inkaterra - brochure canopy

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0m

5m

20m

25m

30m

35m

40m

45m

50m

LOFTY GARDENS

VERTICAL STRATIFICATION

The fight for lifis very intensefruitassuresthcome to eat thTheseedsinththe animals' diwhich the animconstant movefromthemothein the colonizatin new places, competition.

THE AB

f

Antgardens. Antnests sustaining complete plantcommunities.Bothants andplants benefit

fromthis association.

a

Cactaceae.Disocactus sp.

g

Climbing plant.Magfadyenauncata.b

Liana.Celtis iguanae

e

ANTS ANDPLANTS, INC.

Fern. Asplenium sp.d Moss.

Briophytah Epiphyte Anthurium sp. jOrchid.

Pleurothalis sp.i

k

Termite nest.Nasutitermes sp.

l

OrchidsStellis sp.Epidendrum sp.

m

Tower 1

28,4 m

Blue-headedParrot

Pionus menstruus

25 cm

Platform 2

Tree: YellowMombinSpondias mombin

Height: 21,80 m

Platform 1

Tree: YellowMombinSpondiasmombinL.Height: 22,10 m

The forestfloor containsa superficiallayer oforganicmaterial,from which plantsobtain theirnutrients.Itisestimated that550 differentspecies ofplants candevelopperhectare(2.7acres)(datum:ReservaEcológicaInkaterra).Itis thebeginningof lifeeven forthe giantemergenttrees,which alsobelonged tothis stratum

whentheywereseedlings.Inthis stratumintenseanimal life-mostlyantsand termites-developsamongtheremainsoffallen leavesand trunks.These animalsacceleratethedecompositionoforganicmaterial,producingnatural nutrients.

The forest floor

14tons

ofdecomposing organicmaterial perhectare(2.7 acres)isproduced

inthecanopy.Itformsalayerthat regulatesfluctuationsintemperatureand moisture.

25meters

Thecrownsofthecanopytreescanreach adiameteras largeas 25meters(82feet),coveringasmany as 100 smallertrees in the500- square-meter(5,38 1-square-feet)areaofshadearoundthem.

Scarlet Macaw

Aramacao

89 cm

CuRa

53

Golden-collared Toucanet Seleniderareinwardtii

30-33 cm

Yellow-rumped Cacique

Cacicus cela

28 cm

Barred AntshrikeThamnophilusdoliatus

15-16 cm

TropicalKingbird Tyrannusmelancholicus

20-22 cm

Black-billedNightingale-

Thrush Turdus ignobillis

24 cm

Fork-tailedPalm-Swift

Tachornis squamata

13.5 cm(5.3 inches)

R

Cr

90

INKATERRA CANOPY IN FIGURES

THE ANTHE CA

g h i

e

d

c

b

a

j

k l m n

Saddle-back TamarinSaguinusfuscicollis

17,5–27 cm

Tail:25–38 cm

Platform 3

Tree: MastatePoulseniaarmata

Height: 22,20 m

Platform 4


Height: 23,15 m

Platform 5

Tree: ManchingaBrosimumalicastrum

Height: 23,40 m Platform 6

Tree: SnakewoodClarisiaracemosa

Height: 22,60 m

Platform 7


Height: 22,80 m

Platform 8

Tree: CepanchilaSloaneaoppositifo

Height: 22,30 m

Tower 2

29 m

Strangler figs are an importantsource of food for rainforestanimals. While bearing fruit, theyattractmanycreaturesfromseveral kilometers,ormiles,around.Whenthe fruits are digested by monkeysand birds, the seeds are dispersedand fall on the branches of a tree(the host tree). Once the seedgerminates,the descendingg rowthoftherootsbegins,usingthetrunkof the host tree for support.

When the roots reach the forestfloor, they swell and unite witheach other, capturing the hosttrunk in a mortal embrace. In thefinal step, the rapid growth of thestranglerfigcrownbegins,coveringthe top of the host. T hecompetition for nutrients from thesoil,andforlight,causesthedeathof the host tree, which is thenconsumed by fungi and termites.

THE STRANGLERSc

f Researchandinventoriesof Inkaterra'sEcological Reserve have beenconducted since 1978. Among thehighlightsaretheinventoryofinsectsby Professor Edward O. Wilson of HarvardUniversity(whocertifiedthatReserva Ecológica Inkaterra is thearea with the greatest richness of ants in the world), the inventory of plantscarriedout byDr.Alwyn GentryoftheMissouriBotanicalGarden(witha registry of 1,070 species of vascular

plants), the study of amphibians andreptiles by Dr. William Duellman(published by Cornell University Pressin a 433-page book), the recordingofthesongsof thebirdsofthecanopycarried out by the Peruvian biologistEdwin Salazar, and several studiespublishedby theUniversityofKansas.Wildlife studies are still carried outfor the purpose of establishing acontinuing plan for tourism.

