initial environmental examination...table 4-5: frequency number of events in a 20 year period and...

Initial Environmental Examination

December 2018

Loan 2839-CAM (SF)/8254-CAM and Grant 0278-CAM: Provincial Roads Improvement Project (PRIP) Rehabilitation of Ro Hal Dike, O Trav Dike, Boeng Trav Dike and Dredging of Boeng Kros Lake

Prepared by Ministry of Public Works and Transport for the Asian Development Bank.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

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Currency Equivalent

(Official exchange rate of the National Bank of Cambodia as of 1.12.2018 )

Currency Unit Riel (KHR)

USD 1.00 = KHr 4200

NOTES

The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of Kingdom of Cambodia ends in December

In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.

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ABBREVIATION

- ADB = Asian Development Bank

- APs = Affected Persons

- CDC = Council for the Development of Cambodia

- CDB = Commune Data Base

- DDIS = Detailed Design and Implementation Supervision

- DEIA = Department of Environmental Impact Assessment

- DOE = Department of Environment

- DPWT = Department of Public Works and Transport

- DOWRAM = Department of Water Resources and Meteorology

- EMU = Environmental management Unit

- EDC = Electricite Du Cambodge

- EAC = Electricity Authority of Cambodia

- EIA = Environmental Impact Assessment

- EMP = Environment Management Plan

- ESO = Environmental safeguard officer

- AF = Fishery Administration

- FWUC = Farmer Water User Committees

- ha = hectare/s

- HIV = Human Immunodeficiency Virus

- IEIA = Initial Environmental Impact Assessment

- IEE = Initial Environmental Examination

- Km = Kilometer

- Km2 = Square kilometer/s

- MoE = Ministry of Environment

- mm = millimeter/s

- m = meter

- MPWT = Ministry of Public Work and Transportation

- MME = Ministry of Mines and Entergy

- MOWRAM = Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology

- ND = Not Detected

- PD = Project Director

- PDPWT = Provincial Department of Public work and Transportation

- PDoE = Provincial Department of Environment

- POWRAM = Department of Water Resources and meteorology

- PO = Project Owner

- PPE = Personal Protecting Equipment

- PM10 = particulate matter

- PDLVT = Provincial Department of Lobour and Vocational Training

- PDH = Provincial Department of health

- RGC = Royal Government of Cambodia

- STP = Suspended particle

- TA = Technical Assistant

- TSBR = Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve

- TSA = Tonle Sap Authority

- USD = US dollar

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Contents

1. Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... 8

2. Policy, Legal and Administrative Frameworks .............................................................. 10

2.1. Policy Framework ........................................................................................................ 10

2.2. Legal Framework ......................................................................................................... 10 2.2.1. Laws on Environment .................................................................................... 10

2.2.2. Laws on Historical Monuments ...................................................................... 10

2.2.3. Laws on Nature Reserves .............................................................................. 10

2.2.4. Protected Areas Law, 2008 ............................................................................ 11

2.2.5. Laws on Wildlife ............................................................................................. 11

2.3. Subsidiary Laws on Environmental Protection ............................................................. 11 2.3.1. Sub-decrees and Regulations ........................................................................ 11

2.3.2. Air Quality ...................................................................................................... 11

2.3.3. Noise ............................................................................................................. 11

2.3.4. Vibration ........................................................................................................ 12

2.3.5. Sub-Decree on Water Pollution Control (No. 27 ANRK.BK 1999) ................. 12

2.3.6. Sub-Decree on Solid Waste Management (No. 36 ANRK.BK 1999) ............. 12

2.4. Hazardous Substances ................................................................................................ 12

2.5. Administrative Framework ............................................................................................ 12 2.5.1. Protected Areas ............................................................................................. 12

2.5.2. Important Bird Area ........................................................................................ 13

2.6. Cambodian IEE Requirements ..................................................................................... 14

2.7. Requirements of the Project under these Laws ............................................................ 15 2.7.1. EIA ................................................................................................................. 15

2.7.2. Protected Areas ............................................................................................. 15

2.8. ADB Policy ................................................................................................................... 16

2.9. EIA Policy .................................................................................................................... 16 3. Description of project ................................................................................................... 17

3.1. Background .................................................................................................................. 17

3.2. Justification of Sub-projects ......................................................................................... 17

3.3. Dredging of Boeung Kros Lake .................................................................................... 19 3.3.1. Location ......................................................................................................... 19

3.3.2. Objectives ...................................................................................................... 19

3.3.3. Scheduling ..................................................................................................... 20

3.4. Improvement of Ro Hal Dikes ...................................................................................... 21 3.4.1. Location ......................................................................................................... 21

3.4.2. Objectives ...................................................................................................... 21

3.4.3. Scheduling ..................................................................................................... 22

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3.5. Improvement of O Trav Dike ........................................................................................ 22 3.5.1. Location ......................................................................................................... 22

3.5.2. Objectives ...................................................................................................... 23

3.5.3. Scheduling ..................................................................................................... 23

3.6. Proposed Improvement of Boeung Trav Dike ............................................................... 24 3.6.1. Location ......................................................................................................... 24

3.6.2. Objectives ...................................................................................................... 24

3.6.3. Scheduling ..................................................................................................... 25

4. Description of the Environment .................................................................................... 26

4.1. Physical Resources ...................................................................................................... 26 4.1.1. Geography ..................................................................................................... 26

4.1.2. Climate .......................................................................................................... 26

4.1.3. Rainfall........................................................................................................... 26

4.1.4. Temperatures ................................................................................................ 26

4.1.5. Topography ................................................................................................... 27

4.1.6. Air Quality and Noise ..................................................................................... 27

4.1.7. Surface Water Quality .................................................................................... 27

4.1.8. Flooding ......................................................................................................... 28

4.1.9. Irrigation System ............................................................................................ 28

4.1.1. Sediments ...................................................................................................... 29

4.1.2. Soil Types and Rice Production ..................................................................... 30

4.1.3. Minerals ......................................................................................................... 30

4.2. Climate Change in Kampong Leaeng ........................................................................... 30 4.2.1. Climate Assessment of Kampong Leaeng ..................................................... 30

4.2.2. General climate parameters ........................................................................... 30

4.2.3. Projected Temperature change ...................................................................... 31

4.2.4. Droughts ........................................................................................................ 31

4.2.5. Projected Rainfall change .............................................................................. 32

4.2.6. Changes in extreme rainfall indicators ........................................................... 32

4.2.7. Impacts of Climate Change ............................................................................ 32

4.3. Ecological Resources ................................................................................................... 33 4.3.1. Flora .............................................................................................................. 33

4.3.2. Fauna ............................................................................................................ 33

4.3.3. Fishery ........................................................................................................... 34

4.3.4. Ecologically Protected Areas ......................................................................... 34

4.4. Socio-economic Profile ................................................................................................ 40 4.4.1. Population ...................................................................................................... 40

4.4.2. Occupation .................................................................................................... 41

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4.4.3. Land Use ....................................................................................................... 41

4.4.4. Cultural Resources and Minority .................................................................... 42

4.5. Poverty ........................................................................................................................ 42

4.6. Gender ......................................................................................................................... 43 5. Anticipated Environmental impacts and Mitigation Measures ....................................... 44

5.1. Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures .......................................... 44

5.2. Potential Positive Environmental Impacts and Benefits ................................................ 44

5.3. Pre-construction Stage ................................................................................................. 44 5.3.1. Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) ........................................................................ 44

5.3.2. Land Acquisition and Land Use ..................................................................... 44

5.3.3. Impacts of Dredging on Water Supply in Kampong Leaeng ........................... 44

5.4. Construction Stage ...................................................................................................... 46 5.4.1. Soil Erosion and Soil Quality .......................................................................... 46

5.4.2. Hydrology and Water Quality ......................................................................... 46

5.4.3. Air and Noise Quality ..................................................................................... 46

5.4.4. Protected Area and Wildlife ............................................................................ 47

5.4.5. Forest Resources .......................................................................................... 47

5.4.6. Fish ................................................................................................................ 47

5.4.7. Public Health and Safety ................................................................................ 47

5.5. Operation and Maintenance Stage ............................................................................... 48 6. Analysis of Alternatives ................................................................................................ 48

7. Information Disclosure, Consultation and Participation................................................. 49

7.1. Executing Agency ........................................................................................................ 49

7.2. Public Participation in Consultation .............................................................................. 49

7.3. Objective of the public consultation .............................................................................. 49

7.4. Consultation with Commune-Village Leaders and Affected Communities .................... 49 8. Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) ........................................................................ 52

8.1. Purpose of the Mechanism .......................................................................................... 52

8.2. Proposed GRM ............................................................................................................ 52 9. Environmental Management Plan ................................................................................ 54

9.1. Institution Requirement ................................................................................................ 54

9.2. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) ..................................................................... 54

9.3. Environmental Monitoring Plan .................................................................................... 63 10. Conclusion and Recommendations. ......................................................................... 65

11. Annex Rapid Environmental Assessment ................................................................. 67

12. Annex Public Consultations ..................................................................................... 72

12.1. Consultation list with district authority and provincial departments ............................ 72

12.2. Consultation with commune authorities and provincial agencies .............................. 73

12.3. Pictures of consultation with provincial departments and district authority ................ 75

12.4. Attendance list of consultation with departments and district level ............................ 75

12.5. Consultation with commune-village leaders and affected communities ..................... 77

12.6. Consultation in Kampong Hau Commune for Dredging Boeung Kruos Lake ............ 77

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12.7. Consultation with communities in Tra Ngel Commune for Ro Hal Dike ..................... 78

12.8. Consultation with communities in Dar Commune for O Trav Dike ............................. 79

12.9. Consultation with communities in Chranouk Commune for Boeung Trav Dike .......... 80

12.10. Field Consultation Pictures ....................................................................................... 81 12.10.1. Consultation in Kampong Hau Commune for Dredging Boeung Kruos Lake

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12.10.2. Consultation in Tra Ngel Commune for Ro Hal Dike ................................... 81

12.10.3. Consultation in Dar Commune for O Trav Dike ........................................... 81

12.10.4. Consultation in Chranouk Commune for Boeung Trav Dike ........................ 81

12.11. Attendance List of Participants ................................................................................. 82 12.11.1. Consultation in Kampong Hau Commune for Boeung Kruos Lake .............. 82

12.11.2. Consultation in Tra Ngel Commune for Ro Hal Dike ................................... 84

12.11.3. Consultation in Chra Nouk Commune for Boeung Trav Dike ...................... 85

12.11.4. Consultation in Dar Commune for O Trav Dike ........................................... 87

13. Annex : Surface Water Quality Standards ................................................................ 90

14. Annex Sediments Analysis Khset lake, Kampong Chhnang ..................................... 95

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Figures Figure 3-1 Location of Kampong Leaeng District ............................................................... 17

Figure 3-2 Location of Lake and 3 dikes ............................................................................ 18

Figure 3-3 Beung Kros Lake and Surrounding Irrigated Fields .......................................... 19

Figure 3-4 Dredging and Disposal areas for Beung Kros Lake .......................................... 20

Figure 3-5 Pictures of Beoung Kros Lake .......................................................................... 20

Figure 3-6 Rohal Dikes and Irrigated Fields....................................................................... 21

Figure 3-7 Pictures of Ro Hal Dike .................................................................................... 22

Figure 3-8 O Trav dike and Irrigated Field ......................................................................... 23

Figure 3-9 Pictures of O Trav Dike .................................................................................... 24

Figure 3-10 Boeung Trav dike and irrigated filed ................................................................. 24

Figure 3-11 Pictures of Beoung Trav Dike ........................................................................... 25

Figure 4-1: Kampong Leaeng showing 1 in 5 year flood depth. ........................................... 28

Figure 4-2: Map of dikes in the Kampong Leaeng area ....................................................... 29

Figure 4-3: Works relative to TLSB Protected Sensitive Areas ........................................... 36

Figure 4-4: PAWS Zones .................................................................................................... 38

Figure 4-5: Population by Commune ................................................................................... 41

Figure 5-1: Arsenic Risk Map Cambodia MRD / MIME 1999 ............................................... 45

Figure 5-2: Arsenic Risk Map Kg Chhnang and Kg Leaeng ................................................ 45

Tables Table 2-1: List of Projects that require an Initial Environmental Impact Assessment ........... 14

Table 4-1 Average Temperature oC in Kampong Chhnang Town ...................................... 26

Table 4-2 Water Quality data in Tonle Sap River, Kampong Chhnang Town ..................... 27

Table 4-3: Projected temperature change for the period 2025 to 2030 for two CO2 scenarios. .......................................................................................................................... 31

Table 4-4: Maximum projected temperature rise for the high CO2 scenario (RCP 8.5) for the 10-year period centered on 2055. ...................................................................... 31

Table 4-5: Frequency number of events in a 20 year period and duration (months) of dry periods >3 months and number of consecutive dry days ................................... 31

Table 4-6: Monthly rainfall for Kampong Leaeng for 20 year periods and projected rainfall for the high CO2 scenario for the period centered on 2055 ...................................... 32

Table 4-7: Current rainfall intensity indicator values and as projected for the high CO2 scenario (RCP 8.5) for the period centered around 2055. ................................................ 32

Table 4-8: Forest Cover nationally and in Kampong Chhnang Province .............................. 33

Table 4-9: PAWS Types of Forest Cover (Forest Types in Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary (PAWS) in 2003.) ............................................................................................... 38

Table 4-10: The population by commune in Kampong Leaeng District ................................ 40

Table 4-11: The families with particular occupation (job) in Kampong Leaeng District......... 41

Table 4-12: Land Use Area in Kampong Leaeng District ..................................................... 42

Table 4-13: The poverty rates by commune in Kampong Leaeng District ............................ 43

Table 4-13: Summary Key Comments / Concerns received and Mitigation Measures ......... 50

Table 9-1: EMP - Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures ......................... 55

Table 9-2: Environmental Monitoring Plan ........................................................................... 63

Table 9-3: Estimated cost for Environmental Monitoring (1 year) ........................................ 64

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1. Executive Summary

1. The additional project of Provincial Roads Improvement Project (PRIP) is focused on Climate Change Resilience Output subprojects located in Kampong Leaeng District, Kampong Chhnang province. These subprojects will improve the climate change resilience and facilitate climate change adaptation by the communities and improve their livelihoods in kampong Leaeng District. The project will improve flood and water management and water control by improving lakes (Beung) and dikes used for irrigation purposes. The works under the proposed project of climate resilience for improvement irrigation system are:

The proposed dredging Boeung Krus Lake: 27,370 m3

The irrigated area of Boeung Krus Lake: 30 ha

The irrigated area of Ro Hal Dike: 171 ha

The irrigated area of O Trav Dike: 1,370 ha

The irrigated are of Boeung Trav dike: 579 ha

2. Deepening of Boeng Kros Lake will involve dredging of 27,370 m3 of material. Under the Cambodian Ministry of Environment Sub-decree No 72 ANRK.BK. (1999) any dredging of more than 50,000 m3 material must be approved by them. Therefore an abstract of this IEE will be submitted to them as an initial EIA (IEIA) in accordance with the regulations.

3. Other civil works to be carried out under this loan 2839 are not listed under the Cambodian Ministry of Environment Sub-decree No 72 ANRK.BK. (1999) and do not require approval by MOE.

4. All potential environmental impacts have been identified. The project is confirmed as being Category B according to ADB guidelines.

5. Only minor environmental impacts are anticipated. Such impacts will be experienced during site works mainly due to dust and noise emissions as well as potential occupational and community health and safety risks, but can be mitigated. Some mitigation measures have been specified to control liquid spills into the Tonle Sap River.

6. The sites are over 14 kms away from the Protected Core Zones of Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve.

7. The sites are inside the TLSB Transition zone and under Article 11 of Protected Areas Law, 2008 MPWT must seek the permission of MOE in order to proceed,

8. There will be no impacts from the project on TSBR.

9. The Sub-decree No 72 ANRK.BK. Date 11, August 1999 contains an annex “List of the projects that require an Initial Environmental Impact Assessment”. The construction of the dikes and the quantity of dredging is below the threshold values that trigger an IEE. According to MOE Legislation an IEE will not be required to be submitted to MOE.

