,”whichismainlyusedintheexpressionwehdēn“thegooddēn,”whichcorrespondstoAvestanvaŋhᵛīdaēnā(thecomparativewehcorrespondstoAvestanvahiiah). Wealsofindformssuchaspahlomtar. InManicheanMiddlePersianwefindboth<why>and<wyh>,<mhy>and<meh>forwahīy,wehandmahīy,meh.Pahlavihas<ms>correspondingtoManichean<mhy>,andmahistarisbasedonmahist(unlessitisadistortionofmahī-tar?). Thevariousspellingsoffrāyandfrayist(Avestanfrāiiahandfraēšta<*frayišta)indicateanalogicalleveling.Iftheforms<plyh-plhst'>are,indeed,forfreh-frahist[thusMacKenzie,Dictionary],theymusthavebeenchangedinanalogywithkeh-kahist. Notethefollowingexpressions,whichcharacterizethesoulthatisgoingtoParadise:frāy-humadfrāy-hūxtfrāy-huwaršt“havingthoughtmoregoodthoughts,havingspokenmoregoodwords,having

performedmoregoodacts(thanbadones).”

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Fromderivedadjectivesandcompounds: awināh awināhtar awināhtom “(more/most)freefromsin” hutōhmag hutōhmagtar hutōhmagtom “ofgood/better/bestlineage” hufrahaxt hufrahaxttar hufrahaxttom “well/better/best-trained” abēgumān abēgumāntar abēgumāntom “(more/most)freefromdoubt” xwarrahōmand xwarrahōmandtar xwarrahōmandtom “(more/most)endowedwithfortune” tom-arzānīg tom-arzānīgtar tom-arzānīgtom “(more/most)worthyofdarkness”Fromadverbs: frāz “forward” frāztar “moreforward,future”(time) frāztom “mostforward” abar “above” abartar “higher” abartom “highest” azabar “above” azabartar “fartherabove” azabartom “farthestabove” azēr “below” azērtar “fartherbelow” azērtom “farthestabove”

Note:Intheinscriptions,wefindtheform<plʾstly>frāstar,whichshowsthatthesuffixwas-tar,not-dar. Theending-domisfoundinsomeadverbialformsthathaveonlythesuperlative: fradom MWtÒP “first” abdom MwYcÅ “final” bēdom MWtDV “outermost” nidom MWtDW “lowermost”Notealso ēwtom MWTwˆÅ “oneandthesame”Uses of the comparat ive: “than” Toexpresscomparisons,“than,”theprepositionazortheconjunctionkū,occasionallyčiyōn,isused:ānmardazmanmeh“thatman(is)biggerthanme”spazgīhgarāntarkūǰādūgīh“slanderisaheavier(sin)thansorcery”u-šxwaštarsahistānbōyčiyōnharwispbōyxwašī-špadzīndagānpadwēnīgabaršud“andthatsmellseemedto

himmorepleasantthaneverypleasantthathadcometohisnoseinlife”Notetheconstructionwithrelativepronouns:ArdāWirāzōwōnbūdčiyōnmard-ēwkētāpadgētīybūdazōyāsāndarudxwaštarudhuramtarnēbūd“Ardā

Wirāzwaslikeamanthanwhom,whilehewasinthisworld,therewasnoonemoreatease,morepleased,andmorecheerful”

Withānīaz“theone...-erthan”:ānīaztōkeh“thatonewho(is)smallerthanyou(rself),theonesmallerthanyou”

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Uses of the superlat ive Thesuperlativeisused1.toexpressahighdegreeofsomething;2.themostoustandingofagroup(+possessive)oramong(+az)others,e.g.:aznēmagīdēwānbēāmadgandagtomwād“fromthedirectionofthedemonscamethefoulestwind”kēyazdānmahistudkēmardānpahlom“whoisthegreatestofgods,andwhoisthebestof/amongmen?”Ohrmazdazmēnōyānabzōnīgtom“Ohrmazd,themostlife-giving(Av.spəṇta)of/amongbeingsintheworldof

thought”Withānīandānīaz“themostX(of)”:ānībazzag-ēwēntomxrafstarīrēmantomīgandagtom“theevilanimalperformingtheworstkindsofevildeeds,

thefilthiest,andthefoulest”ānīazharwispīnpahlom“thebestoneofall”

ARAMEOGRAMS 6 . VERBS 4 Herearesomecommonandlesscommonarameograms: -WWiLW <OLYKWN-> wirēz-wirēxt “flee” -WwïDB <BKYWN-> grīy-grīst “weep” -WWklA <HLKWN-> baxš-baxt “share,divide(equally)” -WwllA <HLLWN-> šōy-šust “wash”

Note:WwllA<HLLWN>šōy(imperative)isalsousedforthenounšōy“wash,mannerofwashing.” -WnlA <HLMWN-> xuftxufs- “sleep” -WwLcÅ <HPLWN-> kan-kand “dig(out),destroy” -WwABkÍ <ŠKBHWN-> nibay-nibast “lie(down)” -WtjÍ <ŠDYTN-> *wih-wist “shoot(arrow)” -WŒ <MDMEN-> sah-sahist “seem” -WNBcD <YCBEN-> kām-kāmist “wish” -WnïÅ <HYMN(W)N-> wurrōy-,wurrōyist “believe”THE VERB. THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST PERFECT Thepresentandpastperfectareformedwiththepresentandpastoftheauxiliaryestādanest-,e.g.,-WnYWI WTWwlZWšudest-<OZLWNt'YKOYMWN->“havegone”:

Present perfect Singular Plural 1st šudestam MWnYWI WTWwlZW 1st šudestēm µYWnYWI WTWwlZW 2nd šudestē ìWnYWI WTWwlZW 2nd šudestēd WtDWnYWI WTWwlZW 3rd šudestēd WtDWnYWI WTWwlZW 3rd šudestēnd Y>WnYWI WTWwlZW

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Past perfec t

Singular Plural 1st šudestādhamMNwA WtÅWnYWI WTWwlZW 1st šudestādhēmµYNwA WtÅWnYWI WTWwl 2nd šudestādhēìNwA WtÅWnYWI WTWwlZW 2nd šudestādhēdWtDNwA WtÅWnYWI WTWwl 3rd šudestād WtÅWnYWI WTWwlZW 3rd šudestādhēndY>NwA WtÅWnYWI WTWwlZW Theoriginalmeaningofthistensewasstateresultingfrompreviousactionorotherevent,e.g.,ēdōnnibištestēd“itiswrittenthus,”withemphasisontheactualpresenceofwriting,notonthefactthatitwaswrittenatsomespecificmomentinthepast.So,šudestēdmeans“hehasgone”withtheimplicationthat“heisnowaway,”asinEnglish“hehasgone(andisnowgone).” Notethatwhenthemainverbistransitive,theperfectispassive.Thisalsoimpliesthatthereisnoagentor“performerofaction”intheperfect.

Note:InlaterPahlavi,however,theperfectacquiresthemeaningoftheregularpastandpluperfecttenses. Examples:čiyōngurdīartēštārkēzrēypaymōxtestēd“likeawarrior(artēštār)hero(gurd)whoisdressedinarmor”spāhhomānāgkēōkārēzārbaxtestēd“likeanarmythathasbeen(andnowis)partitioned(distributed)for

battle”padkār-nāmagīArdaxšīrīPābagānēdōnnibištestēd“inthebookofdeedsofArdaxšīrsonofPābagitiswritten

asfollows”Ardawānandarkõškxuftestād“Ardawanhadgonetosleep(andwaslyingasleep)inapavilion”Sāsānpadpīl-ēwīārāstagīspēdnišastestād“Sasanwasseatedonawhite,adorned,elephant”ānhōmpadānwanabarrustestād“thathōmhadgrown(andnowwasfullygrown)on(pad...abar)thattree”

SENTENCES8

Analyzethefollowingsentences,andidentifythearameograms:murwāntanazparrpaymōxtestēd / WtDWnYWI WtÅNTP LP N WWT WwAwLN ? !

“Thebodyofbirdsisdressedinfeathers.”

/ WtÅWnYWI WTWwïÅW glmA EWwlaÒP WWP WWT WtHAWt¬Z ^ ˝¸ ? 2

ānīZarduxšttanpadfrārōnīhamargkerdēstād “Zarduxšt’sbodyhadbeenmade(andisnow)immortalby(his)goodness”

/WtDWnYWI WtJWTP Y<wLWTcÅ OW 1Y>WV 1LwßYK AWK N LwßYK 34 N ? 3

azhaftkišwarazharwkišwar-ēwband-ēwōHaftōringpaywastestēd “Fromeachsinglecontinentfromthesevencontinents,abondisconnectedtotheBigDipper.”

/ WtDWnYWI WTWK x WtåJ WWT WWP WtJWK WkaÂA WkmE WkmE ÍtÂA ¡AWvY Y WkAwa˜wA WWP WimY> ? 4

zamīgpadhomānāgīmard-ēwka-šǰāmagǰāmaghamāgkustpadtansaxtandarkerdestēd “Theearth(is)likeaman,whenvariouspiecesofclothinghavebeenplacedfirmlyonhisbodyonallsides.”

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µAWT WtHAWt¬Z ^ EKwAP WWP WwABwlaÅ ^ laÅwLP LwYB 333 W ª W ≠Ä33 W =Ä33 ? 23

/ YWnYWI Wt¬a˜wY

nōhazārudnōsadudnawadudnōbēwarfrawahrīahlawānpadpānagīhīzarduxšttōhmgumārdestēnd “99,990fravashisareappointedtoguardZarduxšt’sseed/semen” Note:ThefravashisarefemalewarriordeitieswhoassistedOhrmazdatthecreationandinthebattleagainsttheEvilOne.

Theyarealsoinvolvedinthedistributionofrainwaterovertheearth.Theirfestival,Frawardīgãn,isatspringequinox,thestartofthefirstmonth,Frawardīn,ofthenewyear.

Thenumber99,990isprobablyanerrorfor99,999(=100,000-1),thehighestnumbermentionedintheAvesta.AvestanandPahlavihavenowordfor100,000.IntheAvestaitisexpressedas9+90+900+9000+90,000.

InVidevdad22.2andelsewhere,thePahlavihasLwYB eÍTor333 W +333 W ±333 W 333 W ª

=99+900+9000+90,000. lelS WWP sM kL N ^ ˝¸ W sM kL N WWP WkAtÂA W WwsE WkAtÂA WWP SK kL N ^ ˝¸ ? 33

/ ÄTwA WWP lelS W

ānīaztōkehpadhamtāgdārudhamtāgpadaztōmehudānīaztōmehpadsālārudsālārpadxwadāydār“regardtheonesmallerthanyouas(your)equaland(your)equalasgreaterthanyou;andregardtheonegreaterthanyouas(your)chiefand(your)chiefas(your)lord”

WwEWcJwaÂA W WwaåD WcJwlA NTwL AWwM ^ a˜wAwA nM WtjaÒ WWWtdA äL AwA YWwï˜ ^ WBC W ? 34

/ YWNwA WklEtDcÅ

udxīrīmēnōyēdrāyēdōnrāstčēOhrmazdīxwadāyabāgharwispyazdānudamahraspandānapetyāraghēnd“Andforthisreasontheaffairsoftheotherworldaresostraight,becauseOhrmazdtheLordtogetherwithallthegodsandtheamahrspandsarewithouttheAdversary.”

YwïHAWK nÍPW ^ laˆÂA WklYTP WiYWwï˜ W WiAtJ ^ WwßEWWB WcJwAWK WtDWWtÂE WtDbïÅ tÂA ? 44

/ WtDWnYWI WtåÅ| lAcdlAK OW WN YWwG W aÅfJ ^ WKcåDwA YwGCWB WklaÅtDP WwaHnLW NWwaÂE W

kaēbgadrasēdharwispbun-dahišnīgētīyīgudmēnōyīgpadīraghamēmālīxwēškōxšēnduddāmānazawēšānpetyāragbōzēndhandāzagīspāhudgundkēōkārēzārbaxtestēd

“WhentheInvasioncomes,allthefirstcreations,boththoseinthisworldandthoseintheother,willfightagainsttheirown(assigned)opponentsandwilldeliverthecreaturesfromtheirAdversary,inthemannerofanarmy(spāhudgund)thathasbeenpartitionedforbattle.”

TEXTS8

TEXTS 8.1 FromtheBundahišn34.14-15

YWWwE WkAtDwY YWwlY N WBwlaÅ W WBwlaÅ N YWwlY tÂA MwY ˝¸ WWP à WtDWWWnY WwSC

/ WtDWWtåD WTwLP Y<wZ WWP YW slA ßÄ AWK

YWWwE WkAtDwY WtJwY N WtJwY aÅ N aÅ WvA N NWB tÂA

/ WtdlATW WwÍWWK nÍPW ^ ˝¸ ßÄ AWK W

÷ WWTnÍPW Q WtDWwïDB YWwlY ? YWwlY q WVwlaÅ WtDWwïDBčiyōngōwēdkūpadānrōzkadruwandazahlawudahlawazdruwandǰudāgbawēndharwkasarstāpadzangfrōd

āyēdkapusazpidudbrādazbrāduddōstazdōstǰudāgbawēndudharwkasānīxwēškunišnwidārēd.grīyēdahlawabardruwand.druwandgrīyēdabarxwēštan.

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TEXTS 8.2 FromtheBundahišn2.18

WwÍWtåJ aå˜ / WtDWtjÍ Wwa˜K SK ^ ˝¸ N AWvY SK tÂA SK ^ lY<T WkLP3 WwSC WwÍBwL WwaÒtJ

/ WtDWtjÍ Wwa˜K WKwaå˜ ^ ˝¸ N AWvY WKwaå˜ ^ ˝¸ tÂA WKwaå˜ ^ EtÅ WkLP3 WwSC WWwYwA

Wwa˜K Ltja˜ ^ ˝¸ N AWvY Ltja˜ ^ ˝¸ tÂA WkLP3 ^ lY<T Ltja˜ WwSC WtdßLwA ^ WwÍBwL

÷ WtDWtjÍ

starānrawišnčiyōnsē-parragtigrīkehkakehmardazānīkehkamānwihēd.māhrawišnōwōnčiyōnsē-parragtigrīmayānagkaānīmayānagmardazānīmayānagkamānwihēd.rawišnīxwaršēdčiyōnmahistartigrīsē-parrragkaānīmahistarmardazānīmahistarkamānwihēd.

EXERCISES81.Addthetranscriptions/transliterationstothesesentencesandtranslatethem:

/ WCwlmYW WtjlABwY x WklaÅTP a˜wAwA MwY WwYtÒwLP AwYB ? !

māhFrawardīnrōzOhrmazdpetyāragandardwāristnēmrōz / Y>WwïÅW lYpAV Y>W WWtHWwa¬ˆÅ ^ WIwAcÅ ^ aåDkAtJwL W slAP W Y>WWtåD 1AwlY< ? 2

<glwh-1YATWNdWpʾlsWlwstʾkyhʾYʾʾryk'Yʾylʾn-štr'ODbʾylOHDWNd> / YNwA WtDCT WcÅWP WTwL 2 ˝¸ N aådeM WIwAcÅ oaÅ YNwA WtDCT AWB WTwL EW W WTwL YWwlA MWtÒP ? 3

fradomArwandrōdudWehrōdbētazīdhēndpasabārīgābīhāazāndōrōdfrāztazīdhēnd

LtJplA tÂA à WtDWwllmY äL aåH NwY AWB Y>WwLT˝¸ WwaHA Y>WtjA LtJpLA tÂA MWt¬M

/ WtDWwLT˝¸ âL ÍcÅ WtDWtjA . 4

<mltwmAMThlpstlHZYTNdʾ-šʾn'YKTLWNdBRAZNEŠDYAlʾdYMLLWNyt'AYKAMThlpstlHZYTNyt'APšLAYKTLWNyt'>

/ á¬Y ^ WtdA W Lt¬AwA ^ WtdA W WTPwY WwAc¬glM ^ WtdA sAWW ? 23

wināhastīmargarzānguftudastīxwārtarudastīgrāy

EWwlaÒP à Y>wYcÒW ßYW EWwlAcÅ WN YWNwA Y>BK WwÍcdMwY x MWt¬M CWWK

/ YwˆΩLW áÂA YWwˆ˜ WkAwY ^ W˝ÂAK à

<KONcmltwmBYNgwmycšn'KBDHWE'dMNWʾʾlwnyhwyšwlzyndAYKplʾlwnyhAYKkʾmk'Ygnʾk'mynwdhmydywlcynd.> / YWNwA WtÅWnYWI Wt˜ EwÍtjLpsïdZwA OW MWt¬M äL lYpAV x WkaåD ^ EKWtåD ? 33

ǰādūgīhīDahāgandarBābēlrāymardōmōuzdēs-paristišnīhmadestādhēnd / WtDWwïJwY ßYW ÍkLW Y aå¬Z N AWB WtDWwïJwY aå¬Z WkaÂA N eM LthYT WtdlAW Wwa¬AW tÂA ? 24

<AMTwʾlʾn'wʾlyt'tyštlMYAMNhmʾk'zlydyYNSBWNyt'BRAMNzlydyYwlkšwyšYNSBWNyt'>

YwÍ WwaHWN WthLWweaÒP ^ WtÅweaÒP ^ Wt˜weaÒP ^ µYWtjA WwAilAW WwaHnLW ^ WwABwL ? 44

WtŸjYplaÅwY W WtŸjYPWwˆÂïjA ^ WtŸjYPWwYva¸ ^ WWCNTP WWP à YWwsE lEwS WWP

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/ YWnYWI WtÅNTP

ruwānīawēšānnārīgānwēnēmīfrāy-humadīfrāy-hūxtīfrāy-huwarštkē-šānšōypadsālārdārēndkūpadpaymōzanīzarrēn-pēsīdīasēmēn-pēsīdudgōhr-pēsīdpaymōxtestēnd

? YW]Ÿ>D> WwaHwY OW ßYW aÅWW ÍWN ? WtDWwlZW WtHAW OW aÅWW à ßYW WKPWK ÍWN AWK ? 333

/ YWnYWI WwAKtjˆÂA WWP WwïJP ^ WWT YW WtjaÒ 2 AWK WN

<KRAMNWškrpk'wyšAYKwnʾhOLwhšt'OZLWNyt'MNWšwnʾhwyšOLdwšhw'DBLWNdMNWKRA2lʾst'ODtn'Ypsyn'PWNhmystkʾn'YKOWMWNd.

2.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtranscriptions: g<lmA ßA NWV abāz hubōy sag

AbLK ßYvA WTWtdmY abēš hupādixšāy stanēd AwYK WkAtDP WTWWvE abīm ǰam tištar áHAtÅPwA WklaÅtDP WTWWtÅwA amahrspand kerb tōhm

eATwA WklaDtDP Wwa¬AW amarg murd tuwānāgīh EkAwAVWT WpLK WwaåD ā-š nihād wārān ía¬Z WtåD WwaÂlZA azarmān nūn wārēd ÍwˆdlY WtdlAW YWfJwaÂA dād ōzanēd wattar lAwaÒ WtDWnYWI WWK dāšt paydāg wēnēd lGCwlYP WtDWtjA YWBwA driyōš pērōzgar xrafstar LtdlS WtDWwïJwY YWwlY druwand petyārag xwadāyīh LtHYT WtDWwLTI YwYBwY estēd petyārag yazd LtJplA WtHE µAWT gōspand pus yazdān MwY WtJwL µY gōwēnd rõz zan

nßYW WTPwY µYvA guft rust zrēy

3.Transliterate,transcribe,andtranslateatleastsentences4-7(numeralsseeattheendoftheGlossary!):

/ NwY µÍ ßA WtDWnYWI WTWWtÅwA WwAiaå˜ WWP WWK ^ MwG # ˝¸ ? ! / WtDWwLTI âL ÍcÅ WtDWtjA LtJplA tÂA à YwYBwY< äL aåH ÍTkA ? 2 / WtÅWnYWI WTWK WkAtDP Lt¬GCwlYP a˜wAwA nïD W äL WtåD Wwa¬aÒW ^ ˝¸ WWP ? 3 / YWNwA WtÅWnYWI WthE lAwaÒ aÅWW N AwYK W MWt¬M WkaÂA eATwA µY ^ ˝¸ WWP ? 4 / WtDWnYWI WTPwY< WwEWfJwaÂA W WwaåD ^ WkAtÂA áHAtÅPwA ? 23 ÷ WtDWnYWI WTWWvE eaHAtÅPwA a˜wAwA ^ WklaÅtDP WWP eaHAtÅpÍwY Y>WwlY> ^ ‹ W ? WtDWnYWI WtJwL WTWKwaåÒP ^ ía¬Z x WwaÒwLwA ^ WkmAWT N WkmAWtDBK ^ WWW ? 33

/ WtdlAW aådLwßYK OW W WtDWwïJwY LtHYT ÍcÅ YNwA WTWWwE WWW ˝¸ N ^ aådmAWT ˝¸ W ^ WKWwÍcÅWP ^ WpLK nßYW WWP WtDWtjA WwÍWWK W WwS nÍPW ^ ˝¸ WwABwL LtdlS ^ ˝¸ oaÅ W ? 34

MWTI>wY< ^ MWTnïÒ ^ LtJplA MWTwYwïÅKCB ^ ˝¸ WWwSC WtDWWtåD WklYTP OW ? WWWKcÅcÅ

4.TranslateintoPahlaviandwriteinPahlaviatleastsentences1,3,5,7,9:

1. Inheaventhesoulsoftherighteousareunaging,undying,freefromfear,andfreefromtheAdversary.2. Byhisability,diligence,knowledge,andwisdom,agoodrulerkeepshislandinpeaceandhappiness.

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3. WhentheRomanarmycameagainstthelandofIran,itwasgreatlysmitten,andmanyRomansdied.4. WhenTištarrainstherainonthe(various)continents,the(various)oceansallcomeintoexistence.5. Aboutthedogtheysaythatitcamefromthestar-levelfromthedirectionofthestarUrsaMajor.6. Themosthappyamongmenishewhosewifeisthebestamongwomen.7. (He)whogiveslesstothepoorthantotherich,hissinismorethanthatofhimwhokillshisownson.8. Becauseofyourwishandaction,I,whoamyourDēn,amso(much)betterandsweet-smellingand

victoriousandfreefromharmasyouseeme.9. Ardawanhadfoursons:twowerewiththeirfatherandtwohadfledtoBabylon(andwerenowthere).10. ThatevilwhichweseeinBabylon,hasallbeendonebythesin(s)oftheBabylonians.

ADDITIONALREADINGS8ADDITIONAL READINGS 8.1 FromthePahlaviVidevdad3.15-17pursišn.dādārīgēhānīastōmandahlawkūōymardgāhīrist-keš.passox.kēhēndpadēnzamīgǰud-ābtomǰud-urwartomyōǰdahr-zamīgtom[azhixr]hušk-zamīgtom[kūnampad

ānnēst]kamist-izpadawēšānrāhfranāmēndpahudstōrātaxš-izīohrmazdudbarsom-izīpadahlayīhfrāzwistardmard-

izīahlaw Q.Orighteouscreatorofthebonyworldoftheliving!Whereistherea(resting)placeforthemanwhoisa

carrierofthedead? A.(Theplaces)thatare,onthisearth,themostdevoidofwater,themostdevoidofplants,wheretheearthis

themost(ritually)clean[fromexcrements],wheretheearthisthedriest[i.e.,thereisnohumidityonit], and(where)theygoforththeleastontheirpaths,smallandlargedomesticanimalsandthefireofOhrmazd

andthebarsomspreadoutinproperfashionandrighteousmen.dādārīgēhānastōmandānahlawčanddrahnāazātaxščanddrahnāazābčanddrahnāazbarsompadahlāyīhfrāz

wistardčanddrahnāazmardīahlawsīgāmazātaxšudsīgāmazābudsīgāmazbarsompadahlāyīhfrāzwistardudsēgāmazmardānīahlawān Q.Orighteouscreatorofthebonyworldoftheliving!Howmuchdistancefromthefire,howmuchfromthe

water,howmuchfromthebarsomspreadoutinproperfashion,andhowmuchfromtherighteousman. A.Thirtystepsfromthefire,thirtystepsfromthewater,thirtystepsfromthebarsomspreadoutinproper

fashion,andthreestepsfromrighteousmen.ADDITIONAL READINGS 8.2 FromtheArdāWirāz-nāmag4.7-9padōšībāmīsidīgarōyruwānīahlawānandarurwarbōyīxwašbēwaštu-šxwaštarsahistānbōyčiyōnharwispbōyxwašī-špadzīndagānpadwēnīgabaršududānbōywādaz

rabihwintarrōnaznēmagīyazdānbēāyēdu-šānīxwēšdēnudānīxwēškunišnōpadīragāmadpadkanīgkerbīnēkpaddīdanīhurustkūpadfrārōnīhrust

estādfrāz-pestānkū-špestānabāznišastīdiludgyāndōstkē-škerbēdōnrōšnčiyōnpaddīdanhudōšagtarpadnigerišnabāyišnīgtar

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Atthethirddawn,thesouloftherighteouswanderedamongnicefragrentherbs. Anditseemednicertohimthatallthenicefragrencethathadcometohisnoseinlife. Andthebreezeofthatfragrencewascomingfromthesoutherndirection,fromthedirectionofthegods. Andhisowndēnandhisowndeedscametowardhiminamaiden’sform,beautifultosee,well-grown,i.e.,she

hadgrownupingoodness,withforwardbosom,i.e.,herbosomsatwell[?],andafriendtoheartandsoul. (Amaiden)whose(kē-š)formwasasbrightastobemostpleasanttosee,mostattractivetolookat.

ADDITIONAL READINGS 8.3 FromtheArdāWirāz-nāmag9.1-4kasidīgargāmfrāznihampadhuwarštānōhkūhuwarštpadmehmānīhōānōhrasēmrōšnīhībālistānbālistxwānēndudwēnamānīahlawpadgāhudwistargīzarrēn-kerdudmardōmbūdhēndkē-šānrōšnīhōrōšnīhīxwaršēdhomānāgbūdpursamazSrōšahlīyudĀduryazdkūēngyāgkadāmudōyruwānkēhēndgōwēdSrōšahlīyudĀduryazdkūēngyāgxwaršēd-pāyagudōyruwānhēndkēpadgētīyhupādixšāybūdhēnd. WhenItakethethirdstepinGoodDeeds,wecometowhereGoodDeedsabide. Theycallitthelightofthehighestofheights. AndIseetherighteousonthronesandcarpetsmadefromgold. Andtheywerepeoplewhose(kē-šān)lightwassimilartothesun’slight. IaskSrōšwiththerewardsandthedivineFire:Whichisthisplace,andwhoarethosesouls? SrōšwiththerewardsandthedivineFiresay:Thisplaceisthesun-level. Andthosesoulsarethosewhoweregoodrulersinthisworld.

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHETEXTSANDTHEEXERCISES8Idiomsastī...astī one...another,some...otherskū thatis,i.e.Nouns,adjectives,adverbs,pronouns:

abārōnīh EWwlAcÅ <ʾʾlwnyh> badbehaviorabāyišnīg WIwßYAcÅ <ʾʾdšnyk'> pleasing,attractiveabāznišast WtjÍWcÅcÅ <ʾʾz-nšst'> sittingwell(??)abāz-kūn WWWKcÅcÅ <ʾʾz-kwn'> flat-assedAkataš ÍTkA <ʾktš> Akataš,ademonars slA <ʾls> tearArwand YWwlA <ʾlwnd> nameofariverbābēlāyīg Wia¬YcÅV <bʾylʾyk'> Babylonianbālist WtjlAV <bʾlst'> height,highestpointbarsom MwsLV <blswm> ritualgrass,twigsbazzag-ēwēn WwYwïÅKCB <bck-ʾdwyn'> ofevilhabitsbun-dahišn WwßEWWB <bwn-dhšn'> thefirstcreation

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did Y>WT <TWB> againdōst WtJwY <dwst'> friendfrārōnīh EWwlaÒP <plʾlwnyh> goodbehaviorfrawahr laÅwLP <plwʾhl> fravashiFrawardīn WwYtÒwLP <plwltyn'> (festival)ofthefravashisFrāxkerd WTWKwaåÒP <plʾhwkrt'> nameoftheworldocean=Warkašfrāz-pestān WwAtJPcÅWP <prʾc-pstʾn'> withprominentbosomfrāz-šnūg WKWwÍcÅWP <prʾc-šnwk'> withprominentknees,knobly-kneedgandag WkY>wY< <gndk'> foul-smellinggētīyīg WiAtJ <gytydyk'> of/inthisworldgōhr laÅwY <gwʾhl> (somekindof)substance;jewelgrōh AwlY <glwh> groupgumēzišn WwÍcdMwY <gwmycšn'> mixture,theMixturegund YWwY <gwnd> troop,armyHaftōring(Haptōring) YwLWTcÅ <htwlng> theBigDipper,UrsaMajor(Av.Haptōiriṇga)hamēmāl laˆÂA <hmymʾl> opponent(warandlaw)hamtāg WkAtÂA <hmtʾk'> (social,socially)equalharwdō 2 AWK <KRA2> both hixr laåÅ, leA <hyhl,hʾhl> excrementshudōšag WkÍwYwA <hwdwšk'> verypleasinghupādixšāy áHAtÅPwA <hwpʾthšʾd> goodrulerhurust WtJwLwA <hwlwst'> well-grownhušk-zamīg WimY WkÍwA <hwšk'-zmyk'> (place)wheretheearthisdryǰādūgīh EKWtåD <yʾtwkyh> sorceryǰāmag W˝ÂE <yʾmk'> garment,coatǰud-āb adMWtDwY <ywbt'-MYA> devoidofwaterǰudāg WkAtDwY <ywbtʾk'> separated;+baw--:beseparatedǰud-urwar LwLwAWtDwY <ywbt'-ʾwlwl> devoidofplantskāmag WkmAK <kʾmk'> will,wishkamān Wwa˜K <kmʾn'> bowmāhīgān WwAiaå˜ <mʾhykʾn'> month(s)margarzān WwAc¬glM <mlglcʾn'> deserving-of-death,guiltyofcapital(sin,

offense)mayānag WKwaå˜ <mdyʾnk'> middle(-sized),intermediatemehmānīh EwaÂaå <mʾhmʾnyh> beingguest,intimacymēnōyīg WiYWwï˜ <mynwdyk'> of/intheotherworld murw WwLN <mwlw'> birdnam MW <nm> humiditynārīg,nāyrīg WilÄW,WilAW <nʾlyk',nʾylyk'> adultwoman(Av.nāirikā)nēmag WkmYW <nymk'> side,direction(oneoftwo)nigerišn<niger- WwßlYKW <nkylšn'> look,lookingatOhrmazd a˜wAwA <ʾwhrmzd> firstdayofthemonth

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ōšībām=ōšbām µAvˆHwA <ʾšybʾm> dawnpadīrag WklYTP <ptylk'> against,towardpah aÅP <pʾh> smalldomesticanimal(sheepandgoats,Av.

pasu)pānagīh EKwAP <pʾnkyh> protectionparr LP <pl> feather,wingpaymōzan WWCNTP <ptmwcn'> clothes,garmentpestān WwAtJP <pstʾn'> bosomrabihwintar LTwYPtDpL <lpytpyntl> southernrawišn WwÍvL,WwÍWtåJ <SGYTNšn',lwbšn'> movementrāyudxwarrah nïD W äL <lʾdWGDE> wealthandfortune(Avestanexpression)rēman WnïÒ <lymn'> polluted,filthyrist-keš ÍKWtŸjL <lyst'-kš> carrierofthedead(‘mortician’)rōstāg WkAtJwL <lwstʾk'> districtsaxt WtåJ <sht'> hard,firm,firmlysē-parrag WkLP3 <3-plk'> havingthreefeathers,withthreefeathersšōy YwÍ <šwd> husbandstar LtJ <stl> starstōr LWtJ <stwl> largedomesticanimal(cowsandhorses,Av.

staora)tigr EtÅ,lYT <tgl,HTYA> arrowtuwāngar lYwABWT <twbʾngl> richurwar LwLwA <ʾwlwl> plantuzdēs-paristišnīh EwÍtjLpsïdZwA <ʾwzdys-plstšn'> idol-worshipwan WWW <wn'> treeWarahrān Wwa¬aÒW <wlhlʾn'> Warahrān,amartialdeitywārān Wwa¬AW <wʾlʾn'> rainwas-tōhmag WkmAWtDBK <KBD-twhmk'> withmanyseedsWeh EW <wyh> nameofariverwēnīg WIwYW <wynyk'> nosewistarg gLtJW <wstlg> carpet,bedspread,etc.xwarrah nïD <GDE> fortunexwaršēd-pāyag WkˆÅPWtdßLWA <hwlšyt'-pʾdk'> thesun-levelxwēštan WWTnÍPW <NPŠE-tn'> oneself(myself,yourself,himself,herself,etc.)yōǰdahr-zamīg WimY :jadÍwY <ywšdʾsl-zmyk'> (place)wheretheearthis(ritually)cleanzang YwZ <zng> shank,leg Verbs:

abāzdār-(dāšt) (WthaD)-WwsaD lAwaÒ <LAWHLYHSNN-> holdback,keepbackandarkun- -WwïÅW x <BYNkwn-> place,applybaxš-baxt -WWklA <HLKWN-> share,dividebēest- -WnYWI AWB <BRAYKOYMWN-> stand(still)bōz-bōxt WtÅWB -CWB <bwc-bwht'> save,deliver