Bridge 1

Long: 18,50m

Bridge 2

Long: 35,47m

Bridge 3

Long: 29,17 m

Bridge 4

Long: 40,78 m

Bridge 6

Long: 21,12 m

Bridge 5

Long: 19,59 m

Bridge 7

Long: 28,10 m

Light 98%

2%

Tropical forests

Temperate forests

Deeper, pyramidalcrowns

Wide, flat crowns

Humidity 30% 100%

Black-facedcotinga

Conioptilon mcilhennyi

20.5 cm

20%ofthenutrientsofthe Amazonianforest are foundin theforest

floor.

135species

of mammals

375speciesof birds

365speciesof ants

315species

of butterflies

322species

ofhomopterousinsects

457species

of spiders

30species

of mollusks

Day Night

80% 80%

The understoryis made upof growing trees,palms,

bushes,and herbaceousplants.When one ofthe

hugerainforesttreesfalls,thereisa suddengrowthofplants inthiss tratum.Fierce competitiontotake

possession ofthe newclearingcontributes to

maintaining the dynamic oftropicalrainforests, asitallows newspecies to become dominant.

The understory

344m 782bridgesplatformstowerslong

153species

of herpetological fauna

T H E L A S T B I O L O G I C A L F R O N T I E R . This system of bridges, platforms, and towers offers an expansive window onto the world of the tropical rainforest. It enables us to better understand

life, the cycles, and the interdependent relationships among the various organisms inhabiting the canopy. Inkaterra Canopy is considered to be one of the most modern and sophisticated in the world, both due to its camouflage

design and because the specialists who built it used ecological materials to prevent negative impact on the environment. The canopy walk enables visitors to enjoy an in-depth look at one of the most productive ecosystems in the

rainforest: an enormous food factory where key events for the development of life come together. The Inkaterra Canopy was financed by the United Nations' Global Environment Facility (GEF) and by the World Bank's International

Finance Corporation (IFC) with the support of the National Geographic Society.

In Amazonian rainforests, the average size of the tallest trees ranges from 30 to 45meters (98.4 to 147.6 feet). A few trees grow above these limits, reaching 60 meters(199feet),and manyherbs,bushes,andsmalltreesgrowbeneaththem.Theconditionsfrom the forest floor to the highest treetop change noticeably as one ascends, offeringa large number and variety of habitats for rainforest species. To explain its complexity,researchers have suggested the concept of vertical stratification of the rainforest.

The rainforest canopy provides the necessaryconditions for most vegetal life to develop.The flora of this layer includes simple forms,such as fungi, mosses, and ferns; as well asmore complicated flora, such as cactus,bromeliads, and orchids.Canopy plants that grow and develop all theirlives without having contact with the groundare called epiphytes, while those whose rootsmanage to touch the ground at some stage of their lives are called hemiepiphytes. Bothfulfill a wide variety of essential functions.

For example, they regulate the moisture in thecanopy, especially during the dry seasons. Themosses retain water that comes from rain,which causes them to develop like a moistcarpet on the branches of the canopy, makinga rich substratum for the growth of otherplants.Somebromeliadsactassmallecosystemsknownasphytotelms,wheretheyprovidewaterto different organisms (microorganisms, algae,insect larvae, and amphibians), making upsmall communities.

In the course of almost 200 millionyears of rainforest evolution, theorganisms that live there havedeveloped diverse survival strategies.For example, certain vines and treespossess substances that attract ants.The queen uses the interior of theplanttolayhereggsandforma colony.Later, the ants patrol the plant,protecting it from animal predatorsand other plants that try to developclose by. The ants help the plant bypreventing competition, and theyobtain food and protection in return.

Ant nest. Locally knownas “Goat's Beard.” It is inhabitedby extremely aggressiveantsthat protect thetangarana treeinexchangeforrefugeand

food.

Peine de mono.Liana

Fashaco Pona

Huevodecoto

Bolaina

Yarina. (Phytelephasmacrocarpa).Called vegetal ivory becauseofits hardness.It ismuch usedinhandicrafts.

Misacolorada

Shapaja palm. Its fruit is arichsourceof nutrientsevenfor man.