10. To avoid or mitigate negative impacts arising from the project, an environmental management plan (EMP) detailing mitigation measures and monitoring activities has been prepared as part of the IEE.

11. Public consultations involving affected people and local officials have been conducted during the preparation of the IEE in compliance with ADB information disclosure and consultation requirements through focus group discussions and individual interviews in all project affected provinces. Environment was not seen as a major issue by those persons interviewed. All persons were strongly in favor of the water management projects.

12. Climate change adaptation was included in the project and is not seen as a major impediment to the project. In future higher temperatures and less irrigation water further justify the project going ahead.

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13. Samples of the material to be dredged should be collected and analyzed for a range of environmental parameters including pesticides and heavy metals before construction begins. This can be carried out by an accredited laboratory in Cambodia.

14. This has been done previously for a similar nearby lake. No adverse chemicals were detected and the results for NPK (Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium) show the material could be a useful fertilizer.

15. Water supply in Kampong Leaeng is based on groundwater abstraction. Some concerns have been raised over arsenic content in the groundwater. According to test previously conducted by MOWRAM arsenic levels in groundwater in Kampong Leaeng are low and within the Cambodian Standard for drinking water. However, it is recommended that this be confirmed by taking a water sample before construction begins and having a laboratory analysis conducted.

16. Temporary environmental impacts caused by the civil works have been identified and mitigation measures are given in the environmental management plan (EMP). The EMP (and EMMP) will be included in the IEE and will form part of the tender documents which becomes legally binding on the selected contractor.

17. To ensure that the project is carried out in accordance with the EMP requirements, MPWT will specify details of the implementation of the EMP in the tender documents and civil works contracts.

18. The Environment And Social Officer - ESO (previously Social And Environment Officer - SEO) is operational but needs capacity building. The detailed design and implementation supervision consultant will provide on-the-job training to the field personnel of the ESO of MPWT to build their capacity in environmental management and monitoring.

19. A Rapid Environmental Assessment has been carried out. This confirms that the sub-projects will have minimal adverse environmental impacts. This is included in the annexes.

20. A Climate Risk Assessment has been carried out and is included in the annexes. The project is classified as Medium Risk.

21. There are no environmental considerations that preclude this project from going ahead.

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2. Policy, Legal and Administrative Frameworks

2.1. Policy Framework

22. In 1993 the Royal Government of Cambodia confirmed a new Constitution in which environmental considerations were included for the first time. Specifically Article 59 states: The State shall protect the environment and balance of abundant natural resources and establish a precise plan of management of land, water, air, wind, geology, ecological system, mines, energy, petrol and gas, rock and sand, gems, forests and forestry products, wildlife, fish and aquatic resources and it was within this constitutional context that the Ministry of Environment (MOE) was established.

23. The hierarchy of legislation in Cambodia is:

Royal Decree signed by the King

Sub-decree signed by the Prime Minister

Ministerial Decision signed by a Minister

Regulation issued by a Ministry

24. The major legislation in Cambodia is the Royal Decree which ratifies laws passed by parliament. These can be supplemented by “Prakas” or ministerial decisions. These laws allow sub decrees and regulations to be passed which can stipulate procedures and standards to be met in order to ensure compliance with the law. Many of these sub-decrees and standards have been drafted but have not yet been ratified by parliament. However, contractors are still expected to make sure their operations comply with the draft regulations.

2.2. Legal Framework

2.2.1. Laws on Environment

25. 1996 the Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management (NS/RKM/1296/36) came into force and it requires the government to prepare national and regional environmental plans and sub-decrees concerning a wide range of environmental issues, including EIAs, pollution prevention and control, public participation and access to information.

26. Other ministries explicitly mentioned at the time were Ministry of Water Resources, Hydrology and Meteorology and Ministry of Land Use Management, Urbanization and Construction. The list was later expanded to include the Ministry of Public Works and Transport, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ministry of Rural Development, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Tourism.

2.2.2. Laws on Historical Monuments

27. There is a general law in Cambodia which covers all national monuments. This is the "Law on Protection of Cultural and National Heritage", (1996). This is supplemented by the "Decision on the Definition of 3 Zones to Protect Temple Surrounding Areas in All Provinces and Municipalities Except Angkor Wat", 1996. These laws protect small temples or ancient structures.

2.2.3. Laws on Nature Reserves

28. Royal Decree "Protected Natural Areas" issued in November 1993 gives protection to environment, land, forests, wetlands and coastal zones. This decree covers 23 locations representing 18% of Cambodia's total area and is under the jurisdiction of MOE.

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2.2.4. Protected Areas Law, 2008

29. This law defines the framework, the management, conservation & development of protected areas to ensure the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use of the natural resources are in protected areas.

Article 11 divides the protected area into 4 zones namely, core zone, conservation zone,

sustainable use zone & community zone.

Article 36 strictly prohibits all types of public infrastructure in the Core Zone & Conservation

Zone; & allows development of public infrastructures in the Sustainable Use Zone &

Community Zone with approval from the Royal Government at MoE’s request.

2.2.5. Laws on Wildlife

30. The “Joint Prakas of the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Agriculture on Prohibition of Hunting and Catching of Wildlife Animals” (1996) specifically bans hunting of animals and birds for food. A contractor’s workers must observe this law.

2.3. Subsidiary Laws on Environmental Protection

2.3.1. Sub-decrees and Regulations

31. The “Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management” (1996) is “enabling legislation”, in that it enables the Ministry of Environment to pass sub-decrees and regulations to protect the environment. This subsidiary legislation lays down quantitative standards which must be met by contractors in their operation.

32. Several sub-decrees are already laws. Others have been drafted and are expected to become law in the near future. These standards give parameters and values which must be measured to check compliance with the regulations. Even if the regulations are in draft form, the contractors are expected to comply with them.

2.3.2. Air Quality

33. The air pollution regulations are contained in Sub-Decree on Air and Noise Pollution. For dust control, there should no visible emissions from stockpiles of materials, crushers or batching plants. At sensitive receptors a standard of TSP < 0.33 mg/m3 24 hour average should be met. All vehicles should be well maintained and comply with the air quality regulations.

2.3.3. Noise

34. The noise regulations are contained in Sub-Decree on Air and Noise Pollution. The regulations do not stipulate a level for noise from construction sites but refer to mixed commercial / industrial and residential property. Neither do they give the measurement method. Therefore the following standards are recommended. Noise levels at the perimeter of any site should not exceed:

Continuous Equivalent Level (Leq) = 75dB(A) 12 hours daytime (0700-1900)

Continuous Equivalent Level (Leq) = 65dB(A) 12 hours nighttime (1900-0700)

The descriptor “Continuous Equivalent Level (Leq)” is a commonplace measurement and most noise monitoring equipment measures it directly. The measurement is made at the construction site perimeter which makes monitoring easier as it does not require one gaining access to a private residence. The level of 75dB (A) daytime / 65 dB (A) nighttime is a “good” standard and commonly used in countries such as Singapore and Malaysia.

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2.3.4. Vibration

35. There is no standard for vibration in Cambodia. Therefore the following standard is recommended. The vibration levels at any vibration sensitive property or location should be less than 1mm/second peak particle velocity (ppv). The level of 1mm/second ppv is a good “standard” and is derived from the US Bureau of Mines publications for avoidance of damage and the UK GLC (Greater London Council) standard for avoidance of nuisance.

2.3.5. Sub-Decree on Water Pollution Control (No. 27 ANRK.BK 1999)

36. As a minimum, all discharges of liquid wastes from construction camps, work sites or operations, to streams or water courses should be: Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) < 50mg/L; Turbidity < 5 NTU; SS < 50 mg/L; Temperature < 45oC; pH = 6-9; Oil & Grease < 5 mg/L and Dissolved Oxygen > 4mg/L. There is no legal standard for performance of septic tanks but they should be checked for correct operation: that is absence of smell; no overflowing; and no surface water logging.

2.3.6. Sub-Decree on Solid Waste Management (No. 36 ANRK.BK 1999)

37. Under the Sub-Decree on Solid Waste Management (No. 36 ANRK.BK 1999), Article 7 “the disposal of waste in public sites or anywhere that is not allowed by authorities shall be strictly prohibited”. There are no quantitative parameters given but good sensible practice is expected. Such practices would include:

All general waste and food waste should be removed to a government approved landfill.

All demolition waste must be removed to a government approved location.

All waste oils and greases should be removed by a registered subcontractor. The final destination should be established.

Failure to employ sensible precautions may cause sanitation problems to workers living in camps and also may result in prosecution.

2.4. Hazardous Substances

38. There is no specific regulation for hazardous substances in Cambodia. This aspect is covered in the Sub-Decree on Water Pollution Control Annex 1 and Sub-Decree on Solid Waste Management, which give details of classifications of what are defined as hazardous substances. Any hazardous substances must be stored correctly and only disposed in a manner approved by the MOE.

2.5. Administrative Framework

39. There are two particular types of areas of special ecological interest in relation to this project. These are:

2.5.1. Protected Areas

40. Cambodia has a network of 23 natural protected areas managed through the Ministry of Environment (MOE). These areas cover 2.2 million hectares or 18% of Cambodia’s land area and include most of its important habitats. The Forest Administration has also designated protected forests bringing the total area under protection to around 25% which is more than twice the global average. Protected Areas are sites which are protected by Royal Decrees, Laws and Regulations. Such mandatory stipulations are promulgated in Khmer language. These have been obtained and if necessary, translated. The Khmer version takes precedence over the translated version.

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41. In 2008 Cambodia introduced the Protected Area Law (No. NS/RKM/0208/007), which defines:

(i) National parks (ii) Wildlife sanctuaries (iii) Protected landscapes (iv) Multiple use areas (v) Ramsar sites (vi) Biosphere reserves (vii) Natural heritage sites and (viii) Marine parks

Details are:

National Parks (International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) category II) – Natural and scenic area of significance for their scientific, educational and recreational values.

Wildlife Sanctuaries (IUCN category IV) – Natural area where nationally significant species of flora or fauna, natural communities, or physical features require specific intervention for their perpetuation.

Protected Landscapes (IUCN category V) – Nationally significant natural and semi-natural landscapes that must be maintained to provide opportunities for recreation.

Multiple-Use Areas (IUCN category VIII) – Areas that provide for the sustainable use of water resources, timber, wildlife, fish, pasture, and recreation with the conservation of nature primarily oriented to support these economic activities. The Tonle Sap Multiple-Use Area was nominated as Cambodia’s first Biosphere Reserve in 1997. The Boeung Chmar portion of Tonle Sap Multiple-Use Area (28,000 ha) is designated as a Ramsar site.

Ramsar Sites – There are two sites in the IUCN categories IV and VIII above and one site in the middle stretches of the Mekong River between Stung Treng and the border with Laos.

42. The Law on Forestry Management prohibits the hunting of wildlife within such protected areas. As well as maintaining checkpoints and providing rangers, the Ministry of Environment (MOE) has an active community education program to promote environmental awareness especially within the rural communities.

43. This law is recent (2008) and many of the protected areas predate this by many years. Both the original legislation and the most current have been reviewed during this project. Several protected areas, of differing designations, are located in proximity to several of the road segments, and these are discussed.

2.5.2. Important Bird Area

44. An Important Bird Area (IBA) is an area recognized as being a globally important habitat for the conservation of bird populations. Currently there are about 10,000 IBAs worldwide. The program was developed and sites are identified by BirdLife International. These sites are small enough to be entirely conserved and differ in their character, habitat or ornithological importance from the surrounding habitat.

45. BirdLife International is an international organization working to protect the world’s birds and their habitats. It is a global conservation federation with a worldwide network of over 100 partner organizations. BirdLife International was founded in 1922 and was originally known as the International Council for Bird Preservation, acting as a lobbying group. It changed its name in 1993 to Birdlife International and is the official IUCN Authority for the Red List for birds.

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46. Often IBAs form part of a country's existing protected area network, and so are protected under national legislation. Cambodia’s Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary and Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary both contain designated IBAs.

2.6. Cambodian IEE Requirements

47. On 11 August 1999 a Sub-decree (72 ANRK.BK) on EIA Processes was promulgated requiring an initial EIA (IEIA) or EIA for selected projects listed in the sub-decree annex to be submitted by public or private project owners to the MOE for review.

Table 2-1: List of Projects that require an Initial Environmental Impact Assessment

No. Type and activities of the projects Size / Capacity A. INDUSTRIAL a) Foods, Drinks, Tobacco 1 Food processing and caned ≥ 500 Tones/year 2 All fruit drinks manufacturing ≥ 1,500 Liters / day 3 Fruit manufacturing ≥ 500 ones/year 4 Orange Juice manufacturing All sizes 5 Wine manufacturing All sizes 6 Alcohol and Beer brewery All sizes 7 Water supply ≥ 10,000 Users 8 Tobacco manufacturing ≥ 10,000 Boxes/day 9 Tobacco leave processing ≥ 350 Tones/ year 10 Sugar refinery ≥ 3,000 Tones / year 11 Rice mill and cereal grains ≥ 3,000 Tones / year 12 Fish, soy bean, chili, tomato sources ≥500,000 Liters/ year b) Leather tanning, Garment and Textile 13 Textile and dyeing factory All sizes 14 Garments, washing, printing, dyeing All sizes 15 Leather tanning, and glue All sizes 16 Sponge- rubber factory All sizes c) Wooden production 17 Plywood ≥100,000m3/year(log) 18 Artificial wood ≥ 1,000 m3/year (log) 19 Saw mill ≥ 50,000m3/year (log) d) Paper 20 Paper factory All sizes 21 Pulp and paper processing All sizes e) Plastic, Rubber and Chemical 22 Plastic factory All sizes 23 Tire factory ≥ 500 Tones /year 24 Rubber factory ≥ 1,000 Tones /year 25 Battery industry All sizes 26 Chemical production industries All sizes 27 Chemical fertilizer plants ≥ 10,000 Tones /year 28 Pesticide industry All sizes 29 Painting manufacturing All sizes 30 Fuel chemical All sizes 31 Liquid, powder, solid soaps manufacturing All sizes f) Mining production other than metal 32 Cement industry All sizes 33 Oil refinery All sizes 34 Gas factory All sizes 35 Construction of oil and gas pipeline ≥ 2 Kilometers 36 Oil and gas separation and storage facilities ≥ 1,000,000 Liters 37 Fuel stations ≥ 20,000 Liters 38 Mining All sizes 39 Glass and bottle factory All sizes 40 Bricks, roofing tile manufacturing 150,000 piece /month 41 Flooring tile manufacturing 90,000 piece /month 42 Calcium carbide plants All sizes 43 Producing of construction materials(Cement) 900 tones/month 44 Cow oil and motor oil manufacturing All sizes 45 Petroleum study research All sizes g) Metal industries 46 Mechanical industries All sizes

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2.7. Requirements of the Project under these Laws

2.7.1. EIA



2.7.2. Protected Areas

50. The Protected Areas Law, 2008 under Article 11 divides the protected area into 4 zones: core zone, conservation zone, sustainable use zone & community zone. Article 36 strictly prohibits all types of public infrastructure in the Core Zone & Conservation Zone; but allows development of public infrastructures in the Sustainable Use Zone & Community Zone with approval from the Royal Government at MoE’s request.

51. The proposed subprojects are located in the community development area. Under the Law of Protected Areas 2008, Article 11, the project proponent is required to request an approval from MOE for this development.

