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Innovative transportation technologies for the North

Aleksey Marchenko

The University Centre in Svalbard Norway

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Transport infrastructure and offshore development in the Arctic

Passenger transport: Regular Rescue Extremal tourism Research

Harbours Airports Fuel deposits

Pipelines Roads Railways

Cargo transport: Regular deliver of goods Tankers, trains, cars Supply facilities

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Content 1. Harbour infrastructure and regular transport units in Svalbard 2. Polar hovercraft – an alternative platform for polar research 3. Hydrocopters and air-ice boats 4. Logistic and transport units used for organizing and support of ice camp Barneo 5. From Russia to Canada over the North Pole by cars 6. Wing-In-Groud (WIG) vehicles

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1. Svalbard as a gate to the Arctic

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Cold currents Warm currents

Locations of coastal structures in Svalbard

Locations of runways in Svalbard

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Ice conditions in Svalbard, 2015

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Barentsburg

Longyearbyen

Svea

Piramiden

Areas of industrial activity in Svalbard

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Cellular cofferdam quay in Longyearbyen (1994)

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Coal quay reinforced by several cofferdams Svea (195x12 m, 2000)

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Floating plastic quay in stable ice conditions, April 2010

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Flloating quay100x35m Length 100 m Breadth 35 m Heigth 6.5 m Maximum Freeboard 2.8 m Minimum Freeboard 2.0 m "Lightship" displacement 13 000 t Theoretical Capasity 2 800 t

Project of concrete floatng quay in Longyearbyen

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February 8, 2015 February 12, 2015

February 15, 2015 February 16, 2015

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Ice formation in hinge zone of land fast ice is a reason for the offshore ice creep

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Ice breaker KV Svalbard near the pier in Longyearbyen Shore

Floating quay

Floe Ship

Action of ships on ice in harbour area is dangerous for the floating quay

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Action of broken ice on the plastic quay, May 2011

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Wave action on the floating quay. Sea current velocities (a) and water pressure (c) versus the time. Fragments of the velocity (b) and water pressure (d) records with higher temporal resolution.

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Conclusions Floating quay should be located away of ice foot and tidal cracks zone to avoid significant tilts induced by tides. Thermal expansion of sea ice near the beach influences horizontal displacements and rotation of the floating quay. It requires special design for the gangway and mooring lines. Floating quay is not exposed by icing because it doesn’t have significant movements relatively water during ice season. Resonance of natural oscillations of floating quay with incoming waves can create significant and sharp movements of the quay. Damping system is required to excide collisions of the quay with moored boats.

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DORNIER 228-202K (19 seats) is used for transportation between Longyearbyen and Svea, and between Longyearbyen and New-Alesund

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Super Puma helicopter. Maximum cargo-sling load is 4500 kg, Maximum speed is 262 km/h, Maximum range is 866 km.

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Doplhin helicopter. Maximum cargo load is 1170 kg, Maximum speed is 324 km/h, Maximum Range is 658 km.

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Regular transport units used for research activity

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2. Polar hovercraft – an alternative platform for polar research

1. Propellers 2. Air 3. Fan 4. Flexible skirt

Length – 12 m Beam – 6.1 m Height – 3.93 m Crew – 1 Payload – 2 t Endurance – 10 hrs Fuel consumptions – 45 l/hr Speed – 35 kn Power – 330 kWt Obstacle clearance – 0.75 m Wave height - 1 m Max slope angle – 10o

Griffon Hovercraft Ltd. , 2000TD Mark III (designed for research on sea ice)

http://www.polarhovercraft.no

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Cabin interior with work bench for computers and instruments (right) and space for seating/sleeping (left). The seats can be converted to beds. A small kitchen section is located on the starboard side behind the passenger seat.

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Lead

Ice ridge

Leads are main roads for the hovercraft Ice ridges are main obstacles for the motion

Strategy of hovercraft motion in sea ice

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Shape of ice ridge sail in the Barents Sea, Lance cruise, May 2008

Sea ice ridges are main obstacles for hovercraft

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Small scale roughnesses of ice surface can damage hovercraft skirt

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Arctic expedition 2015. The hovercraft SABVABAA is manned by a crew of two; professor Yngve Kristoffersen , NERSC/University of Bergen and Audun Tholfsen, Longyearbyen.