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dār- -WwsE <YHSNN-> hold;paddār-“regardas”franām-,franaft WTPwLP-mAwLP <plnʾm-,plnpt'> togoforthgrīy-grīst -WwïDB <BKYWN-> weepkōxš-kōxšīd -ßAWK <kwhš-> struggleniger-īd -lYKW <nkyl-> lookatpaydāgkun- -WwˆÅW WkAtDP <pytʾk'OBYDWN-> makeclear,“reveal”paymōz-paymōxt WtÅNTP-CNTP <ptmwc-ptmwht'> puton,dressinrōy-rust WtJwL-YwL <lwd-,lwst'> growstan-stad -WwïJwY <YNSBWN-> taketaz-tazīd -CT <tc-> flow,runwār-wārīd -lAW <wʾl-> rainward-wašt WtHW-WtÒW <wlt-,wšt'> turn(around),change;goabout,wanderwidār-widārd Wt¬ATW-lATW <wtʾl-wtʾlt'> makepasswih-wist -WtjÍ <ŠDYTN-st'> shoot(arrows)wistar-wistard -LtJW <wstl-> spreadout(frāz+)Numerals:sī kL <30>thirtynōh 333 <3-3-3>ninenawad ª <20-20-20-20-10> ninety nōhsad ≠Ä33 <3-3-3-100>ninehundred nōhhazār =Ä33 <3-3-3-1000> ninethousandbēwar LwYB <bywl>10,000

97 May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON9NUMERALS ThereisnocompletedescriptionofthePahlavinumerals.CARDINALS ēk ! <1> dō 2 <2> wïÒT <TLYN>sē 3 <3> AtÒT <TLTA>čahār 4 <4> AblA <ALBA>panǰ 23 <2-3> adßMwA,ahMwA <HWMŠA,HWMŠYA>šaš 33 <3-3> AtH <ŠTA>haft 34 <3-4> AbÍ <ŠBA>hašt 44 <4-4> ENWT <TWMNYA>nō 333 <3-3-3> adÍT,aHT <TŠA,TŠYA>dah º <10> adlsA,a¬sA <ASLA,ASLYA>

yāzdah 5 aåDcåD <10-1>dwāzdah 6 aåDcÅwY <10-2>sēzdah 7 aDcŸJ <10-3>čahārdah 8 adlaÅC <10-4>panzdah,pānzdah 36 aDCwAP,aDCwP <10-2-3>šāzdah 37 aDcåH <10-3-3>hafdah 38 aDTcÅ <10-3-4>hašdah 48 aDthA <10-4-4>nōzdah 337 aåDCWW <10-3-3-3>Alternativespellingsoftheteens:6>etc.;4ºetc.dah º <10> sad(ēk-sad) (≠Y) ± <100,1-100>wīst L <20> duwēst ≠A <2-100>sī kL <30> sē-sad ≠Ä <3-100>čihl ïD <20-20) panǰāh ∞ <20-20-10> šašt § <20-20-20> haftād ¶ <20-20-20-10> aštād °,• <20-20-20-20> haštsad ≠$4 <800>nawad ·,ª <20-20-20-20-10> nōsad ≠Ä33 <900>wīstēk 1L <20-1>wīstdō 1ˆÒ <20-2>

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Compoundnumeralsaremadewithorwithoutud,e.g.: 4 W ¢ W ≠A W =A<2-1000W2-100W40W4>dōhazārudduwēstudčihludčahār“2244”hazār(ēk-hazār) (=Y) + <1000(1-1000)>“1000” bēwar LwYB <bywl> “10,000”sadhazār(?) + ± <100-1000> “100,000” hazārhazār(?) + + <1000-1000>“1,000,000”ORDINALS Theregularordinalsareformedbyadding-omtothecardinal.Theycanbespelledsimilarlybyadding<-wm>tothenumeral,e.g.,MW33<3-3-wm>.“1st,”“2nd,”and“3rd”alsohavespecialwords.ēkom MWKwˆÅ <ʾdwkwm> fradom MWtÒP <pltwm>dōwom MW2 <2-wm> didīgar LItD <dtykl>sēyom MW3 <3-wm> sidīgar LItJ <stykl> čahārom MW4 MwlaÅC <chʾlwm>panǰom MW23 MWCWP <pncwm>šašom MW33 Mw˙H,MwßÍ <ššwm>haftom MW34 MWTcÅ <htwm>haštom MW44 MWthA <hštwm>nohom MW333 MwAW <nhwm>dahom MWº> MwaåD,MwaD <dhwm,dʾhwm>yāzdahom MW5> MwaDcåD <yʾcdhwm>dwāzdahom MW6> MwaDcÅwY <dwʾcdhwm>sēzdahom MW7> MwaDcŸJ <sycdhwm>čahārdahom MW8> MwadlaÅC <chʾldhwm>panzdahom MW27> MwaDCwAP,MwaDCWP <p(ʾ)ncdhwm>šāzdahom MW37> MwaDcåH <šʾcdhwm>hafdahom MW38> MwaDTcÅ <hptdhwm>hašdahom MW48> MwaDthA <hštdhwm>nōzdahom MW337> MwaDCWW <nwcdhwm>wīstom MW L MWtjYW <20-wm> sīyom MWkL <30-wm> čihlom MW ïD <20-20-wm)panǰāhom MW ∞ <20-20-10-wm>šaštom MW § <20-20-20-wm>haftādom MW ¶ <20-20-20-10-wm>aštādom MW °, MW• <20-20-20-20-wm>nawadom MW ·,MW ª <20-20-20-20-10-wm>sadom(ēk-sad) (≠Y) ±<100,1-100> hazārom MW+ <1000,1-1000>duwēstom MW≠A<2-100>sē-sadom MW≠Ä<3-100>čahār-sadom MW≠$<400>,etc.

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Derivat ives in -gānag “ -fo ld” Amongderivativesfromnumerals,notthosein-gānagmeaning“-fold,”e.g.:ēkānag(ēgānag)“single,identical”;also“submissive”dōgānagudsēgānag“doubleandtriple,twinsandtriplets”sadgānagudhazārgānag“ahundred-foldandathousand-fold,byhundredsandthousands”

Fractions Fractionsareofthetypesē-ēk,e.g.:sē-ēk-ēwÄWwˆÅ3<3ʾywk'-HD>“one-third,”sē-ēkīrōz“one-thirdoftheday.”ARAMAEOGRAMS 7, NOUNS Hereare(again)somemorecommonnouns: mÍ <ŠM> nām “name,fame” a¬AK <KALA> wāng “voice,sound,cry” EN <MRYA> saxwan “word,speech,talk” AbGK <KDBA> drō “lie” AwïD <DYNA> dādestān “law,judgement” eM <MYA> āb “water” aÂY <YMA> drayāb “sea” aÒWW <NWLA> ātaxš “fire” AıB <BBA> dar “door;chapter” At˜ <MTA> deh “village” AwsM <MDYNA> šahrestān “town” AtDB <BYTA> xān(ag) “house” WkAtDB,AtDB <BYTAk(')> xānag “house” EtÅ <HTYA> tigr “arrow” AwG˝J <SKYNA> kārd “knife” Nwa˜ <MANE> ǰām “cup,goblet” Aba¸ <ZHBA> zarr “gold” aÒcÅ <HPLA> xāk “earth,dirt” AfJK <KSPA> asēm “silver” ACC <CCA> sang “stone”WORD FORMATION 3. PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES 3 ham- ~ j ud- Adjectivesformedfromnounsbymeansoftheprefixesham-andǰud-mean“beingofthesame...,”“beingofdifferent/opposite...”Nounsin-īharecommonl,e.g.: ham-dādestān“agreed” ǰud-dādestān“disagreeing” ham-dādestānīh“agreement” ǰud-dādestānīh“disagreement” ham-dēn“havingthesamereligion” ǰud-dēn“havingadifferent(theopposite)religion” ǰud-kēš“havingdifferentteachings” ǰud-wurrōyišn“havingadifferentbelief” ǰud-ristag“havingdifferentways” ǰud-ristagīh“herecy” ham-paywand“relative” ham-kār“collaborator” Insomewords,ǰudhasthemeaning“keepingaway”(forAvestanvī-),e.g.: bēš“harm” ǰud-bēš“keepingharmaway”(Av.vībaēša) dēw“demon” ǰud-dēw“keepingthedemonsaway”(Av.vīdaēuua)

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-ān , -agān Thesetwosuffixesareusedtoformadjectivesmeaning“sonof,”e.g.: Ardašīr Ardašīrān“sonofArdašīr” Pābag Pābagān“sonofPābag” Šābuhr Šābuhragān“sonofŠābuhr”Thesuffix-āncanalsoform“possessive”adjectivesofnames,e.g.: Isadwāstar hanǰamanīIsadwāstarān“theassemblyofIsadwāstar” Zarēr kēnīZarērān“revengeforZarēr”;ayādgārīZarērān“theMemorialofZarēr” Wištāsp razmīWištāspān“thebattlefoughtbyWištāsp”Thesuffix-agānisfoundalsoelsewhere,e.g.: Ādurbādagān modernAzerbaijan āfrīnagān nameofaceremony wāspuhragān “inparticular”-ēn Adjectivesdesignatingmaterialandsimilarareformedfromnounsbymeansofthesuffix-ēn.Examples: zarr“gold” zarrēn“ofgold,golden” āhen“iron” āhenēn“ofiron” dār“tree,wood” dārēn“ofwood”

Note:ManicheanMiddlePersianhastheolderformdārwēn.-ōmand Adjectivesmeaning(things)“fullof...”areformedfromnounsbymeansofvarioussuffixes,mostcommonly-ōmand.Notethatthissuffixisspelled<-ʾwmnd>(with<-ʾ->)asifaseparateword,e.g.: ast“bone” astōmand“havingbones,bony” ōz“strength” ōzōmand“strong,powerful” xwarrah“fortune” xwarrahōmand“fortunate” xwarrahōmandīh“beingfortunate” rāmišn“joy” rāmišnōmand“fullofjoy” rāmišnōmandīh“joyfulness” sar“head,beginning” sarōmand“havingabeginning” cf.asar“havingnobeginning” bīm“fear” bīmōmand“fearful” cf.abēbīm“withoutfear” kanārag“border,limit” kanāragōmand“limited” cf.akanārag“limitless” kāmag“will,wish” kāmagōmand“willing” cf.akāmag“unwilling”-āwand ( -āwend) Thisisanolderversionof-ōmandthatsurvivesinafewwords,e.g.: (Av.ama-“power”) amāwand“powerful” amāwandīh“power” hunar“skill,artistry” hunarāwand“skillful,artful” hunarāwandīh“skill,artfulness” pādyāwand“strong” pādyāwandīh“strength” xwēš“(one’s)own” xwēšāwand“arelative” zēnāwand“vigilant” zēnāwandīh“vigilance” (dumb“tail”) Dambāwand,Dumbāwand,nameofamountain

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-gen <-kn ' , -kyn' ; -gn ' , -gyn'> Thissuffixhasafunctionsimilartothatof-ōmand,butislesscommon.Examples: sahm“terror” sahmgen“terrible” bīm“fear” bīmgen“scary” cf.bīmōmand“fearful” rēš“wound,harm” rēšken“harmful” andōh“sorrow” andōhgen“sorrowful” hešm“anger” hešmgen“angry,quicktoanger”GRAMMAR 9 “OTHER,” “THE OTHERS,” “ONE . . . ANOTHER” Wehaveseennumerousexamplesoftheuseofabārīg<ʾpʾlyk'>“theother(s),”thatis,thosethatremainofagrouporclassofobjectsafteroneparthasbeenremoved. For“other(s),”i.e.,somethingorsomeonedifferentfromsomethingorsomeonealreadymentioned,thewordanīyWwaÅ<AHRNisused.Thewordisalso,wrongly,spelled Ä˝¸<ZKydy>,whichisabbreviatedtoG˝¸<ZKd>,˝¸<ZK>inlesscarefulmanuscripts: WwAWwaÅ,WwaÅ <AHRN,AHRNʾn'> anīy,anyān “other,another,others” cDWwaÅ <AHRNyc> anīz “another,too;others, Y˝¸,aÅ˝¸,Ä˝¸ <ZKydy> anīy WwaD˝¸ <ZKyʾn'> anyān pasōanīgyāg-ēwmad“thenhecametoanotherplace”azhaftfrazendīMihrōgbēmantāanīykasnēmāndestēd“ofMihrōg’ssevenchildrennobodyelsebutme(bē

mantā)isleft”Wayīabarkārtarwēnīdārtomazanyāndāmān“Wāyofloftyworkistheoneamongtheothercreationswho

overcomes(evil)themost”anīzwasšahrudšahrestānīhāudmānīhāhēnd“therearemanyotherlands,cities,andhouses,too”

Occasionally,<AHRN>maybefor<ZKY>,asin:*ānīabārīggētīyīgdruzōgētīyānyazdānmadhēnd“theother,remaining,demonsinthisworldcameagainstthe

godsinthisworld”Toexpress“one...another,(the)one...theother,”...anīy...anīyisused,e.g.:ēgānrah2rahbūdmēnōyanīyudgētīyanīy“thenthatchariotbecametwochariots,oneintheotherworld,the

otherinthisworld”ēdōntōātaxšānwazrbarēpadmēnōyhādabzār-it-ēwīčiyōnāndahamkēpadānharwispoxīastōmandbē

wardēōānīasarrōšnīhanīyudōānīasartārīkīhanīy“thusyou,theFire,shallcarrythatcudgelintheotherworld,thatis,Ishallgiveyouatoollikethat,bywhich(whichbythat)youshallturntheentirebonyexistence,theonestotheeternallights,theotherstotheeternaldarkness”

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Theexpressionastī(astkē)means“thereisonewho...”andastī...astī“thereisonewho...andanotherwho,one...another,some...others,”e.g.:mangībēšāzkēastībanǰxwānēd“medicinal/healinghempt,whichsomecallhashish”wasruwānandarānrōdbūdhēndudastī-šānpadgrānranǰhamēwiderdudastīxwārīhāwiderdhēnd“there

weremanysoulsinthatriver;someofthempassedwithheavypain,otherspassedlightly”astkēēdōngōwēd“thereisonewhosays....”astkēēdōngōwēnd“therearesomewhosay....”astkēWāyīdērang-xwadāyfrāzgōwēd“thereisonewhosays‘Wāyoflongdominion’”ān5rōzgāhānbār.astkē5rōztruftagastkēduzzīdaggōwēd“(asfor)thosefiveGāhānbārdays,thereisonewho

saysthefive‘stolen’days,anotherwhosays‘stolen’”Note:truftagisfromtheAvestanword;duzzīdagthecommonPahlaviword.

Withotherconjunctions:astkatēzastīdērangastkaabāz-rawišnastkaestādaghēnd“sometimes(theplanets)arefast,sometimesslow,

sometimestheygobackward,sometimestheystandstill”ADVERBS IN -ĪHĀ Manyadjectivesarealsousedasadverbs,e.g.,rāst“true,truly,”rōšn“brightly,”saxt“firmly,”xwaš“pleasant,pleasantly.” OtheradverbsareformedfromadjectivesbytheendingaåD-<-yhʾ>-īhā(=plur.endingofnouns).Adverbsareformedfrombothnounsandadjectives.Notethatthemorphology(form)andsyntax(use)oftheadverbisverydifferentfromthatofthepluralnounin-īhā,sothereishardlyeverdangerofconfusion,e.g.:gōspanddādīhāwarzēm“wetendcattleaccordingtothelaw”ašmāxwēšīhābēnišīnēd“goandsitbyyourselves!”dawēndabēbrahmīhā“theyrunaroundundressed”kapadgētīyšēwanmōyagudgrīstanadādīhāmakunēd“Whenyou(are)intheworld,donotwail,sob,andweep

(lit.:dowailing,sobbing,andweeping),thusbreakingthelaw!”dām-dahišnīhīmēnōyīhāgōwamudpasgētīyīhā“Ishalltalkaboutthecreationofthecreatures(asittookplace)

intheworldofthought,andthenintheworldoftheliving.”Suchadverbscanalsoqualifythewholesentence,e.g.:spāhīkirmōbērōnāyēdudabāgaswārānīardaxšīrkārēzārīgyān-abespārīhāsaxtkunēd‘Kirm’sarmycomesout

andmakes(=fought)sofiercebattlewithArdaxšīr’scavaleryastosurrendertheirsouls’(KN.6.16);Theseadverbsarecommonlyusedinthecomparative,e.g.:gōwizār-īhā-tar“moreindetail”<gōwizār“indetail,detailed”kam-wināh-īhā-tar“insuchamannerthatthereislittle/lesssin”āfrāhīdēnzēnāwandīhāabartuxšēdtādānēdkadārayābahlawayābdruwandwurrōyēdmehkūkasānayābānīahlawtuxšāgīhātarwurrōyēdayābānīdruwand“applyyourselvesdiligentlytotheteachingofthedēnsothat/untilyouknowwhetherarighteousoranevilperson

believesmoregreatlythan(other)people,(i.e.)whethertherighteousoneortheevilonebelievesthemostzealously”(Pahl.Y.31.17)

LESSON9

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ARAMEOGRAMS 7 . VERBS 5 Herearesomelesscommonarameograms: -WnYtÅ <HTYMWN-> āwāš-āwišt “seal” -WnY>K,-WnYK <KYMWN-,KDMWN-> āxēz-āxist “rise,goup” -WWtåÒ <LHTWN-> daw-dawīd “run” -WwaJW <NSHWN-> wez-wēxt “sift,winnow”(-WwaÒpY)-WwaÒP <PLHWN-(YPLHWN-)> xwah-xwast “thresh,trample” -WwLBT <TBLWN-> škenn-škast “break(something/somebody) -WwLCwE <YHNCLWN-> appurdappar- “takeaway,steal” -WtDN <MNYTN-> ōšmar-ōšmurd “count,reckon” -WtdlS <SLYTN-> gāy-gād “havesexwith” -WtdlZ <ZLYTN-> kištkār- “sow” -WwlYcÅ <HCDLWN-> drūddrūn- “reap”THE VERB. FORMS AND ENDINGS OF THE 3RD PERSON. Inadditiontotheusualformsandendingsofthe3rdpersonsingularandplural,someunusualformsandendingsalsoexist.Shortened form Shortenedformsofthe3rdsingulararerelativelycommoninsometexts,e.g.: GWWK,G>WWK kund =kunēd(Man.kwnd) G>pL rawd =rawēd“goes” WtDB bēd =bawēd WtHwA hōšt =hōšēd“driesout” y>LB bard =barēd“carries” WthAC čāšt =čāšēd“teaches” WtD>,WtD dadordat =dahēd(Man.datandtad!) ThePahlaviPsalteralsohasformssuchasbamforbawam. Theformbēdisalsousedinthe2ndpluralimperative. Itislikelythattheform<YHWWNyt'>wasalsocommonlyreadasbēd,asthetwoformsalternateinthemanuscripts.The symbols <x ₁> and <x ₂>. Insteadoftheusual3rdpersonsingularandpluralendings<-yt'>and<-ynd,-d>,weoftenfindtwosymbols,x<x₁>andX ,⋲<x₂>.Itisobviousthatthetwoformsarefrom<-yt>and<-ynd>,respectively: tD>x(PsalmstY) YwY>XandY>wY >⋲(PsalmsdnY)

Combinationsofendingplussymbolarealsofound. Insomemanuscripts,theoriginaldistributionismaintained,buteveninoldmanuscriptsthetwosymbolsareusedforoneanother,although,insomecases,wemaybedealingwithvacillationbetweenthesingularandtheplural. AsingleleaffromamanuscriptcontainingalistofverbalarameogramswasfoundatTurfan.ThisistheoldestPahlavimanuscriptinexistence.Theverbsare(totheright)<HYTYWN->,<YHSNN->,<OZLWN->,<YBLWN-,YBLWN->,(totheleft)<DBLWN-(lookslikeYZLWN->)>,<YNPKWN->,<HŠKHWN->;<x₁>istheoversizedletter,<x₂>isseentotherightinlines3and6.

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Notealsothe2ndsingularending∫G<-yd>,thediacriticon<d>,thearchaicformof<n>in<YN->similartoPsalterN (inscriptionsn),andthearchaicformÛ<z>alsofoundinoldPahlavimanuscripts.Theformof<w>withthetopcurvedleftisalsofoundintheoldestPahlavimanuscripts. TheleafwaspublishedbyKajBarrintheBulletinoftheSchoolorOrientalStudies(BSOS)8,1936,pp.391-40.THE VERB. PASSIVE Originally,inIranianlanguages,thepassivewasonlyusedinsentencesinwhichthepersonorthingperforminganactionwasnotmentionedspecifically.Thatis,therewereonlyconstructionsofthetype“heisbeingeaten,”butnot“heisbeingeatenbyalion.”Inthisway,activeconstructionswerereservedforsentencesinwhichthe“performer”wasexplicitlymentioned,e.g.,“AhuraMazdāestablishestheworld,”“thesoulseesitsdēn,”“theythinkgoodthoughts.” BythetimeofPahlavi,thisrulehadbeenrelaxed,andwefindconstructionssuchas“heisledawaybythedemons.”Wewillreturntotheseconstructionslater.Here,examplesaregivenonlyofthosewithout“performer.”Passive with “to become.” Aso-called“analytic”passiveisformedwithbūdan“tobecome”(cf.Germanpassivewithwerden),e.g.:guftbawēdkū“itissaidthat...”abaramāhstahm-ēwabēčimkerdbawēd“fornoreasonviolencewillbedonetous”kaxrafstarōzanēndahrimenbēšīdbawēdčēxrafstarhamāgaztanīahrimen“whenonekillsevilanimals,

Ahrimenis(willbe)hurt,becauseevilanimalsareallfromAhrimen’sbody”kaōmānātaxšānšawēdudātaxšniyāyišnkunēdazišdruzīaǰgahānīhzadbawēd“whenyougotothefiretemple

andsayahymntothefire,(then)thereby(az-iš)thelie-demonoflazinessis(willbe)struckdown”mard-ēkēduxt-ēwīpurnāypadzanīhbēōmard-ēdahēdduxtnēham-dādestānsālārīhbēōydādbawēdayābnē

“amanwhogivesaminordaughteraswifetoaman(but)thedaughterdoesnotagree,(then)isguardianshipgiven(hasittherebybeengiven)tohimornot?”

Past t ransi tive verbs without “performer” as passive. Whenapasttransitiveverbisusedwithouta“performer,”itispassive,e.g.:ēnānmardī-špusandarkārēzārōzad“this(is)thatmanwhose(‘whohis’)sonwaskilledinthebattle”šusrīgāwabarōmāh-pāyagburdānōhbēpālūdhēnd.udazānšusrgōspandīpurr-sardagfrāzbrēhēnīd“the

bull’ssemenwasbroughttothemoon-level(and)thereitwaspurified[noteplural];andfromthatsementheanimalofmany-specieswasfashionedforth”

hamāgmardōmōdarīādurFarrbayxwāndhēnd“allpeoplewerecalledtothehouseoftheFarrbayfire”The 3rd plura l express ing indef ini te subject (“one”) Whenthe“performer”isunknown,onecanalsouseanindefinite3rdplural:“theysay”=“itissaid,”“theykilledhim”=hewaskilled,”e.g.:gōwēndkū“theysay,itissaid”kaspadwēmārīhnēmīrēdbēpadzarmānīhayābōzanēnd“noonewilldiefromillness,otherthanfromoldage

or(if)someonekillsthem=theyarekilled”xrafstarsēēwēnaghēndābīgudzamīgīgudparragīg.ānīābīgxrafstarudzamīgīgxrafstarudparragīgxrafstar

gōwēnd“Thexrafstarsareofthreekinds:thoseinthewater,inorontheearth,andthosewithwings;theycall(them)‘thexrafstarinthewater’,‘thexrafstarinorontheearth’,and‘thexrafstarwithwings’”

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udaztanīGayōmardrōšnīhōwōnbēšudčiyōnāhenīgarmīsuxrka-špōlābadabarzanēndudsyābēbawēd“andfromGayōmard’sbodylightwentoutlike(when)theystrikesteelonaredhotironanditbecomesblack”

Notethecombinationofintransitive+indefiniteverb:harčēabēzagōGarōdmānšawēdudharčēdruwandōdōzoxabganēnd“everythingthatispuregoesto

Garōdmān,andeverythingthatiswickedtheythrow(=isthrown)intohell”IMPERSONAL EXPRESSIONS Impersonalexpressionsaresentenceswithoutgrammaticalsubjects(English“itisnecessary,itispossible,etc.).Mostimpersonalexpressionsinvolvea3rdsingularverboranounoranadjective(tuwān,etc.). Thepersonitisnecessary,etc.,forcanbeexpressedbyanoun,anindependentpronoun,oranencliticpronoun.Pluralnounstaketheending-ān.Whenthepersonisexpressedbyarelativepronoun(kē),anencliticpronouncanbeaddedtoclarifytheperson. Impersonalverbshaveonlythe3rdsingularform.Theyarecalledimpersonal.Themostcommononesareabāyēd“itbehovesX(to),Xshould,must,”abāyist“itbehovedX(to),Xshould,oughtto,must”;andarabāy-“toneed”;šāyēd“itispossibleforX,Xcan,”šāyist“itwaspossibleforX,Xcould,wasable(to),”sah-sahist“seem(to...),”kāmēdkāmist“wants,wishes,”wurrōyēdwurrōyist“believe.” Impersonalexpressionsareoftencombinedwithaninfinitive(seeLesson10). IntheEnglishtranslation,theimpersonalexpressionmustoftenbeturnedintoapersonalone. Notethatthepaststemsabāyistandšāyistarefrequentlywrittenasif“abāyīd”and“šāyīd,”butthisisprobablyaspecialwayofspelling-āyist(seeLesson5). Examples:čand-itāntuwānpadkerbagkerdantuxšāgbawēd“asmuchasitispossibleforyou=youcan,bediligentin

performinggooddeeds!”ānmardu-mandsahistčandsēmardnēzag-bālāy“thatmanseemedtomeaslargeasthreementheheightofa

spear”harwčē-tkāmagastxwāhtā-tdaham“Askeverythingyouwish,sothatIshallgiveittoyou!”ēkka-štiskāmēdguftan“one,whenhewantstosaysomething”nohomkēpadharwkēšwurrōyēdudparistīdankāmēd“ninth,hewho(kē)believesineveryteachingandwishes

toworship(init)”kē-šwurrōyēdxwarēdudkē-šnēwurrōyēdnēxwarēd“hewho(kē-š)believesshalleat,andhewhodoesnot

believeshallnoteat.”ka-mfrāzmadhēndpadānpaymōzanīzarrēn-pēsīdīasēmēn-pēsīdībrāzišnīgtomazharwisppaymōzanānu-m

burzišnīgtarsahist“whentheycomeforwardtomeinthatgold-embroidered,silver-embroideredgarment(s),mostradiantofallgarments,itseemedtomemostprasiseworthy”

Impersona l andar abāyēd “be needed” Inthisexpression,thepersonwhoneedstodosomethingisoftenanencliticpronoun.Ifapluralnoun,ittakestheending-ān,andthepronounmanisusedinsteadofan.“Neededfor”isexpressedbypad.Examples:Ohrmazdēdōngōwēdkūkaēbgadāmadānīxwēšhamēmālpadkōxšišnfrāzgīrēdkūnōgframānandarnē

abāyēd“Ohrmazdsaysasfollows:WhentheInvasionhascome,(each)seizeshisownopponenttofightwith,thatis,anewcommandisnotneeded”

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gōwēdpaddēnkūhōmīspēdpadfraškerd-kerdārīhandarabāyēd“itsaysinthedēnthatthewhitehōmisneededformakingFraškerd.

Wāyabzār-ēwbūdīOhrmazdpaddām-dahišnīhandarabāyist“WāywasatoolthatOhrmazdneededforcreatingthecreation”

OhrmazdrāygōwēdkūWāy-izabzār-ēwbūdī-špaddām-dahišnīhandarabāyist“hesaysaboutOhrmazdthatWāy,too,wasatoolthatheneededforestablishingthecreation”

SENTENCES9

Analyzethefollowingsentences,andidentifythearameograms: / WTWV Wwˆ<ÂßA äL EKwßYT W EksLwY< W EI>wa˜ lAWcåH ? !

Šābuhrmāndagīhudgursagīhudtišnagīhrāyxešmgenbūd “Šābuhrwasangrybecausehewastired,hungry,andthirsty” ßYVtDwY W WKwAcÒP W AWN Ewßad>maD> N oaÅ W AWN WTWV âL Ewßad>maD> N wYwL a˜wAwA ? 2

/ WTWV WIwZcÅ W

Ohrmazdpēšazdām-dahišnīhnēbūdxwadāyudpasazdām-dahišnīhxwadāyudfrazānagudǰud-bēšudabzōnīgbūd“beforetheestablishmentofthecreation,Ohrmazdwasnotruler,and,aftertheestablishmentof

thecreation,hewasruler,possessedofforeknowledge,kepingharmaway,and‘incremental’”

/ LW ^ Y<wlYW ã WwaDWwlY WtDWnmˆÅ WwahA Ywˆ¬YKW tÂA à WtDWwrrmY CNwY ABV µA q WwˆdaDW WWP ? 3

padweh-dēnabarhamdarēn-izgōwēdkūkanigerēndā-šānwurrōyēddruwandānānnērangīwar “IntheGoodDēn,inthesamechapter,this,too,itsays:whentheylook(closelyatit),thenthey,thewicked,

willbelievethatritualoftheordeal” WwYwˆjA W WwYCwˆÒV W WwYTcåÒWP W WwˆÂˆjA W WwˆÅva¸ tdA ^ WfjLP 34 Íà WtDWWWwmY äL cdY<WK ? 4

/ WwY˝JAK W WwYKwYKcÅ W

Kangdizrāygōwēdkū-šhaftfraspīastzarrēnudāsēmēnudpōlābdēnudbrinǰēnudāhenēnudābgēnagēnudkāskēn“ItsaysabouttheKangdizthatithassevenbeams,whichareofgold,silver,steel,bronze,iron,crystal,andlapislazuli.”

? YWNwA WtHW EcÒkMWt¬M OW AWB EcÒkLwLwA N 2 AWK íYwaåHM W îHM oaÅ ? 23

/ WwAVwL tdA ^ WTWwlZW WwaHnLW OW x aådY>Wwˆ˜ nS< ã W

pasMašīyudMašyānīyhardōazurwar-kerbīhbēōmardōm-kerbīhwašthēnd.udānxwarrahmēnōyīhāandarōawēšānšudīastruwān.“ThenMašīyandMašyānīybothturnedfromplant-formtotheformofhumans.And,‘invisibly’,thatFortunewentintothemwhichisthesoul.”

äL WwaååH N ^ mYV WtÅW WWwlaÒP ^ ã ? YWtDWK WtÅW WWwlaÒP ^ ã WtDCW aådYNwATwS tÂA WtÅW ? 33

/ WtDCW WcÅWP eYNwAKwlYW WWP aådYWwaDtÅP W WtdlYKW AWB WtDwY WtDwY MwYN AWK

wādkasūdōmandīhāwazēdānīfrārōnwādxwānēnd.ānīfrārōnwādbīmīazdēwānrāyharwtisǰudǰudbēnigerēdudpādyāwandīhāpadnērōgōmandīhfrāzwazēd“whenthewindblowssothatitprovidesbenefit,theycallitthe‘goodwind’.Forfearofthedemons,the‘goodwind’looksateverythingindividuallyandblowsforthmightilyandforcefully.”

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108 May4,2008-11:22PM

OW lAwaÒ WwaHwY ^ WimY ã W YWWwaD WTWwL˝¸ WCwlY W aåH CIwAcÅ ‹ AwYW WTWkßLP WWP ? 34

/ WtDWWwaD WTWwYtdaD WwaåJ ^ EwaåÒP

padFraškerdzamānAhrimenabārīg-izdēwuddruzōzadbawēndudānzamīgīdōšoxabāzōfrāxīhīgēhānāwurdbawēd“atthetimeofFraškerd,Ahrimenandtheotherdemonsandlie-demonswillbesmashed,andthatearthofhell(wherehellislocated)willbebroughtbacktotheexpanseoftheworldoftheliving”

WKwˆÅ W YWwˆÅW LWP WwˆÅva¸ ^ Nwa˜ 3 WwAfjAtHW ^ Y<N W sA LBWtjY> WwˆD> WwaHnLW øaÅ W . 44

/ YWWvaD Wcå¬YW ØW WcÅWP WthLwA WWP Nwa˜ LItJ W WtÅwA WWP Nwa˜ LItD W Wt˜wA WWP Nwa˜

udpasawēšāndēndastwarmayudmangīWištāspānsēǰāmīzarrēnpurrkunēndudēkǰāmpadhumaduddidīgarǰāmpadhūxtudsidīgarǰāmpadhuwarštfrāzōWirāzdahēnd “AndthenthoseteachersofthedēnfillthreegoldencupswithwineandthebangofWištāsp,andtheyoffer

onecupwithGoodThought,asecondwithGoodSpeech,andathirdwithGoodDeedstoWirāz.

TEXTS9TEXTS 9.1 FromtheBundahišn6B.16(afterms.TD2) WtDwaHW :ÅwaÒ WimY ^ WtJWK WtJWK WWP MwY3 EI>WWV Y>W WKwYwˆÅ ÂA WWP adM ã WtÅW øaÅ

Wt˜ EkAtDP ØW ÍcÅ ía¬Z ^ W≥ÍC 2 WTWWwaD ÍcÅ SK ^ á¬Z L W adM ^ ía¬Z 3

WtDWnYWI WtJWTP á¬Z ^ W≥ÍC ØW WwaÅ WWB waHWN LBwˆD\ \WKwˆÅ WtJcDC WKwˆÅ paswādānābpadhamēwēnagtābowandagīh3rōzpadkustkustīzamīgabāznišānēd3zrehīmehud20zrēyīkehaz-išbūd2čašmagīzrēyaz-išōpaydāgīhmad.ēkČēčastēk*Sawarkē-šānbun-xānōčašmagīzrēypaywastestēd. Thenthewindsettlesthatwaterinthesamemannertothecompletionof(=altogetherfor)3daysinthe

variousareasoftheearth. 3largerseasand20smallerseasbecamefromit.2sourcesof(in)theseaapparedfromit: oneČēčastandone*Sawar,whose(kē-šān)sourcesareconnectedtothewellspringofthesea.