47 Mechanical storage factory All sizes 48 Mechanical and shipyard enterprise All sizes h) Metal Processing Industrials 49 Manufacturing of harms, barbed wires, nets ≥ 300 Tones/month 50 Steel mill, Irons, Aluminum All sizes 51 All kind of smelting All sizes i) Other Industries 52 Waste processing, burning All sizes 53 Waste water treatment plants All sizes 54 Power plants ≥ 5 MW 55 Hydropower ≥ 1 MW 56 Cotton manufacturing ≥ 15 Tones/month 57 Animal's food processing ≥ 10,000 Tones/year B. AGRICULTURE 58 Concession forest ≥ 10,000 Hectares 59 Logging ≥ 500 Hectares 60 Land covered by forest ≥ 500 Hectares 61 Agriculture and agro-industrial land ≥ 10,000 Hectares 62 Flooded and coastal forests All sizes 63 Irrigation systems ≥ 5,000 Hectares 64 Drainage systems ≥ 5,000 Hectares 65 Fishing ports All sizes C. TOURISM 66 Tourism areas ≥ 50 Hectares 67 Golf Course ≥ 18 Holes D. INFRASTRUCTURE 68 Urbanization development All sizes 69 Industrial zones All sizes 70 Construction of bridge-roads ≥ 30 Tons weight 71 Buildings Height ≥ 12 m or floor ≥ 8,000 m2 72 Restaurants ≥ 500 Seats 73 Hotels ≥ 60 Rooms 74 Hotel adjacent to coastal area ≥ 40 Rooms 75 National road construction ≥ 100 Kilometers 76 Railway construction All sizes 77 Port construction All sizes 78 Airport construction All sizes 79 Dredging ≥ 50,000 m3 80 Damping site ≥ 200,000 people

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2.8. ADB Policy

52. The ADB Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2003 and SPS 2009 state that a project is classified as one of the environmental categories (A, B, C, or FI):

(i) Category A : Projects with potential for significant adverse environmental impacts. An

environmental impact assessment (EIA) is required to address significant impacts.

(ii) Category B : Projects judged to have some adverse environmental impacts, but of lesser

degree and/or significance than those for category A projects. An initial environmental

examination (IEE) is required to determine whether or not significant environmental impacts

warranting an EIA are likely. If an EIA is not needed, the IEE is regarded as the final

environmental assessment report.

(iii) Category C : Projects unlikely to have adverse environmental impacts. No EIA or IEE is

required, although environmental implications are still reviewed.

(iv) Category FI: Projects are classified as category FI if they involve a credit line through a

financial intermediary or an equity investment in a financial intermediary. The financial

intermediary must apply an environmental management system, unless all subprojects will

result in insignificant impacts.

The result of the detailed design report of Climate Resilience Provincial Roads Improvement

Project (CR-PRIP), September 2018 are that the size and capacity of the proposed project is

under the national IEE requirements of EIA sub-decree MoE 1999.

The total works are :

The proposed dredging Boeung Krus Lake: 27,370 m3

The irrigated area of Boeung Krus Lake: 30 ha

The irrigated area of Ro Hal Dike: 171 ha

The irrigated area of O Trav Dike: 1,370 ha

The irrigated are of Boeung Trav dike: 579 ha

The project is classified as Category B for environment. Any potential adverse impacts are

site-specific, largely reversible, and can be mitigated with an environmental management plan

(EMP).

2.9. EIA Policy



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3. Description of project

3.1. Background

55. The provincial Road Improvement Project (PRIP) includes a Climate Change Resilience Component located in Kampong Leang District of Kampong Chhnang province.

Kampong Chhnang province is about 91 km north of Phnom Penh city and covers a total area

of approximately 5,521 km². There are 8 districts in Kampong Chhnang province with a total

population of 538,945 people. 1 Kampong Chhnang town is the provincial capital.

Kampong Leaeng District lies on the left bank of Tonle Sap to the north of Kampong Chhnang

town. It is a small district limited by a circular road around the elevated topography and

contains nine communes namely: Chranouk, Dar, Kampong Hau, Phlov Tuk, Pou, Pralay

Meas, Samraong Saen, Svay Rumpear, and Trangel Communes.

Figure 3-1 Location of Kampong Leaeng District

56. The subprojects of the Climate Change Resilience Component are located in 4 communes of: Chronouk, Dar, Kampong Hau, and Trangel Communes of Kampong Leaeng District.

3.2. Justification of Sub-projects

57. A saving in the water supply package will be used to rehabilitate the water retention system in Kampong Leaeng district. The proposed subprojects will enhance climate change

1 Commune Database National CDB, 2015 CDB

Kampong Leaeng

District

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resilience in 4 communes of Kampong Leaeneg District by improving water irrigation for rice crops through better water management and water control . The sub-projects are :

Dredging of the Beung Kruos Lake; Kampong Hau Commune,

Improvement of the Ro Hal Dike; Trangel and Kampong Hau Commune

Improvement of the O Trav Dike; Dar Commune

Improvement of Beung Trav Dike, Chranouk Commune,

This is shown in Figure 3.2 below.

Figure 3-2 Location of Lake and 3 dikes

The total improved irrigation system will be:

Irrigated area of Boeung Kros Lake: 30 ha

Irrigated area of Ro Hal Dike: 171 ha

Irrigated area of O Trav Dike: 1,370 ha

Irrigated are of Boeung Trav dike: 579 ha

Three dikes will be rehabilitated including installation of water gates creating three reservoirs

and one dredged lake. The total area of the three reservoirs is more than 2,150 ha and this

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will be used to irrigate rice fields of about 2,000 Ha allowing 2 crops per year. This doubling

of rice production will improve the livelihoods of communities in this district.

3.3. Dredging of Boeung Kros Lake

3.3.1. Location

58. Boeung Kros is a small lake located in front of the district office in Kampong Hau Commune, Kampong Leaeng district. The area of the lake is 5.22 ha and it irrigates the surrounding areas of about 30ha. The location of the Boeung Kros Lake and its irrigated field is shown in Figure 3.3.

Figure 3-3 Beung Kros Lake and Surrounding Irrigated Fields

3.3.2. Objectives The lake acts as a water source during dry spells for the surrounding rice farmers fields. The

objective is to provide additional irrigation water by dredging the lake bed deeper than before

by about 1 meter (1 m).

The major design parameters are:

Total Boeung Kros Lake area - 5.22 ha Proposed dredging - 27,370m3 Irrigated area - 30 ha

The major items for the works are:

Pumping to drain water out of the lake Dredging for excavation Disposal and placing of dredged materials

When improved the lake will be known as the Boeung Kros Reservoir.

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Figure 3-4 Dredging and Disposal areas for Beung Kros Lake

3.3.3. Scheduling

59. The dredging should be undertaken during the dry season when the lake is at the lowest possible level. This means works should be scheduled from March to July, or even before March if the season is particularly dry.

60. The dredging should be done by excavators on tracks with a long neck with the minimum capacity of the Caterpillar 220 or the Komatsu 220. The dredging should start as close as possible from the middle of the lake. Trucks could be loaded as far as they can drive in the water. It is up to the contractor to estimate where excavator(s) and trucks can go. The dredged materials will be disposed in the nearby disposal area located at the north of the lake. The remaining material will also be used as per the local community requests for minor works.

Figure 3-5 Pictures of Beoung Kros Lake

The lake condition and existing environmental resources in Beoung Kros Lake, August,

2018

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3.4. Improvement of Ro Hal Dikes

3.4.1. Location

61. The Rohal irrigation system is located in Tra Ngel and Kampong Hau Commune at the eastern side of Kampong Leaeng district. It was constructed during the French colonial period and has been maintained by the local people within their limited abilities. The villagers strongly request rehabilitation of these dikes because many parts of these dikes are broken and the dikes’ capacity has been reduced by about 50%.

62. Ro Hal dike actually consists of two dikes which work together. The reservoir was created by two dykes which run parallel to each other and connect two areas of higher ground. One is Khsae Luos dike of length 1,479m and the other one is Ro Hal dike of length 1,918m. Together these two dikes retain water after the flood waters have receded. Local people release the trapped water gradually by the use of the existing water gate and then by pumping the water to irrigate their adjacent rice fields.

63. Rehabilitation will increase the height of the dikes and the capacity of the reservoir giving water supplies during the dry season. The new water level will be higher than the rice field level so the pumping will not be needed. The material needed to raise the embankment will be extracted from within the reservoir area so the volume of water available and the capacity of the reservoir will be increased.

Figure 3-6 Rohal Dikes and Irrigated Fields

3.4.2. Objectives

64. The reservoir total area is 43 ha and it can irrigate rice fields of about 171 ha. The proposed works is the reconstruction of the existing two dikes by using materials from the reservoir area to increase its storage capacity.


Reservoir area - 43 ha

Irrigation area - 171 ha

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Clearing and grubbing: 47,557 m2

Mine/UXO Clearance: 16.61 Ha

Embankment works: 48,443 m3

Subbase: 3,057 m2

Four new water gates at 4 locations

3.4.3. Scheduling

65. The dredging should be undertaken during the dry season when water levels are lowest.

Figure 3-7 Pictures of Ro Hal Dike

The existing Dike and environmental condition of the Ro Hal Dike, August, 2018

The environmental condition and irrigated rice field of the Ro Hal Dike, August, 2018

3.5. Improvement of O Trav Dike

3.5.1. Location O Trav dyke is located in Dar commune. It was constructed during the Pol Pot regime then

maintained by the local people to the best of their ability. The O’ Trav dike system consists of

one dike only which runs across two reservoirs connected to a natural stream at the end. It

has a total length of 5,210m and irrigates a rice field of 1,370 ha. The dike, reservoir and

irrigated field is shown in Figure 3.8

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Figure 3-8 O Trav dike and Irrigated Field

3.5.2. Objectives

66. This dike retains water after the flood waters recede and the local people drain entrapped water gradually by using the existing water gate and pumping to irrigate their rice fields. The villagers wish to rehabilitate this dike because many parts of the dike are broken and the dikes’ capacity has been reduced about 50%.

67. The objectives of this rehabilitation are to restore the capacity of the dike and give water supplies during the dry season. The new water level will be higher than the rice field level so pumping will not be needed. The material needed for the embankment construction will be taken within the reservoir area so increasing the capacity of the reservoir.


Total length of the dike - 5,210 m

Irrigated area - 1,370 ha


Clearing and Grubbing : 72,800 m2

Mine/UXO Clearance : 31.63 Ha

Embankment works : 51,370 m3

Subbase : 4,680.00 m3

7 new Watergates at 7 locations

3.5.3. Scheduling The dredging should be undertaken during the dry season when water levels are lowest.

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Figure 3-9 Pictures of O Trav Dike

The existing dike and environmental condition of the O Trav Dike, August, 2018

3.6. Proposed Improvement of Boeung Trav Dike

3.6.1. Location

68. Boeung Trav Dike is located in Chranouk Commune, Kampong Leaeng District. The proposed works are separated into two sections, the first section is 1,560m in length and the second section is 600m in length. This dike retains water after the flood water recede and local people extract the held back water gradually by using an existing water gate and then pumping to irrigate their rice fields. The reservoir can provide irrigation water to about 579 ha of rice fields. The Boeung Trav dike and irrigated fields are shown below Figure 3.10

Figure 3-10 Boeung Trav dike and irrigated filed

3.6.2. Objectives

69. The objectives of this dike rehabilitation are to restore to its original state this source of irrigation water and to enhance its capacity.

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Boeng Trav dike will be separated into three sections: Section A from PK0+000 to PK1+570

(1,570m length); Section B from PK1+570 to PK1+880 (310m length) which was rehabilitated

by the community; and Section C from PK1+880 to PK2+471 (591m length).

70. The embankment materials will be dug from within the reservoir area. The disposal materials will be used as topsoil for the embankment slope protection.


The length of the first section of dike: 1,560 m

The length of the second section of dike: 600 m

The irrigated area: 579 ha


Clearing and Grubbing : 34,600 m2

Mine/UXO Clearance : 14.48 Ha

Embankment works : 22,137 m3

Subbase : 2,224 m3

3 new watergates : 3 locations

3.6.3. Scheduling

71. The works should be undertaken during the dry season. After the embankment construction, the Contractor should do a topographic survey which will be compared to the existing topographic survey drawings. This will provide the amount of the embankment quantities which are to be paid for.

Figure 3-11 Pictures of Beoung Trav Dike

The existing dike and environmental condition of the Beoung Trav Dike, August, 2018

The existing environmental/vegetation condition in the Beoung Trav Dike, August, 2018

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4. Description of the Environment

4.1. Physical Resources

4.1.1. Geography

72. Cambodia lies in the southwestern part of the Southeast Asian peninsula and has a land area of 181,035 km2. International borders are shared with Thailand to the west, the Lao People's Democratic Republic to the north, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on the east and southeast. The country is bounded on the southwest by the Gulf of Thailand and has a coastline of 440 km.

4.1.2. Climate

73. Cambodia's climate is dominated by the monsoon which causes distinct wet and dry seasons. The southwest monsoon typically brings the rainy season from May to October. The northeast monsoon brings drier and cooler air from early November to March, then hotter air prevails in April and early May. The southern part of the country typically has a two-month dry season whereas the northern areas have a four-month dry season although weather patterns have been changing and what is typical is now increasingly problematic.

4.1.3. Rainfall

74. The annual mean rainfall is 1,400 mm in the central lowland regions and can reach 5,000 mm in coastal areas. However, there are really no reliable rainfall databases for the project zones and rainfall can vary from a low of less than 1,000 mm to a high of 2,000 mm. The relative humidity is high throughout the year, usually exceeding 90%, and even in the dry season rarely falls below 50%.

75. The rainy season usually accounts for 90% of the total annual rainfall. The average annual rain fall in Kampong Chhnang station was 1450 mm whereas the maximum annual rainfall was 1859 mm and the minimum annual rainfall was 1108 mm.2

4.1.4. Temperatures

76. Temperatures are fairly uniform throughout the country, with only small variations from the average annual temperature of around 28°C. January is the coldest month where temperatures as low as 12°C have been recorded and April is the warmest where temperatures reach 42°C. Most of Cambodia’s regions have an average wind velocity of less than 3 m/s. Maximum wind speeds can reach in excess of 20 m/s during the wet season. During the dry season the maximum wind velocities are lower and are commonly in the range of 6 - 8 m/s.

Table 4-1 Average Temperature oC in Kampong Chhnang Town

Year Month3

2016 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Max 35.0 36.3 39.5 41.5 40.3 37.5 35.0 34.5 33.5 33.0 32.5 31.0

Min 17.8 15.0 21.5 26.0 24.5 23.5 23.0 23.2 23.0 22.5 21.5 21.0

2 DOWRAM, 2015 3 PDOWRAM, Kampong Chhnang, 2016

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4.1.5. Topography

77. Cambodia is divided into three distinct topographic regions: the central plains, the flat coastal areas, and the mountain ranges with high plateaus. The central plains form 75% of the country and consist of the alluvial plains of the Mekong River and the Tonle Sap basin where the project roads are located. These are Cambodia's two dominant topographical features and this is where over 90% of the population resides.

78. The topography of Kampong Chhnang province can be described in three main land patterns. The first pattern is the lowland area which seasonally flooded by Tonle Sap River and the elevation is range from 5 to 15 meter above sea level. The Kampong Chhnang town is located in this zone. The second pattern is extended to west of the lowland area and not flooded in rainy season. The third pattern consists of hilly (101-500 meter above sea level) and mountain areas (501-1973 meter above sea level)4.

4.1.6. Air Quality and Noise

79. The sub-projects are located in primarily agricultural areas and villages/residential areas in rural settings with no industrial development. Currently, main sources of air pollution are dust emission due to passage of vehicles along unpaved roads. Sources of noise are community activities (especially near markets) and motorcycles.

4.1.7. Surface Water Quality The water quality of the Mekong, Bassac and Tonle Sap Rivers is still of good quality with only

a small number of measurements of pH, dissolved oxygen and chemical oxygen demand

exceeding the standards given in the “MRC Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of

Human Health and Aquatic Life”. A small number of measurements of nitrate-nitrite and total

phosphorus exceeded threshold values used for calculating water quality indices for the

protection of aquatic life and human health.5 This indicates the presence of fertilisers

doubtless due to runoff from the surrounding fields.

Some local water quality data was available and is given below.

Table 4-2 Water Quality data in Tonle Sap River, Kampong Chhnang Town

No Parameter Unit Result Cambodia

Standards

Sampling point: in Tonle Sap River, Kampong Chhnnang Town

1 Total Suspended Solid (TSS) mg/l 86.00 20-100

2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/l 2.25 1.0-10

3 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/l 5.00 --

4 Total Coliform MPN/100ml 2.4x103 < 500

Source: National Road No5 Improvement Project, MoE, 2013.

80. The project area is adjacent to Tonle Sap river and is crossed by a number of streams and irrigation canals. Within the project area, surface run-off on exposed soil and erosion of rice field embankments causes turbidity in some of the watercourses. Surface water pollution

4 TS-IUEMP, 2017 5 Water Quality Monitoring Report. MRC, 2014

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from domestic sewage along sections where densely populated villages are found as well as run-off from surrounding agricultural fields may also be expected.