Huayruro.Medicinal

Ojodetoro

Shihuahuaco

Emergent trees

Emergenttreesrefers to the crownsof the tallesttrees,suchasthelupunas,theBrazilnuttrees,and

the shihuahuaco,which towerabove the canopy.Numerousepiphytesand otherorganisms thatlive

in these treetopshave adaptedto the high light

availabilityandto the enormousclimatic changesto which thisstratum, orlayer, issubjected.

The canopy is made up of the aggregation of continuous treetops intertwined with each other,giving the impression that the rainforest is animmense green carpet. In this layer, there is anabundance of leaves, flowers, and fruits that attracta great diversity of specialized animals. Theseanimalsdevelopacomplexweboffoodrelationships.

the canopy

Theanimalsofecology. Theytheir contribufundamental. Tand forest floup above, a prtreetops.

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This is what the Ese Eja ipeople of the Madre de Dthemselves. They were pknown as the Huarayos ohowever today both of thhave pejorative overtonthe only member of the Tlinguistic family represeFor the Ese Eja, the univcomposed of different w(water), 'Meshi (earth), Ethe underworlds Meshinothe earth) and Enátipajewater), plus an intermedEyawasije, which connectof earth and sky.The Ese Eja lived in this

centuries and make up a

THE TRUE P

PUERTOMALDONADO

IslaPlaya Alta

IslaGamitana

IslaRolín

LagoSandoval

FundoConcepción

RESERVAECOLÓGICAINKATERRA

RESERVAAMAZÓNICA

r íoMadredeDios

LagoValen

RíoPalmaR

Inkaterra Canopy forms part of an integral project in which thetourism are earmarked for: a) conservation and social developmin five adjacent communities along the Madre de Dios River; andstudy and production of educational materials, inventories, tourisand research materials.

Here, visitors can learn about the ecological features along thecanopy walk, as well as about the environment, the design, andthe construction of the Inkaterra Canopy and the support work ITAcarries out in some of the communities of the zone.

Insectrepellent.Onlynaturalinsect repellents,such as

citronella,arepermitted,sinceartificial repellents affect the

wildlife,and theircorrosive

ingredientscanalsodamagethemesh andcables.

Flashlight. Fortwilight

visits.

Backpack. It is highly recommendedthatyouavoid

carrying objects in your handsorhangingfrom your

neck,sincethey can get

caught in thelateral meshon thebridges.

To sustain each bridge, the builders decided touse bolts that run through the tree trunks,instead of brackets or clamps. The concern wasthat this second method could complicate boththe primary (inward) and the secondary(outward) free growth of the tree. Also, usingbolts avoids subjecting the trees to the strongecologicalimpactthatcouldhavebeenprovokedby periodic adjustment of brackets or clampsin order to guarantee bridge safety.

In using the bolt system, however, it wasimportant to choose trees that have defensemechanisms effective against attacks of fungiand bacteria. The trees selected will continuegrowing freely even above the bolts, without

jeopardizing the tension and stability of thecables that hold up the whole bridge system.

The structure by whichthe suspension cable is

joinedtothegroundhasa helicoidal, or spiral-shaped, system thatprevents it fromdetaching from theplacewhereitis joined,despite cable tension.

THE INTERPRETATION CENTER

BENEFITS FROM TOURISM

Café and shop InterpretationRoom

Entrance

Hall

Exit

Hall

First Aid Station

Bathrooms

Forest ranger housing

RECOMMENDATIONS ANDEQUIPMENT NEEDED

ToTower1

Animals paintedwithnaturaldyesona vegetal fibermadefromthebark ofyanchama,Poulseniaarmata.

Arrow witha featherfromtheharpy eagle,oneof thelargest eagles in theworld.

Arrows andlancesmadeofcaneand huicungowood,usedfor fishing.

Necklaces of differentkindsof seeds.

Tapiror“sachavaca” madeofbalsawood.

Ejapaddlemadeof “lizardwood”,Calophyllumbrasiliense.

ITA Inkaterra

Asociación

Communities

Productiveprojects,environmental,resourcemanagement,andrainforresource managementeducation.

Publications

Mainlyeducationalpublications,aswellas inventories,touristguides,and research results.

Suaa

Capybara,Hydrochoerushydrochaeris,theworld'slargest rodent.

Pacaor “Picuro”, Agoutipaca.

Giant Anteater,Myrmecophagatridactyla.

Armadilloor “carachupa”,Dasypus sp.

INFOGRAPHY CREATEDBY DDC SAC FOR INKATERRA.EDITINGAND PRODUCTION: XABIERDÍAZDE CERIO /CANOPYILLUSTRATION:ALONSONÚÑEZ /BIRDANDMAMMALILLUSTRATIONS:

ÓSCAR VILCA /COORDI NATION: SANDRAMASIAS /INFORMATION: ROCÍOMARTÍNEZ (BIOLOGIST-ITA) / RICHARDAMABLE(INKATERRA CANOPYGUIDE).