TEXTS 9.2 FromtheBundahišn9.1-3(afterms.TD2) à WwˆD> WWP WtDWwllmY / WwAPWK ^ EwˆDC q / TwÍ 48 WWP Y>WNwA WtJwL WPWK WkaÂA øaÅ ã N W WtåÅBWKV ^ WcÒWBlA WtJwL WcÅWP WPWK WtjZW

/ WtJwL áÂA TwÍ ≠£4 ^ EIWWB Y>W WcÒWvlA

/ WwaˆdA ^ WtjlAV ØW YW ≠A W WkˆÅPWtdßLWA ØW YW ≠A W WkˆÅpaå˜ ØW YW ≠A W WkˆÅpLtJ ØW YW TwÍ ≠A

/ WPWK 4 W ¢ W ≠A W =A WklM WWP ? Y>WnYWI WtJwL WcÅWP aåDPWK WIwAcÅ WwˆDC

abarčiyōnīhīkōfān.gōwēdpaddēnkūnazdistkōffrāzrustHarburzībaγōbaxtudazānpashamāgkōfrusthēndpad18sāl.Harburztābowandagīh700sālhamērust200sāltāōstar-pāyagud200tāōmāh-pāyag200tāōxwaršēd-pāyagud200tāōbālistāsmān.čiyōnabārīgkōfīhāazHarburzfrāzrustestēnd.padmarag2244kōf. Itsaysinthedēn: Asthefirstmountain,Harburzassigned-by-the-godgrewforth,and,afterward,allthemountainsgrewforth

fromitinthespaceof18years. Harburzkeptgrowingtothecompletionof(=altogetherfor)700years—

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109 May4,2008-11:22PM

200years(up)tothestar-level,200uptothemoon-level,200uptothesun-level,and200uptothehighestofheaven.

BecausetheothermountainsaregrownforthfromHarburz,2244mountainsinnumber(intotal).TEXTS 9.3 FromthePahlaviRivayat.

/ YWNwA WtJwL AWB nïD ^ laÅwY ˝¸ N aåDPWK W

/ WtJwL áÂA 2 AWK LPcÅ W lY>cÅ TwÍ ±$4 =Y

/ WwaÂsA OW AWB Y>W WtJwL áÂA Y>WT TwÍ ±$4 LPcÅ WtÅnYWI AWB lYcÅ oaÅ W

udkōfīhāazāngōhrīxwarrahbērusthēnd.ēkhazārhaštsadsālazērudazabarharwdōhamērust.udpasazērbēestādazabarhaštsadsāldidhamērusttābēōāsmān AndthemountainsgrewfromthatsubstanceoftheFortune. For1800yearstheygrewbothbelowandabove. Thentheystoppedbelow;abovetheygrewagainfor800yearsallthewayto(tābēō)thesky” Note:xwarrah“fortune”isanelusiveconcept.ItsmythistoldintheAvestanhymntothegeniusoftheearthwithits

mountains(Yašt18-19).

EXERCISES99.1.Addthetranscriptions/transliterationstothesesentencesandtranslatethem:

/ WwaDWcJwaÂA WwaDã N MWt¬At˜ a˜wAwA ^ ßAtÅ ? !

ātaxšīOhrmazdmadārtomazanyānamahrspandān / WtdaH WtDWWWnY gLcÅ WwˆDC WWtdA AWB WtdaH aÒ WtDWWWnY SwaHwS WwˆDC WwYwA ã ? 2

<ZKʾwgwn'cygwnswšʾnsYMRRWNyt'LAšʾdyt'BRAʾydwn'cygwnʾlgYMRRWNyt'šʾdyt'> / YWtDWK aåÂLWP Wtda¸cÅ tÂA 27 Y>W º N YWtDWK aåÂlY>wA Wtda¸cÅ aå˜ tÂA º Y>W WKwˆÅ N ? 3

azēktādahkamāhabzāyēdandar-māhxwānēndazdahtāpānzdahkaabzāyēdpurr-māhxwānēnd / MWwYtdaD aåDtjaÒ µAtDP NwY W WwaD>WwlY> W WwAvlaÅ ^ WkAwˆD< ã OW MWwlZW aådY>NwAkmAK ? 4

<kʾmkʾwmndyhʾOZLWNmOLZKgywʾk'Yʾhlwbʾn'Wdlwndʾn'WZNEpgtʾmlʾstyhʾYHYTYWNm>/ WtDWnYWI WtÅWWtÅwA WWwlYwA WtdAcÅ x WwßßAWK WWP ^ lACcÅ AWK ÍWN WkAwa˜wA WtHWPwlY OW WwaÂsA ? 23

āsmānōdrubušthomānāgkē-šharwabzārīpadkōxšišnandarabāyēdandarōnnihādestēd LW LPwZ ^ ã WWP WTWKwaåÒP ^ î¬Z x YWtDWK Wtå¬Y> WwLKwY< WN WtDfJ ^ MwA à WwˆD> WWP WtDWwrrmY ? 33

/ WtdAcÅ x elATWK WTWkßLP WWP W WtDWnYWI WtJwL

<YMLLWNyt'PWNdyn'AYKhwmYsyt'MNWgwkln'dlht'KRYTNdBYNzlydYplʾhwkrt'PWNZKYzwplwllwst'YKOYMWNyt'WPWNplškrtkrtʾlyhBYNʾʾdyt'>

WtDcÅW WcÅWP ìtJ ^ ã WWP W ? WWwaÅ ìtJ W WWwaÅ YWwˆ˜ WTWWwaD îÒ 2 îÒ ã WwˆÅ ? 34

/ EwÍwˆ˜wA W EwmaÅwLwA WWP WwaÒTWW ^ SW ØW q WfjAtHwYK YWwaΩLWB

/ WwAwaÅ MwlaÅP Y ã OW q WwAf:JW ^ Wt:J ^ WwABwL WtDcÅW WcÅWP YWwˆ˜ ^ ã WWP W

ēgānrah2rahbūdmēnōyanīyudgētīyanīyudpadānīgētīyfrāzwāzīdburzāwandKayWištāspabarōwisīNōdarānpadurwāhmenīhhumenišnīhudpadānīmēnōyfrāzwāzīdruwānīSridīWisrabānabarōānīpahlomaxwān.

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110 May4,2008-11:22PM

WTWtåJ Et¬mYN ^ aåÒ WWP WN WwaHnLW Wt˜ WWtHWwa:dA OW a˜wlA ^ lY>wSklA WKtJcD< tÂA

/ YNwA WTWWtåD WwAtJ˝J OW YWcdA WKtdL W AWvY ? WTWwLTI WTc¬Y

<AMTgcstk'ʾlksndlYhlwmʾOLʾylʾn'štr'mt'OLEšʾnMNWPWNlʾhYmwgmltyhSGYTNt'glypt'YKTLWNt'.GBRAWlytk'ʾy-cndOLskstʾn'YATWNtHWEd.

9.2.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtranscriptions: Ä Wt˜wA andarwāy grōh aådY>NwAwßmâL WtåD ast hanǰaman AwlY WtÅwA ayārīh huwaršt äwlYwA WtdA baxšēnd nikōhīd elAvsA WtdAWKW dōʾān ōzōmandtar EwÍBwY|wlY WthLWwA dām rah LtDNwACwA WwA2 drō-gōwišnīh rāmišnōmandīhā MWwˆÅ WwaåJ druz hūxt sL WwATtÅ ēg-im u-tān WCwlY YWWklA humad yazd WimY µaD ēw zamān WNCwA MWwsA gēhān zamīg WwaÂZ gīrēm

9.3.Transliterate,transcribe,andtranslateatleastnos.4-7:

/ WtDWWvaD øA G<N Y>NwAkmAkA MWwˆÅ WtDŒ WwATtÅ ? !

/ YWwˆ˜ WkAwY ^ Cã a˜wAwA ^ µaD> WwaÂaD> WwA2 AWK N LtD>NwACwA WwaÂZ à WwS> WWP WtDVwY< ? 2

/ Y>WNwA WtDwˆådLV WcÅWP elAvsA WWP WklAtJ WKtÒwA =• ±4 + 33 WwaHnLW N ¡LtåÅ AWK ? 3

WwaåJ Y>W nMtÒ N W µYWWkˆÒW AWB MwY 3 NwY x WtdA WKwAKwˆÅ W WtjaÒ L NTwL WwÍWwˆ˜ TtÅ ? 4

/ µYWwlZW AWB µYWwˆÅW

WtŸja˜ ^ WkAwAVWT ^ WkAwaD> ^ sAkAfJwlA LtD>NwAnS< ^ LtD>NwadaÒ ^ a˜wAwA lAtåD> WwßÄwßA ? 23

/ WwÍWWK WwÍVwY< WwÍwˆ˜ WWP WthLWwA WtÅwA Wt˜wA

÷ WweYtJ ^ CWwEWwï˜ ^ WwABwlaÅ ^ WwaåD ^ WwßÄwßA

FromYašt6.1totheSun Inthistext,thedirecttranslationfromtheAvestanisfollowedbyshortexplanations(glosses),someintroducedbykū“thatis.”

÷ MWwAvzY WcjaD>WwlA ^ YNwadaÒ ^ g<lmA ^ WtdßLwA ? 33

? WtDWWtåD a¬aÒ à WtDcÅT WwÍwL WtdßLwA tÂA WwsA

? WKwYwˆÅ NwY WWP WtDcÅT WwÍwL WtdßLwA tÂA WwsA

? WKwAklAcÅ W WKwAKtJ WtåD YWwˆ˜ YWnYWI

? WkAwˆD Ä OW YW]J µA nS< ã WWWtdA

? EKTWKwˆÅ WWP YwYwYwaÒ AWB nS ã W

Wtåda˜wAwA ^ q WimY WWP YWWklA nS ã W

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111 May4,2008-11:22PM

TheAvestantext:huuarəxšaētəmaməəmraēm Wesacrificetotheimmortalsun,wealthy auruua.aspəmyazamaide withfleethorses.āayahuuarəraoxšnetāpaiieiti Then,whenthesunwarms(theworld)inthelight,āayahuuarəraocōtāpaiieiti Then,whenthesunwarmsthelight,hištəṇtimainiiauuåŋhōyazatåŋhō (then)thoseworthyofsacrificeintheworldofthoughtstandsatəmcahazaŋrəmca ahundredandathousand.taxᵛarənōhaṇbāraiieiṇti TheycarrytogetherthatFortune.taxᵛarənōnipāraiieiṇti TheyconveydownthatFortune.taxᵛarənōbaxšəṇti TheyapportionthatFortuneząmpaitiahuraδātąm overtheearthsetinplaceby(Ahura)Mazdā.

9.4.TranslateintoPahlaviandwriteinPahlaviatleastsentences2,4,6,8,9:1. WhenIpraiserighteousness,thenthedemonsarescorned.2. BeforetheRenovation,OhrmazdneedsFrēdōnforthestrikingofDahāg.3. Ahrimenandtheotherdemonsandlie-demonswillbestrickenandkilled.4. Everythingthatwassaidthereinthatassemblywaswritten(down)clearly.5. Ifitseems(good)toyou(all),tellmeinmoredetailwhatiswrittenhereinthisbook.6. Anotherday,Ardaxšīrwasstandingonachariot,andalltheotherpeopleweresittingonhorses(all)around

him.7. Theonewhohasdonegooddeeds,hegoesforthtoParadise,andhewhohasdoneevildeeds,himtheythrow

intoHell.8. Donotspeaklyingspeech,becauseifyouspeaklyingspeechAstwihādwilldragyoutotheworstexistence,and

thereyouwillexperience(see)muchunhappiness.9. WhenIcametoParadise,agroupofdepartedonescametowardme,and,fromthesoulsoftherighteous,a

lightwentoutlikethatofthesun,themoon,andthestars,andtheywentaboutjoyfullyinthelightoftheintermediatespace(atmosphere).

ADDITIONALREADINGS9

ADDITIONAL READINGS 9.1 FromthePahlaviVidevdad6.1-39afterms.K1. / Wt¬gLP Mw˙H

/ t©lYTW AWB AWvY PwˆÅ AvLK q ã WWP à tdaH aÒ lAK CwAC WWP à wAtDcÅwA imY NwY waÂY Äwa¬Y> Y>WC

/ t©lYTW AWB AWvY PwˆÅ AvLK q ã WWP Íà wAtDcÅwA imY NwY WtHWt:¸ WBwlaÅ ÄwâlY> TwÍ

šašomfragardčanddrahnāyzamānēnzamīganabēdān[kūpad-izanīzkārnēšāyēd]kūpadānabarsagayābmardbēwiderēdsāldrahnāyahlawzarduštēnzamīganabēdān[kūpad-izanīzkārnēšāyēd]kū-špadānabarsagayābmardbē

widerēd “Forhowmuchlengthoftime(=forhowlong)(is)thisearthnottobe‘approached’”,i.e.,itisnotanygoodfor

anyotherwork,either,“?” “Ayearlong,OrighteousZardušt,thisearth(is)nottobe‘approached’,i.e.,itisnotanygoodforanyother

work,either,“onwhichadogoramanpassesaway.” N tÒTW AWB AWvY PwˆÅ AvLK ã WWP à xWWkˆH q adM øA Y>WtdlZ imY ã WtŸjâM CøaÅ CøA

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/ Äwa¬Y> TwÍ ≥YWWwlY>wA

/ Y>WWkˆH 3 q adM ≥AK WWP ÍcÅ Wna:ÿP Y>WWtdlZ AwA imY Äã ã WtŸjâM øaÅ ≥AK WWP

ma-izpas-izmazdēsnānzamīgkārēndmaābabarhilēndkūpadān(abar)sagayābmardwiderdazandarōn-nēmagsāldrahnāy

padkāmagpasmazdēsnānanīyzamīgēkārēnd[pērāmōnaz-iš]padkāmagābabarēhilēnd “Also,afterward,letthemnotillthatearth,letthemnotreleasewateronit,onwhichadogoramanhaspassed

away,withinthespaceofayear!” “Afterward,atwill,lettheMazdayasnianstillthatotherearth!”i.e.,aroundit,“atwill,letthemreleasewater

onit!” / tÒTW AWB AWvY PwˆÅ AvLK q ã WWP à xWWkˆH 3 q adM ÍtÅ Wna:ÿP Y>WWtdlZ imY ã WtŸjâM tÅ

/ ÄwâlY> ! TwÍ W≥YW WwlY>wA N

imY Y>wYcdL AWB WtÂA adM Y>NwA WtjâM WN waHnLW Y>wˆÒtjA øaÅ EwAKW áJW WWP WN WwˆDC

/ Y>WWtdlZ AWB tÂA LwLwA W Y>WwLcÅ AWB tÂA

agarmazdēsnānzamīgkārēndagar-išābabarhilēndkūpadānabarsagayābmardbewiderdazandarōn-nēmagsāldrahnāy

čīyōnkēpadnasāy-nigānīhpasāsterēndawēšānkēmazdēsnhēndāb[kabērēzēnd]zamīg[kabēkanēnd]udurwar[kabēkārēnd]

“IftheMazdayasnianstillthatearth,iftheyreleasewateronit,onwhichadogoramanhaspassedaway,withinthespaceofayear,

afterwardtheybecomeguiltylikehimwho(isguilty)forburyingcorpses,theywhoareMazdayasnians,(withrespectto)thewater,”whentheypourit,“theearth,”whentheydigit,“andtheplants”whentheytillit.

ADDITIONAL READINGS 9.2 FromBundahišn4.10

WwaÂsA ã WwaHcÅ ? WwAwÍwL ^ EklaÅTtDP OW WwaååH nˆÅK NTwL YWwˆ˜ WkAwY WtJcdaÅ oaÅ

? WtÅWnYWI aÒ WTWWvaD> Y>WNwAtjA CWwaÅ WtÂA WTWWwaD WkAtDP aådYWwˆ˜

/ WTWK q KT aåD≥AKkßglA

^ WKthYWWV ^ glY>wA à WtHPW WWB WWP ^ WtååÅ EkˆÅWT OW WTwLP WtÅWnYWI iˆÅP LtJ WWP WwaÂsA

? WtÅWnYWI AWB Ä WkwˆÅ3 Y>W WwaÂsA WWwlY>wA N kˆÅP LtJ ^ LPcÅ à WwY>wA WTWWwaD wAkˆ˜WT W waHwL

/ WtJWwLVT AWB WtJWwaÒP WcÅWP WtjY AWB imY> NwY ^ lYcÅ WwaÂsA WkAwa˜wA la˜ W

pasāxēzistGannāgMēnōyabāghamistdēwānōpetyāragīhīrōšnānu-šānānāsmānmēnōyīhāpaydāgbūdkaahanūzastōmanddādnēestād.arešk-kāmagīhātagabarkerd.āsmānpadstar-pāyagestādfrōdōtuhīgīhāhaxtīpadbunnibištkūandargbuništagīrōšnānudtomīgānbūdōwōnkūazabarīstar-pāyagazandarōnīāsmāntā3ēk-ēwbēestād.udmārhomānāgāsmānazērīēnzamīgbēǰastfrāzxwastbēškast. ThentheFoulSpiritroseuptogetherwithallthedemonstoopposethelights. Andthatskyappearedtothemintheotherworldwhenithadnotyetbeenestablishedas‘bony’. Outofenviousdesire,hemadeanassaultonit.

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Theskystoodonthestar-level,(but)wasdraggeddownintothevoid,which,itwaswritteninthebeginning,wasbetweenthebasesofthelightsandthedarkones,sothatitstoodasmuchasone-thirdfrominsidetheskyabovethestar-level.

Andlikeasnake,theskyjumpedbeneaththisearthandwasshatteredandbroken.ADDITIONAL READINGS 9.3 FromtheMēnōyxrad61.4,20-21 / WtDWwABkÍ WkAwïD à µaJ ^ WWT / Ww˙JWWP

/ YWwaÂY ^ WPWK OW W˝jZW îJwaHYP ^ WtHY WWP µaJ ^ WWT / WwaJP

YW YwYwï¸ ˝¸ WWP W YWwlYcÅ W YWtdlZ ^ MwYN WIwßLwA W WkAtÒwY AWB WtHY ˝¸ WWP W

÷ WtDwL LwLwA W Wtå¬Y W ÄWwlY WwaÅ

pursišn.tanīsāmkūgyāgnibayēd.passox.tanīsāmpaddaštīPēšānsīynazdīkōkōfīDamāwand.udpadāndaštbēǰōrdāgudxwarišnīgtisīkārēnduddrūnēndudpadānzīyēndtāanīydrūnāyuddraxtudurwarnēst Q.WheredoesSām’sbodylie? A.Sām’sbodyliesintheP.plain,nearMountD. Inthatplain,exceptgrainandeatablesthattheysowandreapandlivethereby, thereisnootherharvestablethings,andtherearenotreesandplants.

ADDITIONAL READINGS 9.4 FromtheMēnōyxrad61.7,28-30 YWwïÅW ˝¸ WWP WwSP ^ WWT W Ywsa¬YW ˝¸ WWP WtŸjL WN lAtja¬A WtŸjL ^ MwA / Ww˙JWWP

/ WtDWnYWI Wt¬a˜wY lAK nM WWP Wiaå˜ LK W WtDWnYWI WtJwL à

/ WtDWnYWI WtJwL WkAwïD MWtdAPwZ ^ ˝¸ x ÍkLW Y aå¬Z WWP lAtjAlA WtŸjL ^ MwA / WwaJP

/ YWnYWI Wt¬a˜wY EKwAP WWP WwABwlA ^ laÅwLP 333 ª zlÄ33 =Ä33 ª ÍcÅ

WtDWwsE lAwaÒ nLW N LtJplA WIwAcÅ W WKW W WtDt¬Y áÂA Wna¬YP Wiaå˜ LK ÍcÅ

pursišn.hōmīrist-ārāstārkēristpadānwirāyēndudtanīpasēnpadānkunēndkūrustestēd.udKarmāhigpadčēkārgumārdestēd.passox.hōmīrist-ārāstārpadzrēyīWarkašandarānīzofāytomgyāgrustestēd.u-šnōudnawadudnōsadudnōhazārudnōbēwarfrawahrīahlawānpadpanāgīhgumārdestēnd.u-šKarmāhigpērāmōnhamēgardēdudwagudabārīgxrafstarazōyabāzdārēd. Q.The‘hōmthatrestoresthedead’,whentheyrestorethedeadwithitandwithwhichtheymaketheFinal

Body,wheredoesitgrow?AndforwhatdeedhastheKarfishbeenappointed? A.The‘hōmthatrestoresthedead’growsintheW.Sandinthedeepestplace. 99,999fravashisoftherighteoushavebeenappointedtoprotectit. AndtheKarfishturnsarounditandkeepsfrogsandotherevilanimalsawayfromit.

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHETEXTSANDTHEEXERCISES9

Nouns,adjectives,adverbs,pronouns:

Abarg yLcÅ <ʾlg> Abarg,nameofascholar-priestābgēnēn WwYKwYKcÅ <ʾkynkyn'> ofglass

LESSON9

114 May4,2008-11:22PM

abzār la¸cÅ <ʾzʾl> toolahanūz;ahanūz...nē CWwaÅ <ʾhnwc> still;notyetāhenēn WwYwˆjA <ʾsynyn'> ofironakāmagōmand Y>NWAkmAkA <ʾkʾmkʾwmnd> unwillinganabēdān WwAtDcÅwA <ʾnʾytʾn'> ‘un-approached’(sexually;Av.term)andarg glY>wA <ʾndlg> betweenandar-māh aåÂlY>wA <ʾndl-mʾh> newmoon andarōn(<andar-rōn) WWwLx,WWwlYwA <ʾndlwn',BYN-lwn'> inner,interior,insideandarōn-nēmag ≥YWwlY>wA <ʾndlw(n)-nymk'> theinsidearešk-kāmag W≥AKkßglA <ʾlyšk-kʾmk'> havingenvyasone’swisharwand-asp WcjaDwlA <ʾlwnd-ʾsp'> withfleet(fast)horsesašādīh EtåhA <ʾšʾtyh> unhappinessāsēmēn WwˆÂˆjA <ʾsymen'> ofsilver,silveryaxtar LtåÅ <ʾhtl> star,constellations,signofthezodiacbaγōbaxt WtåÅBW˚V,WtåÅBWKV <bk/γwbʾht'> allottedbythegod(Av.epithet)bē...tā YW...AWV <BRA...OD> exceptbowandagīh EIWWV <bwndkyh> fullness,completenessbrinǰēn WwYCwˆÒV <blncyn'> ofbronze,brazenbun WWB <bwn'> beginningbuništag WKthYWWV <bwnyštk'> basisbun-xān WwaÅ WWB <bwn'-hʾn'> sourceburzāwand YWwaΩLWB <bwlzʾwnd> lofty,tallčašmag W≥ÍC <cšmk'> well-spring,sourceČēčast WtJcDC <cycst'> nameofalakečiyōnīh EwˆDC <cygwnyh> ‘howness’,howthingsaredām-dahišnīh Ewßad>maD> <dʾm-dhšnyh> theestablishmentofthecreationdānāg WkAwaD <dʾnʾk'> knowledgeable,wisedrahnāy Äwa¬Y> <dlʾhnʾd> length,extentdraxt Wtåå¬Y> Wtå¬Y> <dl(ʾ)ht'> treedrubušt WtHWPwlY <dlwpwšt'> fortressēw-čand,ē-čand YWcdA <ʾy-cnd,HD-cnd> some,afewēg WwïDA <ADYN'> then,nextēkānag WKwAKwˆÅ <ʾywkʾnk'> single,identicalēwēnag WKwYwˆÅ <ʾdwynk'> manner,wayēwkardagīh EKTWKwˆÅ <ʾyw-krtkyh> unison;pad+:“inunison,jointly”fragard Wt¬gLP <plklt'> achapter/bookdivisionintheAvestaFraškerd WTWkßLP <plškrt'> theRenovationfrasp WfjLP <plsp'> beamfrāxīh(frāxwīh) EwaåÒP <plʾhwyh> expansefrazānag WKwAcÒP <plcʾnk'> possessingforeknowledgegōkarn WwLKwY <gwkln> Cow’sear(Avestan);nameofamythicalplantgursagīh EksLwY <gwlskyh> hunger

LESSON9

115 May4,2008-11:22PM

ham ÂA <hm> samehamist nˆÅK <KHDE> allhayārīh(ayārīh) elAvsA <hdybʾlyh> helphazārgānag WKwAklAcÅ <hcʾl-kʾnk'> athousand-fold,bythousandshešmgen Wwˆ<ÂßA <hšmgn'> angryǰud-bēš ßYVtDwY <ywbt-byš> keepingharmawaykāmagōmandīhā aådY>NwAkmAK <kʾmkʾwmndyhʾ> willinglyKangdiz cdY<WK <kngdc'> nameofacastlekāskēn WwY˝JAK <kʾskyn'> oflapislazulikerdārīh elATWK <krtʾlyh> makingkōxšišn WwßAWK <kwhššn'> struggle,fightmadār lAt˜ <mtʾl> acomer,whocomesoften,thatwillcomemāh-pāyag WkˆÅpaå <mʾh-pʾdk'> themoon-levelmādayān WwaÅtå˜ <mʾtgdʾn'> bookmāndagīh EI>wa˜ <mʾndkyh> tirednessmang GN <mng> hashish,bangmarag WklM <mlk'> numbermowmardīh Et¬mYN <mwgmltyh> Magian-hoodnasāy-nigānīh EwAKW áJW <nsʾd-nkʾnyh> burialofcorpsesnērang Y<wlYW nylng> aceremony,ritual,spellnērōgōmand YNwAKwlYW <nylwkʾwmnd> possessingstrengthNōdarān WwaÒTWW <nwtlʾn'> descendedfromNōdarOhrmazd-dād Wtåda˜wAwA <ʾwhrmzd-dʾt'> establishedbyOhrmazdōzōmand YNwACwA <ʾwcʾwmnd> strong,powerfulpādyāwand YWwaDtÅP <pʾtyʾwnd> strong,mightypaygām µAtDP <pgtʾm> messagepērāmōn(+īoraz) WWna¬YP <pylʾmwn'> aroundpōlābdēn WwYTcåÒWP <pwlʾptyn'> ofsteelpurr-māh aåÂLWP <pwl-mʾh> fullmoonrahīy îÒ <lyd,lʾd> chariotrāmišnōmand YNwAwßmâL <lʾmšnʾwmnd> joyful,happyrāyōmand YNweaÒ <lʾdʾwmnd> wealthy(Av.raēuuant)rōšn WwÍwL <lwšn'> bright,light(adj.);brightly,clearlyŠābuhr lAWcåH <šʾpwhl> aSasaniankingsadgānag WKwAKtJ <st-kʾnk'> ahundred-fold,byhundredsSagestān WwAt∆∂J,WwAtJ˝J <skstʾn',skstʾn'> Sistan*Sawar LBwˆD\ \ <yywbl,swbl> nameofalakešnāyišn=xšnāyišn WwßäwÍ <šnʾdšn'> hail(toyou)!star-pāyag WkˆÅpLtJ <stl-pʾdk'> thestar-levelsūdōmand YNwATwS <swtʾwmnd> bringingbenefittag WKT <tk'> attack,assaulttišnagīh EKwßYT <tyšnkyh> thirst

LESSON9

116 May4,2008-11:22PM

tomīg Wkˆ˜WT <t(w)myk'> belongingtodarkness tuhīgīh EkˆÅWT <twhykyh> emptinesstuwānāg WkAwABWT <twbʾnʾk'> mightyul a¬aÒ <LALA> upwād WtÅW <wʾt'> windwar LW <wl> lake;bay,inletwāz-īd -cÅW <wʾc-> drivewis SW <ws> townxšnāyišn=šnāyišn WwßäwßA <hšnʾdšn'> hail(toyou)!xwurdag WKtÒWwA <hwwltk'> little,smallzamān AwYW <ODNA> timezanišn WwÍWtda˜,WwÍU <znšn',MHYTNšn'> striking,smashingzarrēn WwˆÅva¸ <ZHBAyn'> ofgold,goldenzufr LPwZ <zwpl> deepVerbs:

abzāy-abzūd WTUcÅ-á¸cÅ <ʾzʾd-ʾzwt'> increase(intransitive)āhanǰ-āhaxt WtååÅ-CwaÅ <ʾhnc-ʾhht'> pullāster- -LtjA <ʾstl-> becomeguilty(Av.āstriia-)āwar-āwurd -WwYtdaD <YHYTYWN-> bring(hither)āxēz-ist TtjaÅ-cdaÅ <ʾhyc-ʾhst'> rise,getupham-bar- gatherhil-hišt -WWkˆH <ŠBKWN-> letout,allowkan-kand -WwLcÅ <HPLWN-> dig(out:bē),destroykār-kišt -WtdlZ <ZLYTN-> sow,plough,tillnibēs-nibišt -WWvYTI,WtHPW-jYPW <npys-npšt',YKTYBWN->write niger-īd -lYKW <nkyl-> look(at) nih-ād -WWtÅwA <HNHTWN-> place,laynišān-nišāst WtjaHW-waHW <nšʾn-nšʾst'> settle,setdownpāy-pād -WwLTW <NTLWN-> protect,wait,lingerrānēn-rānēnīd WtDwYwaÒ-wYwaÒ <lʾnyn-> drive(trans.),pushrēz-rēxt WtådL-cdL <lyc-lyht'> pourrōy-rust WtJwL-YwL <lwd-lwst'> grow(up)šāyēd WtdaH <šʾdyt'> itisallowed,itispossibleškenn-škast WtJWwLVT-WwLBT <TBLWN-> breaktāb-,tāft WTcÅT,–cÅT <tʾ-> shine,heatwaz-īd -CW <wc-> blow wirēz-wirēxt -WWiLW <OLYKWN-> fleexwah-xwast WtJWwaÒP-WwaÒP <PLHWN-> threshxwān-xwānd -WtDWK -WtdLK <KL/RYTN-> callyaz-yašt -WwAvzY <YDBHWN-> (offer)sacrifice(to)

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LESSON10SPELLING 7 sr for Avestan θr InloanwordsfromAvestan,θrdoesnotbecome-hr,butsr,e.g.: :Jwa <mʾnsl> mānsr “sacredword” YWc∆:Jwa˜ <mʾnsl-snd>mānsr-spand adeity,nameofaday :jaÅ <hʾsl> hāsr “league,”Av.hāθra :jadÍwY <ywšdʾsl> yōǰdahr(yōždahr) “rituallyclean,”Av.yaoždāθraARAMAEOGRAMS 8, ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS Hereare(again)somemorecommonadjectives: AbL <LBA> wazurg “big,great” nla <MALE> purr “full” WiâL <LHYK> dūr “far,distant” WilA <ALYK> dagr “long”(time) lYpÍ <ŠPYL> weh “good,better” elS <SLYA> wad “bad” µïJ| <BSYM> xwaš “pleasant” Y>T <TB> nēw “good,well” EI <DKYA> pāk “clean,pure” AtdlÍ <ŠLYTA> pādixšāy “authorized” YBK <KBD> was “much,very” gZK <KZY> ahīy “earlier,formerly,atfirst”

WwYwL <LOYN'> pēš “before,infront” oaÅ <AHL> pas “after,afterward” LtÅV <BATL> pasīy “after,afterward”Notethefollowingarameogram: (WwYbA)WwYBwA <HWBDWN(HBDWN)> wanīy “destroyed”usedintheexpressions wanīykun- “destroy” wanī-gar“destroyer” wanī-garīh“destruction”(active) wanīybaw- “bedestroyed” wanī-būdīh(wanyūdīh)“destruction”(passive)WORD FORMATION 4. PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES 4 -tā r/-dār , -tā rīh/-dā rīh Nounsofagent(performerofaction)isformedfrompaststemsofverbsbyreplacingthefinal-tor-dwith-tāror-dār,respectively.Negativenounsina-andabstractnounsin-īharefrequentlyformedfromsuchagentnouns. Examples: bōxtan“deliver” bōxtār“deliverer” bōxtārīh“deliverance” warzīdan“work,labor,perform” warzīdār“laborer,sb.whoperforms/doessth.” warzīdārīh“performance” xwardan“eat” axwardār“noteating,withouteating” pahrēxtan“guard(against)” pahrēxtār“stayingawayfrom”

LESSON10

118 May4,2008-11:22PM

madan“come” madār“acomer,sb.whocomesfrequently,sth.thatwillcome”Someofthesenounshavepassivemeaning,e.g.: griftan“seize” griftār“prisoner”Incompounds: āyaft-xwāstār“sb.whoseeksrewards” āyaft-xwāstārīh“theseekingofrewards” kerbag-warzīdār“sb.whoperformsdeeds” kerbag-warzīdārīh“theperformingofgooddeeds”-gar ( -kar) , -gā r ( -kā r) Thesesuffixesmakenounsandadjectivesmeaning“doerofX,makingX.”Theformwith-k-isfoundafterthesuffix-ag,whichthenkeepsitsolderform-ak.Theysometimestakeanadditional-ī-,e.g.: pērōz“victorious” pērōzgar“victorious” yōǰdahr“rituallypure” yōǰdahrgar“whomakesrituallypure” bazzag“baddeeds bazzakkar“doerofbaddeeds,evil-doer” kerbag“gooddeeds” kerbakkar“doerofgooddeeds” warz“cultivation,farming” warzīgar“cultivator,farmer” ayād“memory” ayādgār“memorial” kām“wish,desire” kāmgār“authoritarian” rōz“day” rōzgār“time”(asitpassesdaybyday) wināh“sin,crime” wināhgār(wināhkār)“sinful,criminal”-wār Thissuffixmakesadjectives(adverbs)ofmanner.Examples: sazāg“fitting,appropriate” sazāgwār“fittingly,appropriately” xwadāy“lord,ruler” xwadāywār“lordly,inamannerbefittingalord” ham“same” hamwār“always”-s tān Thiscommonsuffixmakesnounsofplace,e.g.: Asūrestān“Assyria,Syria” Hūzestān“Kuzistan” Tabarestān“Tabaristan” Čīnestān“China” Sagestān“Sistan” Turkestān“Turkistan” Hindūstān“India” sō(g)westān“Sogdiana”(?) aspestān“(horse)stable” uštar-estān“camel-stable” gōstān“cowpen” [but:pahast“sheepstall”] šahr“realm” šahrestān“town” hērbed,apriestlyteacher hērbedestān,placeforlearning,“school”Inafewwords,thefunctionofthesuffixisindeterminate,e.g.: dād“law” dādestān“law,judgement” zamestān“winter” bār“burden” bārestān“patient”

LESSON10

119 May4,2008-11:22PM

NotealsonamesofAvestantexts: Hērbedestān,rulesconnectedwithpriestlystudies(extant) Nīrangestān,rulesconnectedwiththeperformanceofrituals(extant) Zaxmestān,Rēšestān,rulesdealingwithbodilyassaultandharm(notextant) Hamēmālestān,rulesdealingwithbodilyassaultandharm(notextant) Pasuš-horwestān,rulesfordealingwithsheepandshepherddogs(partlyextant) Stōrestān,rulesfordealingwithdomesticanimals(partlyextant) Arzestān,rulesfordeterminingvalue(partlyextant) Waxšestān,rulesforgiftexchange,compensation,etc.(notextant)-āy , -āy īg Thesuffixes-āy(-å)-āyīgmakeadjectivesfromgeographicalnames. Examples: hrōm“Rome” hrōmāy(hrōmā)“aRoman” hrōmāyīg“Roman” *muzr,misr muzrāyīg“Egyptian” bābēl“Babylonia” bābēlāyīg“Babylonian” asūrestān“Assyria” asūrāyīg“Assyrian”-āy Thisraresuffixmakesnounscorrespondingtoadjectivesdenotingsize: drahnāy“length” cf.drāz“long”(distance,cf.darg“long”time) pahnāy“width,thickness” cf.pahn“broad,thick” bālāy“height” cf.buland“heigh” zofāy“depth” cf.zafr,zofr“deep”GRAMMAR 10 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS (RECAPITULATION) Pahlavihasthefollowingdemonstrativepronouns:Neardeictic(“this,these”):

ēn NwY, NwY> <ZNE> “this” ēd AwA[Ä] <HNA(ʾy)> “this(here)” im NwïÒ,Nwï>Ò <LZNE> “this” imēšān WwaHNwïÒ <LZNEšʾn'> “these”Fardeictic(“that,those”):

ōy nLW <OLE> “that” awēšān WwaHnLW <OLEšʾn'> “those” ān ˝¸ <ZK> “that(there)” Notes: Onlyōyandimhavepluralforms:awēšānandimēšān(Manicheanalsoimīn). awēšāntendstobeusedasgeneralplural;imēšānisusedwithnounsin-ān. ēn,ēd,andāncanbeusedwithsingularandpluralnouns,includingnounsin-ān. ēdiscommonlyusedtorefertothetextorthesituationinwhichasentenceisspoken:“thisoneinquestion,thisthatwehavebeentalkingabout,thefollowing,”etc.