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12.12.2013

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Lateral instability of hovercraft motion

Small cohesion causes lateral displacement under influence of lateral loads (wind, gravity)

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Ice breakers canals are potential «roads» for hovercraft

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Route of helicopters MI-8

Route of plane IL-76 Route of plane AN-74

3. Organizing of ice camp Barneo (http://polar-expeditions.ru/eng)

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Transport units used for organizing and support of Barneo AN-74

MI-8

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4. Expedition from Russia to Canada over the North Pole by cars, 2013

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General information  «Yemelya» all-terrain vehicle 3,4 (2011 – at present time)  

Unladen mass, kg   1430  

Gross mass, kg   2100  

Payload capacity, kg   670  

Mass and number of towed trailers, kg   3x800  

Average ground pressure per unit of area under full load, kPa (kgf⁄sm²)   7 (0,07)  

Maximum travel speed at hard-surface roads, km⁄h   50  

Minimum travel speed at lowest gear, km⁄h   2  

Fuel tank capacity, l   50  

Clearance, mm   600  

2. Engine    

Diesel   TOYOTA  

Power, hp (kW)   75 (55,2) at 3400 rpm  

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3. Transmission    Clutch   Single-disk, dry, hydraulically-operated  

Gearbox  Mechanical, 5-speed, with lockable interaxle differential  

Front wheels ⁄ rear wheels swiveling mechanism  

Steering wheel, screw-nut type⁄----no----  

Brakes  Disk-type transmission brakes, at intermediate axle  

Winch   Mechanical driven with multi-plate clutch  

Rope   Kevlar, length on reel 50 m  

4. Chassis    

Wheel arrangement   6х6  

Tire pressure, kPa (kg⁄sm²)   5 (0,05)  

Directional control   Steering, by turning of front wheels  

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5. Body    

Body displacement together with submerged wheel, tons  

2,1  

Frame  Three-dimensional, integrated in the body, made of light alloy, riveted  

Cabin  

Wagon-type configuration, made of light alloy, riveted, with thermal insulation by PU foam sheets with heat reflector  

Number of seats (including driver's seat)   3-5  

Number of berths   5  

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5. Hydrocopters and air-ice boats

Hydrocopter Arctic Ant

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330-600 hp 30-60 kUSD

Canadian airboats and wind mashines

www.canadianairboats.com

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Length of hull 5.2 m Total length 7.5 m Width 2.6 m Height 3.2 m Weight 1900 kg Cargo capacity

500 kg

Power 500 hp

Fuel 200 l bensin/diesel

Speed on the water

25-30 kn

Speed on snow

>100 km/h

www.airbots.fi

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6. Wing-In-Groud (WIG) vehicles

S2VCLift2

yρ

=

Increasing of the lift force Reducing of the drag force

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Methods of take-off of WIG vehicles

Power Augmented RAM Static Air-Cushion

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www.attk.ru

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WIG platform concept (http://www.mme.wsu.edu/~matveev/)

• Simple arrangement • High speed (>100 kts) • Stability under lateral wind load • High seaworthiness • Weight efficiency ~50% • Thrust-to-weight ratio 0.15-0.25 (better than air-cushion and WIG) • Amphibious capability

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Lateral stability of WIG platform is higher than hovercraft because of the higher cohesion with ground

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Displacement – 30 t Draft - 0,75 m Speed – 65 km/h by water - 100 by land - 80 by snow and ice - 100 Amplitude – 120 km crew - 3 Cargo capacity – 10 t Wave height - 1,0 m Cargo deck sizes - 12х7 m Propulsion - 4x15 kN

WIG platform project. Alekseev’s Central Hydrofoil design Bureau (Russia)

http://ckbspk.ru/

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12.12.2013 Nataliya Marchenko_SRHE

Thank you for your attention!