4.1.8. Flooding

81. Part of Kampong Leaeng district (948 km2) becomes a temporary island at the mouth of Tonle Sap Lake during the flood season. It is the highest ground in the river and lake area and much of it does not flood. The project will work with communities to reduce vulnerability to climate change impacts.

82. There are several reservoirs and dikes constructed on Kampong Leaeng district which hold back flood water when the floods recede. That water is released gradually by farmers to irrigate their crops.

83. Despite the high flood levels, when the water recedes in December, dikes are often breached and not enough water remains for effective irrigation.

Figure 4-1: Kampong Leaeng showing 1 in 5 year flood depth.

84. The area is subject to seasonal flooding and this is the mechanism by which waters are captured and retained in the planned dikes, so filling up the intended reservoirs.

4.1.9. Irrigation System

85. Kampong Leaeng already has a complex irrigation system based on water retention dikes and seasonal reservoirs. These fill during the flood season and the trapped water is

29

released as required during dry periods. This project will rehabilitate the existing system which is shown below in Figure 4.2

Figure 4-2: Map of dikes in the Kampong Leaeng area

4.1.1. Sediments

86. Sediments in the existing reservoirs will be dredged to deepen the reservoir and give material for elevating the dikes. Excess material will be dumped. At this time no analysis has been carried out on the chemical composition of the sediments

87. However, samples of a similar material which was intended to be dredged from a similar lake were previously taken and analyzed for a range of environmental parameters

30

including pesticides and heavy metals. This was carried out by an accredited laboratory in Cambodia. The water body lake was Lake Khsaet which lies in the same catchment area as Kampong Leaeng at a distance of about 40kms away.

88. No adverse chemicals were detected and the results for NPK (Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium) show the material would be a useful fertilizer. The full results are in Annex 14..

89. It is recommended that sample of the material to be dredged be taken from the project sites and tested before dredging and dumping begins.

4.1.2. Soil Types and Rice Production

90. A main feature of the project is enhanced rice production through improved irrigation. Cambodia has 27 different soil types but the main ones are either soils developed on the old alluvial terraces of the colluvial-alluvial plains. Four types – Prey Khmer, Prateah Lang, Bakan and Tuol Samroung – are where most of the agricultural production occurs although just one, the Toul Samroung, which occupies just 10% of the rice area is really suited to high yielding rice production. Soils developed on the active flood plains – Kabal Po and Krakor – are also highly suited for rice production and occupy approximately 30% of soils where rice production takes place. Such soils respond well to improved ditch and drainage irrigation and judicious application of fertilizers.

91. Yields have increased over the past two decades with wet season yields averaging 2.4 tons per hectare and dry season yields (only 15% of rice produced) averaging almost 3.7 tons per hectare. These are below regional averages but the labor intensive system is currently recording average yields of 3.6 tons per hectare in the wet season. In 2008, Cambodia produced a surplus of 3 million tons although there are still food security problems for rice deficit households.

4.1.3. Minerals

92. Cambodia’s natural mineral resources include gem stones such as sapphires, ruby and zircon; coal, offshore gas and oil; basalt, granite, limestone, dolomite, quartzite; and phosphate deposits. There are no major mineral resources in the vicinity of the project roads, although there are white clay deposits in Kampong Chhnang.

4.2. Climate Change in Kampong Leaeng

4.2.1. Climate Assessment of Kampong Leaeng

93. This section presents a review of the current climate for Kampong Leaeng and presents a number of indicators that represent projected climate changes.

94. In 2013, the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) carried out high resolution climate modeling for Cambodia. The study, funded by AusAID, developed a 10 km grid regional climate model for South East Asia. This regional model, the Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model (CCAM) used climate inputs from six of the latest generation Global Climate Models. Two emissions scenarios were considered: RCP 4.5 (lower greenhouse gas concentrations) and RCP 8.5 (higher greenhouse gas concentrations).

4.2.2. General climate parameters

95. The average annual mean temperature is 25°C +/- 3°C. Maximum temperatures of higher than 32°C are common, however, and just before the start of the rainy season, they may rise to more than 38°C. Minimum temperatures rarely fall below 10°C. January is the coolest month, and April is the warmest. Tropical cyclones that often devastate coastal

31

Vietnam rarely cause damage in Cambodia but can form tropical depressions that result in high rainfall for a 3-4 day period.

96. Between 1960 and 2010 annual rainfall has ranged between 1200 and 2000 mm, concentrated between May and October. Over 80% of annual rainfall occurs in these six months, with peak rainfall occurring in September.

97. Relative humidity is lowest in March and highest in September. Daily evaporation values range from 3.1 mm in October to 6.7 mm in March, and the sunshine duration ranges from 6.0 hours a day in August to 9.3 hours a day in January.

4.2.3. Projected Temperature change

98. Projected temperature change for the short term and to 2055 are shown below. When considering changes over the next 10 to 15 years, changes are projected to be 0.5 to 1C for the low CO2 scenario and 0.6 to 1.4 for the higher CO2 scenario with maximum temperatures expected to increase more than minimum temperatures. By midcentury, under the high emission scenario, maximum temperatures are projected to rise by up to 2.1C during the early part of the dry season (December – March) but only by 1.6C during the latter part of the dry season.

Table 4-3: Projected temperature change for the period 2025 to 2030 for two CO2 scenarios.

2025:RCP4.5 2025:RCP8.5

Season Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum

April-May 0.5 – 1.1 0.5 – 1.0 0.4 – 1.1 0.7 – 1.3 0.7 – 1.3 0.65 – 1.3

June-September 0.5 – 1.1 0.5 – 1.1 0.6 – 1.1 0.7 – 1.4 0.8 – 1.4 0.9 – 1.4

October-November 0.5 – 1.0 0.6 – 1.0 0.7 – 1.2 0.6 – 1.4 0.8 – 1.4 0.8 – 1.4

December-March 0.6 – 1.1 0.6 – 1.1 0.7 – 1.2 0.8 – 1.3 0.9 – 1.3 0.95 – 1.4

Annual 0.5 – 1.1 0.6 – 1.1 0.8 – 1.2 0.7 – 1.3 0.8 – 1.4 0.9 – 1.4

Table 4-4: Maximum projected temperature rise for the high CO2 scenario (RCP 8.5) for the 10-year period centered on 2055.

2055:RCP8.5

Season Temperature increase C April-May 1.6 June-September 1.8 October-November 1.8 December-March 2.1

4.2.4. Droughts

99. Droughts occur regularly in the region. The current values and projected values for the period centered on 2055 of two measures of drought are presented in the table below, the occurrence of dry periods and the maximum number of consecutive dry days. Both the average frequency (number of events in a 20 year period) and duration (months) of dry periods are expected to decrease by 2050. The number of consecutive dry days is also projected to decrease.

Table 4-5: Frequency number of events in a 20 year period and duration (months) of dry periods >3 months and number of consecutive dry days

Current 2055 Frequency 8 6.5 Duration 6 5.5 Consecutive dry days 28 27

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4.2.5. Projected Rainfall change

100. The monthly rainfall for Kampong Chhnang for the two 20 year periods between 1960 and 2000 are shown below. The projected changes for the high CO2 scenario (RCP 8.5) for 2055 are also shown. Rainfall is projected to decrease for the four wettest months of the wet season (June to September), resulting in a decrease in annual rainfall of 8%.

Table 4-6: Monthly rainfall for Kampong Leaeng for 20 year periods and projected rainfall for the high CO2 scenario for the period centered on 2055

Month 1960-1979 1980-1999 2050-2060 Jan 0 0 0 Feb 10 2 2 Mar 30 30 30 Apr 70 80 80 May 150 160 160 Jun 180 170 140 Jul 180 170 140 Aug 210 200 170 Sep 250 300 270 Oct 150 290 290 Nov 10 90 90 Dec 2 2 2 Annual 1242 1494 1374 % annual change 20 -8

Source: MOE 2010 and Katzfey et al 2013

4.2.6. Changes in extreme rainfall indicators

101. Current values of three measures of rainfall intensity and the projected changes for the high CO2 scenario (RCP 8.5) for the period centered around 2055 are shown below. The model indicates that the rainfall intensity during 5 day extreme events is projected to decrease and the average number of consecutive wet days is also projected to decrease.

Table 4-7: Current rainfall intensity indicator values and as projected for the high CO2 scenario (RCP 8.5) for the period centered around 2055.

Indicator Current (mm/day) 2050 (mm/day) 1 day extreme rainfall events 160 160 5 day extreme rainfall events 180 170 Consecutive wet days (wet day > 1mm) 37 32

4.2.7. Impacts of Climate Change

102. The climate of Kampong Leaeng is a typical monsoon climate with heavy rainfall confined to the six month wet season. The average annual mean temperature is 25°C with temperatures of up to 38°C towards the end of the dry season. Temperatures are projected to rise by 0.4 to 1.4°C by 2055. The frequency and duration of dry periods is projected to decrease by 2055 and the average number of consecutive dry days is also projected to decrease slightly.

103. Rainfall is projected to decrease over the four months when the heaviest falls occur (June to September), resulting in an 8% decrease in the annual rainfall compared to the average rainfall over the period 1980 to 1999. The amount of rainfall in 5-day events and the number of consecutive wet days is projected to decrease.

104. The projected rise in temperature will increase evapotranspiration. Potential problems caused by this increase will be offset to some extent by the decrease in the frequency and duration of dry periods. The decrease in rainfall will contribute to the reduction in the water budget but the overall effect is likely to be small given that the reduction is projected to occur in the wettest months and the annual rainfall is still projected to be over 1370 mm.

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4.3. Ecological Resources

4.3.1. Flora

105. Forests make up a major part of the country's natural resources. Hill evergreen, tropical rain and dry land evergreen forests are found in the humid coastal ranges, humid northeastern uplands, and the very humid to sub-humid low altitude areas. Freshwater inundated forests are found in the Tonle Sap Lake and in areas of the Mekong River. Mangrove forests are found along the coasts of Kaput and Kohl Kong provinces. In 1960 Cambodia's forests covered 73% of the total land area of the country. By 1998 the forest cover had decreased to 58% and at least until the mid-2000s it was estimated that Cambodia was losing forest cover at the rate of 2% per annum. The reduction has been attributed mainly to commercial logging, illegal logging (both large and small scale), large scale agricultural concessions, fuel wood collection, non-traditional shifting cultivation and the settlement of new villages. Secondary measures include forest fires and infrastructure development. Nevertheless, Cambodia still has substantial forest cover in comparison with other GMS countries with the exception of the Lao PDR.

Table 4-8: Forest Cover nationally and in Kampong Chhnang Province

No Forest Types Cambodia Country Kampong Chhnang

Area (ha) % Area (ha) %

1 Evergreen forest 2,973,903 16.4 17,329 3.3

2 Semi evergreen forest 1,108,320 6.1 5,508 1.0

3 Deciduous forest 3,480,532 19.2 75,865 14.3

4 Other Forest 1,422,409 7.8 47,313 8.9

5 Total Forest 8,985,164 49.5 146,015 27.6

6 Non Forest 9,175,510 50.5 383,446 72.4

7 Total Area 18,160,674 529,461

Source: Forest Statistics of Cambodia, FA 2015

106. Forests are divided into concession forests and protected forests. In the Project provinces, there are some protected forest areas and indigenous tree species (e.g. The Diptherocarpus species) that are protected by Cambodia’s Forestry Law of 1995. Community forests are managed by local residents who must abide by a management plan that is supervised by the Forestry Department. The community has access to the forest and may remove forest products and cut trees for their own use but they are prohibited from selling the trees. Timber harvesting for sale is only allowed from forest concessions. There are also non- timber forest products (NTFPs) that poorer households rely on such as bamboo, resins, wild fruits and vegetables, honey bees and other insects, and larger wildlife, although the collection of some NTFPs for commercial purposes are prohibited by Cambodian laws.

107. Vegetation around the subprojects sites largely consists of agricultural crops such as rice, while some areas have shrubs, grasses and sparse trees. Lowland rice cropping is the main activity but other crops grown include soybean, cassava, and cashew. Fruit and vegetables crop are also cultivated although primarily for domestic consumption.

108. As the main purpose of the project is increased rice production this is not surprising.

4.3.2. Fauna

109. Cambodia has a rich biodiversity. The forests, wetlands and other habitats support many species of flora and fauna, including 212 species of mammals, 536 species of birds, 240

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reptile species, 850 freshwater and 436 marine fish species and more than 2,300 plants (800 of these plants are used in for the local manufacture of traditional Khmer medicine).

110. In the Project area, fauna is mainly made up of the large and small livestock raised by some households. There are indigenous endangered species such as the Siamese Crocodile and a variety of monkeys (e.g. Silvered leaf monkey) and birds (e.g. white-shouldered Ibis) within legally protected areas but as no sub-project are located in core zones of protected areas adverse impacts to endangered species are not anticipated.

111. The main bird sanctuaries are located in the northern end of TLSB and are very popular with bird watchers.

4.3.3. Fishery

112. Fish is the most important source of animal protein in the diet of all Cambodians, constituting upwards of 75% of total animal protein input. Fish are also an important source of calcium and Vitamin A, especially for the rural poor. On average the countrywide consumption rate is 65.5 kg/capita/year. Each year, Cambodia’s combination of subsistence, middle-scale and large- scale commercial fishing harvests produce 300,000 to 430,000 tons of freshwater fish. This production ranks fourth in the world and is worth approximately US$300 million. However, there have been incremental declines in fish catches and it is now estimated that less than 250,000 tons of fish is being caught, consisting of approximately 105,000 tons of household fisheries, 75,000 tons of rice field fisheries and 68,000 tons of middle and large-scale fisheries (marine fisheries production account for an additional estimated 55,000 tons).

4.3.4. Ecologically Protected Areas

4.3.4.1. Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve

113. The Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve is protected by national legislation and is recognized by UNESCO under the MAB program. The Tonle Sap is the largest freshwater lake in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region with an area of 2,500-3,000 km2 in the dry season and 10,000 – 15,000 km2 in the wet season. The water depth ranges from 1 meter in the dry season to 10 meters in the wet season and it is home to nearly one-third of Cambodia’s population. In 1997 it was nominated as a Biosphere Reserve under the Man and the Biosphere Reserve Program of United Nations Education and Scientific Cooperation Organization (UNESCO). Biosphere reserves are nominated by governments and remain under their jurisdiction. Reserves are intended to fulfil three complementary functions: (i) a conservation function; (ii) a development function; and (iii) a logistic function.

114. The Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve (TSBR) has the following zones: (i) Core areas are securely protected sites for conserving biodiversity, monitoring minimally disturbed ecosystems, and undertaking research and other low-impact uses such as education. The TSBR core areas cover a total of about 43,000 ha which are characterized by a flooded forest, streams and water bodies, and rich biodiversity. Nearly 100 water bird species are found there, a dozen of which are of global significance. The areas are also known for their fish, mammals, and reptiles.

115. (ii) The buffer zone covers about 541,482 ha and is used for cooperative activities compatible with sound ecological practices, including environmental education, recreation, ecotourism, and research. Its boundary corresponds to the outer boundary of the Tonle Sap Multiple-Use Area. The TSBR buffer zone surrounds the core areas up to the outer limit of the flooded forest.

116. (iii) The transition area is the outer zone which covers 899,600 ha. It is intended to be flexible and allows development in keeping with the needs of the local population. The transition area forms the interface between the TSBR and common land. The southern edge of TSBR transition zone forms a boundary with national road NR5. The flexible transition area

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is the integrated economic zone, which is managed for sustainable agriculture, human settlement and land uses, without having adverse effects on the flooded forest, water quality and soils of the region around the Tonle Sap Lake.

117. None of the sub-projects are located within the core and buffer zones zones of TSBR.

118. The sub-projects are located in the transition zone. This has been confirmed by detailed investigations and “ground truthing”.

119. Under the Royal Decree on the Protection of Natural Areas 1993 Article 3: Amendments “The protected natural areas may be modified or expanded in the future on the basis of scientific information involved in the conservation of ecology and the maintenance of the existing landscape in the Kingdom of Cambodia.”