LESSON10

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im“this”istheleastfrequentofthenear-deicticpronouns;itismainlyusedinexpressionssuchasimrōz“thisday,today.”Thepluralimēšānisveryrare. ōy,awēšānisalsousedasapersonalpronoun“he,she,it;they.”Examples:ēndaštnēkudgōrēdarwas“thisplainisfineandwildassesareplentifulhere”padgōwišnīhīohrmazdpaydāgkūēdtōmašīgāwu-tēdǰōrdā“in/bythestatementofOhrmazditismanifest:

Thisisyourcow,Mašī,andthis(is)yourbarley.”ānsālwārānbawēd“thatyeartherewillberain”(inpredictions)Gayōmarddaxšagōmandīhēdkūmardōmazōytōhmagpadānhangōšīdagzādhēnd“Gayōmard’s‘havinga

mark’isthis(thefollowing):peoplewerebornfromhisseedinthatsimilarmanner”Notetheexpressionsēdrāy“forthisreason,”padēddār-“tothink,estimate”:ēdrāystarīagumēzagīhxwānēnd“forthisreasontheycall(them)‘thestarsun(touchedby)theMixture’”padēddārēndkūēk-tāghēnd“theythinktheyarealone”

Notealsotheuseofēn...ānas“this...that,one...theother”:kazarmānmardpadēndaragandaršawēdaburnāyīpanzdah-sālagpadāndaragbērōnāyēd“whenanoldman

goesinthroughthis(one)door,hecomesoutthroughthat(theother)doorasa15year-oldyouth” Aspecialuseofthedemonstrativepronounsisseeninexpressionssuchasēnnām“thisfame,”thatis,“thefameforthisdeed.”THE VERB. INFINITIVES Infinitivesareformedintwoways: 1.“short”infinitivesareidenticalwiththepastparticiple 2.“long”infinitivesareformedfromthepaststembyadding-an:<-tn',-ʾtn',-ytn',-(y)stn'>,e.g.: Sincetheonlyorthographicdifferencebetweentheshortandthelonginfinitivesisthefinalstroke,theycannotalwaysbedistinguished,butweknowfromManicheanMiddlePersianandmodernPersianthattheyexisted. framūdan WWTnLP <plmwtn'> “tocommand,order” āmadan WWTWWtåD <YATWNtn'> “tocome” madan WWt˜ <mtn'> “tocome” estādan WWtÅWnYWkY <YKOYMWNʾtn'> “tostand” frēstīdan WWtDWWwïH <ŠDRWNytn'> “tosend” pursīdan WWtŸJWWP <pwrsytn'> “toask” nišastan WWtJWWYtD <YTYBWNstn'> “tosit” dwāristan WWtŸjlA|wY <dwbʾlystn'> “torun” kerdan WWTWK <krtn'> “todo” or:WWTWwïÅW <OBYDWNtn'> griftan WWTplY <glptn'> “totake,seize” or:WWTWwïÅW <OHDWNtn'>

LESSON10

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Notes: Theverbmadan“come”(=āmadan)hasnopresentstem. WWTWK<krtn'>isprobablymorecommonthanWWTWwïÅW<OBYDWNtn'>.

WWTWwïÅW<OHDWNtn'>isprobablymorecommonthanWWTplY<glptn'>.USES OF THE INFINITIVE TheinfinitiveisusedlargelyasinEnglish.NotethatitsometimesneedstobetranslatedintoEnglishasapassive.Inf init ive as subjec t, direct object , possessive nūn-itnimāyambūdanīristāxēzudtanīpasēn“nowI(will)showyouthebecoming(comingintoexistence)of

theResurrectionandtheFinalBody(=howtheR.comesabout)”u-mxwēškārīhudfrēzwānīhēnkūohrmazdpadastīhudakanāragīhudabēzagīhahrimenpadnēstīhudwanī-

būdīhmenīdan“andmydutiesandobligations(are)this:tothinkaboutOhrmazdasbeing,aslimitlessandpure,(but)aboutAhrimenasnotbeingandassomeonethatwillbedestroyed”

kahangāmīxwarišnxwardanīānkirmbawēdēdōnkunē“whenthetimecomesforthatKirmtoeat[lit.:thatKirm’stimetoeatfood],thenyou(shall)dothus(=asfollows)”

Inf init ive with verbs Theinfinitiveisusedwithverbsmeaning“toorder,command”and“towish”toexpressfuture:ēdōnframāyēdnibištan“heorders(him)towriteasfollows”paddēngōwēdkūdušpādixšāyīhīawēšānsarkāmēdbūdan“itsaysintheReligionthattheirevilrulewillcometo

anend”With“give”:āwarēndwišudzahrīmārudgazdumudabārīg-izxrafstarīpaddōšoxu-šxwarddahēnd“theybringvenomand

poisonfromsnakes,scorpions,andtheothercreepsinHellandgivehimtoeat”Withimpersonalconstructions:

Ontheconstructionsofimpersonalverbs,seeLesson9.Theseoftentaketheshortinfinitive.Examples:čēsazēdbūdan“whatcanitbe?”ardašīrwiderdannēšāyist“Ardaxšīrwasunabletocross(over).”čandwehšāyēdkerbagwarzīdan“Howwellcanoneperformgooddeeds?”u-tāngriftannētuwān“and(itwill)not(be)possibleforyou=youwillnotbeabletoseize(him,them,etc.)”dēwānandarēbgadīhayōxšustwanīykerdannētuwān“duringtheInvasion,thedemonsareunabletodestroythe

metal”drustāmadhētōardāwirāzka-tahanūzāmadzamānnēbūd“welcome,righteousWirāz,(whohavecome)when

itwasnotyetthetimeforyoutocome”pidarudmādarfrazendīxwēšrāyēnandkārudkerbagpēšazpanzdahsālbēhammōxtanabāyēd“Afatherand

mothershouldteachthesemany(=thefollowing)worksandgooddeedstotheirownchildbeforeitreachesfifteenyears(ofage).”

u-šān...guftanabāyēd“itbehovesthemtosay”>“theyshouldsay.”ōykē-špadēnfrahangudrāzhammōxtankāmagbūd“hewhowishedtobetaughtinthislearningandsecret”

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With preposit ions abar“about,for(thesakeof)”:

xwarrahpadānhangāmmadōWaēgirdīHōšangīpēšdādabarwinnārdanandargēhāndādīdehgānīhudgēhānwarzīdārīhuddahībedīhīgēhānpānagīh“atthattime,theFortunecametoWaēgirdsonofHōšangPēšdādforthesakeofestablishingintheworldthelawoflandownership,thecultivationandoverlordshipoftheworld,thatis,theprotectionoftheworld”

abaragārēnīdanīabārōn-dādīhudwad-kunišnīhībanīgsrāyēl“aboutundoing(howtoundo)theevillawsandevildeedsofBanīIsrāyīl”

pad“inorderto,for”:

padmarnǰēnīdantagabarkerd“heattackedtodestroy(it)”Ardawānspāhudgundīārāstagabāgpusīxwēšōpārspadgriftanīardaxšīrfrēstīd“Ardawānsentanequipped

armyandforcewithhisownsontoPārsinordertoseizeArdaxšīr”Prepositionsoftime:

tāmadanīēbgad“untilthecomingoftheInvasion”tānišastanīhešm“untiltheangerhassubsided”pasazmadanīgizistagAliksandarīhrōmāyīg“afterthecomingoftheaccursedAlexander,theRoman”pēšazmadanīōgāwohrmazdmangībēšāzōgāwpadxwardandād“before(theAdversary)cametothebull,

Ohrmazdgavethebullmedicinalhashishtoeat”With rāy , pad . . . rāy “in order to , for . . . -ing” gumānkerdanīmardōmānpadēndēnrāy“inordertomakepeopledoubtfulaboutthisreligion”ānābpadfrašegerdristwirāstanrāyandarabāyēd“thatwaterisneededattheFraškerdinordertorestorethe

dead”In enumerations padgētīyfradompaddēnāstawānbūdandidīgarzankerdanudpaywandīgētīyrāyēnīdan...udpadēnabēgumān

būdan“inthisworld,firstly,tohavefaithinthereligion;secondly,tomarryandarrangecontinuationofone’slineinthisworld...andtobewithoutdoubt(=havenodoubt)aboutthis(=thefollowing)”

THE USE OF DERIVED NOUNS INSTEAD OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSES Thenounsin-īh,especiallythosemadefromcompounds,areoftenusedmuchinthesamewayasinfinitives.Theycan,andshould,oftenbetranslatedasfullclauses.Noteespeciallytheuseofrāyinsuchconstructions. Examples:u-mmardōmīhazMahlīyudMahliyānīy“andmybeingahumanbeing(comes)from(beingdescendedfrom)

MahlīyudMahliyānīy=IamahumanbeingbecauseIam(descended)fromMahlīyudMahliyānīy”sagpadhamēstārīhīgurg-sardagānudpānagīhīgōspandānkerdanrāydādestēd“thedoghasbeenestablished

(‘created’)inordertoopposethewolf-speciesandtoprotectthedomesticanimals”didAhrimengōwēdkūbēhāzamharwispoxīastōmandōadōstīhītōdōstīhīman“thenAhrimensays:‘Iwill

leadtheentirebonyexistencetonotbefriendlytoyou,(but)tobefriendlytome’”

LESSON10

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Notehowphrasesarechangedintoadjectivesandadjectivesarechangedintonouns:garānwināh(wināhīgarān)“aheavysin” >mardīgarān-wināh“aheavy-sinman=amanwhocommits(isguiltyof)heavysins” >garān-wināhīhīānmardrāy“onaccountoftheheavy-sin-nessofthatman=becausethatmanhad

committed(wasguiltyof)suchheavysins”mard-ēwkē-šgōwišnrāst“amanwhosespeechistruthful” >mardīrāst-gōwišn“atruthfully-speakingman” >padrāst-gōwišnīhīēnmard“throughthetruthfully-speakingofthisman=becausethismanspeaksthe

truth”harwisp-āgāh“all-knowing” >Ohrmazdharwisp-āgāhīhrāy“becauseofOhrmazd’sall-knowing-ness=becauseO.knows/knewall”wišāddwār-“runaboutuntied(i.e.,withouttyingthekusti) >wišād-dwārišnīhwināhīgarān“goingabout(withthekusti)untiedisaheavysin”

SENTENCES10 Analyzethefollowingsentences,andidentifythearameograms: / WtDWtjA Wwa¬G ^ saÒPWtÅP WwaHwY x áÒ WwaDWwlY MWkL ^ eLKKC| ? !

bazzakkarīhīašmāhdruwandānrāyandardōšoxpādufrāhīgarānwēnēd“onaccountofyourevil-doing,(you)wickedones,youwillsee(experience)heavypunishmentinHell=Fortheevildeedsyouhavedone,Oevilones...”

/ WwABwL ^ Wwaå¸ N WtDwY WWT ^ EwaDTP W WwßlaD WWtJWwaDW| WtdaH WWwˆDC ? 2

čiyōnšāyēdxwāstandārišnudpadēxwīhītanǰudazzyānīruwān“howisitpossibletoseektheupkeepandprosperityofthebodywithoutharmof(to)thesoul?”

/ WtDWwsaD ßYP EthA áÒ AwA W WklAcÅ nLW x a˜wAwA à WtDWwsaD AwA WWP ? 3

padēddārēdkūOhrmazdandarōyačāragudēdrāyāštīhpēšdārēd“hethinksthatOhrmazdishelplessagainsthimandforthisreasonisofferingpeace”

/ WWt¸ Wt¬Y> W WWtååJ WwßLwA WWTWK MWt¬M ^ WKtjLP EtD<vˆÅ x ßAtÅ OW WtdaÂLP ? 4

framāyēdōātaxšandarēbgadīhparistagīmardōmkerdanxwarišnsāxtanuddardzadan“heordersthefiretoservemankindduringthetimeaftertheInvasion,tomakefoodandtostrikepain(illness)”

/ áÒ WwÍcdMwY x WwaÒwßYK ^ lAt¬AWW WtDWnYWI WtJWTP Ä YWB 1LwßYK AWK N LwßYK 34 N ? 23

azhaftkišwarazharwkišwar-ēwband-ēwpaywastestēdwinnārdārīkišwarānandargumēzišnrāy “fromeachindividualcontinentamongthesevencontinentsabondistiedtoserveasupholderofthe

continentsintheMixture(tokeepthecontinentsintheirplaces)” / WwaåD WwaDWwˆ˜ N MWtDNwAnˆD< à WTPwˆåD WwaÅt˜ WkaÂA WWP à WtDWWWwmY CNwY áÒ WWt˜ ? 33

Mihrrāyēn-izgōwēdkūpadhamāgdehāndahībedkūxwarrahōmandtomazmēnōyānyazdān “AboutMihrhesaysthefollowing,too:Heisthetown-masterofalltowns,i.e.,heisthemostendowedwith

Fortuneofallthegodsintheotherworld”

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nMT à LTwÍwL WtDcÅT AWB WWT NwˆÒ N ^ EwÍwL N WtDWWvYtD WKTK LTWwLx ^ ã x WIWK NwY tÂA ? 34

/ YwYwˆhAW WcÒWB ßAtÅ à

kaēnkanīgandarānīandarrōntarkadagnišīnēdazrōšnīhīazimtanbētābēdrōšntarkūānōhkūātaxšburzwaxšēnēnd“whenthisyoungwomansitsintheinnermostroom,(then,)fromthelightthatshinesoutfromthisbody(ofhers,itbecomes)brighterthantherewheretheylightatallfire.”

/ WtdAcÅ WtJWwaDW| WklAC Wwa˜à WTWWwaD NwY q aDwM WKwYwˆÅ YBK W ? 44

udwas-ēwēnagsaxwanabarēnbūdkū-mānčāragxwāstanabāyēd“therewasvarioustalk(discussion)aboutthis,(namely)that:Wemustseekameans.”

WtåD WWP WWTWK ßAtÅ ^ WcdlaÅP WwaHWN Wwa˜ ã N ßAtÅ ^ Wwa¬AtÒW| N WwÍc¬Y LItD ? 333

/ WtDwL WtåD WWP WWTWK ßAtÅ ^ WcdlaÅP WwaHWWMWwa˜ ã ØW

didīgargarzišnazburdārānīātaxšazānmānkē-šānpahrēzīātaxškerdanpad-dādōānmānkē-šānpahrēzīātaxškerdanpad-dādnēst“Second,thecomplaintaboutthosewhocarrythefirefromadwellingwheretheircaringforthefireisaccordingtothelawtoadwellingwhereitisnotaccordingtothelaw”

WimY N ÍW ã ? WtådMwY q WimY WWP EIwY W ÍW ÍcÅ WTWwLTK x WimY WWP WKtÒN ^ LtJpLA ã ? º

/ WTWwlZW WTwLP ía¬Z x WvMwYWcå¬Y ^ WtDfJ ^ EpLK aŸJwS WWP LthYT áÒ WWTW]J AWB

ānxrafstarīmurdagpadzamīgandarmāndu-šwišudgandagīhpadzamīgabargumēxt.ānwišazzamīgbēburdanrāyTištarpadasp-kerbīhīspēdīdrāz-dumbandarzrēyfrōdšud. “Thatdeadxrafstarremainedinsidetheearth,anditspoisonandfoulnesswasmixedintotheearth.Toremove

thatpoisonfromtheearth,Tištarwentdownintotheoceanintheformofawhitehorsewithalongtail”

TEXTS10TEXTS 10.1 FromtheMēnōyxrad3 / à WtŸJWWP Wt¬A YWwˆ˜ N WkAwaD

/ Lt¬YwA|WT WN WwaHwslY N W LtHwslY WN Wwa¬YwA|WT N

/ à WtDWwˆÅW WwaJP Wt¬A YWwˆ˜

áÒ MwYN ^ WWTWB ßYW W YwSWwA aÒ WtdA ߈¸ ã WWP WN LtHwslY nLW Wwa¬YwA|WT N

/ WtDW]J laÂYT

áÒ MwYN ^ WWTWB ßYW W YwSWwA WtDWnYWI Wt˜ ^ ã WWP WN Lt¬YwA|WT nLW WwaHwslY N W

/ WtdßSwA aÒ

dānāgazmēnōyxradpursēdkūaztuwāngarānkēdriyōštarudazdriyōšānkētuwāngartar.mēnōyxradpassoxkunēdkūaztuwāngarānōydriyōštarkēpadānī-šastnēhunsandudwēšbūdanītisrāytēmārbarēd.udazdriyōšānōytuwāngartarkēpadānīmadēstēdhunsandudwēšbūdanītisrāynēhandēšēd. TheknowledgeablemanasksthedivineWisdom: Whoisthepooreramongtherich,andwhoisthericheramongthepoor? ThedivineWisdonanswers: Amongtherich,heisthepoorerwhoisnotcontentwithwhathehasandworriesabouthow(his)stuffcan

becomemore.

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And,amongthepoor,heisthericherwhoiscontentwithwhathascome(tohim)anddoesnotthinkabouthow(his)stuffcanbecomemore.

TEXTS 10.2 FromtheMēnōyxrad21 / à WtŸJWWP Wt¬A YWwˆ˜ N WkAwaD

/ aÒ WPwˆÅ WWTWK WtdaH nÍPW ØW ìtJ ^ WKtjAwA W WBC EkahAWT WWP / à WtDWwˆÅW WwaJP Wt¬A YWwˆ˜

/ WtdaH aÒ WWTWK nÍPW ØW WtDWnYWI WtDwˆådL| aÒ ^ EKwYW ã EkahAWT WWP

/ WtDWWtÂaD AWB ˆ¸K áÒ EkahAWT WtDWnYWI WtDwˆådL| ^ ã AWB

/ LbYcÅ ìtJ WWP NTwL aÒ WtåD ÍtÂA EkahAWT AWB

÷ Wtda¸cÅ WKWcåÒT WWP W WtDWWtÂaD WtååÒP ØW YWwˆ˜ WWP çøaÅ AWB

dānāgazmēnōyxradpursēdkūpadtuxšāgīhxīrudxwāstagīgētīyōxwēššāyēdkerdanayābnē.mēnōyxradpassoxkunēdkūpadtuxšāgīhānnēkīhīnēbrēhēnīdēstēdōxwēškardannēšāyēd.bēānībrēhēnīdēstēdtuxšāgīhrāyahīybērasēd.bētuxšāgīhka-šyazdnēabāgpadgētīyabēbarbēpas-izpadmēnōyōfrayādrasēdudpadtarāzūgabzāyēd. TheknowledgeablemanasksthedivineWisdom: Isitpossibletomakethepropertyofthisworldone’sownbydiligence? ThedivineWisdonanswers: Bydiligence,itisnotpossibletomakeone’sownthatgoodnessthathasnotbeen(already)assigned(assuchby

thedivine). Butthatwhichhasbeen(so)assignedcomesearlierbydiligence. Butdiligenceinthisworld,when/ifitdoesnothavethegods/thelawwithit,bearsnofruits. But,afterward,intheotherworld,itcomesto(one’s)aidandincreases(theamountofgoodthings)onthe

scale.TEXTS 10.3 FromtheRivayatofĀdur-farrbay

/ Ww˙JWWP

WwaHnLW áhAtÅP AWvY ã WtdAcÅ x EnßYW WWP nÍPW ^ NtåÅ WPwˆÅ nÍPW ^ NTWV WWM AWvY

/ aÒ WPwˆÅ WtDWWwaD esYWtDwA ^ WKPWK WtDWwˆÅW tÂA / WWTWK EnßYW WWP vmaÅtJ WWP pursišn.mardkēduxtīxwēšayābxwahīxwēšpadzanīhandarabāyēdānmardpādixšāyawēšānpadstahmpad

zanīhkerdan.kakunēdkerbagīxwēdōdahīhbawēdayābnē. Q:Amanwhoneedshisdaughterorsisteraswife,isthatmanauthorizedtomakeherhiswifebyforce?Ifhe

doesit,willhegetthemeritof“xwēdōdah”(=forperformingxwēdōdah)?Notes: Hepresumably“needs”themforlegalpurposesofpropertyand/orinheritance. xwēdōdah,ornext-of-kinmarriage,was(apparently)widelypracticedinSasanianIran,althoughoften,itseems,forpurelypractical(legal)purposes.

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/ WwaJP

/ MWtDwA NwA WwSC

/ AtdlÍ WWTWK nßYW vmaÅtJ WWP WKwYwˆÅ ã WWP NTWV WPwˆÅ NtåÅ

/ WtDWWwaD W˚ esYWtDwA ^ WKPWK WPwA EnßYW WtDWwˆÅW tÂA

/ sAWW W AtdlÍ aÒ WWTWK AwsmA aÒ YwÍ tÂA

passox.čiyōnandānam.xwahayābduxtpadānēwēnagpadstahmzankerdanpādixšāy.kakunēdzanīhxōbkerbagīxwēdōdahīhōhbawēd.kašōynēhamdādestānkerdannēpādixšāyudwināh.

A:AsIknowit:Heisauthorizedtomakeasisterordaughterhiswifeinthatmannerbyforce.Ifhedoes,thenthewife-hoodis“good,”andhegetsthemeritforperformingxwēdōdahintheusualway.If(her)husbanddoesnotagree,heisnotauthorized,anditisa“sin.”

Notes: pādixšāymeans“authorized(bylaw).” Notethatthesuffix-īhinxwēdōdahīhservestoquotetheword(legalterm)xwēdōdah. Notetheuseofōhtomean“intheusual,standard,way.” Notetheuseofxōb“good”tomean“valid.”TEXTS 10.4 FromtheHērbedestān,aboutthevicissitudesofaccompanyingawomanawayfromherhometopursuereligiousstudies.

/ ABwY WwaÅW tÂA WkLcÅ WklAkßA tÂA WtDwYkAcÅ áÒ µlaHwY> WWTWtŸ:J tÂA

WtDWtŸ:J aÒ :jaÅ x ÍcÅ WtDWwsaD aÒ q W≥aD ÍcÅ WtDWwly>Y> EwÍwˆ˜ WWTWtŸ:J WWP ÍtÂA WtDWWwaD ã

/ ABwY< WwaÅW tÂA WkLcÅ WklAkßA tÂA :jaÅ WWP tÂA

kagādandōšāramrāyabāgēnēdkaāškāragapparagkanihānduzzānbawēdka-špadgādan-menišnīhnayēdu-šǰāmagabarnēdārēdu-šandarhāsrnēgāyēdkapadhāsrkaāškāragapparagudkanihānduzz Whenheaccompanies(her)becauseofdesiretohavesexwith(her),ifitisintheopen(heis)a‘robber’,ifin

secreta‘thief’. Theaboveobtainswhenheleadsherwiththeintentionofhavingsexwith(her),buthedoesnotlifther

garmentanddoesnothavesexwithherwithinaleague(fromherhouse). (Theaboveistobeinterpretedasfollows:)Ifhedoesnothavesexwithheratonehāsr,(then)ifitisinthe

open,heisa‘robber’andifinsecreta‘thief’.Note: Theterms‘robber’and‘thief’aretechnicallegaltermsandclearlyreferstooffencescommittedopenly(‘robber’)orinsecret(‘thief’). ānbawēdisatechnicaltermmeaning“thatobtains,thatisthecase(when).” Notethecontrastandarhāsr“withinaleague”andpadhāsr“ataleague(’sdistance).”

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EXERCISES101.Addthetranscriptionstothesesentencesandtranslatethem: / WtDWWwaD lAtådlaÅP sAWW N W WtDWWwaD WkahAWT WWTWwˆÅW WKPWK WWP ? ! padkerbagkerdantuxšāgbawēdudazwināhpahrēxtārbawēd

/ WtDWwLTK aÒ WTWkA WtdAcÅ WWTWK ^ WkPWK W lAK Tà WcÒW oA WfjaHWB ? 2

<bwšʾsp'ALwlc'AYKtkʾlWkrpk'Ykrtn'ʾʾdt'ʾkrt'LAKTLWNyt'> WWtÅWB WkaÅwÍwY ^ WwaHwY W YWwlY> ‹ N W WWt˜ WwaåD ^ WwÍwYW W WthAW OW WKwYwˆÅ nM WWP ? 3

/ WtdaH

padčēēwēnagōwahištudwēnišnīyazdānmadanudazAhrimenīdruwanduddōšoxīdušwahāgbōxtanšāyēd. ìWWwaD aÒ lATc¬Y< WwaåH ^ WtåD> WWP à WwˆÅ øA lAwlahYP nlˆÒ N . 4

/ YwˆHK aÒ WwaHwY> ØW aåH áÒ sAWW ã TcÅ

<MNLGLEpyšʾlwʾlALOBYDWNAYKPWNdʾt'YŠDYʾn'glptʾlLAYHWWNydAPtZKwnʾslʾdŠDYAOLdwšhw'LAkšynd>

kL W L q WwAwˆ¬A à ìWtDwA nÍPWV kL à WtÅWnYWI WtHPW WWWtdA lyßadlA OW WkpAP ^ WkmÍ WWP ? 23

/ WtdA AtdlÍ W lATWkmAK WKtjAwA W WBC W adA W WWT WWP WwaåJ x ^ ATwÍwA WwaD>BK W

WcÒW WWTnÍPW WwˆÅW elAtÒWB WwaÂLP W EKwAkwˆÅ à LtååJ NwY kL OW L ^ Wc¬YwA CWWK W

/ / lAcJcÅ oA ETWB WwY◊wA OW

padnāmagīPābagōArdaxšīrēdōnnibištestādkūtōxwaddānēkūArdawānabarmanudtōudwasānmardōmīandargēhānpadtanudgyānudxīrudxwāstagkām-kerdārudpādixšāyast.

udnūn-izhandarzīmanōtōēnsaxttarkūēkānagīhudframān-burdārīhkunxwēštanwarzōwanī-būdīhmaabespār.

WWTWW˝JP WtdaH Wt¬AK WWP ^ EIwY W WWTWwˆÅW WtdaH nS WWP ^ lAT à WtDWWWwmY áÒ WwaHwY ? 33

YWNwA WkAT WKwˆÅ à YWwsaD AwA WWP YWwˆÅW saÒPtÅP !WtJTW x AWvY + tÅ W

/ LtdlS EkAT WKwˆÅ ^ saÒPtÅP ÍcÅ

dōšoxrāygōwēdkūtārīpaddastšāyēdgriftanudgandagīhīpadkārdšāyēdbrīdanudagar1000mardandarwidest-ēwpādifrāhkunēndpadēddārēndkūēk-tāghēndu-špādifrāhīēk-tāgīhwattar.

? WWTWwE lesAfJ wïDA ? 34

/ WtDWWtÂE aÒ WwaHwY OW WwABwL à WWTWK WwABWT à NwY elesAfJ WWP nM

1YWB aådYWwï˜ WtåÅWtjA ÍwïDA WtDWwlZW LtdmA ^ nsLK OW LtDbA ^ WtHWP N tÂAMWtÒM nM

/ WtDWtdmL nLWC OW x

ēgspāsdārbūdan.čēpadspāsdārīhēnkūtuwānkerdankūruwānōdōšoxnērasēd.čēmardōmkaazpuštīpidarōaškombīmādaršawēdēg-išAstwihādmēnōyīhāband-ēw andarōgrīwabganēd.

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WwaHtÂA WKwˆÅ WKwˆÅ WtDWwllmY mÍ SwaHwS W aåÂLtdÍwA W LtdÍwA ^ WthAWt¬Z ^ NWB 3 ã ? 44

WtDWwlZW îJwaDK ^ adM ã ØW áÒ WWTWwllA nßYwL !WIWK à WtDWWwaD WWWtdA WtDWWtÂaD nÍPW ^ WKwaÂZ

/ YWwa¬Z WWWtdA nÍPW ^ WKwaÂZ WWP WKwˆÅ WKwˆÅ WwaHnLW WtDWWwaD WWtJWcÅ WtDcdMwY< WWT ØW x nS< ÍcÅ

ān3pusīZarduxštīUšīdarudUšīdarmāhudSōšānsnāmgōwēdēkēkka-šānzamānagīxwēšrasēdēdōnbawēdkūkanīg-ēwsaršustanrāyōānābīKayānsīyšawēdu-šxwarrahandarōtangumēzēdābustanbawēdawēšānēkēkpadzamānagīxwēšēdōnzāyēnd

2.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtranscriptions:anāgīh frāxkerd stadan aDwM WBC Wwaå˜

āwām gētīy tuxšāg ÄTwA WcDWwa¬ˆÅ WwAtjmYāwarēd gizistag warzīdan EkAwA WklAC WwÍcDayāb gōspand widerdan EklaÅtDP WklYTP WWtDcÒW

azabar hištan xīr EKwYW WKtJcD WWtÒTW

baxt kišwar xrad elAkßYwA WPwˆÅ WWTWWiÍčārag mān xwadāy GwïDLP Wt¬A WWTWwïJwY

dānēnd mayān xwēškārīh î¬Z WtDWwYtdaD WWwYcD

dibīr nēkīh yazišn ìtJ WtjlABwY YWfJwY

dwārist padīrag zamestān kahAWT WTWKwaåÒP YWtDwA

ērānwēz petyāragīh zrēy LPcÅ WTWWklA µABwA

frasang saxwan LwßYK Wwa˜

3.Transliterate,transcribe,andtranslate: / Y<wsLP YBK WWP WKtJWK ã OW WTWKwaåÒP ^ î¬Z ^ LPcÅ WwajaÒwA ^ WtJWK WWP WcdY<WK ? !

/ WwAKtÅPWWtÅ ^ WKtJWK WWP WcDWwa¬ˆÅ

/ LtåÅcÅ ^ WtJWK WWP WwAtJwYC OW WwAtJkLWT ^ aåÒ WWP WwAtJWKwS ^ WimY

/ WwAkmY> ^ WPWK ^ lYcÅ WTWkmY ^ LW à YWwllmY WWWtdA ? slAP ^ Wwaå˜ WTWkmY ^ LW

/ WwAtJwY>wA x lˆÂÍK

? WtdA nMT WWK W slAP ^ WKtJWK OW WTWwlZW WTWWiLW lyßadlA à WkAtDP WWWtdA ? 2

/ WwABWT aÒ WWTWwˆÅW ã N oaÅ WtdaH aÒ WWTWwˆÅW MwY 3 Y>W tÅ W

/ YWwˆ˜ ^ ã WwSC WtDWnYWI WTWWklA WtjaÒ WWWtdA EwßaD>WW| WWP ìtJ ^ WBC ? 3 a˜wAwA N áÒ WWTWWklA aåDkAcJ W aåDtjaÒ WWB ØW WwßaD> W ÂaD> NwY WWP ^ EKwYW WwSnaÅ W

/ WTWwlYkM

EklaÅtDP WWP a˜wAwA ^ WwaÂaD> N EKwYW ã ^ WWTWwïJwY AWB W WWTPwÍW WWP ‹ øaÅ W

/ WtjlABwY x WtdAcÅ WWtJWwaDW| WklAC Wwa˜à WTWB NwY q lAkSwA W aDwM WKwYwˆÅ YBK W ? 4

WtDWwYtdaD eaÅkA WwaDWwˆ˜ N W WtDWwlZW 1ßÄ WwaÂY>W

YWtDwA AWB YWNwA ÂaDwA NwY x ^ MWt¬M à

µYWwYtdaD WKTWK WWP NwL ^ elsadÍwY W EcåDtÅP W Y<wlYW W WwAKwYWcÅ W WWwlY> W WwÍcD NwY à

WwaåååH ØW WPwˆÅ WtDWWtÂaD WwaåD ØW / aÒ WPwˆÅ WtDWWtÂaD NwL ^ WwABwL ^ WtååÒP ØW W

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4.TranslateintoPahlaviandwriteinPahlavi:1. Whenwearrivedin(=to)Babylon,wecametoariverwhichwecouldnotcross.2. ItsaysintheAvestathat,inĒrānwēz,thewinteristenmonthsandthesummertwomonths.3. UntiltheresurrectionandtheFinalBody,onemustbeinHellinmuchevilandmanykindsofpunishment.4. Gōbedšāh’shouseisinĒrānšahrinthecontinentofXwanīrah,butthereis(one)whosayshewasrulerof

Sogdiana,whichisontheroadfromXwarāsāntoChina.5. IntheHērbedestānthereismuchtalkabout(abar)howtobecomeapriestlyteacher,andtheNīrangestānis

abouthowtoperformtheyasnatothegodsproperly.6. TheaccursedkingoftheXioniansorderedthescribetowriteasfollowsinaletter:Youmustrelinquishthat

Mazdayasnianreligion!Ifnot,wewillcomeagainstyouwith10,000TuranianwarriorsandwewillkillalltheIranians.