SOURCES: “GuíaInterpretativadelDosel”[“InterpretiveGuidetotheCanopy”]- ITA/“GuíaInterpretativadelCanopyWalkway

en Reserva Amazónica” [“Interpretive Guide to the CanopyWalkwayin Reserva Amazónica”] Edwin Salazarand Jorge Lingán

/“DesigningCanopyWalkways”,PhilWittman /“El OjoVerde,Cosmovisionesamazónicas” [“The Green Eye,Amazonian

Cosmovisions”] Programfor the Formation ofBilingualTeachersin the Peruvian Amazon,AIDESEP and Telefónica Foundation

/“Serpiente de Agua” [“The WaterSerpent”],Gredna Landoltand Alexandre Surrallés.

Two strong, flexible stainlesssteelcablesarejoinedat theends to the platforms.

The Inkaterra Canopy is considered one of the most modern and sophisticated in theworld. It is also one of the safest, due to the use of special cables and lateral mesh onall the bridges and because of the construction of solid vertical towers. It is made fromthe most resistant woods in the Amazon and the best industrial materials brought fromthe United States. The entire structure has a lifetime of more than 30 years under Amazonian conditions, although the steel cables can last longer.

SAFETY

The crosspieces of thebridge are made of thewoodofthe shihuahuaco,

Dypteryx micrantha.

Lateral mesh a meter-and-a-half high givesstability and safety.

Stainless steel cables join thetree to theground.

The platforms are securelyfastened to the tree trunk usinga system of beams to providegreater stability and safety.

Some of the trees supporting theplatforms are bound together by a cable.Their job is to move together againststrong opposing movements.

The platforms are built of thewood of the quinilla, Manilkarabidentata

ToTower2

INKATERRALima Main Office

Andalucía 174

Lima 18 -Perú

T. (51 1) 610 0404

F. (51 1) 422 4701

CuscoMa in Office

Plazoleta LasNazarenas113

Cusco -Perú

T. (51 84) 245314 / (51 84) 24 5315

F. (51 84) 24 4669

[email protected]

Printed inFebruary 2006

Mad re de Dio s

Comunidad JuanVelasco

Comunid JuanPab

ComunidadRolín

ComunidadMicaelaBastidas

CUSHIONING THE IMPACT

Cable

Wire

Wire

Cablestrand

1,50 m (4.9 feet)

Amazonian peopleshow their way of understanding lifeand the worldthrough their artisticexpressions and intheir objects of dailyuse. All Amazonianpeoplespossesswiseandvariedknowledgeabout transformingnatural resourcesintoconsumergoods,alwaysrespectingtheenvironment towhich they belong.

THE CATENARY

CURVE

Theangle,lengthor tensionofeachbridgeobeys complicated mathematicalcalculations, to obtain that the curvesoutlining the bridges not to be left tochance.

Platform6Snakewood,ormarblewood Clarisiaracemosa,also known as the“thebleedingtree,”owesitsname totheresins itrapidlyproduces

topreventinfectionsthatwould otherwisecauseitto decompose.

Inkaterra is a Peruvianorganization, which, sincits foundation in 1975,seeks excellence inconservation throughsustainable tourism andrespect for authenticPeruvian cultural, social,and environmental valuesIts efforts have positioneit as a leader in sustainabldevelopment at the nationlevel and have given itinternational recognition

INKATERRA- RESERVAAMAZÓNICA isacomplexlocated

onthebanksoftheMadredeDios

River,which allowsvisitors toexperienceclosecontactwith the

naturalwondersof therainforest.

Itmixes cozylodging with warmhospitality,meticulousnessin

conservationwiththe opportunity

todiscover majestic wildlifecamouflagedin therainforest.and

a research centermanaged by

Inkaterra.

RA

INKATERRA

CANOPY

Anot-for-profit,nongovernmentalincreated to promote conservationof environment and thenatural,culturarchaeologicalresources of Peru.

LimaCusco

PERÚ

Horizontaldisplacement.

Angleof thecurve

Horizontal distancebetweenthetwo fixation points.

Thecurve outlining thebridge.

In orderto be able todeterminethecurve, theload composed of cables,lumber,andgrips,inaddition totheweightof the visitorsthatcantravelalongthewalkway,ismeticulouslycalculated.

PuertoMaldonado

OcéanoPacífico

The entrance fee toInkaterra Canopy isused to support thefollowing

Verticaldisplacement.

inkaterra - brochure canopy

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