120. The sub-projects can proceed with the prior permission of MOE.

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Figure 4-3: Works relative to TLSB Protected Sensitive Areas

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4.3.4.2. Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary (PAWS)

121. The Phnom Aural wildlife sanctuary is located in western Cambodia and lies within the Cardamom Mountain range, covering parts of the three 3 provinces of Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Speu and Pursat. (11°54′45″N 104°03′42″E) It was created by Royal Decree in 1993 and is one of the oldest protected areas in Cambodia. It covers a large area of 2,500 square km (1,000 square miles) or 250,000 hectares.

122. The Phnom Aural wildlife sanctuary has been subject to a zoning process. Following consultation with local stakeholders and a series of ecological and socioeconomic surveys of the areas, a set of four zones was demarcated :

Core zone ─ access only for research. Conservation zone ─ small-scale community uses of Non Timber Forest Products

(NTFP) Sustainable use zone ─ community sustainable use of resources including NTFPs, fuel-

wood collection, timber cutting, fisheries, ecotourism and agro-forestry (outside of community protected area)

Community zone ─ in addition to the above, small animal trapping for subsistence use, agriculture, and livestock grazing for both subsistence and commercial objectives. No consumptive use of resources is permitted in more than 60% of the land area.

123. The zones are shown below Figure 4-4

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Figure 4-4: PAWS Zones

124. The topography is dominated by Mount Aural which at around 1,813m ASL is Cambodia's highest mountain. At elevations below 1,200m ASL the vegetation is dominated by lowland evergreen forest. Elevations between 1,200 and 1,500m ASL support lower montane evergreen forest, while elevations above 1,500m ASL support upper montane evergreen forest. The forest types are shown below.

Table 4-9: PAWS Types of Forest Cover (Forest Types in Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary (PAWS) in 2003.)

Type Total in PAWS (ha)

Core zone (ha)

Conservation zone (ha)

Sustainable use zone (ha)

Community zone (ha)

Agriculture and bare soil.

5,493.24 41.13 206.17 653.74 4,592.20

Evergreen hill forest on dacite and rhyolite.

17,509.36 17,390.28 119.07 0.01

Evergreen hill forest on granite.

49,886.64 49,163.27 723.34 0.03

Evergreen hill forest on sandstone.

13,220.91 12,457.99 732.58 29.17 1.17

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High elevation woodland and grassland often with

pine.

295.24 295.24 ─ ─ ─

Highly disturbed forest with abundant bamboo.

1,519.85 774.54 570.07 154.31 20.93

Low elevation of woodland and

grassland.

126,953.25 46,711.81 51,573.18 19,835.31 8,832.95

Lowland forest: large crowned, low elevation

forest with high proportion of deciduous

tree species.

39,727.18 24,669.97 11,173.78 3,301.91 581.52

Montane forest. 428.54 428.54 ─ ─ ─

Grand total: 255,034.21 151,932.77 65,098.19 23,974.48 14,028.77

Source: Calculations by Ministry of Environment, Cambodia.

125. PAWS contains an IBA (Important Bird Area) which comprises all areas of evergreen and semi-evergreen forest above 400 m ASL, which is thought to be the lower altitudinal limit of the Chestnut-headed Partridge Arborophila cambodiana.

126. The IBA supports both restricted-range species found in the Cambodia-Thailand-Mountains Endemic Bird Area: Chestnut-headed Partridge and Cambodian Laughing thrush Garrulax ferrarius.

127. Within the IBA, hunting pressure on bird populations appears to be relatively low, and largely restricted to the snaring of ground birds for domestic consumption. Such snaring is mainly conducted by wood collectors. Another potential threat to biodiversity is selective logging, which can lead to habitat degradation and loss. This threat is, however, currently low, since no large-scale, commercial logging is taking place within the IBA, and small-scale, illegal logging is on the decline.

128. The sub-projects are located at a distance of 35 kms from PAWS.

4.3.4.3. Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary (PSWS)

129. The Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary was established in 1994 and is located in the Cardamom Mountains in western Cambodia, adjacent to the border with Thailand. (12°16′17″N 102°58′36″E) It is a mountainous area containing three peaks: Mount Samkos which is Cambodia's second highest mountain (1,717 m), Mount Khmaoch (1,496 m) and Mount Tumpor (1,250 m). The area includes an IBA.

130. The sub-projects are located at a distance of 180 kms from PSWS.

4.3.4.4. Cardamom Mountains Wildlife Sanctuaries Project

131. The Cardamom mountain range extends along a southeast-northwest axis from Koh Kong Province to Pursat Province. The highest elevation of the Cardamom Mountains is Phnom Aural. Dense tropical rain forest prevails on the wet western slopes, which annually receive from 3,800–5,000 mm of rainfall. By contrast only 1,000 to 1,500 mm fall in Kirirom National Park on the wooded eastern slopes in the rain shadow facing the interior Cambodian plain.

132. Threats to the biological diversity of the Cardamom Mountain Range include habitat loss due to illegal logging, wildlife poaching, and forest fires caused by slash-and-burn agriculture. The government has been increasing support for protected area management but still relies extensively on donor and NGO assistance for implementing effective management. Many international conservation organizations are working in the area including Wildlife Alliance, Conservation International, Fauna and Flora International and WWF. Sections of the area have been designated as protected areas, including Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary

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and Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary. The level of active protection in all parks in the mountains has been criticized as being too low.

133. The Cardamom Mountains are an emerging tourist destination, with the opening of Wildlife Alliance's Chi-Phat eco-tourism area in the southern Cardamoms in 2008 followed by their second Cardamon Mountains eco-tourism site in Trapeang Roung.

134. The Phnom Aural and Phnom Samkos wildlife sanctuaries were established in 1993 under the Royal Decree on the Creation and Defining of Natural Protected Areas. They are located at the south-eastern end and north-western end, respectively, of the Cardamom Mountains. The two sanctuaries combined cover nearly 600,000 ha. Surveys carried out since 2001 have shown the special importance of the two sanctuaries for biodiversity conservation and environmental services. They have diverse geography, extensive forests, and many endemic and globally threatened species. Evergreen hill forest covers most of the two sanctuaries and the area is listed among the World Wildlife Funds Global 2000 Ecoregions as a priority for biodiversity conservation.

135. The two wildlife sanctuaries are home to about 30,000 people who rely on subsistence agriculture, cattle raising, and collection of non-timber forest products for their livelihoods. These communities are among the poorest in Cambodia. Under the Cardamom Mountains Wildlife Sanctuaries Project (CMWSP), a joint project of the Cambodian Ministry of Environment and Fauna and Flora International, zoning plans have been developed for both sanctuaries through participatory consultation with local stakeholders but the sanctuaries face threats from clearance of land by in-migrating settlers and the granting of economic concessions as in 2009 a decree was issued permitting limited economic development in PAWS.

136. The sub-projects are located at a distance of 160 kms from Cardamom Mountains.

4.3.4.5. Kirirom National Park

137. Kirirom National Park (11°18′37″N 104°03′04″E) is located mostly in Phnom Sruoch District, Kampong Speu Province, while a smaller section is in neighboring Koh Kong Province. It was established in 1993 and covers 350km2. The park extends over the eastern part of the Cardamom Mountains. It is located 112 km from Phnom Penh off National Highway 4 on the road to Sihanoukville. It is located at an altitude of 675m (2,215 ft.) above sea level and was Cambodia's first officially designated national park. Among the animals in the park are Asian elephant, deer, Gaur, Banteng, leopard, Spotted Linsang, Pileated Gibbon and tiger.

138. The sub-projects are located at a distance of 190 kms from Kirirom NP.

4.4. Socio-economic Profile

4.4.1. Population There are 9 communes namely: Chranouk, Dar, Kampong Hau, Phnov Tuk, Puo, Pralay Meas,

Samraong Saen, Svay Rumpear, and Trangel in Kampong Leaeng District. The total families

is 10,666 and total population is 50,319 with number of female headed households being

1,498 families.

Table 4-10: The population by commune in Kampong Leaeng District

No Commune Name Total population Total Family FHHs

1 Chranouk 7772 1741 259

2 Dar 6319 1585 189

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3 Kampong Hau 8361 1655 239

4 Phnov Tuk 3832 734 90

5 Pou 5249 1162 176

6 Pralay Meas 4664 921 90

7 Samraong Saen 1946 373 17

8 Svay Rumpear 6139 1256 188

9 Trangel 6037 1239 192

Figure 4-5: Population by Commune

Source: NCDD data book, 2011

4.4.2. Occupation

139. Discussions were held with local authorities including Kampong Leaeng District Governor, Dar and Chranouk commune authorities and reference made to existing data. Most people in subproject areas are farmers, the main occupation of these people is agricultural jobs (rice, farm crops/vegetable, fishing, livestock raising, and NTFP collection) other occupations are craft works, and trade services.

Table 4-11: The families with particular occupation (job) in Kampong Leaeng District

No Description % Number Family

1 Families whose main occupation in agricultural works (rice, crop,

vegetable, fishing, livestock, and NTFP)

91.50

9,764

2 Families whose main occupation in craft works (furniture crafts and other

production) 0.40 15

3 Families whose main occupation in services

(trade, repair, transport services, and other services) 1.15 123

4 Families whose main occupation is not clear 7.16 764

Source: NCDD data book, 2011

4.4.3. Land Use

140. The Kampong Leaneng District is an island in the Mekong River / Tonle Sap Basin. During the wet season almost all areas, rice fields, farms, and other fields (forest land and

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grass land) are flooded by Mekong flood. The land use in this district is forest land, cultivation land (rice and farm land), construction land (village area), and some others.

Table 4-12: Land Use Area in Kampong Leaeng District

Total land area

(ha) Forest land area (ha)

Cultivation land

area (ha)

Construction land

area (ha)

Other land

area (ha)

Total Flood

99,767 35,172 32,508 13,960 1.218 20,114

Source: district data book, NCDD, 2011

4.4.4. Cultural Resources and Minority

141. Based on site visits all the subprojects are located in rice fields far from village areas. There are no cultural heritage resource sites and pagodas located in and near the subproject areas. There are a few pagodas located in village areas but these are far from the sub-projects and will not be affected by the subproject activities. There are no ethnic / minority people living in Kampong Leaeng District, only Khmer Islamic: 03 families and Vietnamese: 83 families (NCDD, 2011)

4.5. Poverty

142. Cambodia is one of the least developed countries in Southeast Asia, and in the Asia-Pacific region, it ranks 131 of the 179 countries included in the UNDP’s Human Development Index (HDI). It has a total population of 14.3 million as of 2010 with an annual population growth rate of 1.6%. The country’s population in 2009 was 13.9 million and of this number, 51.23% are women. There were 2.9 million households with an average of 5 people and over 82% are in the rural areas. ADB mentioned in the Country Poverty Assessment for 2011 that based on the 2008 census, a quarter of Cambodian households (25.6%) are headed by women. The population is young, with more than half (56.1%) under the age of 25. The fertility rate has declined slightly but remains high. Rapid population growth from 1998–2008 at 1.54% per year is higher than the 1.3% average for Southeast Asia as a whole. Around 72% of the workforce is engaged in agriculture, forestry, and fishing. Urbanization is low, with just 19.5% of the population living in cities in 2008 and only a 1.3 percentage point increase over the previous decade (18.2% in 1998). While the annual growth rate of the rural population was 1.4% from 1998 to 2008, the urban population grew at 2.2% per year.

143. The country’s national poverty incidence in 2008 was 30.1% but rural areas have higher poverty rate of 34.7%. Cambodia ranked 33 in the “alarming” countries with high level of hunger and under nutrition, where 12% of the households were classified as food insecure due to increase in food prices (UNDP Poverty Reduction Report, 21 March 2011). The UN-WFP Cambodia reported that although the poverty rate in the country fell by 4.7% from 2004 to 2007, the 30.1% poverty level among the country’s total population was still high. The unemployment rate in Cambodia is projected to reach 20% by end of 2011. The poverty rate was 35% in Kampong Chhnang province according to the 2008 Census.

144. Agriculture is the primary source of income and food for the households. In Kampong Chhnang province 54% of the households owned less than 1 hectare of land and 8% do not own land for rice cultivation. Around 30%of the households in Kampong Chhnang have access to irrigation.

145. Based on the baseline survey conducted in June 2011, 26% of farmers who have land do not have legal land title. Absence of proof of land ownership makes the farmers vulnerable to losing land and inhibits them from investing long-term in agricultural production. Landless farmers and those with less than 1 hectare are included among the poor households in

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Cambodia. Based on the international poverty line (in 2006 purchasing parity terms), 40% of the population in Cambodia lived on less than $1.25 a day, and 68% on less than $2 a day.6

146. The poverty rates by commune in Kampong Leaeng District are given below.

Table 4-13: The poverty rates by commune in Kampong Leaeng District

No Commune name Poverty rate in 2009

1 Chranouk 38.10%

2 Dar 35.70%

3 Kampong Hau 36.50%

4 Phlov Tuk 44.20%

5 Pou 39.20%

6 Pralay Keas 41.80%

7 Samraong Saen 46.90%

8 Svay Rumpear 38.70%

9 Trangel 33.20%

Source: Ministry of Planning and NCDD, 2009

4.6. Gender

147. Women account for 52% of the population in the project areas. Female-headed households comprise 13% of the total households who were interviewed during the baseline survey conducted in June 2011. Of this number, 3% have children less than 5 years old. The country’s child mortality rate in 2010 was 350 per 100,000 live births. Kampong Chhnang has a high maternal mortality rates with more than 500 mothers who died within 1 month after giving birth in 2008.

6 A. Bauer et. al. 2008, World Bank’s New Poverty Data: Implications for ADB, Sustainable Working Development Working

Paper Series No. 2. Manila.

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5. Anticipated Environmental impacts and Mitigation Measures

5.1. Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

148. The aim of the initial environmental impact assessment study is to find out and determine environmental impacts on the natural and social resources that may occur during project design, before construction, during construction and at the operation-maintenance stage. The environmental study team undertook field investigations, consultations with local agencies-communities and assessed the potential impacts both negative and positive, so developing mitigation measures for negative impacts.

5.2. Potential Positive Environmental Impacts and Benefits

149. The sub-projects will provide several reservoirs/dikes and lakes for improving the irrigation and water management system within subproject areas by:

Providing significant positive impacts on the local people, communities and livelihood as the project will contribute directly to improving their livelihood and income generation during operation by providing water retention in reservoirs and lakes for irrigation of rice fields about 2,150 ha in 4 communes for about 6,220 families.

Providing indirectly livelihood and income / economic generation for local communities in Kampong Leaeng District for 10,666 families and in Kampong Chhnang Province.

Improving climate change resilience through climate change adaptation by providing a water irrigation system for the agricultural sector so a dry season rice crop can be grown so giving 2 rice crops per year in Kampong Leaeng District.

5.3. Pre-construction Stage

5.3.1. Unexploded Ordnance (UXO)

150. There may be UXO discovered when dredging the reservoirs. The project owner and contractors shall collaborate with local authority to make sure if UXOs are located in subproject sites, they will collaborate with Cambodia Mine Action Center (CMAC) to conduct a demining survey.

5.3.2. Land Acquisition and Land Use

151. The improvement of dikes and lake reservoirs can affect community lands in the subproject site. The widening and excavation of the dikes requires dumping of some material on rice fields next to the dikes. The project proponent must inform local affected people of project information, location, size and land acquisition needs in case there is impact on land use.

If compensation is necessary the compensation policy must be implemented before

construction starts.

5.3.3. Impacts of Dredging on Water Supply in Kampong Leaeng

152. Dredging of material may lower the water table and have adverse environmental impacts. Kampong Leaeng may involve groundwater abstraction. Previously concerns have been raised over arsenic content in the groundwater.

153. Naturally occurring arsenic was first confirmed in drinking water in Cambodia during the Cambodia Drinking Water Quality Assessment, conducted jointly by the Ministry of Rural Development (MRD) and the Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy (MIME) between 1999 and 2000. This assessment screened approximately 94 urban and rural drinking water sources in 13 provinces for chemically hazardous elements and found elevated arsenic levels

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in approximately 11 per cent of the groundwater samples from 5 of the 13 studied, exceeding the WHO guideline value of 10 ppb.