7. Inthisworld,oneshould,first,believeinthedēn;second,marry;third,cultivatetheearth;fourth,tend(cultivate)cattleaccordingtothelaw;fifth,one-thirdofthedayandone-thirdofthenightgotoschoolandinquireabout(ask)thewisdomoftherighteous;one-thirdofthedayandone-thirdofthenightbediligentinone’sduties,andone-thirdofthedayandone-thirdofthenightbehappyandrelax.

ADDITIONALREADINGS10ADDITIONAL READINGS 10.1 FromBundahišn9.12,20,11A.2-3

? WWB ÍcÅ slAP WkaÂA ^ WPWK WtDBwY WwˆjLWpA à WtdA adM WPWK WwˆjLWpA WcÒWvlA N WtDwY à WtDWWWnY CNwY

/ WtdA 1aDT WwajaÒwA CWWP WwAtJCwA WWP nßYwL ÍcÅ WwAtJ˝J WWP WWB ßA

/ WKtJWK ã W Wwa:J< W WwAtjLPT WWP ^ ã WPWK lg<LwaHTP

ēn-izgōwēdkūǰudazHarburzAbursēnkōfmehastkūAbursēngōwēdkōfīhamāgPārsaz-išbun ā-šbunpadSagestānu-šsarpadHūzestānpad-izXwarāsāntēx-ēwast.PadišxwargarkōfānīpadTabarestānudGēlānudānkustag. This,too,itsays:AsidefromHarburz,MountAbursēnisthelargest,for,(asfor)Abursēnitsaysthemountains

ofallofPārshavetheiroriginfromit,soitsbeginningisinSagestānanditsendinHūzestān,andithasonebranchinXwarāsān.

WtDcdL aå¬Z ØW WwAtJwY>wA WWP W WtDWwlZW MWB Y>wS WWP W WtdlYTW AWB WwajaÒwA WWP WTwL aDW

/ YWtdLK CWTwL WwAKwY>wA W YWtdLK WTwL WwaÒt˜ nMT ÍcÅ

à AwA EtåÒP ÍcÅ WtDcdL WtdL%> ØW W WtdlYTW WwAtjLwsA WWP MwlA ^ Y>nYW N WwaÅWWV WTwL WtåÒP

/ Y>WWK WwßLwA WimY q

Weh-rōdpadXwarāsānbēwiderēdudpadSindbūmšawēdudpadHindūstānōzrēyrēzēdu-šānōhMihrānrōdxwānēndudHindūgānrōd-izxwānēnd.

FrādrōdbunxānazwimandīHrōmpadAsūrestānwiderēdudōDaǰlitrēzēd u-šfrādīhēdkūabarzamīgxwarišnkund. Note:Recalltheshortformkundforkunēd(Lesson9). TheriverWehpassesthroughXwarāsānandgoestothelandofSind,anditpoursintotheseainIndia.There

theycallittheriverMihrān,andtheyalsocallittheriveroftheIndians. ThesourceofriverEuphratespassesfromtheborderwithRomethroughAsūrestānandflowsintotheTigris.

Anditiscalled‘Frād’becauseitproducesfoodthroughouttheearth.

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ADDITIONAL READINGS 10.2 FromMēnōyxrad61.6,26-27 / WtDWnYWI WkAwïD à nlˆÒ 3 ^ AnA / Ww˙JWWP

/ WtDWWbYtD ÍkLW ^ î¬Z ^ Wwaå˜ nlˆÒ 3 ^ AnA / WwaJP

WtdlAW leA WIwAcÅ W WwAtHY> W áJW OW ^ eM WwSnaÅ

÷ WtDWwïÅW laådÍwY W EI WwÍWtjA WWP WwSnaÅ WtDWWtÂE nlˆÒ 3 ^ AnA OW tÂA

pursišn.xarīsē-pāykūgyāgestēd.passox.xarīsē-pāymayānīzrēyīwarkašnišīnēd.hāmōyēnābīōnasāyuddaštānudabārīghixrwārēdkaōxarīsē-pāyrasēdhāmōyēnpadwēnišnpākudyōǰdahrkunēd. Q.Whereisthethree-leggeddonkey? A.Thethree-leggeddonkeysitsintheW.Sea. Allthewaterthatrainsondeadbodies,menstrualdischarge,andotherexcretions, whenitcomestothethree-leggeddonkey,itmakesitallcleanandpurebylookingatit.

ADDITIONAL READINGS 10.3 FromtheMēnōyxrad61.8,31-36

/ WkAwïD µATk WWP aåHTPwY / Ww˙JWWP

/ slYWwA ^ LwßYK x WcDWwa¬Ä WWP aåHTPwY / WwaJP

/ MWt¬M LPcÅ Y>W WWtÂYW N W AWWT WWtÂYW Y>W nlˆÒ N W

WtDcdL áÂA aå¬Z OW lAwZ W WtDWwïÅW áÂA WwaåD ^ WwÍcD W WtDWWvYtD lAB aÂY WWP lAnA W

/ YWtdmY AWB aå¬Z x LtJplA lmA EwÍcdL lAwZ ˝¸ WWP äL WN

LtJplA lmA ˝¸ à WtDcdL aÒ aå¬Z ˝¸ OW lAwZ ˝¸ W WtDWwïÅW aÒ elYwÍcD ˝¸ nLW Wtjg<LP tÅ nM WwßlAW WWwsC WtdlAW WWWtdA LtJplA WtdlAW WwßlAW tÂA áÂA WwsA ? WtdaŸJcÅ AWB

pursišn.Gōbedšāhpadkadāmgyāg.passox.GōbedšāhpadĒrānwēzandarkišwarīXwanirahudazpāytānēmtangāwudaznēmtantāazabarmardōmudhamwārpaddrayābārnišinēdudyazišnīyazdānhamēkunēdudzōhrōzrēyhamērēzēdkērāypadānzōhr-rēzišnīhamarxrafstarandarzrēybēmīrēnd.čēagarpargastōyānyazišngarīhnēkunēdudānzōhrōānzrēynērēzēdkūānamarxrafstarbēabesīhēdēghamēkawārišnwārēdxrafstarēdōnwārēdčiyōnwārišn. Q.WhereisGōbedšāh? A.GōbedšāhisinĒrānwēzinthecontinentofXwanirah. Andfromthefeettothewaistheisabull,andfromthewaisttothetophuman. Andhealwayssitsbytheseashoreandsacrificestothegodsandpourslibationsintothesea, onaccountofwhom,bythatlibationpouring,countlessevilanimalsdieinthesea. For,Godforbidheshouldnotperformthatsacrificingandshouldnotpourthelibationsintotheoceansothat

thosecountlessevilanimalsaredestroyed,thenwheneveritrains,itrainsevilanimalslikerain.ADDITIONAL READINGS 10.4 Bundahišn24.17-18,20-21

YWWwaD AWB SWcÅ a˜wAwA ^ YKW ^ WIcÅ ^ µaD WkaÂA WtDWwïÅW a¬AK tÂA à WtDWwllmY áÒ nlˆÒ 3 ^ AnA

/ YWtdmL AWB WKtdL YWnmÍW Y<wAW ã tÂA SWcÅ ^ WIcÅ ^ LtJplA WkaÂA W

/ WimY LwßYK WTcÅ WWP WWN WtdWWwaD AWB lsadÍwY aå¬Z ^ adM WkaÂA WtDcdM ía¬Z x tÂA W

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/ / YwYcdM x YWtjA adM tÂA AnA WkaÂA MC ã CWWP W

xarī3-pāyrāygōwēdkūkawāngkunēdhamāgdāmīābīgīmādagīOhrmazdābusbēbawēnd udhamāgxrafstarīābīgīābuskaānwāngāšnawēndrēdagbēabganēnd.udkaandarzrēymēzēdhamāgābīzrēyyōǰdahrbēbawēdkēpadhaft-kišwarzamīg.udpad-izānčimhamāgxarkaābwēnēndandarmēzēnd. Itsaysaboutthethree-leggeddonkey,that,whenitbrays,allofOhramzd’sfemalecreaturesinthewater

becomepregnant,andalltheevilanimalsinthewaterthatarepregnant,whentheyhearthatsound,throw(=abort)thechildren.

Andwheniturinatesinthesea,allthewateroftheseathatisintheearthwithitssevencontinentsbecomespure.

Andforthatreason,alldonkeys,whentheyseethesea,urinateinit. / WtDWWvSwY Lt¬YcÅ áÒ nlˆÒ 3 ^ AnA ^ elAsA WWP WTWKWwaåÒP ^ aå¬Z N adM LthYT W

? WtdA nlˆÒ 3 ^ AnA ^ WwslS à WkAtDP CLBwA W

WtDWwlZW WWT ØW aåDkaÒwS WWP ^ adM ^ lAwLP W MW ã CWWP WtdA WwßLwA YWwˆ˜ çYBK tÅ nM

/ / / WtDWtdmL lAwaÒ WwslS W WcdMwY WWP

udTištarābazzrēyīFrāxkerdpadayārīhīxarīsē-pāyrāyabērtarstanēd.udambar-izpaydāgkūsargēnīxarīsē-pāyastčēagarwas-izmēnōyxwarišnastpas-izānnamud*parwālīābīpadsūrāgīhāōtanšawēd padgōmēzudsargēnabāzabganēd. TištartakesthewaterfromtheFrāxkerdSeamostlywiththehelpofthethree-leggeddonkey. Anditismanifestthat,amber,too,isthefecesofthethree-leggeddonkey. Forifthereis(too)muchfoodintheotherworld,afterwardthatmoistureand*nourishmentthatentersthe

bodythrough(itvarious)openings,itthrowsbackthroughurineandfeces.Note:Anasterisc<*>indicatesuncertainreadingofawordand,hence,uncertaintranslation.

NOTE ON POLLUTION AND PURIFICATION TERMINOLOGY Severalcentraltermsforpollutionandpurificationarefoundinthetextabove:nasāy:deadmatter,originatesfrombodiesofhumansandanimals;itispollutedbythefemaledemonNasuš,who

needstobeexorcisedbywashing(šōy-šust)orbyadoglookingatthedeadbeing.daštān:menstrualdischarge.hixr:excretedorvomitedmatter,hairandnails.pāk:clean,aboutpollutedobjectsthathavebeenwashedorhavebecomecleannaturally,e.g.,havinglainoutside

foraspecifictimeperiod.yōǰdahr:rituallycleanandusableforritualpurposes,e.g.,woodforfirewood.gōmēz:cow’sorbull’surine,usedinadditiontowatertowashpollutedobjects.

ADDITIONAL READINGS 10.5 FromSūdgarnaskinDēnkardbook9.

/ WwAtJtåda˜wAwA Y aåHWtDwY Y Wwˆjza˜ WwS ^ Ww߈>ÅtJ

/ WTWkLP ¡ˆÒ WtdA LKTwS

/ WwS ^ EWWB WWP WKwˆ¬YWwaåÅtD WwSC WKwˆ¬YWwaåÅtD WTWkLP MWtÒP

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/ WWB Wwa¬AK q ,OyliaV,Uha,äfaY, ^ WWTPwY N ^ elY<CwlYP W eY>WwaÂA q WtDWwllmY nMtÒ W

/ WtDWwlZW lAK ØW tÂA WKwˆÅ ? WWtJWwaDW| WtDWN|cD MwYN ÍtÂA WKwˆÅ ? WWTPwY WtDWN|cD MwYN ÍtÂA WKwˆÅ

/ WWTWK WtDWN|cD WwYWcÅ ÍtÂA 2

/ lABwaååD< ^ WwÍWwAvzY W EwßmAwLPWtÒ ØW tÂA 4

/ EwßLV AWB WCwlY> ØW tÂA 23

/ lAcdlAK ^ elY<CwlYP ØW tÂA 33 ? eY>WwaÂA ØW tÂA 33

/ WWTWK WtdmAK WwaDWfJwaÂA ^ WwÍWwAvzY tÂA W WwÍWwAvzY WwaDWfJwaÂA ^ ã ØW tÂA 34

/ WwÍWwAvzY laÅwLP WwABwlaÅ ^ ã ØW tÂA 44

/ WTWtdmL WtDWN|cD WimY ØW MWT ÍtÂA 333

/ WWTWWiÍ WtDWN|cD WwÍwY< ÍtÂA º

/ WtDWwlZW WWtJWwaDWV nßYW ØW tÂA 5

/ WtDWnYK aÒaÒ !PWK WWP tÂA 6

/ WTWwlZW WtdmAK Ä WkAtJwL ØW ÍtÂA 7

/ WtDWwlZW AWB aå¬YcÅ tÂA 6

/ WTWwlZW WtDWN|cD AWB g<LTW WwAcÅ ^ ã WWP ÍtÂA WKwˆÅ

WTPWY< ,OyliaV,Uha,äfaY, MWtÒP WwaåååH ^ WwÍwZ WWP à q W

stāyišnīdēnmāzdēsnīǰud-dēwīohrmazd-dādestān.Sūdgarastwīstdōfragard.fradomfragardYatā-ahū-wēryōčiyōnYatā-ahū-wēryōpad-bunīhīdēn.udēdargōwēdabaramāwandīhudpērōzgarīhīazguftanī.yaθā . ahū . vairiiō . abarkārānbun.ēkka-štiskāmēdguftan.ēkka-štiskāmēdxwāstan.ēkkaōkāršawēd.dōka-šāfrīnkāmēdkardan.sēkaōrad-franāmišnīhudyazišnīgāhānbār.čahārkaōdruzbē-barišnīh.panǰkaōamāwandīh.šaškaōperōzgarīhīkārēzār.haftkaōānīamahraspandānyazišnudkayazišnīamahraspandānkāmēdkardan.haštkaōānīahlawānfrawahryazišn.nōka-štōmōzamīgkāmēdabgand.dahka-šgušnkāmēdhištan.yāzdahkaōzanxwāstanšawēd.dwāzdahkapadkōf-ēwulāxēzēd.sēzdahka-šōrōstāg-ēwkāmēdšud.dwāzdahkaabērāhbēšawēd.ēkka-špadānīābānwidargbēkāmēdšud.udabarkūpadzanišnīdēwānfradom.yaθā . ahū . vairi iō . guft.

Notethetwoexpresssions: dēnmāzdēsn “theMazdayasniandēn” Avestandaēnamāzdaiiasniš dēnīmazdēsnān “thedēnoftheMazdayasnians” Avestan*daēnamazdaiiasnanąm*(notused)

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GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHETEXTSANDTHEEXERCISES10Idioms:abardāštan raise,liftupandarabāyēd need(impersonal)andarēnāwām inthisdayandageāsāyišnkerdan relaxbēburdan carryaway,getridofdāmuddahišn theentirecreation;cf.dām-dahišnīh“theestablishmentofthecreation”(ō)hambar- carrytogether,gather,accumulateōbun tobeone’s/theirown,toone’sstock,“asstart-upcapital”ōxwēškerdan makeone’sown,appropriatepadēddāštan hethinks,considerspadkardagāwar- employ,practicepēšdār- offerrāmišnkerdan behappy,havefunzankerdan marry Nouns,adjectives,adverbs,pronouns:

abāg NTwL <LWTE> withabāxtar LtåÅcÅ <ʾʾhtl> northabēbar LbYcÅ <ʾby-bl> fruitless,notbearingfruitsabērāh aå¬YcÅ <ʾpy-lʾh> havinglostone’swayabesīh-ist -aŸJcÅ <ʾsyh-> bedestroyedābīg WIcÅ <ʾyk'> water-,livinginthewaterābus SWcÅ <ʾws> pregnantābustan WWtJWcÅ <ʾwstn'> pregnantačārag WklAcÅ <ʾcʾlk'> helpless;+andar“against”āfrīnagān WwAKwYWcÅ <ʾrynkʾn'> nameofaaceremonyāgāhīh esAkA <ʾkʾsyh> knowledge,informationahīy ˆ¸K <KZY> before(adverb);+rāy“before”(postposition)akerd WTWkA <ʾ-krt'> undoneamar lmA <ʾml> countless,innumerableamāwandīh eY>WwaÂA <ʾmʾwndyh> powerfulnessambar LBwA <ʾnbl> amberapparag WkLcÅ <ʾlk'> robberartēštār lAthYt¬A <ʾltyštʾl> soldier,warriorāsāyišn WwßájA <’s’dšn'> relaxationāškārag WklAkßA ʾškʾlk'> openly,evidentaškomb nsLK,bMWkßA <ʾšk(w)mb> belly,wombasp-kerbīh EpLK aŸJwS <ʾsp-klpyh> theformofahorseāštīh EthA <ʾštyh> peacebār lAB <bʾl> shore,riversidebē-barišnīh EwßLV AWB <BRA-blšnyh> gettingridof

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būm MWB <bwm> landbun WWB <bwn'> bottom,foundation,beginningbundahišnīh EwßEWWB <bwndhšnyh> thefirstestablishingofthecosmos,Creationbunxān WwaÅWWV <bwn'-h√n'> sourceburdār LAtÒW| <bwltʾl> someonewhocarriesburz WcÒWB <bwlc'> tall dahībed WTPwˆåD <dhywpt'> town-masterdard Wt¬Y> <dlt'> paindārišn WwßlaD <d’lšn'> upkeep(lit.“holding”)daštān WwAtHY <dštʾn'> menstrualdischargedeh At˜ <MTA> town,villagedibīr WWwYcD <dpywr'> scribedōšāram µlaHwY <dwšʾlm> desire,lovedrayā,drayāb aÂY,Wcåå¬D> <YMA,dlydʾp'> sea,oceandrāz-dumb WvMwYWcå¬Y <dlʾc-dwmb'> havingalongtaildrōn WWwlY <dlwn'> aceremonydušwahāg WkaÅwÍwY <dwš-whʾk'> worthlessduxt NTWV <BRTE> daughterduzz(duzd) ABwY <GNBA> thiefēbgadīh EtDvˆÅ <ʾybgt'> theperiodaftertheInvasionēkānagīh EKwAkwˆÅ <ʾykʾnkyh> obedience,submissionēk-tāg WkAT WKwˆÅ <ʾywk'-tʾk'> single,aloneēk-tāgīh EkAT WKwˆÅ <ʾywk'-tʾkyh> beingsingle,lonelinessfragard WTWkLP <plkrt'> section,chapterframān-burdārīh elAtÒWBwAµLP <plmʾnbwltʾlyh> obediencefrayād WtååÒP <plydʾt'> helpfrōd WTwLP <plwt'> downgādan-menišnīh EwÍwˆ˜ WWTWtŸ:J <SLYTNtn'-mynšnyh> thought/intentofhavingsexwithgāhānbār lABwaååD <gʾhʾnbʾl> aritualgandagīh EIwY <gndkyh> foulnessgarzišn WwÍc¬Y <glcšn'> complaint;+az”about”gōmēz WcdMwY <gwmyc'> urine(ofcattleusedforcleansing)griftār lATc¬Y <glptʾl> captive,prisonergrīw nLWC <CWLE> neck,selfgušn WÍwY <gwšn'> maleanimal;+hištan,letthemalesintothe

femalestobreedhaft-kišwar LwßYK WTcÅ <hpt'kyšwl> havingsevencontinentshāmīn WwˆÂaÅ <hʾmyn'> summerhāmōyēn WwïDnaÅ <hʾmwdyn'> all,entire;altogetherhandarz Wc¬YwA <hndlc'> advicehunsand YwïDWwA <hwnsnd> content;+pad“with”ǰam-kerd WTWkmY <ym-krt'> madebyam(Yima)

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ǰud-dēw aåHWtDwY <ywdt-ŠDYA> whichkeepsthedēwawaykām-kerdār lATWkmAK <kʾm-krtʾl> atwill,accordingtowishkārd AwG˝J,Wt¬AK <kʾlt',SKYNA> knifekardag WKTWK <krtk'> padk.āwar-“toemploy,practice”nāmag W˝ÂÍ,W˝ÂAW <nʾmk',ŠMk'> letter,booknasāy áJW <nsʾd> corpsenēmtan WWtÂYW <nym-tn'> waistnihān WwaÅW <nhʾn'> hidden,insecretohrmazd-dādestān WwAtJtåda˜wAwA <ʾwhrmzd-dʾt'> whichis(contains)Ohrmazd’slawpad-bunīh EWWB WWP <PWN-bwnyh> whatisatthebeginning(of)pad-dād WtåD WWP <PWN-dʾt') accordingtothelawpadēxwīh EwaDTP <ptyhwyh> prosperitypādixšāy AtdlÍ,áhAtÅP <pʾthšʾd,ŠLYTA> authorized;+infinitivepādyābīh EcåDtÅP pʾtyʾyh> aceremonypahrēz WcdlaÅP <pʾhlyc'> care,protection;+kerdan“carefor,protect”pargast WtŸ∆ÒP <plgst'> Godforbid!paristag WKtjLP <plstk'> servant;+kerdan“toserve”parwāl lAwLP <plwʾl> *nourishmentpassox WwaJP answer;+kerdan“toanswer”pērōzgarīh elY<CwlYP <pylwcglyh> victoriousnesspušt WtHWP <pwšt'> back,“loins”;backing,supportrad-franāmišnīh EwßmAwLPWtÒ <lt'-plnʾmšnyh> promotingthe‘models;Av.ratifriti‘satisfying

themodels(oftheritual,behavior)rēdag WKtdL <lytk'> young(ofanimals)sar nßYwL <LOYŠE> headsargēn WwslS <slgyn'> fecessaxwan aDwM <MRYA> talk,wordsazāg WkAcJ <scʾk'> fitting,suitble,appropriatespāsdār lesAfJ <spʾsdʾl> gratefulspāsdārīh elesAfJ <spʾsdʾlyh> gratitudestahm vmaÅtJ <stʾhmb> violence,forcesūrāg WkaÒwS <swlʾk'> holetār lAT <tʾl> darknesstēmār laÂYT <tymʾl> sorrow,concern;+burdan“beconcerned”;+

rāy“about”tēx aDT <tyh> edge,ridgetōm MWT <twm> seed,graintuwān WwABWT <twbʾn'> possible,itispossible(impersonal)uskār lAkSwA <ʾwskʾl> discussion,considerationwāng a¬AK,Y<wAW <wʾng,KALA> sound;+kardan“shout,bray,”etc.wanī-būdīh EWTWB WwYBwA <HWBDWNbwtyh> annihilation,destruction(passive)war LW <wl> Yima’svara,bunker

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wārišn WwßlAW <wʾlšn'> rainwas-ēwēnag WKwYwˆÅ YBK <KBDʾdwynk'> manykindsof,miscellaneouswēnišn WwÍwYW <wynšn'> seeingwidarg gLTW <wtlg> crossing,fordwidest WtJTW <wtst'> aspan(9")wimand YnYW <wymnd> border,limitwinnārdār lAt¬AWW <wnʾltʾl> someonewhoholdsupxīr WBC <CBW> matter,things;+xwāstag“allone’s

possessions”xōb PwA <hwp> good,validxwah NtåÅ <AHTE> sisterxwarrahōmand DNwAnˆD <GDEʾwmnd> endowedwithFortunexwāstag WKtjAwA <hwʾstk'> propertyxwēdōdah sYWtDwA <hwytwds> next-of-kinmarriagexwēdōdahīh esYWtDwA <hwytwdsyh> performanceofnext-of-kinmarriageyazišn WwÍcD <ycšn'> ritual,yasnayazišngarīh elYwÍcD <ycšnglyh> sacrificingyōǰdahr lseÍwY <ywšdʾsl> rituallypurifeyōǰdahrīh elseÍwY <ywšdʾslyh> purificationritualzamānag WKwaÂZ <zmʾnk'> time(appointed)zanīh EnßYW <NYŠEyh> wifehood,marriage;padzanīh“asone’swife”zōhr lAwZ <zwhl> libationzyān Wwaå¸ <zydʾn'> harmNames:Abursēn WwˆjLWpA <ʾwlsyn'> nameofamountainĀdurbādagān WwAKtÅPWWWtÅ <ʾtwr'pʾtkʾn'> namecorrespondingtomodernAzerbaijanAsūrestān WwAtjLwsA <ʾswlstʾn'> SyriaČīnestān WwAtJwYC <cynstʾn'> ChinaDaǰlit WtdL% <dglyt'> TigrisDamagān WwAkmY <dmkʾn'> amountaininPārsĒrānwēz WcDWwa¬Ä <ʾylʾnwyc'> Ērānwēz,mythicalhomelandoftheIraniansFrād WtåÒP <plʾt'> Euphrates Gēlān Wwa:J <gylʾn'> Gilan(southwestoftheCaspianSea)Gōbedšāh aåHTPwY <gwptšʾh> nameofamythicalkingHindūgān-rōd WTwL WwAKwYwA <hndwkʾn'-lwt'> nameofariverHindūstān WwAtJwYwA <hndwstʾn'> IndiaHrōm MwlA <hlwm> RomeHūzestān WwAtJCwA <hwcstʾn'> Khuzistan(southwesternIran)Kang-diz WcdY<WK <kng-dc'> thefortressKangKašmīr lˆÂÍK <kšmyl> KasmirKayānsīy îJwaDK <kyʾnsyd> seainwhichZ.’ssemenispreserved(inabox)

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Mihrān-rōd WTwL WwaÒt˜ <mtlʾn'-lwt'> nameofariverPadišxwargar lgLwaHTP <ptšhwl-gl> nameofamountainPārs slAP <pʾls> Pars,modernFarsSagestān WwAtJ˝J <skstʾn'> Sistan(easterniran)Sind YwS <snd> SindhSōšāns SwaHwS <swšʾns> sonofZ.,born3000yearsafterZ. Sōwestān WwAtJWKwS <swkwstʾn'> SogdianaSūdgar(nask) LKTwS <swtkl> atextfoundintheDēnkardTabarestān WwAtjLPT <tplstʾn'> Tabaristan(southeastoftheCaspianSea)Tištar LthYT <tyštl> nameofadivinestar,SiriusTurkestān WwAtJkLWT <twlkstʾn'> TurkestanUšīdar LtdÍwA <ʾwšytl> sonofZ.,born1000yearsafterZ.Ušīdarmāh aåÂLtdÍwA <ʾwšytlmʾh> sonofZ.,born2000yearsafterZ. Weh-rōd WTwlaDW,WTwL aDW <wyh(-)lwt'> IndusXwanirah slYWwA <hwnyls> thecentralcontinentXwarāsān WwajaÒwA <hwlʾsʾn> landintheeast,KhorasanYatā-ahū-wēryō WKwˆ¬YWwaåÅtD <ytʾ-ʾhw-wylywk'> anOldAvestantextusedasaprayerVerbs:

abāgēn-īd -wYkAcÅ <ʾʾkyn-> accompanyabgan-,abgand -WtdmL <LMYTN-> throw(away),abortāšnaw-āšnūd WTWwßA,-WnmÍW <OŠMEN-,ʾšnwt'> hearbrēhēn-īd -wïådL| <blyhyn-> allot,assign;fashiondwār-ist -lABwY <dwbʾl-> run(esp.aboutevilbeings)gāy-gād -WtŸ:J <SLYTN-> havesexwithgumēz-gumēxt WtådMwY,-cdMwY <gwmyc-gwmyht'> mix,minglehandēš-īd -ßSwA <hndyš-> think;+rāy“about”kāmēdkāmist -WNBcD <YCBEN-> onewishes(impersonal)keš-īd -ÍK <kš-> drag,pullkuš-kušt WtHWK,-ÍWK <kwš-kwšt'> kill mēz-mišt WthM,-cdM <myc-mšt'> urinatenay-nīd -W]J <DBLWN-> lead(away)padīr-padīrift –WwlYKM <MKBLWN-> receivesāz-sāxt WtååJ,-cåJ <sʾc-sʾht'> prepare,makešōy-šust –W]¬A <HLLWN-> washtāb-tāft WTcÅT,-cÅT <tʾp-tʾpt'> shinewaxšēn-īd -wˆhAW <whšyn-> light(afire)wišuft,wišōb- WTPwÍW-PwÍW <wšwp-wšwpt'> disturb,destroy;tousle(hair)

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LESSON11SPELLING 8 The a llophones /e/ and /o/ Asalreadymentionedinlesson1,MacKenzieintroducedtheuseofthevowelseandoinhisDictionary.Heusedtheminconsistently,however,andtheirusefulnessisdoubtful. MacKenzieassignedthem,inparticular,towordsinwhichthespellingofthevowelvariesinthemanuscripts,e.g.:men-“think”:usuallyspelled<mn->,occasionally<myn->zofr“deep”:usuallyspelled<zwpl>,occasionally<zpl>,cf.zofāy<zwpʾd>“depth”(cf.Avestanjąfnu-“deep,”

Sanskritgambhīra)homānāg“similar(to)”:spelled<hwmʾnʾk'>and<hmʾnʾk'>abaxšāyīdan,aboxšāyīdan“forgive”:spelled<ʾhšʾd->and<ʾwhšʾd->škeftorškoft“wonderfully,very”:spelled<škpt'>,<škypt'>,and<škwpt'>

GRAMMAR 11 PLURAL OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES Pahlavioriginallyhadtwocases,onereservedforthe(grammatical)subject,i.e.,thewordwithwhichtheverbagrees,andonefortheothersyntacticfunctions.Thecasesarecommonlyreferredtoas“direct”and“oblique,”aterminologythatsayslittleabouteitherformorfunction. Thecasesaredistinguishedinthe1stpersonpronounan∼man;inthepluralofnounsandadjectives,wheretheobliquetakestheending-ān;andinthefamilyterms(seebelow). Singular Plural 1stperson“I,me”Direct yazd yazd anOblique yazd yazdān man Itisdoubtful,however,whetherthisterminologyhelpstheunderstandingofthePahlavisystem,unlessoneisalreadyfamiliarwithit.Itmightbemoreusefultocallthetwoforms“subjectcase”and“non-subjectcase.” Thus,itmaybesimplerjusttorememberthatan“I”isonlyusedassubjectofverbsandthatthepluralformsin-ānareusedwhenthenounisnotthe(grammatical)subjectofaverb. Thesubjectcaseisalso,asexpected,usedforthepredicateoftheverb“be,become,”aswellaswithverbssuchas“becalled,”andforappositionstothe(grammatical)subjectandthepredicate. Notethatitisnotclearwhetherapluraldirectobjectoriginallytook-ānornot,thatis,whethercorrectPahlavishouldbemardwēnēmormardānwēnēm“weseethemen.”Theremayalsohavebeenadifferencebetweenmardwēnēm“weseesomemen”(whatweseearemen)andmardānwēnēm“weseethemen.”InthisIntroduction,wewillsimplyfollowthemanuscriptsonthispoint.Plural of adjectives Adjectivesusedwithnounsendingin-āncantakenoendingortheending-ān.Whentheyareusedasnouns,theytaketheending,e.g.:ōabēzagānmardōmān“topurepeople”ahlawānmardānzanānyazam.driyōšānmardānzanānyazamdruwandānmardānzanānnēyazam“Isacrificefor

therighteousmenandwomen.Isacrificeforthepoormenandwomen.Idonotsacrificeforwickedmenandwomen.”

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kēhučašmīhīwehānxwāhēdudxwad-izpadwehīhīandarwehānwēnēdhučašmbawēd“hewhoseeksthebenevolenceofthegood,hewillhimself,too,bebenevolentbecauseofthegoodnessheseesinthegood”

Irregular plural endings. InearlyPahlavi,thereweretwoalternativeendingsforplural-ān:-īn,and-ūn,e.g.,frazendīn“ofthechildren(offspring)”anddušmenūn“oftheenemies.” InBookPahlavi,onlytheending-īnsurvivesinharwīnandharwispīnfromharwandharwisp“every,all”(theformharwistīnisalsofound),aswellasinWwYW2*dōwīn<2'-yn'>or*dōnīn<2-nyn'>(?)“ofthetwo,”besideWwA2dōʾān(?)andWwAW2dōnān(Man.<dwnʾn>).The “ family te rms.” InIranianlangugesingeneralandPahlaviinparticular,thefamilytermsfather,etc.,havesomeirregularforms(cf.Eng.brother,brethren). InearlyPahlavi,theytooktheending-arintheplural,butalsointhesingularinthesamepositionsthatpluralnounstake-ān(possessive,indirectobject,afterprepositions).Intermsofdirectandobliquecases,wehavethefollowingsystem: Singular PluralDirect pid pidarOblique pidar pidarānExamples:azpidarnāmburdārbāšbēharw-ēwēnagmādmaāzār“carrythenameofyourfather,butdonotbotheryour

motherineveryway!”pidarīgēhānhēd“youarethefathers(=parents)oflivingbeings”pusīFrēdōnrāyxānagazabarmāndīpidarānwasbūd“Frēdōn’ssonhadmanyhousesfromhisparents’/fathers’

heritage”awēšānpusarānudbrādarānudwispuhragānītōrām-šahrkay-Wištāsp-šāhandarāndizbēframāynišastan“O

KingKayWištāsp,ofpeacefulland,orderthoseyoursons,brothers,andprincestosit(beplaced)inthatfortress!”

pasgōwēdkay-Wištāsp-šāhkūagarhamāgpusudbrādudwispuhragīmankay-Wištāsp-šāhmurdbawēndēg-imēnabēzagdēnīmāzdēsnbēnēhilam“ThenKingKayWištāsp,ofpeacefulland,says:Ifallmysons,brothers,andprincesaretodie,IshallnotrelinquishthispureMazdayasnianreligion.”

THE USE OF ENDINGS IN THE MANUSCRIPTS. AllourPahlavimanuscriptswerewritteninorafterthe13thcentury,thatis,wellintothemodernPersianperiod,whenthecasedistinctionshadbeenlost.InearlymodernPersian,therefore,theformsin-ānsimplyindicatedplural,andthefamilytermscouldtaketheshorterorlongerforms,forinstance,accordingtometricalrequirementsoratthewhimofthewriter. Thepronounan“I”hadsimplydisappearedbythenandbeenreplacedbyman. ThispracticeshowsupinthePahlavimanuscripts,aswell,but,ingoodmanuscriptsbasedonstrongtraditions,theolderdistributionoftheformsisstillthemost(?)common. In the exercises in this Introduction, the students are expected to use the original distr ibution . Examplesofactualusageinthetextswillbefoundinthemanuscriptsamplesgivenfromthislessonon.

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INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS Questionsareoftenintroducedby“questionwords”:kē WN <MNW> “who?”kadām µATK <ktʾm> “which?”kadār lATK <ktʾl> “which(oftwo)?”kay tÂïÅ <AYMT> “when?”kū à <AYK> “where?” čē nM <ME> “what?”(sometimes“how?”)čērāy áÒ nM <MElʾd> “forwhatreason,why?”čand YWC <cnd> “howmuch,howmany?”čim(rāy) MC <cm> “why?”čiyōn WwSC <cygwn> “how?”

Note:Interrogativepronounsandadverbsaremadefromthesamestemsasrelativepronouns(k-,č-),asinEnglish,e.g.who,which,etc.

Thesecanalsobecombinedwithnouns,e.g.,kūgyāg“where,”čēzamān“when,”etc.Examples:kēhamudkēxwēšham“WhoamI,andwhoseamI(whodoIbelongto)?”azkadāmpaywandudtōhmagham“ofwhichlineageanddescentamI?”zamīgkadārgyāgmustōmandtar“whichplaceistheearthmoreoppressed?”kadār-itānsūdōmandtarsahēd“which(alternative)seemsmoreprofitabletoyou?”kūpadgyānīxwadāyānkōxšēndpadčēdārē“whentheymakeanattemptuponthelifeoflords,howdoyou

regardit?”(cf.padēddāram“Iconsider,Ithink(that)”)awēšānkēhēndudčērāyēdarestēnd“whoarethoseandwhydotheystandhere?”čēdānēkū“whatdoyouknow(aboutthefact)that?,”“howdoyouknowthat?”

Thequestionwordscanbeplacedattheendofthequestion(asinmodernPersian),e.g.:ānmardī-šabāgpadaspkē“whoisthatmanwhoiswithhimonthehorse?”tanīSāmkūgyāgnibayēdudmāništīSrōškū“wheredoesSām’sbodylie?andwhereisSrōš’sdwelling?”dōšoxčiyōnudčand.udahlawānandarwahištdādēstānčēudnēkīhazčē“Hellishowandhowmany?Andwhat

isthejudgementfor/oftherighteousinParadise,andfromwhatisthegoodness(there)?”ALTERNATE QUESTIONS Simplequestionswithoutinterrogativepronounsoradverbsareidenticalwithstatements,e.g.,tōpārsīghē“youarePersian”=“areyouPersian?” Questionsofthistypecanalsobeformulatedbyaddingaayābnē“ornot,”e.g.:tōēddānēayābnē“doyouknowthis?”padtuxšāgīhxīrudxwāstagīgētīyōxwēššāyēdkardanayābnē“isitpossibletoappropriatethethingsand

possessionsofthisworldbydiligence?”

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dōšoxazērīzamīgazazabarabarasmānu-šdarulōzamīgēnkūabarbērōnasmānastayābnēā-mnērōšnag“Hellisundertheearth,(but)upabovethesky(beneaththeearh),andithasadooruptotheearth;whether‘above’(means)outsidetheskyornotisnotcleartome”

Note:ā-“then”isaparticleintroducingmainclausesandismostoftenusedtoattachencliticpronouns.Disjunctivequestions(“whether...or”)arealsoformedwithayāb,e.g.:ēnyazišnōyazdānrasēdayābōdēwān“doesthissacrificecometothegodsorthedemons?”

INDIRECT QUESTIONS Indirectquestionsareregularquestionsprecededbykū,e.g.:ašmāhdānēdkūēnyazišnōyazdānrasēdayābōdēwān“doyouknowwhetherthissacrificecomestothegodsor

thedemons?”gōwkūān3tisčē“saywhatthosethreethingsare!”

RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND RELATIVE CLAUSES Ofthethreerelativepronounskē,ī,andčē,therelativepronounčēisrare;itisusedmainlywhenthereferentisnotspecific(thatwhich,everythingthat,whatever). Relativepronounsusuallyhavean“antecedent,”thatis,anoun,adjective,orpronounthattheyreferto.Theantecedentmaybeseparatequiteadistancefromtherelativepronoun,e.g.:Ardawānrāykanīzag-ēwabāyišnīgbūdkēazabārīgkanīzagānāzarmīgtarudgrāmīgtardāšt“Ardawānhada

(certain)attractive(servant)girl,whomheheld(whowastohim)morebelovedandmoredearthantheothergirls.”

ānmenišnagriftārudkunišngriftārōmandčēmardōmānpadkunišnkunēnd“thatthought(is)intangibleand(that)actiontangiblewhichpeopleperformintheiraction(whentheyact)”

amāhaftxwahrāybrādēnēkastkē-mānzīyišnuddārišn“wesevensistershave(only)thisonebrother,whoisourlife(livelihood)andupkeep”

Anindefiniterelativemeaning“whoever,anyonewho,”etc.,isformedbyaddingēčbeforetherelativepronoun,e.g.:ēčkēbūdhēndudēčkēbawēndudēčkēhēnd“whoeverhavebeen,whoeverwillbe,andwhoeverare”

Sometimestheantecedentismissing,inwhichcasewemusttranslatetherelativepronounas“hewho,someonewho,thatwhich,somethingwhich,”etc.,e.g.:ōyēdōnhomānāgčiyōnkēsarīmardōmānpaddastdārēdudmazgīmardōmānxwarēd“heislikesomeonewho

holdspeople’sheadsinhishandsandeatspeople’sbrains”udčēandarāndar“and(that)whichisinthatchapter”

Therelativepronounsdonothavecaseforms,andpossessionandothersyntacticfunctionsmustbeexpressedexplicitlyintheclause,eitherbyanencliticpronounorbyapossessiveorprepositionalphrase,e.g.:

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ēnruwānīawēšānmardōmānhēndkē-šānkerbagudwināhrāstbūd“thesearethesoulsofthosepeople(whotheir>)whosegoodandbaddeedswereequal”

ēnmardōmbūdhēndkē-šānrōšnīhōrōšnīhīxwaršēdhomānāgbūd“thesewerepeoplewhoselightwassimilartothelightofthesun”

harwkē-šānwādpadwēnīgabaršawēdbēlarzēdudbēōftēd“everybody(whouphisnose>)upwhosenosethatwindgoes,tremblesandfalls”

Notethatpreposit ions cannot precede the relat ive pronoun,butmustcomelaterintheclause,e.g.:mānmānāgkēharwtisandarpāyēd“likeahouseinwhichheguardseverything”

THE USE OF PRE- AND POSTPOSITIONS 1 Mostprepositionscangovernanencliticpronoun,e.g.: u-mkāmistpadpēš-išnamāzburdan“andIwishedtobearhomagebeforehim”mard-ēwwaswazurgabāg-išpadaspnišastestād“averylargemanwassittingwithhimonthehorse”

Aswehaveseenabove,prepositionsoftenturnupaspostpositions,aswhentheygovernrelativepronounsandencliticpronouns.Thisalsohappensinothercases,whereitisoftendifficulttodecidewhetherwearedealingwithapostpositionorapreverb,e.g.:Followingthepronoundirectly:u-šānmayāntuhīgīhbūd“andbetweenthemwasemptiness”u-šānpērāmōndēwārbēestēnīd“andaroundthemawallwassetup,”cf.pērāmōnīSāsānestēnd“theystand

aroundSāsān”Separatedfromthepronoun:udašwahištpassoxgōwēdkūtōān-izāgāhhēabzōnīgabar“AndArdwahištanswers:‘Youalsoareawareofthat,

OIncrementalone.’”u-škōškasēmēnuddandānagzarrēnu-ščahārdahkōfandaru-šhaftrōdnāydāgandaru-šhaftmurwkē-š

pānagīhpadxwadāyīhšāyēdkerdanandar“andithasasilverturretandgoldencrenelations,andthereare14mountainsinsideitandsevendeepriversinsideit,andtherearesevenbirdsinsideit,whichitcanprotectbyitsreign”

Withrelativepronoun:tis-izēčastīhamāgāhōgēnīdestēdkē-iz-išgōhrandargumēxtestēd“thereissomethingthatisallpollutedand

also(something)thatjewelsaremixedinto(intowhich)”az,ō,andpadwithgovernedenclitics

Theprepositionsaz“from,”ō“to,”andpad“on,with”regularlygovernthe3rdsingularencliticpronoun.Morerarelytheygovernotherencliticpronouns.Inthesefunctions,thesethreeprepositionsareusuallywrittenphonetically,notwitharmaeograms,althoughspellingswitharameogramsarealsofound,e.g.:

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az-iš ÍcÅ <hcš> “fromhim,her,it” pad-iš ÍTP <ptš> “onhim,her,it” aw-iš ÍBwA <ʾwbš> “tohim,her,him”Examples:andarēwrōzmardēnhamāgtisbēaw-išrasēd“inoneday,thisman,allthingscometohim”drubuštīhāsmānkerdkūpetyāragaw-išgumēxtannētuwān“theheavenwasmade(tobe)afortress,sothatthe

Adversarywasnotabletominglehimselfintoit”udēn-iznihang-ēwaz-iš“andthistooisachapterfrom(i.e.,in)it”ēnfrašnaz-išpursīdkū“thisquestionwasaskedofhim”3zrēyīmehud30zrēyīkehaz-išbūd“threegreatseasand30smallseasarosefromit”

kūmardōmwēnēndaz-išnētarsēnd“whenpeoplesee(it),theydonotfearit”(lit.“fromit”)zamīgkasuftGannāgMēnōypad-išdwārist“whentheearthwaspierced,theEvilSpiritrushedintoit”ēdīpaddārišnītanudbōzišnīruwānrāypursēaw-išnēkpardazudpadkārdārčē-tēdastmahistrāhpaddārišn

ītanudbōzišnīruwān“thiswhichyouaskregardingtheupkeepofthebodyandthesalvationofthesoul,setaboutitandpracticeitwell,forthisisforyouthegreatestpathtotheupkeepofthebodyandthesalvationofthesoul”

azaspānastarīazaspudxarīōēčaz-išānnēhomānāg“amonghorses,themule,whichisfromahorseandadonkey,islikenoneofthem”

az,ō,andpadwithencliticsnotgovernedbythepreposition

Otherencliticpronounswhennotgovernedbythepreposition,canbeattachedtoit,however.Inthesecases,theprepositionsareusually(?)spelledwitharameograms,e.g.: azawēšāngyāg > az-išāngyāg <MN-šʾn'...> “fromtheirplace” ōmanxānag > ō-mxānag <OL-m...> “tomyhouse” udpaydāgīhistwazurgabdīhō-šān(WwaHOW)harwdō“andagreatwonderwasmanifestedtothetwoofthem”ō-mān(Wwa˜OW)harwdō’ānsūdabgārīhēdaz-iš“tobothofusprofitwillaccruefromit”

kamāndestādō-š(ÍOW)zāyišn3rōz“whenthereremained3daystohisbirth”aziš , padiš , and awiš as postposi tions Moreimportantly,aziš,padiš,andawišarealsobythemselvespostpositions,meaningsimply“from,by,to,”etc.,usedwithallpersonalpronounsandtherelativepronouns.Theelement-iš(inaziš,padiš,andawiš)thenhasnofunction.Examples:awišpostposition:

u-mrēmanīhawišabganēnd“theythrowimpuritiesatme”spazgīhmakunkū-tdusrawīhuddruwandīhawišnērasēd“donotslander,sothatbadfameandevilmaynot

comeuponyou”ōtōbēdahamzarduxštkē-thōmudzōhrawišrēzēd“IgiveyouZarathustra,whowillpourhōmandlibations

uponyou”udanāgīhī-šānnūnazmardōmānbēawišhamērasēd“andtheevilthat(hereand)nowcomesuponthemfrom

people”

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ēg-išāsāyēdruwānazānsē-šabagtarsīpuhlī-šazastwihādudabārīgdēwānawišmadu-špadgāhīharwisp-pēsīdabarnišīnēd“thenhissoulrestsfromthatthree-nightfearofpunishment,whichcameuponitfromAstwihādandtheotherdemons,anditsitsdownonitsall-adornedseat/throne”

Withrelativeandindefinitepronouns:pursišn.mard-ēwkēduxt-ēwpadduxtarīhpadōhmarddahēdēg-išsālārīhpadkē.passox.padōykē-šawišdahēd

“Q.:amanwhogivesadaughtertosomemantobehisdaughter,then,withwhomdoesherguardianshiprest?—A.:Withhimtowhomhegives(her)”

Note:kē-šawišcouldalsobeanalyzedas“towhom(kē)hegivesher(-š),butsimilarexamplesshowthattheaboveinterpretationismorelikely.

udabarkē-šānwināhtōzišnawišnēbawēd“andabout‘(those)forwhomtherewillbenoredemptionfor(their)sins’”

u-šguftPōrušaspōDugdōwkūDugdōwbēawēšāngāwdōškēānīōygāwčēgām-iz-ēwoxīastōmandrāyxwarrahaziš“andPōrušaspsaidtoDugdōw:Dugdōw,(go)milkthose(two)cows,fromwhichever(ofthemthereis)goodfortunefortheexistencewithbones!”

azišpostposition:

ēn-izguftēstēdkūharwkasbēabāyēddānistankūazkūbēmadhamudčimēdarhamu-mabāzōkūabāyēdšudanu-mčēazišxwāhēnd“thistooitissaid:everybodyshouldknow:FromwheredidIcomeandwhyamIhere?WheremustIreturntoandwhatwilltheyaskofme(askme)?”

ēg-išaziššafšērstanam“thenItaketheswordfromhim”u-šāsmānazišbētarsīdčiyōngōspandazgurg“andtheskywasafraidofhim,likeasheepofthewolf”pasSāmabarāxēzēdudpadīragīAžidahāgšawēdu-šsaxwanaziš<MNš>nēāšnawēdu-šgadīpērōzgarōsar

pahikōbēdudzanēdudōzanēd“thenSām(Karsāsp)risesandgoesagainstAžidahāg(thedragon);andhehearsnowordfromhim;andhestrikesthevictoriouscudgelatitsheadandstrikesandkillsit”

Withrelativepronoun:hamāgdānāgīhabāgāsrōnānkēōkasānnimāyēndharwkasazišhammōzēnd“allknowledgeiswiththepriests,

whoshowittopeople(and)fromwhomeverybodylearnsit.”kas-ēwnēdānamkē-mnēkīhēdōnazišciyōnazašmāh“Iknownoonefromwhomthereisgoodnessformelike

(thereis)fromyou”duš-rawišnīhīānmēnōyī-šgannāgīhīdāmānīOhrmazdazišbūd“theevilnessofthatspirit,fromwhomthe

stenchofOhrmazd’screaturescame”abarāxēzpidīamāčēānkārēzārkunēmānī-šOhrmazdudamahrspandāntangīhanāgīhaziš“Getup,our

father,forweshalldothatbattle,theonefromwhich(therewillbe)direstraights(and)eviltoOhrmazdandtheAmahrspands”

padišpostposition:

bēgētīynēšawamčē-manāgīhwaspadiškunēnd“Iamnotgoingtotheworldofthelivingbecausetheywilldomuchharmtome”

bēhilēdkū-špadišandartazēnd“permitthattheysetuponhim(attackhim)!”ka-tānaǰdahāgpadišōftēd“whenthedragonfallsuponyou(all)”

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Withrelativepronoun:tēragīHarburzānkē-šstarmāhudxwaršēdpadišandarwardēndpadišabāzāyēnd“thetopofHariburz(is)the

oneuponwhichthestars,moon,andsunturnaround(and)to(which)theycomeback”Arzūrgrīwagpaddarīdōšoxkē-šham-dwārišnīhīdēwānpadišbawēd“Arzūr(is)amountainridgeatthedoorof

Hell,atwhichtherushingtogetherofthedemonstakesplace”ānōhwaszarrēngāhudwistargīxōbudbālišabāgbōbpassazagwēnamkē-šānpadišnišasthēndkadag-xwadāyān

uddahīgānānruwān“thereIseegoodseatsandcarpetsandpillowswithfitting*pillow-casesonwhichthesoulsofthepettykingsandland-ownerswereseated”

Thesepostpositionsareoccasionallyusedwithnouns,e.g:DamūgAsūrestānkadag-xwadāyīhawišdād“toDamūgtheruleoverAssyriawasgiven”ašmāhōawēšānOhrmazdhayārīhdahēdAšwahištudŠahrewarkūZarduštudhāwištānīZarduštnēkīhpadiš

kunēd“You,Ohrmazd(and)AšwahištandŠahrewar,givehelptothem!i.e.,do(some)goodnessforZarathustraandZarathustra’spupils!”(Yasna29.10)

Ērānšahrwaswišōbišnudawērānīhpadiškerd“muchdestructionandlayingwastewasdonetoIran”THE VERB. THE PLUPERFECT The(simple)pasttense“he(has)asked,went(hasgone)”andpluperfect“hehadasked,gone”areformedwiththepastparticipleofthemainverb+presentandpasttensesof“tobe.”Thepastindicativeformsofšaw-šudarethereforeasfollows: Simplepast Pluperfect Singular 1st šudham“Iwent” šudbūdham“Ihadgone” 2nd šudhē“youwent” šudbūdhē“youhadgone” 3rd šud“he,she,itwent” šudbūd“he,she,ithadgone”Plural 1st šudhēm“wewent” šudbūdhēm“wehadgone” 2nd šudhēd“youwent” šudbūdhēd“youhadgone” 3rd šudhēnd“theywent” šudbūdhēnd“theyhadgone”USES OF THE PLUPERFECT Thepluperfectisusedtoindicatethatanactionorincipientstatewascompletedbeforesomethingelsehappenedinthepast,e.g.:IntransitiveverbskaāndōrōdīArwandrōdudWehrōdbētazīdbūdpasabārīgābīhāazānnāydāgānfrāztazīdhēnd“whenthose

tworivers,theriverArwandandtheriverWeh,hadflowedout,thentheotherwatersflowedforthfromthosechannels”

kaMānuščihruzīdbūddidAfrāsyābāmad“WhenMānuščihrhadgoneout(left),(then)Afrāsyābcameagain”kūšudbūdhēndabarōānīmurwpusēgfranaftānīZarduxštfrawaš“when(thesnakes)hadsetuponthechild

ofthatbird,thenZarduxšt’sfravashiwentforth”

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Transitiveverbswithout“performer”(passive)kadēwīmāzandarudabārīgdruzwispzadbūdhēndHōšangōČīnestānpadōzadanīaždahāgānīamaršud “whenthegiantdēwandalltheotherlie-demonshadbeenstrickendown,HōšangwenttoChinatokill

countlessdragons”Personal forms of impersona l verbs Personalformsofsomeoftheseverbsarealsofound,e.g.:kaawēšānēdōnwas-maraghēndpadčēabzārbēšāyēndabesīhēnīdan“ifthesearesonumerous,bywhattoolcan

theybeannihilated?”paddastwarabāyēnddāštan“theyshouldberegardedasspiritualguides”hamāgmardōmpadwehdēnīmazdēsnānbēwurrōyēnd“allpeoplewillbelieveintheGooddēnofthe

Mazdayasnians”abāyēdkūbē*nixwārēmšāyēdkūpēškūānxwarrahawišrasēdšāyēmgriftan“wemusthurry;itispossiblethat

wewillbeabletoseizehimbeforethatfortuneofkingshipreacheshim.EXCLAMATIONS Pahlavihasafewexclamatorywords,somemorecommonthanothers,e.g.:drōd“health,greetings!”ašmārāydrōdazOhrmazdxwadāyudamahrspandānuddrōdazahlawZarduxštīSpitāmān“Greetingstoyou

fromthelordOhrmazdandtheamahrspands,andgreetingsfromSpitamaZarathustra!”

drīstawar,drīstawarēd “welcome!”drustawartōahlawardāWirāzmāzdēsnānpaygāmbar“Welcome,you,righteousArdāWirāz,messengerofthe

Mazdayasnians!drīstudwehudpaddrōdawarēd“Welcome,you(all),andgreetings(toyou)!”

šnāyišn,xšnāyišn“hailtoyou!”:xšnāyišndādārOhrmazdīrāyōmandīxwarrahōmandīharwisp-āgāhīdānāgītuwānāgīmahisthumadhūxt

huwarštpadmenišngōwišnkunišn“Hail(toyou),Ohrmazdthecreator,wealthyandfortunate,all-knowing,wise,whoisgreatest(withrespect)tohavingthought(goodthoughts)inhisthought,havingspoken(goodspeech)inhisspeech,andhavingperformed(goodacts)withhisaction!”

āfrīnō“blessingon!” Cf.:drōdpursēndudāfrīnkunēnd“theyaskabouthishealthandbless/congratulatehim”

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pargast“godforbid!”:udtāristāxēzudtanīpasēnpadwasanāgīhudpādifrāhīēwēnagēwēnagpaddōšoxabāyēdbūdan.udpargastkūānōhxwarišnšāyēdxwardanbēpūdaghangōšīdagxōnhomānāg “Anduntiltheresurrectionandthefinalbody,(they)havetobeinHell,inmucheviland(suffering)various

kindsofpunishments.Andgodforbid(they)beallowed(other)foodthereexceptrotten(things)justlike(hangōšīdag...homānāg)blood!”

SENTENCES1111.1.Addthetranscriptions/transliterationstothesesentencesandtranslatethem: WWwYwA NwY WtåD CnLW à WWwYwA WtDWWwaD Ä LTkmAKwA W LtÅtjLPwA WwaåD ã WtDWWwaD äTwA NwL oaÅ WN ? ! ? YNwA WTWB NwL WWwSC YWWwaD lAvsA

kēpasamāhxwadāybawēdānyazdānhuparistātarudhukāmagtarēbawēdōwōnkūōy-izyazdēn-ōwōnhayārbawēndčiyōnamāhbūdhēnd

÷ WwaHtÅ WwYfJwlA NTwL ìNwA WwÍcD NwY WWP WN kL NWB a˜wAwA ^ ßAtÅ kL WwÍcD NwY OW MWwaDWV ? 2

<BOYHWNmOLZNEycšn'LKʾthšYʾwhrmzdBREMNWPWNZNEycšn'HWEydLWTEhlwspyn'ʾthšʾn'>

YNwA WTWWwaD NtåÅ W aÅ WwYWkA WN íYwaåHM W îHM ^ WTWB ã eaåDWtDwA ^ WwÍcÒW MWtÒP ? 3

fradomwarzišnīxwēdōdahīhānbūdīMašīyudMašyānīykēāgenēnbrādudxwahbūdhēnd. WtÒ WwYwlA à NwY N WwACwL W Wwaåå˜ W WwATwÍ ^ WtÒ WtDWwA ? 4

<hwrdt'lt'YŠNTʾn'Wmʾhʾn'Wlwcʾn'MNZNEAYKhlwyn'lt'> ? WKwÍwL aÒ µA aÒ WPwïÅ WtDWWwaD WwAc¬adlM W WnïÒ à NwY ? 23 ÷ WtDWWwaD aÒ WwAc¬adlM WtDWWwaD W˚ WnïÒ Ä WTPwY WwÍwLēnkūrēmanudmargarzānbawēdayābnēā-mnērōšnagrōšnguftayrēmanōhbawēdmargarzānnēbawēd WTWB WtDWWtÂaD aÒ ÍBwA CWwaÅ eäTwA ^ nS ã WtÒTW ÚtÒ N tÂA lyßadlA ? 33

<ʾldhšylAMTMNLTMEwtlt'ZKGDEYhwtʾyhʾhnwcʾwbšLAYHMTWNyt'bwt'> WTWWkˆH ÍBwA WKtåÅTW ^ WtJwßAKwïÅ ìtJ WWP WwaHtÂA WWwSC WtDWWwaD WWWtdA elAwaHwY WwaHcÅ ? 34

u-šāndušxwārīhēdōnbawēdčiyōnka-šānpadgētīyayōšustīwidāxtagawišhišt WTWWwaD aÒ LtÂLwA W LtÂïJV W LTwajA ÍcÅ WTWWwaD ìtJ WWP YW WN 1AWvY WWwsC ? 44

<cygwn'GBRA-1MNWODPWNgytydYHWWNt'hcšʾsʾntlWBSYMtlWhwlmtlLAYHWWNt'> lAt˜ ÍBwA YWwlY W WBwlaÅ AWK WN WwïÂaJ ^ YwLWV ^ WtDWwlZW lAWP WTPWwYC OW YW aåÒ ã ? 333

ānrāhtāōčinwadpuhlšawēdībulandīsahmgenkēharwahlawuddruwandawišmadār WtDWWtåD x ÍTP EwÍWWkïH WwÍwY< WN AwYW ã µï¬sadA ? º

<ʾyʾslymZKODNAMNWgwšn'ŠBKWNšnyhptšBYNYATWNyt'>

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TEXTS11TEXT 11.1 FromDēnkardbook6.23 Ltd>NwATwS WwYwA WtDWwïÅW ÍTP WN nLW ^ WtDWwïÅW ã a˜wAwA ^ ÂaD x WN MwlaÅP AwA EtjaÒ

/ WtDWwïÅW ÍTP ÍtÂA

cdMwYN ìtJ WWP WtDWwïÅW ÍTP WN nLW N WN WtDWwïÅW ßä OW WwßaD WN MwlaÅP AwA EtåÒ

/ WtDWWtÂaD ÍBwA Íà Wtdmï>Å aÒ WwßaDtÅP

rāstīhēdpahlomkēandardāmīohrmazdānkunēdīōykēpadiškunēdōwōnsūdōmandtarka-špadiškunēd.rādīhēdpahlomkēdāšnōkaskunēdkēazōykēpadiškunēdpadgētīytis-izpādāšnnēēmēdkū-šawišrasēd. Truthfulness—thisisthebest:(thatofhim)whodoes(tohim)amongthecreaturesofOhrmazdthatwhich(ān

...ī)tohimtowhom(ōykēpadiš)hedoesitismoreprofitable(forhim)whenhedoesittohim. Generosity—thisisthebest:(he)whogivesagifttosomebody(and)whohasnohopeinthisworldthatany

counter-giftwillcometohim(-šawiš)from(him)towhom(azōykēpadiš)hegives(it).TEXT 11.2 FromMēnōyxrad4

/ WtDWwïÅW ÍTP WwÍwa˜ WwÍBwY WtjaÒ ^ WBwlaÅ ^ AWbY ÍWwM LTtåH ã WimZ

/ YWwïÅW ÍTP WwahAtÅ ^ Wwa˜ WwM LItD W

/ YWwmlA ÍTP WwaÅwYK W WwaÅWWT ÍtÂA LItJ W

/ YWwYtdaD EwAtÅcÅ W WcÒW OW WcÅcÅ tÂA WImZ WwAtÅcÅwA W WtDcÒwA MwlaÅC W

/ YWwLcÅ ÍcÅ WwaÒtJc¬A ^ WKtjlY< WwM MWCWP W

/ WtDWWwaD q Wwa¬YcH ^ WWtJWWvYtD W WwaåD ^ WwÍWWtÂaD W WwÍWwAvzY WwM MwßÍ W

/ WtDWwïÅW WwAtÅcÅ Wwa¬YwA ^ ã tÂA MWTcÅ

/ WtDWWtÂaD Wwa¬YcH ^ EnÍPW OW WwaÒtdlS ^ eßYwA wM tÂA MWthA

/ YWwïÅW laÅV WwAIwAc¬A ^ WwaåDW W WwaåD WtDWWwaD ÍcÅ ^ WtDB W LB wM WwM MwAW

/ YWwïÅW ÍTP WwÍcD W laÅwZ WwM MwaD> zamīgānšādtarkē-šmardīahlawīrāst-gōwišnmānišnpadiškunēd.uddidīgarkēmānīātaxšānpadiškunēnd.udsidīgarka-šgāwānudgōspandānpadišxufsēnd.udčahāroma-warzīdudan-ābādānzamīgkaabāzōwarzudābādānīhāwarēnd.udpanǰomkēgilistagīxrafstarānaziškanēnd.udšašomkēyazišnudrasišnīyazdānudnišastanīwehānabarbawēd.haftomkaānīawērānābādānkunēd.haštomkaazxwēšīhīwattarānōxwēšīhīwehānrasēd.nohomkēazbarudbēdīazišbawēdyazdānudwehānīarzānīgānbahrkunēnd.dahomkēzōhrudyazišnpadiškunēnd. Thatearthishappieronwhich(kē-š...padiš)arighteous,truthfulmanmakeshisdwelling. And,secondly,whereupon(kē...padiš)theymakefire-houses. And,thirdly,whencattleandsheepsleeponit(-iš...padiš). And,fourthly,whentheybringuncultivatedandunsettledearthbacktocultivationandsettlement. And,fifthly,wherefromtheydigout(kē...aziš)thedensofevilanimals.

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And,sixthly,whereuponthereissacrificetoandcomingofthegodsandsittingofgoodpeople(wheretheysacrificetothegodsandwherethegodscomeandgoodpeoplesit).

Seventh,whenonemakeswhatisdesertedsettled. Eighth,whenitcomesfromthepossessionbybadpeopletothepossessionbygoodpeople. Ninth,that,ofthefruitsandthe??fromwhichtheygiveasharetoworthygoodpeople. Tenth,whereupontheyperformlibationsandsacrifices.

TEXT 11.3 FromMēnōyxrad4

/ ÍWWwE WwÍBwY WtjaÒ W lAtÒWBwaÂLP W WKwAKwïÅ WwadATwA x W

/ ÍWWwE µÍCwA W WpLC W WWtÒÄ Wwa¬aåÂA x

/ WtDWWtÂE aÒ ÍBwA EY>WwlY> W EBwlSwY Tà WWwïÅW oA Eï<¸fJ

/ EKWtåD à LTwa¬Y Eï¸fJ à WtDWnYWI WTPwY nM

/ oaÅ OW WwßlABwY äL EsAWW Wwa¬G Eï¸fJ ^ CwlY> W WwYwL OW WwßlABwY CwlY AWK WwaHwY x W

TEXT 11.4 FromMēnōyxrad1

WtŸJWWP ÍcÅ WWwaJ øA Íà WwaåH ØW YWwï˜ WkAWwY Wtda¬Y W

? WtDnYWI WTWWtåD yLTW LTW Y ã WWP W ima¬Y Y WWT N Ú

? WtDnYWI Wt¬AwLP WwaHwY WWP ^ WwßLwA WwAwßLwA N MWTTW W MWTnïÒ WtDWwLvY ÍBwA ÍAWB

? YWWbaD WTWNtHW ÍcÅ WwaHwY WWP ^ LtJplA WIwAcÅ W WMwYcD< W la˜ Y laå¸ W ÍW YWwYtdaD

? WWTWB WtdAcÅ WwaHwY WWP WKwYwïÅ WKwYwïÅ ^ saÒPtÅP W EkAwA YBK WWP WwïJP ^ WWT W WcdaÅtjL YW W

/ WkAwa˜wA WWwA WKtdÍwY<wA WKTWP AWB WWTWNtHW WtdaH WwßLwA ÚT à WtŸ∆<ÒP W uddrāyēdganāgmēnōyōdēwānkū-šmasaxwanazišpursēdčēazāntanīgrāmīgudpadānīwattarwidargāmad

estēd.bē-šawišbarēdrēmantomudwattomazxwarišnānxwarišnīpaddōšoxfrawārdestēd.āwarēndwišudzahrīmārudgazdumudabārīg-izxrafstarīpaddōšoxu-šxwarddahēndudtāristāxēzudtanīpasēnpadwasanāgīhudpādifrāhēwēnagēwēnagpaddōšoxabāyēdbūdan.udpargastkūānōhxwarišnšāyēdxwardanbēpūdaghangōšīdagxōnhomānāg.

TEXT 11.5 FromPand-nāmag

? WwaååH WPwïÅ MNwA nÍPW WwaåD ?‹ WPwïÅ MNwA nÍPW a˜wAwA

? aåH WPwïÅ MNwA MWt¬M ? WwaÒTW WPwïÅ MNwA nÍPW WwaåDW ? WwmÍwY WN McÅ WtJwY WN McÅ ? Wwaå¸ Ú W WTwS Ú McÅ ? ÂATK WwïD McÅ YWC aåÒ

? eadlS WN N W EKwYW WN N W ? EilAT WN N W EwÍwL WN N W ? 2 WPwïÅ WKwïÅ WKtHWWV

? EwAtJtådA WN N W ? EwAtJtåD WN N W ? EIwY WN N W ? eYWBwA WN N W

/ WwÍcÒnAwA WN N W ? EwßäßAcÅ WN N W

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EXERCISES1111.1.Transliterate/transcribeandtranslate:

? MwsLV W WklAwZ NwY WWP WwÍcD NwY OW MWwaDWV WTPwïåD WwaÅt˜ WwYfJwlA WWt˜ ? !