Figure 5-1: Arsenic Risk Map Cambodia MRD / MIME 1999

The arsenic risk map for Kampong Chhnang is given below. This was extracted from the MRD main study. It includes results for Kampong Leaeng. (See below)

Figure 5-2: Arsenic Risk Map Kg Chhnang and Kg Leaeng

154. A standard of 50 Part Per Billion (ppb) for arsenic in drinking water was set by USEPA in 1975. In 2001 the USEPA revised this to 10 ppb for the USA. The WHO Standard for arsenic in drinking water is 5 ppb.

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155. The Cambodian standard for arsenic in drinking water is 50 ppb. This is similar to many other countries outside USA. The MRD study shows arsenic levels in groundwater in Kampong Leaeng to be between 11 to 50 ppb which, according to the MRD study, is considered “low risk”.

156. According to the tests previously conducted by MRD arsenic levels in groundwater in Kampong Leaeng are low risk and within the Cambodian Standard for drinking water.

157. It should be noted that the above data applies to groundwater. As arsenic is carried by river water before entering the groundwater there is a distinct correlation between results and standards for each. If tests are to be carried out on groundwater then tests should be carried out on both groundwater and river water to establish the baseline conditions. This should be done during the initial stages of construction supervision before any activities commence.

5.4. Construction Stage

5.4.1. Soil Erosion and Soil Quality

158. The soil erosion will be increase earthwork for grading ground surface, digging and excavating for improving lake and construction dikes, especially when the rain comes. On the other hand the dredging lake, construction dikes, and generating wastes from construction activities, especially hazardous waste could be a sensitive point for the changing soil quality. Some measures to mitigate these impacts are:

Adequate compaction of the dike is immediately implemented during filling activities and the construction activities plan to operate during dry season after rice harvesting

Grassing on the slope, growing vegetation on the dike and wrap-rock Concrete pavement and/or laterite on the road way after finishing construction work Quickly fill-up land after connection/installing/finish culverts/water gates All solid-liquid wastes should be collected and stored in safety containers and disposed of

in local licensed dumping sites or removed by licensed local subcontractor.

5.4.2. Hydrology and Water Quality

159. The proposed sub-projects are located near the Tonle Sap River and soil erosion may affect water quality due to increased turbidity. Liquid waste from construction materials, trucks and excavators may also cause water quality to deteriorate in terms of pH, BOD, COD, and TSS. Some measures to mitigate these impacts are:

Implement a construction plan to operate during dry season. Regular check and maintain construction machineries, trucks, vehicle and equipment Instruct all operators to clean construction machineries to prevent oil and grease leaking.

The wastes from construction machinery to be regularly collected and stored in secure containers. Do not discharge to nearby fields.

Try to minimize clearing the vegetation on project areas/slopes. If necessary, build temporary canals for open water flow to avoid flooding. Ensure silt traps are installed on rain water drains at all construction sites

5.4.3. Air and Noise Quality

160. The subproject areas are located in rural, so the air and noise quality are good condition. The construction of proposed sub-project will affect air quality and increasing noise around the project area. The emission air from the construction material and machineries, project generators, trucks, and transportation of soil from excavation for the project will exhaust gas such as dust/suspended particle (STP and PM10) and polluted air (NO2, SO2, CO), and then polluted the ambient air in the areas. However, the impact by air pollution is very small or insignificant. There are some measures to mitigate are:

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Using good quality construction machinery, generator and project trucks or vehicles with lowest emission of air pollution possible

Regularly monitor/check and maintain all construction equipment to ensure that the exhaust smoke, gas and noise comply with national standards

Cover truck especially those carrying soils during transport in and out from construction sites on public roads

Limit speed of trucks during operation in and out of the project site (follow traffic law), especially, where the trucks pass the village and sensitive areas.

No open burning is allowed on site. Dark smoke emissions can result in punishment.

5.4.4. Protected Area and Wildlife

161. The subprojects are located in agricultural development areas, mostly rice fields, and far from legally protected area. However, during construction the contractor will provide awareness on environmental management to project staffs and workers. They should collaborate with local agencies to enforcement environmental regulations and other relevant laws. Strictly control illegal logging as taking trees for firewood or hunting by construction workers is prohibited.

5.4.5. Forest Resources

162. There can be small impacts on flooded forest resources and vegetation located in the lakes and dike’s reservoirs during dredging and excavation. The mitigation measures are:

Try to reducing clearing vegetation in the subproject sites, as much as possible Do not cut big trees on the lake bank and alongside the dikes Breaking of the Forestry law and illegal logging of forestry resources is prohibited

5.4.6. Fish

163. The construction activities should have only no or very small impact on freshwater fishes in the subproject sites from dredging and excavation of the lakes and dikes. The disposal or discharge of solid waste and waste water from construction campsites must be controlled. The mitigation measures are:

Construction plan implemented during dry season so there is no water or very little water in lake or reservoir, so the impacts will be minimal

Try to reducing clearing forest and vegetation resources in the subproject sites which provide fish habitats

Manage properly all types of wastes from construction activities, store in secure tanks, dispose in local approved sites, do not discharge to fields and watercourses.

Illegal fishing for food by construction workers is prohibited, No cooking of fish on site.

5.4.7. Public Health and Safety

164. During construction wastes, noise, dust emission from construction equipment and traffic movement will increase and can impact on sanitation, public health, and community safety. Infectious diseases (malaria, diarrhea, and HIV/AIDS) can be transmitted from workers to workers come from many places. For public health and safety the mitigation proposed is:

Provide public health awareness program on HIV/AIDS, safety and infection prevention Provide training on construction heavy equipment operation to mitigate spill accidents Provide Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) to staffs and workers. Provide proper sanitation and waste disposal at construction campsite Campsites to be provided with proper latrines located at least 300m from water sources Limit driving speed of heavy trucks in villages and other sensitive areas

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Emergency Response Plan to be prepared for working sites such as: location of health center, materials handling, and human resources.

Prepare transportation plan with road access and traffic controls to avoid road accidents

5.5. Operation and Maintenance Stage

165. The agricultural activities will increase after reservoirs are improved, the farmers will use more fertilizers for rice crops, especially chemical fertilizers. Soil quality in rice fields can change and affect rice production in the future. Soil erosion may occur from new dikes. Proposed mitigation measures are:

Awareness to farmers of use of natural fertilizers and composting Proper management of hazardous wastes such as plastic bags, bottles and containers of

pesticide or fertilizer, wastes not to be disposed in public field, rice field or water sources. Provide grass or tree planting on the slope of dikes for reducing soil erosion. Inform farmers that using fertilizers and pesticides shall comply with Law on Pesticides

and Fertilizers Management, MAFF, 2012. Establish farmer water user committee (FWUC) in each irrigated area to manage and

maintain water use and irrigated structures. Maintain watergates and water control structures

6. Analysis of Alternatives

166. This project was originally classified as Category B and this has been confirmed by this IEE. No Analysis of Alternatives is required.

49

7. Information Disclosure, Consultation and Participation

7.1. Executing Agency

167. Ministry Public Works and Transport (MPWT) is the Executing Agency (EA) of this project assisted by a Project Management Unit (PMU3) responsible for the project implementation, management and coordination. The Detailed Design and Implementation Supervision Consultant (DDIS) shall incorporate into the project design the environmental protection and mitigation measures identified in the EMP for the design/pre-construction stage. Qualified contractor(s) shall be selected through a transparent procurement process to properly implement the project on a timely basis in an environmentally-responsible manner.

7.2. Public Participation in Consultation

168. Public participation is the participation of all stakeholders concerned with the development project including ministries/institutions, local authorities, relevant departments, project owners, consulting companies, representatives of affected people and non-governmental organizations concerned with the project areas7.

The Ministry of Environment, following a request from the public, shall provide information on

activities and shall encourage public participation in environmental protection and natural

resource management. 8

7.3. Objective of the public consultation

169. The main objectives of the public consultation are:

Presenting or informing to the local residents of the study subproject sites in the district of PRIP Climate Change Output

Receiving the main issues or problems that may occur in the proposed sub-project areas from local people and local authorities.

Addressing potential social and environmental resources that will be affected from subproject proposals and activities.

Receiving issues, feedback, and comments from stakeholders or affected people concerning social, gender and environmental impacts at the proposed sites.

Modifying proposed mitigation measures or environmental management plan to respond to any concerns raised, if possible.

Open-ended questions were posed to guide discussions and information requests presented

to the stakeholders.

7.4. Consultation with Commune-Village Leaders and Affected Communities

170. On August 23, 2018 the study team: national environmental specialist and national resettlement specialist is collaborated with MPWT-PMU3, Kampong Leaeng District Governor, commune chiefs of subproject areas of Climate Change Resilience of PRIP were conducted field consultation meetings with local authorities and local people are affected and living around the proposed subprojects for: Dredging of Boeung Kros Lake, Ro Hal Dike, O Trav Dike, and Boeung Trav Dike in Kampong Leaeng District, Kampong Chhnang Province. The key points from the consultation meetings are given in the Annex 12.

7 Declaration of General Guideline for Developing IEE and full EIA Report, MoE, 2009 8 Article 16, Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management, MoE 1996

50

171. On November 3, 2018 the study team and MPWT-PMU3 conducted field consultation with commune-district authorities/agencies, Department of Environment (DoE), and Department of Public Works and Transport (DPWT) of Kampong Chhnang Province on rehabilitation of Boeung Kros Lake and Ro Hal, O Trav, and Boeung Trav Dikes. The meeting was conducted in the meeting room of Kampong Leaeng District Office. There was overwhelming support for the sub projects. No dissenting opinions were expressed. The key results of the meeting are given below and the full discussion given in the Annex 12.

Table 7-1: Summary Key Comments / Concerns received and Mitigation Measures

Key comments / concerns received from

affected people and other stakeholders

Modifications to Subprojects designs and

mitigation measures.

Farmers in Kampong Hav Commune were

happy with the design and offered to donate

land for the tipping area.

Farmers were thanked for the offer but said

it was not necessary.

Ms. Eal Saveoun, Commune Coucil of Tra

Ngel Commune said:

- No protected area or protected fishery

located in Ro Hal Dike area.

- Our people very happy and waiting for this

project, because they need water for

irrigation rice crops, if we have enough water

some fields can plant 2 time/year.

Opinion was noted.

Mr Hong Vanny, Chief Office, Department of

Environment, Kampong Chhnang,

Responsible in Kampong Leaeng District:

- We support this proposed project for

improving the irrigation for dry rice.

- There are not ecological protected or

conservation areas in and near the project

sites. The protected areas are far from

project site. No forest resources in this

areas, most are paddy fields.

- Small impact to environmental and social

resources in this area.

During project construct the contractor shall

collaborate with local authorities and

relevant departments to manage and

implement environmental monitoring of

project activities.

- A few forest (trees) are in the dike bank

should be kept, don’t cut or clear.

MPWT will conduct survey for forest and

trees location. The forest and trees will be

kept for dikes erosion projects. The project

also proposes planting grass or trees on the

bank of the lakes and slope of the dikes for

erosion protection.

51

Don’t excavate or dredge soil inside

reservoirs where have forest resources.

Mr. Mou Chan Theun, Chief Office of

Commune Project Supporting Office,

Kampong Leaeng District.

- This project is very good for climate change

resilience on irrigation system in our district.

The lakes and reservoirs are shallow and

shallow year to year, it will be affected on

agricultural activities in Kampong Leaeng

District.

- Boeung Kruos is low part of another area

for water flow out from the rice field in dry

season, so please don’t improve the dike too

high, it will impact to rice cultivation time in

upstream side.

- The design dike is not high, will rehabilitate

to existing condition.

- Dredging Lake should be studied and

build/improve the water gates, where we

should install water gates.

- The engineering team will contact residents

and survey where to build the water gates.

- If we build the dike around the lake, will be

impacted to some rice fields are close to the

dike on the lake bank.

- We will discuss with rice field owner are

located near the dike (around the lake).

- During construction may be increased air

and noise from construction activities, but is

not impact to our communities, because

construction site is outside and far from

residential area. There are very small issues

that people considers to traffic safety and

traffic movement from heavy trucks of

contractor, but it is temporary, during

construction stage.

- We instruct contractors to consider public

safety during construction stage.

Please provide irrigation canals (existing

canal) for providing water from Dike to

downstream rice fields are far from the Dike,

to mitigate the water use conflict, because

some time happen the conflict of limited

water use of upstream farmers with

downstream farmers.

- We will study this idea and see whether the

project can provide irrigation canal or

cannot, but including the land for a canal is

worth considering.

52

8. Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM)

8.1. Purpose of the Mechanism

172. The Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) is used as a mean for persons seeking satisfactory resolution/response to any complaints on the environmental performance of all the subproject activities. The mechanism will ensure that:

(i) The basic rights and interests of every person adversely affected by the environmental

performance of the subproject are protected; and

(ii) Their concerns are effectively and timely addressed. It is notable that during site

preparation and construction phases, environmental performance related complaints of the

subproject activities may occur.

8.2. Proposed GRM

173. In Cambodia if there are any concerns and social complaints, the people go to relevant authority levels such as: village, commune, district, provincial, and to the court for all matters including environmental complaints. The MPWT, as the EA of the PRIP Climate Change Output will establish the GRM. The setup shall be made before commencement of site works and have members from the PMO, provincial level, district authority and commune councils. Grievances can be filed in writing or verbally with any member of the GRC. The committee will have 15 days to respond with a resolution. The PMO’s or Social and Environmental Office (ESO) environmental safeguard officer (ESO) of MPWT will oversee the implementation/observance of the mechanism and will be responsible for keeping the PMO informed. Access points will be set up at commune level.

174. The GRM will accommodate both informally and formally lodged, but eligible, grievances. Informally lodged grievances are those received by the contractor during construction. Formally lodged grievances are those received at district and commune offices. Commune councils evaluate complaints for eligibility and then report to PDPWT. The PDPWT and PMO maintain record of all grievances, informally and formally lodged, eligible and ineligible. The PMO will inform the MPWT, as necessary, and report on the observance/implementation of the GRM in the monthly progress reports and in the periodic Environmental Monitoring Report that will be submitted to the MPWT and MPWT resubmit to MoE.

175. In addition reporting should be submitted to ADB and MOE, as necessary, based on the MOE’s approval letter which ADB will get from MPWT before approving civil works.

176. The Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) has four stages to resolve complaints/issues regarding PRIP for Climate Change Output implementation. These are: Commune level, District level, Provincial level (Grievance Redress Committee). If not resolved or no solution is found at these stages, people can take the complaint to the Provincial Court. The steps are illustrated in the flow chart below.

177. The results of the initial environmental examination (IEE) show that only minor environmental impacts are anticipated. Such impacts will be experienced during site works mainly due to soil and surface water quality dust, air, noise emissions, and public safety more concerning to local communities, but can be mitigated. None of the subproject sites traverses the buffer and core zones of ecologically protected areas and not protected forest and historical areas are located in and near the subproject sites.

53

Flow Chart of Grievance Redress Mechanism Procedural Steps

IX. Conclusions

178. According to the above finding and conclusions, although the sub-project may have limited environmental impacts, IEE preparation will be sufficient to identify and address these impacts. No further special study or detailed EIA needs to be undertaken to comply with the Safeguard Policy Statement of the ADB. Under government of Cambodia policy, the IEE Report for these subprojects are required for small projects. For this climate change resilience proposed project the size and capacity is under national IEE requirements of Annex of EIA sub-decree of the List, MoE 1999. The total actually proposed project of climate resilience for improvement irrigation system are: (i) The proposed dredging Boeung Krus Lake: 27,370 m3 (ii) The irrigated area of Boeung Krus Lake: 30 ha, (iii) The irrigated area of Ro Hal Dike: 171 ha, (iv) The irrigated area of O Trav Dike: 1,370 ha, (v) The irrigated are of Boeung Trav dike: 579 ha. There are not significant impacts environmental and social resources are found. However, in the EMP is provided detailed impacts mitigation and environmental monitoring plans, and the institutional responsibilities and capacity needs for the environmental management of the sub-projects for contractors and relevant agencies should be implemented.