WbA tdA L NwY à WtŸjAwÍ AWB WWT WWT WwABwL WwABwL à YwïjAwÍ AWB ATwÍwA ATwÍwA øaÅ ? 2

? LtDWWTP W˝∆¸W !c¬ATK tdA L NwY WiläW tdA L NwY W aÅ tdA L NwY W

? YWwïÅW áÂA WwYWcÅ W WwßÄtJ W YW]Ÿ>D ÍBwA ng>ïJW nLW YWnYWkY WwajaJ ^ WWna¬YP LwßYK x WN AWK W ? 3

? ìtJ WWP ^ EKwYW WkaÂA YWC WtDWnYWI Wt˜ ÍBwA EwajA W EKwYW YwA ã elïÒ 3 ã x ÍcÅ ? 4 ? WtdßAW áÂA ÍcÅ EwÍwL WkACwL ^ LtJ WWwSC WwaHWN WwABwL WwAVwlaÅ ^ ã MWtjA ? 23 ? WtDWwïJwY a¬aÒ ÍcÅ LthYT WwahyZ WtDWwlZW WwAcÅ ^ WwaÅWWV µA OW lAwaÒ WcÅ ã ? 33 ? WtDWtdmY WwaÂZ x YW WtdWWbaD laå¸ WCwlYWWt˜ W lAksAWW ã OW WwßLwA N wYwL WwABWT WwATtÂA ? 34

îdaHW WKtJV ^ laÅ 2 AWK ^ ã kL W

WtDWwABkÍ ÚT 1áJW W WtDWWtåD lAwaÒ ÚT WkAtÒP WtDWwlZW áÂA !WkAwïD adlïÒ tÂA AWvY ? 44

WtdAcÅ WthaD AwA WWP ßA aÒ WPwïÅ WTWWwaD ÚT MNwA Wt˜ AWB NwA à ÍwY à WtDWtDwA aÒ

/ WTWWwaD ÚT aÒ à

à WtŸJWWP LaDwS Wwa¬aÂLtåÅ N WwAwï¬A WTWB WTWWkïÒW WwAwï¬A ^ LNTWB NTwL lïhadlA tÂA ? 333

? YNwA WTWwlZW WkAwïD ÂATK

WtDWWtÂaD aÒ ÍBwA CWwaÅ eATwA ^ nS< ã à WtDWWWnY WwAwï¬A OW LaDwS Wwa¬aÂLtåÅ

÷ WWTWWïÅW ÂsaH WtDWWtÂaD ÍBwA ÂS ã à WwYwL à WtdaH Âï¬ABwSW AWB à WtdAcÅ AWB

11.3.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtranscriptions:āfrīn frōd paymōzan AwïD lAT WwaÅt˜andarwāy gōhr pērāmōn äwlYwA ng>ïJW WwaÅtJWArzāsp gursagīh Sāsān EilAT WfjAc¬A WwajaJāsānīh hamēmāl stāyišn EksLwY WIWwï¸ WWCNTPbuland hešmgen tār EKwßYT WpLK WWna¬YPbun-xān hubōy tārīkīh EwajA WTPwïåD WwßïÅtJdādestān kārēzār tišnagīh laˆÂA WTwLP WwYWcÅdahībed kerb wistāx laÅwY Wwˆ<ÂßA YWBwAdehān namāz zīndag lAcdlAK WwaÅ WWB YwLWB11.4.TranslateintoPahlaviandwriteinPahlaviatleastsentences2,4,6,8,9:

1. Awisemanislikeagoodfield(earth)onwhichonesows(throws)seedandmanyfragrantplantsandtalltreescomeupfromit.

2. ThenAhrimenroseupfromthedepthinordertosmashOhrmazd’screation,buthewasthrownbackdownintothedarknessofHell.

3. Whentheadversaryhadrunin,theskyfearedhimlikeasheepthewolf;hecameuponthefireintheformofafly.

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4. IfIbecomethegods’helper,thegodswillmakemetheirown,andIwillnotfear(my)enemies,butbeconfidentinthegoodnessofthisworldandthejustjudgementintheotherworld.

5. Therighteousinparadiseareclothedingold-adorned,silver-adorned,jewel-adornedgarments,shinierthanall(other)garments.

6. Hewhodigsawellfor(his)opponentsfallsintoithimself,andhewillnotbeabletocomeoutofit,butwilldieinitfrom(becauseof)hungerandthirst.

7. Doyouknowwhytheskyisaboveandtheearthisbelowandtheatmosphereisinbetweenandwhetheritispossiblegofromthisworldtotheother?

8. WhenitbecamecleartoArdawānthatArdaxšīrhadfledwithhisdaughter,hebecameveryangryandwentafterhimwithalargearmy.Thushesaystohisgeneral:Thatcontract-breakeristheenemyofgodsandmen.Godforbidthefortuneofkingshiphasreachedhim!

9. Towhomdoesthiswonderfulchariotbelongonwhichyouarestanding,andwhereareyougoinginit?—ItbelongstoSpandyād,brotherofZarērandsonofKingWištāsp,ruleroftheIranians,andIamgoingtothelandoftheXyōns,becausemybeautifulsisterandwifehastakenfrommeandnowdwellsthere.

10. HowmanyhorsesandhowmanymenwereinthatarmywithwhichKingWištāsphadgonetoTurkestāntodobattlewiththeenemiesofthelandoftheIranians,andwhenwilltheycomebacktotheirwivesandchildren?

ADDITIONALREADINGS11

ADDITIONAL READINGS 11.1 Bundahišn10.0-5

AbarčiyōnīhīzrēyāngōwēdpaddēnkūzrēyīFrāxkerdpadkustīnēmrōzīkanāragīHarburz3-ēk-1īēnzamīgdārēd.ēdōnFrāx-Kerd

kū-š1000warandardāštestēd.ᵃ*astkē*čašmagān*ī

Ardwīsūrudastkē*xānīgānīwargōwēd.harwwar-ēwrāyāb-xān2

astkēābpadišabarāyēdudandarōwarrēzēd.harwwar-ēw

rāyharwāb-xānīgand-čandpahnāyuddrahnāyastīkahu-asp

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mardtāzēnēdpad40rōzudšabpērāmōnbēgardēdībawēd

1000800frasangīmeh.azānčiyōnānābpadgarmrōzxwēdīhyōǰdahrīhfrāyazabārīgābān*īharwrōzazčašmagīArdwīsūrhamētazēndōnēmrōzkōfīHariburzī

ānōh100.000nāyīzagī*zarrēn-kerdestēdānābīpadgarmīhīčihrīgpadānnāyīzagabarō*Hugarībulandšawēdudpad

bālist<ī>ān*kōfībulandwar-ēwᵇastandarānwarrēzēdyōǰdahrbēbawēdpad

ǰudnāyīzagīzarrēnabāzāyēdpad1000mard*bālāazān

nāyīzagtāg-ēwī*wišādagīzarrēnfrāzōkōfīUsinnām-

īhēdᶜmayān<ī>zrēyīFrāxkerdazānōhbahr-ēwyōǰdahrīhzrēy

rāyfrāzōzrēyrēzēdbahr-ēwpadhamāgēnzamīgpadnamudpaššinǰag

bērasēdudhamagdahišnānxwēdīhbēšāzēnišnīhaz-iš

ayābēndudhuškīhīandarwāybēzanēd.

Notes:a.Thisisan“etymological”explanationthatwouldbebettersuitedtotheWar-kaš,theformfromAvestan

Vouru-kaša,whereWar=Av.vouru“wide”correspondstofrāx“wide.b.Afewwordswereomittedbythescribe.c.Usinnām/īhēdprobablyerrorfor*Usindāmǰahēd:WtdaD/ÂÍ WwSwA~WtdaD ÂaDWwSwA.

ADDITIONAL READINGS 11.2 FromAyādgār īZarērān

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pasWištāsp-šāhabarāxēzēdudabāzōkay-gāhnišīnēd.udJāmāspbidaxšōpēšxwāhēdudgōwēdkūamāhēdōnbādčiyōntōJāmāspgōwē.čēmandiz-ēwrōyēnbēframāyamkerdanudāndizpadbandānīāhenēnbēframāyamkerdan.awēšānpusarānudbrādarānudwāspuhragānandarāndizframāyamnišastan.šāyēdkūōdastīdušmenānnērasēnd.gōwēdJāmāspbidaxškūagardiz-ēwrōyēnbēframāyēkardanawēšānpusarānudbrādarānwāspuhragānītō

rām-šahrkay-Wištāsp-šāandarāndizbēframāyēnišastanpasān-anddušmenazšahrabāzdāštkētuwān.čēāntahmspāh-bedīnēwZarērītōbrādkēšawēdōzanēdXyōn15bēwarudānPād-husrōīardāymazdēsnānkēšawēdudōzanēdXyōn14bēwarudānFrašāwardītōpuskēšawēdudōzanēdXyōn13bēwar.

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHETEXTSANDTHEEXERCISES11Idioms:andarāmadan comeinsideandartaz- setupon,attack;+andar(ham)zamān atonceazēnkū forthisreasonthat,becauseōhbawēd itisintheusualmannerNouns,adjectives,adverbs,pronouns:ābādānīh EwAtÅcÅ <ʾʾtʾnyh> habitationabaxšāyišnīh,aboxš.hAWcÅ ,EwßáhAcÅ <ʾwhšʾšnyh> forgivenessabd Y>cÅ <ʾd> marvelous,wonderfulāb-xān WwaÅcÅ <ʾ-hʾn'> watersourceāgenēn WwYWkA <ʾknyn'> togetherahanūz CWwaÅ <ʾhnwc> yet;ahanūz...nē“notyet”anābādān WwAtÅcÅWA <ʾnʾʾtʾn'> uninhabitedanāmurzīšn WwÍcÒnAwA <ʾnʾmwlcšn'> mercilessnessān-and...čand YWC ... YwA ã <ZK-ʾnd...cnd> asmuch...asarzānīg WIwAc¬A <ʾlcʾnyk'> worthy(of)āsān WwajA <ʾsʾn'> atease,freefromworryawarzīd WtDcÒwA <ʾwlcyt'> uncultivatedaxtarmār laÂLtåÅ <ʾhtlmʾl> astrologerayōxšust WtJwßAwïÅ <ʾywhšwst'> metalbarudbēd WtDB W LB <blWbyt'> fruitsand.?.bastag WKtJV <bstk'> bound,tiedup,imprisonedbēšāzēnišnīh EwÍwïΩahYV <byšʾzynšnyh> healingbidaxš ßAtDB <bythš> aSasanianmilitary/administrativetitlebuništag WKtHWWV <bwnštk'> (original)principlesčihrīg WilaDC <cyhlyk'> naturaldāšn WwßE> <dʾšn'> gift;<dādandah-“togive”dast nïD <YDE> handdiz cD <dc> fortress,castledōš ÍwY <dwš> yesterday,lastnight

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dusrawīh EBwlSwY <dwslwbyh> infamydušxwārīh elAwaHwY <dwšhwʾlyh> discomfortdwārišn WwßlABwY <dwbʾlšnyh> runningdwārišnīh EwßlABwY <dwbʾlšn'> runningēgānag WKwAKwïÅ <ʾywkʾnk'> submissive,obedientēmēd Wtdmï>Å <ʾymyt'> hopefradāg oa˜,WkAtÒP <pltʾk',MHL> tomorrow,thenextmorning/dayframān-burdār lAtÒWBwAµLP <plmʾnbwltʾl> obedientgarān-wināhīh EsAWW Wwa¬G <glʾn'wnʾsyh> committingaheavysin,thefactofbeinga

heavysingarm µlY <glm> warmgazdumb,gazdum ∫MwYcD,MwYcD <gcdwm(b)> scorpiongilistag WKtjlY <glstk'> den,burrowgrāmīg WIma¬G <glʾmyk'> dear,preciousgušn-hilišnīh EwÍWWkïH WwÍwY< <gwšn'-ŠBKWNšnyh> releaseofthemaleanimals(formating)hamahl laåÂA <hmʾhl> someoneofequalsocialstandinghangōšīdag WKtdÍwYwA <hngwšytk'> like;also:hangōšīdag...homānāghayār(ayār) lAvsA <hdybʾl> helperhu-asp WcjAwA <hw-ʾs'> withagoodhorse,withgoodhorseshukāmag WkmAKwA <hwkʾmk'> ofgoodwill(toward)huparistā ÄtjLPwA <hwplstʾy> ofgoodservice(to)huram mLwA <hwlm> happy,elatedhuškīh EkÍwA <hwškyh> drinesskadār-iz-ēw !c¬ATK <ktʾl-c-1> whichever(oftwo)kay-gāh seYK <kd-gʾh> throneofthekays,royalthronemagas SkM <mks> aflymānišn WwÍwa˜ <mʾnšn'> dwellingmihrdruz WCwlYWWt˜ <mt'dlwc'> contract-breaker,cheaternāirīg WilÄW <nʾylyk'> female;Av.nāirikānam bMW, MW <nm(b)> dewnamāz Wcå˜W,ng>ïJW <OSGDE,nmʾc'> homage;+bar-“payhomage(to)”nāyīzag WKcdAW <nʾyck'> reed,straw,tube nazdīk-paywand YWWTP WiyZW <nzdyk-ptwnd> belongingtotheclosefamilypargast WtŸjLP <plgst'> godforbid!paššinǰag WKVwÍP <pšnck'> sprinkle,dropspūdag WKTWP <pwtk'> rottenrōšnag WKwÍwL <lwšnk'> clearrōyēn WwïDwL <lwdyn'> (made)ofbrassrōzāg WkACwL <lwcʾk'> shiningspāhbed WTpaÅfJ <spʾhpt'> generalsūd WTwS <swt'> use,usefulnesstāg WkAT <tʾk'> piece,twig,branchwadīh eadlS.ETW <wtyh,SLYAyh> badnesswarz WcÒW <wlc'> cultivationwarzišn WwÍcÒW <wlcšn'> doing,making,performing

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wāspuhrag klAWfjAW <wʾspwhlk> prince,noblemanwidāxtag WKtåÅTW <wdʾhtk'> molten,meltedwišādag WKtåHW <wšʾtk'> broad,wide xānīg WIwaÅ <hʾnyk'> source,springxōn admY,WWwA <hwn',DMYA> bloodxwaš µïJ| <BSYM> pleasant,comfortablexwēdīh EtDwA <hwytyh> wetness,moisturexwēšīh eÍYwA,EnÍPW <NPŠEyh,hwyšyh> possession,belongingtozahr laå¸ <zʾhl> poison,venomzarrēn-kerd WTWKWwïÅba¸ <ZHBAyn'-krt'> madeofgold,inlaidwithgold(?)zōhrag=zōhr WklAwZ <zwhlk'> libationPropernames:Ardwīsūr LwïDwYkLA <ʾldywswl> Ardwīsūr,goddessoftheheavenlyriverAyāsrim µï¬sadA <ʾyʾslym> nameofafallseasonFrašāward WtÒwahLP <plšʾwlt'> Wištāsp’ssonHugar lYwA <hwgl> nameofamountainJāmāsp fjâmE <yʾmʾs> Jāmāsp(Av.Jāmāspa)Pād-husrō ]JwA <pʾthwslw> aMazdayasnianRōšn WwÍwL <lwšn'> nameofacommentatorSāsān WwajaJ <sʾsʾn'> Sāsān,Ardaxšīr’sprotegeeUsindām,Usindom MwYwïJwA,µaDwïJwA <ʾwsyndʾm,ʾwsyndwm> nameofamountainZarēr lYlZ <zlyl> Wištāsp’sbrotherVerbs:āxēz-āxist WtjaÅ -cdaÅ, -WnYK <KDMWN-> rise(up:abarāxēz-)ayāb-ayāft WTcådA,-cådA <ʾyʾ-> reach,obtainbād WtÅB <bʾt'> letitbe!frawār-frawārd Wt¬AwLP,-lAwLP <plwʾl-> offergard-īd -t¬Y <glt-> turn,makearoundnibay-nibast WtJWwABkÍ,-WwABkÍ <ŠKBHWN-st'> lie(down)nixwār-īd -lABwSW <nswbʾl-> hurrytāzēn-īd -wYcÅT <tʾcyn-> makerunwaxš-īd -ßAW <whš-> blazewišāy-wišād -áHW,-WtdlÍ <ŠLYTN-,wšʾd-> open(thebonds),freexufs-xuft -WnlA <HLMWN-> sleep

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LESSON12GRAMMAR 12 INDEFINITE PRONOUNSkadār-iz(-ēw) !c¬ATK <ktʾl-c[-1]> “whichever(oftwo)”kas ßÄ <AYŠ> “person,somebody”kas(-iz)...nē aÒ...(cdßÄ)ßÄ <AYŠ(yc)...LA> “nobody,noone”tis(čiš) MwYN <MNDOM> “thing,something”tis(-iz)...nē aÒ...(cdMwYN)MwYN <MNDOM(yc)...LA> “nothing”čēgām-iz(-ēw) ÄcÂAIC <cykʾmc[-HD]> “whatever”ēč(hēč) cdA <ʾyc> “any(atall)”ēčkē WN cdA <ʾycMNW> “whoever”ēč...nē aÒ...cdA <ʾyc...LA> “nothing”wisp WfJW <wsp'> “every,all”harw AWK <KRA> “every”harw...-ēw 1...AWK <KRA...-1> “eachandevery”harwkas ßÄ AWK,ßáÅWK <KRA[-]AYŠ> “everybody”harwčē nM AWK <KRAME> “everything”harwdō(dō’ān/dō’īn) (WwY2/WwA2)2 AWK <KRA2> “both”harwisp WfJwAWK,WfJwlA <KRA-wsp',hlwsp'> “every,all”hamāg,hāmāg WkaÂaÅ ...WkaÂA <hmʾk'> “all,entire,whole”hāmōyēn WwïDnaÅ <hʾmwdyn'> “all,initsentirety”and(...čand) YwA <ʾnd> “somuch...(as)”and-čand(...čand) YWcDwA,YWC YwA <ʾnd-cnd> “asmuchas”čand YWC <cnd> “(quite)afew”ēw-čand,ē-čand YWcdA <ʾy-cnd,HD-cnd> “some,afew”Examples:pasmardōmmardōmbēšnāsēndkūēnmanastkadār-iz-ēwnazdīk-paywandtar“thenpeoplewillrecognizeone

another(andknow):‘thisiswhicheverismyclosestrelative’”čēāntisīharwkasazišhamēhušnūdudčēānīkas-izazišnēhušnūd“whatisitthateverybodyishappywith?

Andwhatisitthatnobodyishappywith?”ēčkēbūdhēndudēčkēbawēndudēčkēhēnd“whoeverhavebeen,whoeverwillbe,andwhoeverare”ēn-izpaydāgkūharwpēšag-ēwīmardōmānmēnōy-ēwxwēš“thistooismanifestthateachandeverylimbof

peoplebelongstoasingleentityinthespiritualworld”yazdōmardōmānbēnēkīhenyātis-izǰuttarīhnēdahēndudAhrimenuddēwbēanāgīhenyāēčnēkīhnēdahēnd

“Thegodsgivenothing(producing)contrarietytopeople,only(bē...enyā)goodness,andAhrimenandthedemonsgivenogoodness,onlyevilthings.”

Astwihādhāmōyēndāmōbārēdudsagrīhnēdānēd“Astwihādswallowstheentirecreationandknowsnosatiety.”udčanddastwaruddādwarudhērbedudmowbeduddēn-burdāruddānāgīĒrān-šahrkušthēnd“andquitea

fewreligiousleaders,judges,hērbeds,mowbeds,religiousofficials,and(other)learnedmeninIranwerekilled”

kasālē-čandbūdkanīzagōdādīzanānmad“whentherehadbeenfewyears,thegirlcametotheageofwomen”

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Indefiniteexpressionscanalsobemadebyrepeatingarelativepronoun:kē...kē“whethersomeonewho...orsomeonewho”: ud57sālSōšānsristhangēzēnēdudharwispmardōmhangēzēnēndkēahlawkēdruwandmardōmharvkasaz

ānōhulhangēzēnd“Andfor57yearsSōšānswillraisethedead,andtheywillraiseallpeople,whetherrighteousorunrighteous(people),everybodywillberaisedfromthere”

THE ERGATIVE CONSTRUCTION WenowcometooneofthetrickiestaspectsofPahlavisyntax,theso-called“ergative”construction.Itisrecommendedthatthestudentsstudyalltheexamplesverycarefullyandbeabletoanalyzeeveryexampleindetail. Notethatthegrammaroftheconstructionisnotdifficultperse—itis,infact—quitesimple,butthestudentsoftenhaveahardtimegettingusedtothinkinginsuchanunfamiliarway. Everythingtheyhavelearnedaboutnouns,pronouns,verbs,andpre/postpositionsmustbemasteredinordertounderstandthesyntaxandworkingsoftheconstruction.Thesesectionsofthegrammarinprecedinglessonsshouldthereforebecarefullyreviewed,especiallythesectiononpassiveinLesson9andallofLesson11.Active and passive ItisimportantthatthestudentshaveagoodunderstandingofhowactiveandpassiveworkinEnglishandotherlanguagestheyknow. InEnglish,therearetwokindsofpassivesentences:

1. sentenceswithtransitiveverbs,butwithout“performer”2. sentenceswithtransitiveverbsand“performer”

Inthefirstkindofsentence,thepassiveisnecessaryandcanonlybeavoidedbyturningthesentenceintoanimpersonalone(seeLesson9):Thisbookisrarelyread(Peoplerarelyreadthisbook)Amanwasseenrunninginthestreet(Theysawamanrunninginthestreet)Thishasneverbeendonebefore(Nobodyhasdonethisbefore)

Theotherkindofsentenceisastylisticalternativetoacorrespondingactivesentence.Thetwoalternativesarenotequivalent,however;oftenthepassivealternativeisbadstyle:Mystudentsrarelyreadthisbook=ThisbookisrarelyreadbymystudentsHaveyoueverdonethisbefore=Hasthiseverbeendonebyyoubefore?

InmodernPersian,and,forinstance,theSemiticlanguages,onlythefirstkindisused,thatis,passiveformsoftheverbareonlyusedwhenthe“performer”isnotmentioned. Thiswasthesituationin“classical”Pahlavi,aswell,butitwascomplicatedbyvariousanalogicalsyntacticdevelopments.Here,weshalldescribethe“classical”Pahlavisyntax;later,weshallseehowthiswasmodified.Intransit ive and t ransit ive and the past tense. Tounderstandtheconstruction,weneedtounderstandthedifferencebetweenintransitiveandtransitiveverbs. An‘intransitive’verbisaverbthatcannottakeadirectobject,forinstance,verbsthatusuallyexpressstateormotion,likebūdan“tobecome”andšudan“togo,”whilea‘transitive’verbisaverbthatcantakeadirectobject,forinstance,verbsthatexpressactions,likekerdan“todo,”ōzadan“tokill,”xwardan“toeat,”etc. InPahlavi,asinmanyotherlanguages,thereisafundamentaldifferencebetweenintransitiveverbsandtransitiveverbsintheformationofthepasttense.FamiliarexamplesareGermanandFrench(Italian),whereintransitive

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verbsintheperfecttaketheauxiliary“tobe,”Germ.sein,Fr.être,whiletransitiveverebstaketheauxiliary“tohave,”Germ.haben,Fr.avoir,e.g.: German French Intransitive ichbingegangen jesuisallé “Iwent,havegone” Transitive ichhabeeinKindgesehen j’aivuunenfant “Isaw/haveseenachild” InEnglish,thisdistinctionhasbeenabandonded,reservingtheconstructionwith“tobe”foraveryfewexpressionswithspecializedmeaning,suchas“heisgone.”INTRANSITIVE AND TRANSITIVE, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE InPahlavi,thedifferencebetweentheintransitiveandtransitivepastisquitedifferentfromtheexamplesabove,atleastonthesurface,although,inprinciple,itisofthesamekind. WesawinLesson9thatthefollowingsentenceispassive:grammatical subjec t + verb dušmenōzadhēnd“theenemieswerekilled”:

Recallthatthe“grammaticalsubject”iswhattheverbagreeswith. Inordertosay“who”didthedeed,the“who,”or“performer,”issimplyaddedinfrontofthissentence,andthesentencecanbetranslatedinEnglishasactiveorpassive,e.g.:performer + gramm. subject + verb aswārdušmenōzadhēnd“theenemieswerekilledbythehorseman”amāhdušmenōzadhēnd“theenemieswerekilledbyus”

Thesentencecanalsobetranslatedasactive,however:aswārdušmenōzadhēnd“thehorsemankilledtheenemies” amāhdušmenōzadhēnd“wekilledtheenemies”

Thesecorrespondtothefollowingtwosentencesinthepresenttense:performer = grammatical subject + direct object + verb aswārdušmenōzanēnd“thehorsemankilltheenemies” amāhdušmenōzanēm“wekilltheenemies”

AsintheEnglishpassive,theverbintheergativeconstructionsagreeswiththedirectobjectintheEnglishactivesentence,althoughitisthesubjectinthepassivesentence. ThewordorderisusuallyAGENT-SUBJECT-VERB. Prepositionalphrasesandindirectobjectsremainunchangedandarenotaffectedbytheergativeconstruction.ThuswehavethefollowingPahlavistructures:Present: performer=grammaticalsubject+directobject+verb(agreeswithgrammaticalsubject=performer)Past:

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performer+directobject=grammaticalsubject+verb(agreeswithgrammaticalsubject=direc t object)Examples:Present:aswārdušmenōzanēd“thehorsemanarekillingtheenemies”=“theenemiesarebeingkilledbythehorseman” amāhdušmenōzanēm“wearekillingtheenemies” =“theenemiesarebeingkilledbyus”

Past:aswārdušmenōzadhēnd“thehorsemankilledtheenemies” =“theenemieswerekilledbythehorseman”amāhdušmenōzadhēnd“wekilledtheenemies” =“theenemieswerekilledbyus”

Notethatthereisnootherwayofsaying,forinstance,“Frēdōnwaskilledbythedragons”or“thedragonsbywhichFrēdōnwaskilled.”ThustheergativeconstructioncorrespondstobothactiveandpassiveconstructionsinEnglish.WhenwetranslatesuchconstructionswemaythereforeuseeitheractiveorpassiveasbestsuitsEnglishstyle. Thissystemiswhatiscommonlyreferredtoasan“ergative”construction(fromGreekergon“work”).Sinceitisonlyusedinthepasttenses,andnotinthepresent,itisalsocalled“splitergative.” Theconstructionhasalsobeencalledan“agential”construction(fromLatinagens“actor,performer”),andthe“performer”isusuallycalledthe“agent.”Inthesentencesabove,aswārandamāharethe“agents.”Wewillusethisterminologyhere. Sincethe“agent”isnotthegrammaticalsubject,pluralnounsas“agents”musttaketheending-ān;ther-stemsmusttakethe-arformsas“agents”;andthepronounmanmustbeused,sinceanisonlyusedas“grammaticalsubject.” Encliticpronounsareverycommonasagentsandaresometimesusedevenwhenanounispresentasagent(seeLesson13). TounderstandandgetusedtotheconstructionitmaybeusefultothinkofitintermsoftheEnglishpassive,e.g.,“youwerekilledbyme”=“Ikilledyou,”butoneshouldmakeitahabittotranslateitwithanEnglishactiveinmostinstances. Infact,sincetheactiveismuchmorecommoninEnglishthanthepassive,itisexpectedthestudentsuseprimarilyEnglishactiveconstructionsinthetranslations.Iftheykeepusingthepassive,itistobeassumedthattheyhavenotgraspedtheconstruction. Itmaybeusefulforsometokeepinmindthattheergtiveconstructioncorrespondsformallytothe“have”constructionsintheEuropeanlanguages. Pahlavidoesnothavetheauxiliary“tohave,”however,butinsteaditusesitsregular“possessive”constructionwith“tobe,”compare: manwaččagast “Ihaveachild” manwaččagdīd “Ihaveseen/sawachild” manwaččaghēnd “Ihavechildren” manwaččagdīdhēnd “Ihaveseen/sawthechildren” Herewaččagisthegrammaticalsubjectoftheverb,andtheverbagreeswithit,whilemanistheonewho“possesses”theaction. Thus,theEnglishsubjecthasbecomethe“possessoroftheaction,”andpronounsandnouns(andadjectives)takethesameformsastheydoinpossessiveconstructions.

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YetanothersimilaritywithEuropeanlanguagesisintheagreementoftheverbwiththedirectobjectintheconstructionswith“have,”e.g.: Spanish: tengoescritaslasleteras“Ihavewrittentheletters” French: leslettres,jelesaiécrites Italian: hoscrittelelettereEXAMPLES OF AGENTIAL CONSTRUCTIONS“Agent” = noun in the singular: Compare: mardmanwēnēnd “themenseeme” mardānandīdhēm “themensawme” mardzanwēnēnd “themenseeawoman” mardānzandīd “themensawawoman” mardzanwēnēnd “themenseethe/somewomen” mardānzandīdhēnd “themensawthe/somewomen”Exampleswithōzadan,ōzan-“tokill”: frēdōnaǰdahāgōzad “FrēdōnkilledthedragonorFrēdōnkilledadragon.” frēdōnaǰdahāgōzadhēnd “Frēdōnkilledthedragons.” ēnhēndaǰdahāgīFrēdōnōzadhēnd “thesearethedragonswhichFrēdōnkilled” dušmenwasmardōzadhēnd “theenemykilledmanymen” ohrmazdmardōmudgōspanddādhēnd “Ohrmazdcreatedpeopleandanimals” amāhmardōmhēmohrmazddādhēm “wearepeople,(so)Ohrmazdcreatedus” dānāgazmēnōyxradpursīd “thewise(man)askedthedivineWisdom”ohrmazdandaryazišnkunišndāmhamāgbēdād“duringhisperformanceofthesacrifice,Ohrmazdestablished

theentirecreation”azšīrēnīhīfrazendēkmādarǰūdudēkpidar“becauseofthechildren’ssweetness(becausetheyweresosweet),

themotherateoneandthefatherone(onewaseatenbythemother,onebythefather)”pasSrōšahlawudĀduryazddastīmanfrāzgriftudguftkūbēāytāōtōnimāyēmwahištuddōšoxudrōšnīh“the

therighteousSrōšandthedivineFiretookmyhandsandsaid:ComesowemayshowyouHeavenandHellandthelight!”

ArdāWirāzkaānsaxwanāšnūdzofrnamāzburdōdādārOhrmazd“whenArdāWirāzheardwhatHesaid,heboweddeeplybeforeOhrmazdthecreator”

“Agent” = noun in the plural: dānāgānōwōnguft“thewisemensaidasfollows”aǰdahāgānFrēdōnōzad“thedragonskilledFrēdōn.”dušmenānwasmardōzadhēnd“theenemieskilledmanymen”andarhazāragsardēwānJamkirrēnīd“attheendofthemillennium,thedēwscutJaminhalf”ēnfradomardīgaxtarānkerdabāgGannāgMēnōy“thisfirstbattletheconstellationsfoughtwiththeFoulSpirit

=thisfirstbattlewiththeFoulSpiritwasfoughtbytheconstellations”

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“Agent” = personal pronoun Exampleswithallthreepersons(non-enclitic):dīdan,wēn-“tosee”: Present Past antōwēnam “Iseeyou” mantōdīdhē “Isawyou” amāhtōwēnēm “weseeyou” amāhtōdīdhē “wesawyou” tōmanwēnē “youseeme” tōandīdham “yousawme” tōamāhwēnē “youseeus” tōamāhdīdhēm “yousawus” ašmāhmanwēnēd “you(all)seeme” ašmāhandīdhēm “you(all)sawme” anašmāhwenam “Iseeyou(all)” manašmāhdīdhēd “Isawyou(all)”“Agent” = in terrogat ive pronoun: kētōdādhēkēmandādham“whomadeyou,whomademe?”(Dēnkard)kēamāhdādhēmkēamāhtāšīdhēmukēparwardhēm“Whocreatedus,fashionedus,andnurturedus?”

(Yasna1.1)comparethenon-agential(passive)version:ōašmāhamahrspandāngōšōrūngarzīdkūōkēanbrehēnīdhamōkēantāšīdhamkūōkēdādham “Toyou,theamahrspands,Gōšōrūncomplained:ForwhomwasIcreated,forwhomwasIfashioned,i.e.,for

whomwasIcreated?”(Yasna29.1)With verb or grammatical subject “ra ised” (“fronted”): Inthisconstruction,too,theverbisfrequentlyplacedatthebeginningoftheclause;wordorderSUBJECT-AGENT-VERB,e.g.:udpursīdānīahlawānruwānazānkanīgkūtōkēhēudkēxwēšhē“andthesouloftherighteousaskedthat

youngwoman:whoareyou,andwhodoyoubelongto?”sidīgarhazāragbunbūdkafrēdōnkišwarbaxtsalmudtūz“itwasthebeginningofthethirdmillenniumwhen

SalmandTūzdividedFrēdōn’sland”asisthegrammaticalsubject—foremphasis;wordorderVERB-AGENT:tōdānāgbaγtāšīdhēpadmēnōyīhtōdānāgbaγbēdādhēōgētīy “thewisegodfashionedyouwhileintheworldofthought;thewisegodgaveyoutotheworldoftheliving=

youwerefashionedbythewisegod(etc.)”(Yasna10.10)WithwordorderSUBJECT-AGENT-VERB:u-twarsudrēšwādānwišuft“andthewindshavetousledyourhairandbeard”

Series of verbs Anagentcanhaveaseriesofverbswithit,withoutbeingrepeatedeachtime,e.g,:andarānhazāragZarduxštdēnazOhrmazdpadīriftāwurdWištāspšāhpadīriftrawāgkerd“inthatmillennium

ZarathustrareceivedthedēnfromOhrmazd(and)brought(ittoW.);Wištāspreceived(itand)propagated(it)”

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Combinations of in transitive and transitive verbs Notethat,inaseriesofclauses,thesubjectofanintransitiveverbcanbecomethegrammaticalsubjectoragentofatransitiveverbbutbeexpressedonlyonce,e.g.:pasAfrāsyābāmad.MānuščihrabāgērānagānōPadišxwārgarspōxt. “thenAfrāsyābcame(subject);(he:agent)pushedMānuščihrtogetherwiththeIraniansbacktoPadišxwārgar”

EXPRESSIONS OF MEASURE, LENGTH AND DURATION Nounsdenotingtimeorspacecanbeusedwithoutprepositionstodenotelengthorduration,aswellaspointoftime.māhfrawardīnrōzohrmazdpetyāragandardwāristnēmrōz“inthemonthofFrawardīn,onthedayofOhrmazd,

theAdversaryrushedin(at)midday(nēm-rōz)”(thefirstdayofthefirstmonth=springequinox)ēčzamānmapāyēd“donotwait(for)anytime(=notevenamoment)!”ohrmazdbālistīg...zamānīakanāragabarrōšnīhhamēbūd“Ohrmazdwasupaboveinthelight(for)an

unlimitedtime.”hariburztābowandagīh800sālhamērust200sālōstar-pāyagud200tāōmāh-pāyag200tāōxwaršēd-pāyagud

200tāōbālistīāsmān“Hariburzkeptgrowinguntilthecompletionof800years;200yearstothestar-level,200yearstothemoon-level;200yearstothesun-level;and200yearstothehighestpointofthesky”

abērdagrzamānandarānkārēstēd“sheisatworkatthat(washing)foraverylongtime”kadagrzamānOhrmazdrāyyazišnīfrārōnkunēndāsānīhaz-iš“iftheyperformgoodsacrificesforOhrmazdfor

alongtime,thereiscomfortfromit”Distanceandlengthoftimeisoftenexpressedbycompoundsendingin-drahnāy,e.g.:andarēn9000sāl3000sālhamāgkāmagīohrmazdrawēd“duringthese9000years,3000yearsOhrmazd’swill

goes(holdssway)entirely”mard-ēwīabarsang-ēwbēmīrēdudsangabāgzamīgēw-kardagsangpadandarsāl-drahnāyabāgzamīgpākbē

bawēd“amanwhodiesonastone,andthestoneisconnectedwiththeearth,(then)thestonebecomescleanwithinoneyear”

zankazanīhīšōynēkunēdpadgyāgtanābuhludpadsāl-drahnāymargarzān“ifawomendoesnotperformherwifelydutytoherhusband,sheisimmediately(guiltyof)atanābuhlsinandmargarzānforthedurationofayear”

u-mdīdānīxwēdōdahānruwānandarrōšnīhkē-šgar-bālāyrōšnīhazišhamēwaxšīd“andIsawinthelightthesoulsofthosewhohadperformedxwēdōdah,fromwhomalightshonetheheightofamountain”

mayānōyīxwēdōdahnēkerdudpahlomaxwāndēwār-ēwčandzamīg-pahnāyudzōfāybēestēdu-šōānīpahlomaxwānnēhilēd“betweenhimwhohadnotperformedxwēdōdahandtheBestExistence,therestandsawallaswideanddeepastheearth,anditdoesnotlethimintotheBestExistence”

LESSON12

164 May4,2008-11:22PM

SENTENCES12

1.Transliterate,transcribe,andtranslatethesesentences:

/ YNwAklAWK a˜wAwA ^ WwÍwaD x ÍnM AWK à YWwllmY áÒ a˜wAwA ^ esAkA WfJwlA Y>WT ? ! / YNwA WtDCT AWB Y<wsLP ¶ 1MwY WWP WN WTWB 2 aJwS WwAwï¬A ? 2 / WTWK WwÍcdMwï<Å ^ WwaÒtJ MwaåD W WTWK WwaåD WwaDWwï˜ WIt¬A MwAW ? 3 / aåDtådA Äwa¬Y WtJCW 4 à YWnlA ßYW MWt¬M tÂA ? 4 / WtjaHW AWB WwAKtÅPWWWtÅ WWP WcJwÍwY WWWtÅ a˜wAwA øaÅ ? 23 Wt˜ ÍBwA WthAt¬Z ^ lAwY< WWT WN AWWT ã OW ÍcÅ WtJWK MwA ã WcjÍwLWP OaÅ ? 33

/ WtådMwY WtÅWnYWI / EtÅcÅ WfJwlA W WtdßLwA W aå˜ W LtJ W AwYK W LwLwA W WimZ W adM WTWWvaD a˜wAwA ? 34 / LwßYK 34 WTWtjA aÒ chÄ WwaÅtJ N YW WthAWt¬Z AWB WtjlABwY ÂaD ØW CwlY tÂA ^ ã øaÅ? 44

WwYWcÅ WwaÂaåD WKwAP WTWwïÅW EkahAWT WWP WwaÅTwÍwA ^ WKtjAwA ? 333

WwaÒwLwA WkaÂA ^ WkßyL W WwaD>NwAwAtHwA WkaÂA ^ WWT OW ÂaD<wA 4 WfH W WCwL AWK

WtDWWtÂaD AWB WwAPWK ^ WtjlAV OW W

ÄPwZ aÂY W á¬AV WtdßLwA W Äwa¬Y WTwL W ÄwaÅP WimZ WtDWwïÅW EKwYW tÂA 1ßÄ W

/ WtDWWtÂaD EKwYW ã

TEXTS12

TEXT 12.1 FromBundahišn33

? WTWWtÅwA E˝∂ >ΩM ^ WtåD ? Wt˜ EkAtDP OW WwAtådmAV ^ W˝∂ >ΩM WtÅWK ^ a∂dATwA x

? WTWK WwAcåÅW W WTcdLP WtÅWK

? Wt˜ a∂dAwLP OW WwAtÅWK ^ Y]JwA WwABwLWkÍWwA Y>W WthaD lAK N WwAtja˜ ^ WwS

? YNwA WtÅWfJ WWwïÅ WwaHnLW W Wt¬AWW WwAtja˜ ^ WwS WTWwLTI W˝∂ >ΩM

/ WTWK ÂYvYcÅ WWtH Wwa:dA W WTW]JW yLTW W

andarxwadāyīhīKawādMazdakīBāmdādānōpaydāgīhmaddādīmazdakīhnihād.Kawādfrēftudwiyābānkerd.zanudfrazendudxwāstagpadhamīhudhambāyīhabāyēddāštanframūd.dēnīmazdēsnānazkārdāšttāanōšag-ruwānHusrōyīKawādānōpornāyīhmadMazdakōzaddēnīmazdēsnānwinnārdudawēšān*Xyōnspōxthēnd.udwidargbastudĒrānšahrabēbīmkerd.

LESSON12

165 May4,2008-11:22PM

TEXT 12.3 Bundahišn33.1-13

Missingline:

Wwa¬AW WTWK ÍTP Ewa:DwA W WwÍPwÍW YBK WWtHWwa:dA

kaGanāgMēnōyandardwāristpadbunnazdisthazāragīandargumēzišnīhgāwudGayōmardbūdhēnd.kaMašīudMašyānīānhuspāsīhkerd50sālēg-išānzāyišnazišnēbūd.andarhamhazāragpad70sālHōšangudTahmūredhardōdēwbēōzadhēnd.andarhazāragsardēwānJamkirrēnīd.didīgarhazāragbunbūdAžidahāgdušxwadāyīhabarkerdgrift*ud100sālbēkerd.čiyōnhazāragsarbūdFrēdōngriftbast.sidīgarhazāragbunbūdkaFrēdōnkišwarbaxtSalmudTūzēg-išānĒriǰōzadfrazendānudāwādagān*abesīhēnīd.andarhamhazāragMānuščihrzādudkēnīĒriǰxwāst.pasAfrāsyābāmad.MānuščihrabāgērānagānōPadišxwārgarspōxtpadsēǰniyāzudwasmargīh*abesīhēnīd*FrīyīNōdarīMānuščihrpusōzadtāpadanīpaywandĒrānšahrazAfrāsyābstad.kaMānuščihruzīdbūddidAfrāsyābāmad<Ērānšahrwaswišōbišnudawērānīhpadiškerd.wārān>azĒrānšahrabāzdāšttāUzawīTahmāspānmadFrāsyābspōxtudwārānkerdTEXT 12.3 FromBundahišn YWtDWK ìtdE ^ WtÅKC WN WwaåJ ^ Wwaå˜ á¬AB AWvY ± ^ tdA ÄWtÅKC à WwS WWP WtDBwY WtåDWwßL ^ WKWcåÒT ^ WKwY

LtåÅcÅ YWtJWK WcÒWvlA ^ WPWK ^ WWB WWP 1aDT W

WtDWnYWI ìtdE ^ WtÅKC ã Q Wwaå˜ WCwlmYW ^ WtJWK WWP WcÒWvlA ^ WPWK ^ nßYwL WWP 1aDT W

÷ ÄwaÅP W Äwa¬Y WKcDW 333 ÍWN WtDWwmYWI WkAwa˜wA :dÍpÍ ^ WcDT ^ !WkAwïD Wwaå˜ ã WWP

LESSON12

166 May4,2008-11:22PM

TEXT 12.3 FromArdāWirāz-nāmag

Âïda˜W kL OW Y>W WWtåD AWB à WTPwY W WTWwïÅW cÅWP L ^ nS WtåD WWWtÅ W WBwlaÅ ÍwlÍ oaÅ W

EtåH W WwßmaÒ W emLwA W emïJV W EwaåÒP W EwajA W elAwA W EwÍwL W WwaHwY W WthAW

? WwAWCwlY ^ ã W WwAtjaÒ ^ aåD< Âïda˜W TcÅ ? WwAVwlaÅ ^ WwßaDtÅP ^ WthAW ^ eYWBwA W

WthAW WWP ^ EKwYW W WwaDWcJwaÂA W a˜wAwA WWP WwAwßYwLW WPwA ^ WwßaDtÅP Âïda˜W TcÅ

WwaååH W ‹ ^ EtDwL W WwaDWcJwaÂA W WwaåD ^ EtjA W WwaHwY WWP ^ EkAwA W

÷ WwïJP ^ WWT W cdaÅtjL ^ WWTWWwaD W

EXERCISES1212.1.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtranscriptions:arešk drōzan mayān aDT ßYK WTWwlYKMāsmān dušmen ōbārēd AWWT WfjAtHW WwˆÂaJāy framān-burdār padīrift glM WilAT Wwaå˜azabar gāw sahmgen lAB WkahAWT WwaÂsAazēr gōwišn tarāzūg lAtÒWB WwaÂLP WkAwaD WwaHwYbār hamēstār tārīk lAtŸjmA WkßlA WWCwlYbērōn hučihr tēx lECwA WKWcåÒT WwEwYČinwad ǰuwān tuxšāg LPcÅ WnÍwY WwÍBwYdānāg kēš Wištāsp lYcÅ WtdlAPwA WWtåDdast marg zan nïD WTPWwYC WWwlYBdōšox nßYW12.2.Transliterate/transcribeandtranslate:

÷ WtjlABwY ÍTP W WTPwS WimZ YWwï˜ WkAWwY à nMT WimZ ^ WKwaå˜ x WwaHwY ? !

? WtDWWwaD LTkAtÒwA ÍcÅ W WkahAWT WWTWwïÅW WKPWK W lAK WWP ã aÅkA WwS N WN MWkL N ÄcdlATK ã ? 2

WtdAtJ ea¬aÅ WTWwlYkM WwS WcjAtHW tÂA à WkAtDP ^ AwA WKwïÅ ?3

÷ YNwA WtDt¬adA WwÍBwY ã x aåH

ÍwlïÒwA ^ µßA WWwSC YWnYWkY lAtjïÂA YBK WWkmaJ ^ YwLWB ^ lAWP WTPWwYC WWP ? 4

/ WtDWtDwA aÒ elïJ W WtdlAPwA µE WwïDnaÅ WN WtåÅWtjA W

WtÅWwmYWI AWB AWWT wYwL WTWWtåD WWwlYV AWWT ^ WWT N WtåDKwïÅ ^ AWWT ^ WwABwL WwSC WWwLwÍwY ? 23

? WtDc¬Y< a˜wAwA OW YWwsaD `<wAW lAB WKwïÅ WWP tÂA AWvY + YWC

nÍPW ^ WwÍWWK N AWvY WwadA N ^ WWTWK WwABWT aÒ ã WnÍwY WWP WnÍwY à WTWWWnY WwAkAwaD ? 33 ÷ WtDWWtÂaD ÍBwA

WI>wï¸ ÂA W WvA >W AWvY nM ÍWWwaD lAtÒWV WwaÂLP W lAtdßAwYW W Ä˝jLT nÍPW ^ ÂA W WvA x ? 34

? Wt∂∆ÒT aÒ chÄ N WkßYW x tÂA :dÍ WwSC WkAwa˜wA

LESSON12

167 May4,2008-11:22PM

Y>WwïJwY AWB ÍcÅ c˜wYN WN WKwYW ^ nßYW WwSC WkAwa˜wA WWwYwA tDwL ÂA W WvA WN nLW W

÷ WtDWwsaD lAwA WWP ßÄ AWK W WwABWT aÒ WWTWwïÅW MwYN ÍcÅ

WWT ^ EwETP W WwßlE WWtJWwEWB WtdaH WwïDC à Wt¬A ^ Y>Wwï˜ OW kAwE WtŸJWWP ? 44

/ WWT ^ Wwaå¸ N WtDwY WwABwL ^ elAtÅWB W WwABwL ^ Wwaå¸ N WtDwY

sM ÍcÅ W sM WWP kAtÂA W WkAtÂA WWP SK # N ^ ã à WTWK WwaJP Wt¬A ^ Y>Wwï˜

/ WwïDE ÄTwA WWP lEwïD W lEwïD WWP

12.3.TranslateintoPahlavi: Note:Donotuseencliticpronounsasagents,buttheregularones.

1. WhentheEvilSpirithadrushedagainst(pad)everycreationofOhrmazd’s,hemadetheworldatnoonlikeadarknight,andhemadetheskyunderneathandabovetheearthdark.

2. SalmandTūzkilledallthechildrenanddescendantsofĒriǰ,butFrēdōnkeptĒriǰ’sdaughterhiddenfor10years.

3. Fromthatdaughteradaughterwasborn.SalmandTūzkilledthemotherofthedaughter,butFrēdōnkepthidingthegirlfor(tā)10generations(paywand).

4. WhenAhrimensawOhrmazd’slight,herosefromthedepthandbecauseofenvy(he)attacked(it)inordertodestroy(it).

5. OhrmazdrecitedtheAhunwar,andtheFoulSpiritwasstunnedandfellbackintothedarkness.6. ThehērbedsandmowbedssaidtoArdāWirāz:Welcome,youmessengeroftheMazdayasnians!whohave

comebackfromthatdarkhell.Nowtelluswhatyousawthere.7. ThentherighteousSrōšandthedivinefirebroughtmetoaplaceandshowed(to)meheavenandhell.8. WhenArdāWirāzcametothatplace(he)sawabeautifulwomanwhosaidtohim:Oyoung(man),Iam

yourdēn!Intheworldoftheliving,youmadememorebeautifulthanIwas.9. ArdāWirāzsaidtoher:Obeautifulwoman!WhendidImakeyoubeautiful?Ihaveneverseenyoubefore.10. AfterthedeathofZarathustra,thereweremanypeoplewholeftthedēnofOhrmazdandthe(other)gods

andtook(accepted)theteachingofAhrimenandthedemons.ADDITIONAL READINGS 12 .1 FromtheKār-nāmagīArdaxšīrīPābagān12.1,aboutŠābuhr,Ardaxšīr’sunknownson,andhismeetingwithayoungwoman.

? WTWwlZW lYcåÅW OW WTWWtåD WWtH ã OW Wwa¬ïhad>lA ^ lAWcåH 1MwY áÒ WwÍwïådLV WwaÂZ W WwßaD.

/ WTWWwaD ÍTP WKcDWK WN Wt˜ At˜ ã OW lABwsA 333 NTwL nÍPWV lYcåÅW ^ oaÅ W

? WTWWvaD áÂA adM áÒ WwadAplaÅC W WtådA áÂA adM W WTWWwaD aÅC ^ nßYwL WWP WKcDWK áÒ WwßaD.

/ WtÅWnYWI WTWwlZW 1lAK WWP LIcÒW ǰahišnudzamānbrēhēnišnrāyrōz-ēwŠābuhrīArdaxšīrānōānšahrāmadōnaxčīršududpasīnaxčīrxwadabāg9aswārōāndehmadkēkanīzagpadišbūd.ǰahišnrāykanīzagpadsarīčāhbūdudābhamēhextudčahār-pāyānrāyābhamēdād.warzīgarpadkār-ēwšudestād.

/ WtDÚWcÒ WTwlY WWP W aDW W Wt∂JwlY à WTPwY WTW]J nïŸJW W WTWnYK WTWtjA lABwsA W lAWcåH tÂA WKcDWK

? MCwA adM NwA YW µlY< µaD<wA W WKWwA WwAtå¬Y> ^ WkïåJ µïJB WkAwïD nM WWtJWWvYtD WtdaÒP AWB

/ WtDWNtHW adM LWtJ W nÍPWV

kL ^ adM à WTPwY WKcDWK OW ? WTWWwaD WwïÂßA áÒ EKwßYT W EksLwY< W EkY>wa˜ lAWcåH

/ WtdAcÅ aÒ lAK WWP

/ WWtJWWvYtD AWB !WtJWK WWP WTWwlZW laÂYT WWP WKcDWK

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µYWwïÅW WcÅW NwL YW WtDCwaÅ adM W WtDWtdmL aÅC OW WKcdA à WTPwY Wwa¬AVwsA OW lAWcåH

? WtDWWbaD adM WwaÒWtJ W

WWtdÍK a¬aÒ WTWB adM nla˜ áÒ WKcdA ^ eï<ÒWCW AWB WTWtdmL aÅC OW WKcdA WTWK WKWwïÂA Wwa¬AVwsA

/ WtjaH aÒ kanīzagkaŠābuhrudaswārdīdāxistudnamāzburdguftkūdrīstudwehudpaddrōdawarēd.bēframāyēdnišastančēgyāgxwašsāyagīdraxtānxunakudhangāmgarmtāanābhenǰam.xwadudstōrābxwarēd.šābuhrmāndagīhudgursagīhudtišnagīhrāyhešmgenbūd.ōkanīzagguftkūamāhābītōpadkārnēabāyēd.kanīzagpadtēmāršududpadkust-ēwbēnišast.šābuhrōaswārānguftkūhēzagōčāhabganēdudābāhenǰēdtāamāhwāǰgīrēmudstōrānābdahēd.aswārānhamgōnagkerdhēzagōčāhabgandbēwazurgīhīhēzagrāypurrābbūdulkešīdannēšāyist.

ADDITIONAL READINGS 12 .3 FromBundahišn14.2-6

/ WtJWwLPW nS YwA WWP Wt˜ Q elaÂYW Wt¬MwïåD< tÂA

WKwYKcÅ WwaDP N YwL WKtjA N W WwïåÅ nlïÒ N W µïjA ï<ΩM N W WcDc¬A WWwA N W WPwlS nßYwL N

áÒ eY>NwAwAc¬A WWK WN WTWWtåD EkAtDP OW Aba¸ EwÍWwlZW AWB WwaD< N W WTcåÒWP áΩAB N W

/ YWWbaD AWB adA NTwL WwaÅTwÍwA

/ Wt˜ Q eylM WTWkßLP YW WwaÂaD WfJwlA ? WTWwlZW x Wt¬MwïåD< ^ WWT WWP eylM WIwA ^ ã N

/ YNwA WTwlAP AWB WtdßLwA ^ EwÍwL WWP µAWT ã WTWWvaD AWB µAWT Wt¬MwïåD< tÂA

/ WTWWvaD WimZ x TwÍ ¢ ? WTWwlYkM Wt˜wYWcJ 1laÅV WthadaÅKW YwSwï¬YW 1laÅV 2 ÍcÅ

WimZ N íYwaå¬aå˜ W î¬aå˜ yLW 27 ^ WWWtJ WKwïÅ ^ WcÒK sAcdL TwÍ ¢ ^ EI>WWV WWP

WKtJWTP YWT OW WKwïÅ WtÅWwmYWI lAwaÒ ÍwY> WWP nS WwaHà WkAwa˜wA WWwYwA YNwA WtJwL q ÷ YNwA WTWWwaD W˝∆j>mA W WwÍvmA kaGayōmardwēmārīhabarmadpadhōydastōbast.azsarsrubudazxōnarzizudazmazgasēmudazpāyāhenudazastagrōyudazpihābgēnagudazbāzāpōlābd

udazgyānbē-šawišnīhzarrōpaydāgīhāmadkēnūnarzānōmandīhrāymardōmānabāggyānbēdahēnd.azānīhōyagmargīhpadtanīgayōmardandaršud.harwispdāmāntāfraškerdmargīhabarmad.kagayōmardtōhmbēdādāntōhmpadrōšnīhīxwaršēdbēpālūdhēnd.u-šdōbahr-ēwNēryōsangnigāh-dāštbāhr-ēwspandarmadpadīrift.40sālandarzamīgdād.padbowandagīhī40sālrēbāh-kerbīēk-stūnī15wargmahlīyudmahliyānīyazzamīgabarrusthēndōwōn

homānāgkū-šāndastpaddōšabāzestādēkōdidpaywastaghambašnudhamdēsagbūdhēnd. WhensicknessbefellGayōmard,hefellontheleftside.Thereappearedfromhisheadlead,fromhisbloodtin,

fromhisbrainsilver,fromhisfeetiron,fromhisbonescopper,fromhisfatcrystal,fromhisarmssteel,andfromthesoulsgoingforthgold,whichstillnowpeoplegivewiththeirsoulsbecauseofitshighvalue.

ThroughhisleftsidemortalityenteredGayōmard’sbody.MortalitycameuponallcreturesuntiltheRenovation.

WhenGayōmardgaveuphisseed,itwascleansedwiththelightofthesun.AndonehalfwaspreservedbyNēryōsang,andSpandarmadreceivedone.Itwasplacedintheearthfor40years.

Atthecompletionof40years,MahlīyandMahliyānīygrewupfromtheearthasaplantintheshapeofarhubarbwithonestemand15leaves,insuchawaythattheirhandswereinthebackandtheywereattachedtooneanother.Theywereofthesameheightandsameappearance.

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Additionalreadings12.3 FromAyādgār īZarērān

Wištāsp-šāgōwēdnūnčandāyēndXyōnazbunagudkaēw-bārāyēndčandmīrēndudčandabāzšawēnd.gōwēdJāmāspbidaxškū131bēwarXyōnazbunagbēāyēndkaēw-bārāyēndēčzīndagabāzbēnēšawēndbēānī

ēkArzāspīXyōnanxwadāy.ōy-izyalSpandyādgīrēdu-šdast-ēwudpāy-ēwudgōš-ēwbrīnēdu-ščašm-ēwpadātaxšdazēdu-špadbrīd-dumbxar-ēwabāzōšahrīxwēšfrēstēdudgōwēdkūšawudgōwkūčēdīdazdastīmanyalSpandyād.udpasgōwēdkay-Wištāsp-šākūagarhamāgpusudbrādudwāspuhragānīmankay-Wištāsp-šāudān-izīHutōsī-mxwahudzankēazpustāduxt

30azišzādēstēdudhamāgmurdbawēndēg-imēnabēzagdēnīmāzdēsnčiyōn-imazOhrmazdpadīriftbēnēhilam.

Note:čiyōn-im...padīrift“asI(have)received(it).”

LESSON12

170 May4,2008-11:22PM

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHETEXTANDTHEEXERCISES12Idioms:abargrift tookupazkārdār- ignore(?)drīstawar nMWcÒ Wt∂JwlY welcome!frāz-srāy- sing,recitepadkārnēabāyēd havenoneedforpadnihānīhdār- keephiddenpadxwārdār- lookdownupon,despisewāngdār- haveavoice,shoutNouns,adjectives,adverbs,pronouns:ābādīh EtÅcÅ <ʾtyh> wealth,prosperityābgēnag WKwYKcÅ <ʾkynk'> glass adān WwadA <ʾdʾn'> withoutknowledge,ignorantāgāh aÅkA,sAkA <ʾkʾs,ʾkʾh> aware,knowledgeableagumēzišn WwÍcdMwïÅ <ʾgwmycšn'> unmixed,notpartoftheMixtureāhen WwˆjA <ʾsyn'> ironardīg WIt¬A <ʾltyk'> battlearzānōmandīh eY>NwAwAc¬A <ʾlcʾnʾwmndyh> (great)valuearziz WcDc¬A <ʾlcyc'> tinasēmēn ÂïjA <ʾsym> silverastag WKtjA <ʾstk'> boneastīh EtjA <ʾstyh> being,existenceāwādag WKtÅBwA <ʾwbʾtk'> generation,descendantawardāg WkAtÒwA <ʾwltʾk'> notturningaway(from)bāzā áΩAB <bʾzʾd> armbrēhēnišn WwÍwïådLV <blyhynšn'> assignmentbrīd-dumb WbMwY WtdLB <blyt'-dwmb'> withthetailcutoffbunag WKWWB <bwnk'> campčāh aÅC <cʾh> well(forwater)čahār-pāy ÄpLaÅC <chʾl-pʾd> quadrupeddōš ÍwY <dōš> theback(ofbody)drōzan WWCwlY <dlwcn'> liar,deceiverēk-dād WtåDKwïÅ <ʾywk-dʾt'> createdasone;thesingle-created(Bull)ērānag WKwa:dA <ʾylʾnkʾn'> Iranianēw-bār lABwïÅ <ʾywbʾl> oncegōš ÍwY <gwš> earhambašn WwÍvmA <hmbšn'> ofthesameheighthamdēsag W˝∆jmA <hmdysk'> ofthesameshapehambāyīh a∂dAvmA <hmbʾgyh> sharing,partnershiphamīh emA <hmyh> togethernesshazārag WklAcÅ <hcʾlk'> millenniumhērbed WTplÄ <hylpt'> (religious)teacherhōy,hōyag WkYwA,YwA <hwy,hwyk'> left(side)hubōyīh eG>WBwA <hwbwdyh> fragrance,perfume

LESSON12

171 May4,2008-11:22PM

huramīh emLwA <hwlmyh> happinesshuspāsīh esAfJwA <hwspʾsyh> gratitude;goodserviceǰahišn WwßE <yhšn'> chance,destinyǰuγ WKwY <ywk'> yokekēn WwYK <kyn'> revenge(kēnī“for”);+xwāh-“seekrevenge”mazdakīh E˝∂>ΩM <mzdkyh> Mazdakismmazg gzM <mzg> brain,marrowmowbed WTPwï˜ <mgwpt'> mowbed,highpriestnaxčīr lYcåÅW <nhcyl> game,hunt;ōn.šaw-“gohunting”nēstīh EtDwL <LOYTyh> non-being,non-existencenēzag WKcDW <nyck'> spearnigāhdār- -ladaÅKW <nkʾh-dʾl-> watch,guardnihānīh EwaÅW <nyhʾnyh> hidingniyāz WcåÅW <nydʾc'> needpānag WKwAP <pʾnk'> protectorpaygāmbar LbmAtDP <pgtʾmbl> messengerpaywand YWWTP <ptwnd> connection,lineagepēm ÂïÅP,mYP <pym,pʾym> milkpih WwaDP <pyhw'> fleshpōlābd WTcåÒWP <pwlʾpt'> steelpornāyīh a∂dAwLWP,a∂dAwLP <p(w)lnʾdyh> adulthoodpurr-sardag WKt:jLWP <pwl-sltk'> ofmanyspeciesRašn-dād WtåDWwßL <lšn-dʾt'> placedbyRašnrēbāh sAcdL <lypʾs> rhubarbrēšag WkßgL <lyšk'> rootrōy `wL <lwd> brassšafšēr,šofšēr :dÍPwÍ,:dÍpÍ <š(w)pšyl> swordsagrīh elgS <sglyh> satisfaction,fullness(fromeatingfood)sardag WKt:J <sltk'> speciessēǰ WcŸJ <syc'> dangeršagr :dÍ <šgl> lionsrub WPwlS <slwp'> leadstard,sturd WtÒWtJ ,WtÒtJ <st(w)lt'> stunnedstūn WWtJ <stwn'> column,stalktan-gōhr laÅwY WWT,lAwYWWT <tn'-gwhl,g-wʾhl> bodysubstancetarsagāy,tarsagāh aÅ˝jLT,Ä˝jLT <tlskʾd,tlskʾh> respectfultērag WklYT <tylk'> dark(night)tēz WcDT <tyc'> sharpuštānōmand YNwAwAtHwA <ʾštʾnʾwmnd> livingandbreathingbeingwačast WtJCW <wcst'> astropheoftheGathaswarg yLW <wlg> leafwarzīgar LIcÒW <wlcykl> farmerwēmārīh elaÂYW <wymʾlyh> sicknesswiyābān WwAcåÅW <wydʾʾn’> astray;+kun-“leadastray”xar AnA <HMRA> donkeyxūb-wurrōyišn WwßYwLW <hwp-wlwdšn'> (someone)ofgoodfaith

LESSON12

172 May4,2008-11:22PM

xurduš ÍwlïÒwA <hwldlwš> epithetofSrōš(manyspellings);Av.xruuī.druš“wieldingabloodyclub”

xwār lâwA <hwʾl> lowly,abjectxwārīh elâwA <hwʾlyh> ease,bliss,joyxwašīh emïJ| <BSYMyh> pleasantnesszāyišn WwÍWwa:¸ <zʾdšn'> birth,beingbornPropernames:Afrāsyāb WcååjaÒcÅ <ʾlʾsydʾ'> Afrāsyāb;aTuranian,archenemyoftheearly

IraniansAhunwar LWWwaÅ <ʾhwnwl> nameofthefirststropheofthefirstGathaArdaxšīrān Wwa¬ïhad>lA <ʾldhšylʾn'> sonofArdaxšīrAžidahāg WkaåD ^cÅ <ʾcydhʾk'> AǰdahāgBāmdādān WwAtådmAV <bʾmdʾtʾn'> sonofBāmdādČagādīDāytīy ìtdE ^ WtÅKC <ckʾt'Ydʾytyd> theLawfulSummit(amountain)Ēriǰ WcÎ:dA <ʾylyc> sonofFrēdōnFrāsyāb (WcåjaÒP)WcååjaÒP <plʾsydʾ'> Frāsyāb=AfrāsyābFrīyīNōdar (ms.ßLP)LTWW Y adLP <plydnwtl> sonofMānuščihrGōšurūn WWwLwÍwY <gwšwlwn'> Gōšurūn,theSouloftheCow/BullGušnasp WfJwÍwY <gwšnsp'> nameofafireHōšang <waHwA,Y<wÍwA <hwš(ʾ)ng> Husrōy Y]JwA <hwslwd> Hutōs SWTwA <hwtws> Wištāsp’ssisterandwifeKawād WtÅWK <kwʾt'> Kawādān WwAtÅWK <kwʾtʾn'> sonofKawādMānuščihr laDcHWwa˜ <mʾnwšcyhl> MānuščihrMazdak (W˝∆ >ΩM)W˝∂>ΩM <mzd(y)k'> Salm Â:J <slm> sonofFrēdōnSpandyād WtådYWfJ <spnddʾt'> Wištāsp’ssonTahmūraf,Tahmūred WtÌLnAT,WpLnAT <thmwlp',thmwlyt'> Tūz WCWT <twc> sonofFrēdōnVerbs:abesīhēn- –WwïåŸJcÅ <ʾsyhyn-> causetoperish,destroyayārdīd -t¬adA $$daz-īd -cD <dc-> burn(sth.)frēftanfrēb- (-cjLP)-cdLP <pld(y)p-> deceivegarz-īd -c¬Y <glc-> wail,complaingumār-gumārd –lâMwY <gwmʾl-> appointgumēz-gumēxt WtådMwY,-cdMwY <gwmyc-,gwmyht'> mix,mingle,blendhenǰ-hext(haxt) –CwA WtådA/WtåÅ <hnc-,h(y)ht'> pull,draw(water)kōst WtJWK <kws-> beat,pound,crushmarnǰēn-īd,murnǰēn- -wYCwlM,-wYCwLN <m(w)lncyn-> todestroynimāy-nimūd WTNW,-á˜W <nmʾd-nmwt'> shownišān-nišāst WtJWWvYtD,-wAWWvYtD <YTYBWNʾn-,-st'> setdown,establish WtjaHW <nšʾst'>

LESSON12

173 May4,2008-11:22PM

niyōxš-īd -ßAKwïDW,-ßAKwYW <ny(d)wkhš-> listenniyōš-īd -ÍKwïDW,-ÍKwYW <ny(d)wkš-> listenpālāy-pālūd WTwlAP,W-á¬AP <pʾlʾd-,pʾlwt'> purifyspōz-spōxt -CWfJ/-CWcJ,WtÅWcJ/WtÅWfJ <swc-swht'> pushbacksrāy-srūd WT]J,-á:J <slʾd-,slwt'> sing,recitestāy-stāyīd –ÄtJ <stʾd-> praisesuftsumb- WTPwS,–vMwS <swmb-swpt'> piercetars-īd –∆ÒT–sLT <tls-> tofear(+az)winnār-,winnārd –lAwYW,Wt¬AwYW <wynʾl-> arrange,fastenwišuftan,wišōb- WTPwÍW,–PwÍW <wšwp-> disturb,destroy,tousle(hair)