54

9. Environmental Management Plan

9.1. Institution Requirement

179. Implementation of the EMP for the project will be carried out by the project owner, Ministry of Public Work and Transportation (MPWT) and Provincial Department of Public Work and Transportation (PDPWT), in cooperation with professional Ministry of Environment (MoE), Provincial Department of Environment (PDoE), Project Steering Committee (PSC), Project Implementation Unit (PIU), Project Manager (PM), Team’s Environmental Specialist, The ADB ‘s Project Design Consultant, Contractor, and local authorities. Environmental Management Unit (EMU) will responsible mainly on environmental monitoring through the project activities (before construction, construction, and operation-maintenance). EMU member had representative form Department of Environmental impact assessment of Ministry of Environment (MoE).

180. The monitoring and evaluation on social and environmental situation is happened at construction stage every the monthly or every weekly as urgent required by project executive agency (MPWT) and project donor (ADB). The monitoring system will operate and maintain every month or every three months or every six month. The EMU3 of MPWT will work closely with DDIS consultant as resources person to guide/build capacity on the environmental impact assessment (EIA) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is include monitoring skills. The related provincial department and contractor as describe above is play a vital role on daily monitoring and mitigation environmental issues.

9.2. Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

The EMP outlines the anticipated environmental and social impacts of the project it

demonstrates how the contractor will monitor and then manage those impacts including

mitigation measures to be undertaken to offset/mitigate the negative impacts at specific

locations and the time at which the measures will be implemented. Comply with sub-decree

on Environmental Impact Assessment Process, MoE, 1999 and Technical Environmental

Guideline, MPWT, 2008, the Environmental Management Plan and Environmental Monitoring

Plan is implemented by project owner is under monitor by consultant and MPWT/PMU and

MoE. So the project owner or contractor should have capable/experience staffs and budget to

manage and implement EMP during project operating activities. The PMU/SEO shall be

assisted by the DDIS to undertake EMP monitoring and to prepare corresponding semi-annual

monitoring reports for submission to ADB and the Ministry of Environment for review and

comments. The EMP implementation and responsibilities are showed in table below.

55

Table 9-1: EMP - Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Activity Potential Impacts/issues Impact

Level

Mitigation Measures or Responses Cost estimate

$

Responsible Agencies

Implementer Monitor

Pre-construction

Unexploded Ordnance

(UXO)

The UXO is might fund/had in the subproject

site in the underground of the reservoirs or

dikes.

Very small - Collaborate with local authorities to make

sure not UXOs are located in subproject sites,

if necessary, should be collaborated with

Cambodia Maine Action Center (CMAC) to

conduct demining survey.

Cost to be

given when

determined if

necessary

Contractors

DDIS, PMU,

PDPWT, PDOE

Land Acquisition and

Land Use

The improvement of dikes and lake reservoirs

can be affected to community lands are in the

subproject site for improving widening and

high of the dikes will be impacted to land use

(rice fields) are located on and next to the

dikes. Some proper plans to response are:

Small - Conduct survey and consult with local

authorities and farmers. How the subprojects

condition can be improved

- Inform to affected people of project

information, location, size, land acquisition

needs.

- Consulted with affected people to involve

support, and donate to the project, if the

impact is minor/very small. If necessary the

compensation policy should be implemented

before construction.

Compensation

to be agreed

through

resettlement

plan.

Contractors and

Local authorities

DDIS, PMU,

PDPWT, PDOE

Construction Stage

Physical Resources

Soil Erosion and Soil

Quality

- The soil erosion will be increase earthwork

for digging and excavating for improving lake

and construction dikes, especially when the

rain comes.

- The dredging lake, construction dikes, and

generating wastes from construction activities,

especially hazardous waste could be a

sensitive point for the changing soil quality.

- Construction is immediately implemented

during filling activities and the construction

activities plan to operate during dry season.

- Grassing on the slope, growing vegetation

on the dike and wrap-rock.

- Concrete pavement and/or laterite on the

road way after finishing construction work.

Included in

contractors

overall works

costs

Contractor DDIS, PMU,

PDPWT, PDOE

56

- Quickly fill-up land after installing/finish of

culverts or water gates.

- Solid-liquid wastes should be collected and

stored in safety containers and dispose in

local license dumping sites or provide to

license subcontractor.

Hydrology and Water

Quality

- Will affect to water quality due to increase

wastes and soil erosion from construction

dikes construction.

- The water flow and water volume can be

changed from construction dikes, when project

will close and change direction of water flow

will be affected to water flow to the

downstream areas.

Small - The construction will operate during dry

season.

- Use good quality and regular maintenance

of construction machineries/trucks/vehicle

and heavy equipment

- Provided to all operators to clean all

construction machineries as oil and grease

leaking. The wastes from construction

machines are regularly collect and store in

safety containers, do not discharge to field.

- Try to minimize clearing the vegetation on

project areas/slopes.

- Will not close water flow during construction,

keep normal flow as existing condition, if

necessary, could be build temporary canals

for water flow.

Included in

contractors

overall works

costs


PDPWT, PDOE,

DOWRAM

Air and Noise Quality

- Will affect air and noise quality in the

subproject area cause from the emission air

from construction machineries, trucks, and

transportation, will exhaust gas such as

dust/suspended particle (STP and PM10) and

polluted air (NO2, SO2, CO), and then polluted

the ambient air in the areas.

Small - The sub-project areas are located far from

residential/village areas, so the affected of air

and noise is very minor.

- Using good quality of construction machines

and trucks/vehicles with lowest air emission.

- Regularly monitor/check and maintain all

construction machines to ensure that exhaust

smoke, gas and noise are complied with

national standards.

- Cover on the truck especially soil truck

during transport in and out from construction

site.

(v) Limit speed of trucks during operation in

and out of the sites (follow traffic law), where

Included in

contractors

overall works

costs


PDPWT, PDOE,

57

the trucks pass the village and sensitive

areas.

Ecological Resources

Protected area and

Wildlife

There are not impacted to any kinds of

protected areas and ecological conservation

areas, because the subprojects are located in

agricultural development areas (most rice

fields) and far come protected area.

No - Provide awareness on environmental

management plan to project staffs and

workers.

- Collaborate with local agencies to

enforcement environmental law and forestry

law. Strictly control and the illegal logging

forest and hunting from construction workers

is prohibited.

Needs

Environmental

Officer on

contractors

staff. This is

included in

contractors

overall works

costs.

However CSC

must appoint

ESO. Allow

USD50,000

Contractor

Local agency

DDIS, PMU,

PDPWT, PDOE

Forest Resources

Can be small impacted on flooded forest

resources and vegetation are located in the

lakes and dike’s reservoirs during dredging

and excavation lakes and dikes.

Small

- Proposed sites are existing subprojects and

the construction plan will follow to existing

condition.

- No flooded forest areas are in the subproject

sites. Almost impacts on forest resources are

very small.

- Try to reducing clearing vegetation is in the

subproject sites.

- Will not cut the big trees on the lake bank

and along the dikes.

- Forestry law enforcement and illegal

loggings forests resources is prohibited

Included in

contractors

overall works

costs


PDPWT, PDOE,

FA

Aquatic life (Fish)

Very small impact to freshwater fishes in the

subproject sites cause from dredging and

excavation lakes and dikes. Maybe some solid

waste and wastewater can dispose or

discharge water sources.

Small - Construction plan implement during dry

season, then no water or vary a few water in

lake or reservoir

- Try to reducing clearing forest and

vegetation resources are in the subproject

sites to provide for fish habitats.

Included in

contractors

overall works

costs


DPWT, PDOE,

FA

58

- Proper manage all wastes from construction

activities, store in the safety tanks, dispose in

local silence sites, and will not dispose and

discharge to filed and water sources.

- Fishery law enforcement and illegal fishing

from construction workers is prohibited

Socio Resources

Land Use (rice field)

- The dredging lakes and improving dikes will

be affected to land use of farmers are in and

next to dikes cause by disposed soil, and

widening dikes.

- Will be impacted to a few rice fields are

around and in the reservoirs areas.

Small - The construction will follow to the existing

condition

- Selecting deep, high, and widening of the

dikes can be improved for reduce these

impacts

- Collaborate with local authorities and

affected people to involve in construction

process for correct actions.

- Good communicate with affected people to

promote the supporting, and donation to the

subprojects.


DPWT, DOE, FA

Public health and Safety

- Can be occurred the infected diseases

(malaria, diarrhea, and HIV/AIDS) from

workers to workers come from many places.

- The wastes, noise, dust emission from

construction equipment, and traffic movement

will be increased, can be impacted to

sanitation, public health, and community

safety.:

Small

- Provide public health on HIV/AIDS, safety,

infection, prevention and waste management

awareness.

- Provide training on construction heavy

equipment operation to mitigate spill

accidents and provide the Personal

Protection Equipment (PPE) to staffs and

workers.

- Provide proper sanitation and waste

disposal at construction campsite.

- The campsites will be provided latrine and

will locate far from water sources.

- Limited driving speed of heavy trucks in

village areas and other sensitive areas.

- Emergency Response Plan is prepared in

working sites (materials facilities, and human

resources).

Contractor

must

implement

EHS plan in

CEMP.

Included in

contractors

overall works

costs but

should be

identified.

Allow

USD100,000

Contractor

Local hospital

DDIS, PMU,

DPWT, PDOE,

FA, DOH

59

Cultural resources There are not historical and cultural resources

are located in and near the subproject sites.

No

Construction Camp set

up and operation

Construction camps may need to be

constructed in the vicinity of the works. These

can lead to contamination from solid wastes,

liquid wastes and poor sanitation. If workers

are to live near the works site it is

recommended that local houses be rented

rather than building a camp with temporary

sanitation.

If sites are only to be used as a laydown area

then “Good Housekeeping” must be practised.

Maintenance of equipment or vehicles on site

is discouraged as oil spills may result

damaging adjacent rice fields.

Small - Consultation with residents to identify wells

or water sources within 50 m of the project

road.

- Sensitive water receptors which may be accidentally damaged during construction including wells shall be identified in advance of construction at each site and demarcated to ensure machinery does not encroach on them. - To limit the spill of materials into water bodies during dike construction, no materials will be stored within 50 m of a water course, including soil, spoil, aggregates, chemicals or other materials used during construction. - Temporary drainage provision shall be provided during construction to ensure that any storm water running off construction areas will be controlled around water bodies. This shall ensure that potentially contaminated water does not impact on sensitive receptors. Contaminated water shall be removed off-site for disposal in the facilities identified in the Construction Camp Management Plan - Enclosed drainage around chemical storage areas on construction sites and storage shall be on hard standing. - Develop and implement contingency plans for control of spills of oil and other hazardous substances (Spill Management Plan as specified in pre-construction actions); - Fuel storage, maintenance shop and vehicle cleaning areas must be placed at least 300 m away from the nearest water body and will include enclosed drainage to ensure contaminated water does not cause pollution and storage, maintenance and cleaning activities will be on hard standing. If possible, all vehicles should be refueled at commercial gas stations in Kamponh Chhnang to avoid storage of fuel on site. - Construction wastes and materials (e.g. fuel) shall be properly contained during construction and fuel tanks will be located in a

To be

included in

contractors

proposal.

Contractors

DDIS, PMU

60

bunded area which has a capacity of 110% of the fuel tank. Wastes are to be stored in a hard standing area which is protected from rain and wind and waste removed from site and taken to approved disposal facilities (as specified in the Waste Management Plan in pre-construction actions); - Water collection basins and sediment traps are to be installed in all areas where construction equipment is washed. - Contaminated water will be removed off-site for disposal in the facilities identified in the Construction Camp Management Plan; and - Effective septic treatment and disposal systems shall be installed at construction camps - separate toilets and showers should be provided for men and women - adequate cooking facilities and hygiene must be provided - adequate supplies of bottled drinking water

must be provided to workers

Construction camp

closure

Upon completion of the works all construction

camps and workers quarters must be removed

and site cleaned of debris.

All waste materials, unused containers, waste

oil (if any) and temporary septic tanks must

be removed.

The site must be returned to the owners in

the same condition as it was obtained.

Clearance must be to the Engineers

satisfaction. A 5% retention on final payments

will be withheld until the sites are cleared

satisfactorily.

5% of total

contract cost

to be included

in contractors

proposal.

Contractors

DDIS, PMU

Operation Stage

Physical Resources

Soil Quality and Soil

Erosion

- The agricultural activities will increase after

reservoirs improved, the farmers will use more

fertilizers for rice crops, specially using

chemical fertilizers. So the soil quality (rice

field) can be changed and will be affected to

rice production in the future.

Small

- Awareness or extension to farmers of use

natural fertilizers (composting).

- Proper manage the hazardous wastes

(plastic bag, bottle, and box of pesticide or

fertilizer) don’t dispose in public field, rice field

or water sources.

Needs public

awareness

campaign.

Allow

USD20,000

Contractor,

PDPWT, PDAFF

Local authority

Farmers

PMU, PDOE

61

- The soil erosion will happen from new dikes.

Some proposed mitigation measures are:

- Provide grass or tree planting on slop of the

dikes for reduce soil erosion

Surface Water Quality

During operation will be increase agricultural

activities in subproject areas, lead to increase

fertilizers and pesticides use for rice crops, so

the water quality can be changed and will

affected to water quality of natural water body

Small

- Provide extension and controlling of using

fertilizers and pesticides and shall be

complied with Law on Pesticides and

Fertilizers Management, MAFF, 2012.

- Provide proper hazardous wastes

management (bottle, box, and container of

pesticide/fertilizer) should be complied with

waste disposal rules in local authority. Don’t

dispose wastes into rice field and water

bodies

Monitoring

reqyured by

third party

monitoring

body. Allow

USD20,000

PDAFF,

Local authority

Farmers

PMU, PDOE

Ecological Resources

Aquatic Life

(fish resources)

Maybe happen the encroaching or clearing the

forest and grass land in these areas for rice

field, it can be affected to aquatic ecology for

fish habitats. Another hand the surface water

quality can be changed, cause of increasing

chemical fertilizers and pesticides use in rice

filed, will be impacted to fish population.

Small

- Collaborate with local agencies to

enforcement law and control activities of

flooded forest and grass land encroachment

for rice field.

- Provide proper hazardous wastes

management (bottles, boxes, and bags of

pesticides). All wastes will not dispose in

public field and water bodies.

- Provide extension of using natural fertilizers

(composting) and shall be complied with Law

on Pesticide and Fertilizer Management,

MAFF, 2012.

As above PDAFF,

Local authority

Farmers

PMU, PDOE

Social Resources

Water Use

Can be lack of water use for irrigate rice fields,

cause of increasing more rice fields and farm

fields in these areas. The increasing rice crops

in these irrigated fields and irrigated water flow

will be changed from upstream to downstream,

so can be conflicted of using water between

farmers and farmers operation/using. The

proposed mitigation plans are:

Small

- Well manage, maintain and control the used

water of irrigated systems and proper using

water for all members (farmers)

- Rice crop extension to farmer to grow early

and medium rice seed/ varieties which good

quality-yield and need small water.

Needs

cooperation

between water

users. Allow

USD20,000

for

cooperative

meetings

PDAFF,

Local authority

Farmers

PMU,P DOE,

DOWRAM

62

- Establish farmer water user committee

(FWUC) in each irrigated area to manage and

maintain water use and irrigated structures.

Public Health and

Sanitation

- Can be affected to community health, by

increasing of using chemical fertilizers and

pesticides for rice crops.

- Surface water quality will change, so can be

affected to public health and sanitation in case

of increasing hazardous wastes (bottles,

plastic boxes, and bags of pesticides) in these

areas.

- will affect to public health is considered to

farmers who use/spray chemical fertilizers and

pesticides with un-skill /un-safety equipment

use. Some mitigation or response plans are:

Small

- Public awareness for using legal chemical

and pesticides following to national

regulations.

- Aware skills to protect social health and

Environment, on using fertilizers and

pesticides.

- Public awareness the proper management

of hazardous wastes (bottles, boxes, and

bags of pesticides). All kinds of wastes will

not dispose into public field and water bodies.

- Waste management awareness to

communities for ensure hazardous wastes

will be manage and dispose in safety place

and should be complied to waste disposal

rules in local authority.

Needs Health

and Safety

campaign.

Allow

USD40,000

for

cooperative

meetings

PDAFF,

Local authority

Farmers

PMU, PDOE,

DOWRAM,

PDOH

63

9.3. Environmental Monitoring Plan

181. The environmental monitoring plans or activities is implementing by contractors and supervise and monitor by DDIS consultant and is under monitoring by MPWT/PIU. The environmental monitoring plan to be undertaken during various project phases. Monitoring of the contractor’s environmental performance in terms of implementation of mitigation measures for pre-construction and construction phases shall be undertaken by the detailed design and implementation consultant (DDIS). The DDIS shall also conduct ambient measurements (dust, noise and surface water quality) and shall assist the MPWT/PMU will prepare semi-annual environmental monitoring reports for submission to ADB for review. The monitoring plan and reports shall describe progress with the implementation of the EMP and compliance issues and corrective actions, if any. The key environmental aspects or parameters should be considered for monitoring are summed in table9.2

Table 9-2: Environmental Monitoring Plan

Environmental aspects /

parameters

Location Activity Frequency Cost

($)

Responsible

Preconstruction

Implementation of all

mitigation measures

specified in EMP of IEE

Phnom Penh Review of detailed

design documentation

Prior to

approval of

detailed

design

In contractors

civil works

costs

MPWT/PMU

UXO clearing in project sites Process of removal or

clearing UXO

Prior to start of

site works

Allow $50,000 MPWT/PMU,

CMAC. DDIS

Establishment of grievance

redress mechanism (GRM)

in project sites stablish and disclose

GRM

Prior to start

works

Allow 20-

$50,000

PMU/SEO, DDIS

Public information (affected

people)

in-around

project sites

Project schedule and

activities

Prior to start

works

Allow $35-

50,000

contractor, PMU

Construction

Air, noise, dust emission

(Comply with national

standards)

in project sites

and campsites

visual inspect the

emission air and noise

from construction

machines

every day Third party

monitoring

allow $50,000

Contractor,

DDIS, DoE,

DPWT

Air, dust emission

(if have complaints or

pollution)

1 in each of

sub-project

sites

Conduct air and noise

monitoring

1 time in dry

season

4 sites:

$3,500 each

Contractor,

DDIS, MoE/DoE

DPWT

Surface water quality

Comply with national

standards)

In project sites visual inspection

erosion and wastes

every day Allow $20,000 Contractor,

DDIS, DoE,

DPWT

surface water quality

(if, water is polluted)

1 in each of

sub-project

sites

conduct water

monitoring (testing)

pH, TSS, BOD, COD,

Oil & Grease

01 time in dry

season

Lab analysis

of sediments

in 3 sites

$3,000

Contractor,

DDIS, MoE/DoE

DPWT

Wastes generation and

management

in project

campsites

wastes/oil

management policy,

every day in construction

cost

Contractor,

DDIS, DoE,

64

collection, store, and

disposal

DPWT, sub-

contractor

HIV/DAI and safety prevent in campsites

and project

village areas

HIV/DAI and safety

awareness program to

workers and

communities

every month in construction

cost Allow

$5,000

contractor,

subcontractor,

DPWT, DoE,

DDIS, PMU

Table 9-3: Estimated cost for Environmental Monitoring (1 year)

Item (Expert and staff) Quantity (month) Unit (USD) Total (USD)

International expert (1 person) 1 20,000 20,000

National environmental expert (1 person) 4 3,000 12,000

Provincial Counterpart for DPWT (1 person) 6 400 2.400

Provincial Counterpart for DoE (1 person) 6 400 2.400

Air quality monitoring in 4 locations on subproject

sites, by MoE (if needed/polluted)

1 site for each

subproject

3,500

surface water quality testing in MoE laboratory

Phnom Penh (if polluted).

2 samples for

subproject

500

EMP awareness or building program to be

undertaken by DDIS for SEO, provincial

counterpart staffs (DPWT,DoE). Concerning to

during project construction and operation)

6,000

Sub-total 46,800

Contingency (10%) 4680

Total 51,480

65

10. Conclusion and Recommendations.

182. All potential environmental impacts have been identified. The project is confirmed as being Category B according to ADB guidelines.

183. Only minor environmental impacts are anticipated. Such impacts will be experienced during site works mainly due to dust and noise emissions as well as potential occupational and community health and safety risks, but can be mitigated. Some mitigation measures have been specified to control liquid spills into the Tonle Sap River.

184. The sites are over 14 kms away from the Protected Core Zones of Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve.

185. The sites are inside the TLSB Transition zone and under Article 11 of Protected Areas Law, 2008 MPWT must seek the permission of MOE in order to proceed,

186. There will be no impacts from the project on TSBR.

187. The Sub-decree No 72 ANRK.BK. Date 11, August 1999 contains an annex “List of the projects that require an Initial Environmental Impact Assessment”. The construction of the dikes and the quantity of dredging id below the threshold values that trigger an IEE. According to MOE Legislation an IEE will not be required to be submitted to MOE.

188. To avoid or mitigate negative impacts arising from the project, an environmental management plan (EMP) detailing mitigation measures and monitoring activities has been prepared as part of the IEE.

189. Public consultations involving affected people and local officials have been conducted during the preparation of the IEE in compliance with ADB information disclosure and consultation requirements through focus group discussions and individual interviews in all project affected provinces. Environment was not seen as a major issue by those persons interviewed. All persons were strongly in favor of the water management projects.

190. Climate change adaptation was included in the project and is not seen as a major impediment to the project. In future higher temperatures and less irrigation water further justify the project going ahead.

191. Samples of the material to be dredged should be collected and analyzed for a range of environmental parameters including pesticides and heavy metals before construction begins. This can be carried out by an accredited laboratory in Cambodia.

192. This has been done previously for a similar nearby lake. No adverse chemicals were detected and the results for NPK show the material could be a useful fertilizer.

193. Water supply in Kampong Leaeng is based on groundwater abstraction. Some concerns have been raised over arsenic content in the groundwater. According to test previously conducted by MOWRAM arsenic levels in groundwater in Kampong Leaeng are low and within the Cambodian Standard for drinking water. However, it is recommended that this be confirmed by taking a water sample before construction begins and having a laboratory analysis conducted.

194. Temporary environmental impacts caused by the civil works have been identified and mitigation measures are given in the environmental management plan (EMP). The EMP (and EMMP) will be included in the IEE and will form part of the tender documents which becomes legally binding on the selected contractor.

195. To ensure that the project is carried out in accordance with the EMP requirements, MPWT will specify details of the implementation of the EMP in the tender documents and civil works contracts.

66

196. ESO (previously SEO) is operational but needs capacity building. The detailed design and implementation supervision consultant will provide on-the-job training to the field personnel of the ESO of MPWT to build their capacity in environmental management and monitoring.

197. There are no environmental considerations that preclude this project from going ahead.

67

11. Annex Rapid Environmental Assessment

Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

Instructions:

(i) The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is

to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and

Safeguards Division (RSES), for endorsement by Director, RSES and for approval by the Chief

Compliance Officer.

(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are

adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous

Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d)

gender checklists.

(iii) Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential

impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country/Project Title:

Sector Division: Infrastructure

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

A. Project Siting Is the Project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas?

Cultural heritage site

N None

Legally protected Area (core zone or buffer zone)

N

Wetland N None

Mangrove

N None

Estuarine

N None

Cambodia : Loan 2839-CAM (SF)/8254-CAM and Grant 0278-CAM: Provincial Roads

Improvement Project (PRIP)

Rehabilitation of Ro Hal Dike, O Trav Dike, Boeng Trav Dike and Dredging of Boeng Kruos

68


Special area for protecting biodiversity

N The sites are in the transition zone of TLSB

where such works are permitted with prior

permission of MOE.

B. Potential Environmental Impacts Will the Project cause…

impairment of historical/cultural areas; disfiguration of landscape or potential loss/damage to physical cultural resources?

N None

disturbance to precious ecology (e.g. sensitive or protected areas)?

N No. The sites are over 14kms from the

nearest Core Zone which is a bird

habitat.

alteration of surface water hydrology of waterways resulting in increased sediment in streams affected by increased soil erosion at construction site?

N The works are dikes and reservoirs and

are intended to trap water but this will not

have adverse effects on water quality nor

cause soil erosion.

deterioration of surface water quality due to silt runoff and sanitary wastes from worker-based camps and chemicals used in construction?

N All workers camps will be strictly

controlled by conditions in the EMP.

increased air pollution due to project construction and operation?

N No. No open burning will be allowed on

site.

noise and vibration due to project construction or operation?

N No sources of noise or vibration on the

site.

involuntary resettlement of people? (physical displacement and/or economic displacement)

N None

disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable groups?

N None

poor sanitation and solid waste disposal in construction camps and work sites, and possible transmission of communicable diseases (such as STI's and HIV/AIDS) from workers to local populations?

N No. EMP lays down strict conditions for

sanitation in workers camps. Contractor

will be required to implement HIV

awareness campaign.

creation of temporary breeding habitats for diseases such as those transmitted by mosquitoes and rodents?

N No standing water will be allowed.

social conflicts if workers from other regions or countries are hired?

N No intention to import foreign workers.

large population influx during project construction and operation that causes increased burden on social infrastructure and services (such as water supply and sanitation systems)?

N None

69


risks and vulnerabilities related to occupational health and safety due to physical, chemical, biological, and radiological hazards during project construction and operation?

N None

risks to community health and safety due to the transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of materials such as explosives, fuel and other chemicals during construction and operation?

N None

community safety risks due to both accidental and natural causes, especially where the structural elements or components of the project are accessible to members of the affected community or where their failure could result in injury to the community throughout project construction, operation and decommissioning?

N None

generation of solid waste and/or hazardous waste?

N Very small amount of construction waste

to be delivered to landfill.

use of chemicals?

N None

generation of wastewater during construction or operation?

N None

70

A Checklist for Preliminary Climate Risk Screening

Country/Project Title: Cambodia : Loan 2839-CAM (SF)/8254-CAM and Grant 0278-CAM:

Provincial Roads Improvement Project (PRIP)

Sector : Infrastructure

Subsector: Rehabilitation of Ro Hal Dike, O Trav Dike, Boeng Trav Dike and Dredging of

Boeng Kruos Lakes

Division/Department: SRES

Screening Questions Score Remarks9

Location and Design of

project

Is siting and/or routing of the project (or its components) likely to be

affected by climate conditions including extreme weather related

events such as floods, droughts, storms, landslides?

1 Works are

intended to

capture flood

waters of

Mekong river.

Would the project design (e.g. the clearance for bridges) need to

consider any hydro-meteorological parameters (e.g., sea-level, peak

river flow, reliable water level, peak wind speed etc)?

0 No bridges

Materials and

Maintenance

Would weather, current and likely future climate conditions (e.g.

prevailing humidity level, temperature contrast between hot summer

days and cold winter days, exposure to wind and humidity hydro-

meteorological parameters likely affect the selection of project inputs

over the life of project outputs (e.g. construction material)?

0 All works using

local soils. Not

affected by

climate change.

Would weather, current and likely future climate conditions, and

related extreme events likely affect the maintenance (scheduling and

cost) of project output(s) ?

0 Design

essentially

maintenance

free.

Performance of

project outputs

Would weather/climate conditions, and related extreme events likely

affect the performance (e.g. annual power production) of project

output(s) (e.g. hydro-power generation facilities) throughout their

design life time?

0 No. Water

capture for use in

drought is key

aspect of design.

Options for answers and corresponding score are provided below:

Response Score

Not Likely 0

Likely 1

Very Likely 2

9 If possible, provide details on the sensitivity of project components to climate conditions, such as how climate parameters are

considered in design standards for infrastructure components, how changes in key climate parameters and sea level might affect the siting/routing of project, the selection of construction material and/or scheduling, performances and/or the maintenance cost/scheduling of project outputs.

71

Responses when added that provide a score of 0 will be considered low risk project. If adding all responses will result

to a score of 1-4 and that no score of 2 was given to any single response, the project will be assigned a medium risk

category. A total score of 5 or more (which include providing a score of 1 in all responses) or a 2 in any single response,

will be categorized as high risk project.

Result of Initial Screening (Low, Medium, High): Medium

Other

Comments:__________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

__

Prepared by: DG Lees

72

12. Annex Public Consultations

12.1. Consultation list with district authority and provincial departments

73

12.2. Consultation with commune authorities and provincial agencies

Issues/Comments/Suggestions raised by the Stakeholders Response or Answer

(i) Ms. Koy Channy, chief of Kampong Hav Commune:

- For dredging Boeung Krous, we informed to farmers and they are

very happy and will donation a few affect land, if project needs.

Boeung Kros is small lake as reservoir for irrigating dry rice and the

lake becomes shallow year to year, so the water is not enough for

our rice field.

- There are a few rice fields are near the dike, but the dredging

Boeung Krous is in the middle of lake, so the impact of this rice

fields are very small. No forest resources ae in this subproject area

is near the district urban area.

(ii) Mr. Sum Phan, village chief, Chra Nouk Commune:

- In Boeung Trav Dike/Reservoir are not forest area and protected

area near the dike. A few degraded and small kinds of flooded

forest resources in reservoir and on the dike bank/slope we plan to

keep its protection dike erosion.

- There are some farmers grow rice in reservoir on upland side of

reservoir without permitting (about 20 families) we inform to them,

they known and they will support to this project. After this dike is

improved these farmers can still grow rice in reservoir, maybe will

delay 2-3 weeks, waiting for water in reservoir recesses. All these

farmers have rice field outside the reservoir.

(iii) Ms. Eal Saveoun, Commune Coucil of Tra Ngel Commune

- No any protected area or protected fishery are located in Ro Hal

Dike area.

- Our people very happy and waiting for this project, because they

need water for irrigation rice crops, if we have enough water some

fields can plant 2 time/year.

- I think the affect to environment and social near the project area

maybe not or very small, because the project will construct in dry

season and this site is far from village, is surrounding by paddy and

farm field.

(iv) Mr. Phay Phon, Chief of Dar Commune

- O Trav Dike is a reservoir that all most our farmers use water from

O Trav for irrigating dry rice, so the rehabilitation this Dike is very

important for economic improvement of Dar commune, because all

most people are farmers and first income is rice production. No any

fishery and forestry conservation areas are in or near this project

area.

- The lake area is

5.22ha, we propose to

dredging in center of the

lake is about 3.6ha, so

the impact to rice field

near the dike is

mitigated.

- The soil for fill-up bank

area is in front of district

area, inside district

office.

74

- We informed to our farmers about this project, they are happy and

will support to the project. A few field fields are in the O Trav revoir,

but they still cultivate after the reservoir water recesses, they think,

the crop calendar inside the reservoir will be delay about 2 weeks.

(v) Hong Vanny, Chief Office, Department of Environment,

Kampong Chhnang, Responsible in Kampong Leaeng District:

- We support this proposed project for improving the irrigation for

dry rice. We know these areas very well. The DoE staffs came to

visit the areas in 2016, when the commune councils proposed

these project to DoE, but don’t have fund or can’t find the funds.

- There are not ecological protected or conservation areas in and

neat the project sites. The protected areas are far from project site.

No forest resources in this areas, most are paddy fields.

- The lakes and existing dikes, are old structures reservoirs that the

people use to irrigating the dry rice, these reservoirs are become

shallow and shallow, so the reservoir rehabilitation is important for

communities in this district.

- I think is small impacted to environmental and social resources in

this area, because the project can construct only in dry season (no

water) and project sites are far from village areas and cultural

resources (pagoda). I think during project construct the contractor

shall collaborate with local authorities and relevant departments to

manage and implement environmental monitoring of project

activities.

- A few forest (trees) are in the dike bank should be keep, don’t cut

or clear its. And don’t excavate or dredge soil inside reservoirs

where have forest resources.

(vi) Mr. Mou Chan Theun, Chief Office of Commune Project

Supporting Office, Kampong Leaeng District.

- There are not any sensitive environmental resources will impact

from this project, in this project areas most are paddy fields, farms

irrigated reservoirs, village gardens.

- The affect form noise and air is very small (not big problem) only

shot team during construction.

- This project is very good for climate change resilience on irrigation

system in our district. The lakes and reservoirs are shallow and

shallow year to year, it will be affected on agricultural activities in

Kampong Leaeng District.

- Boeung Kruos is low part of another area for water flow out from

the rice filed in dry season, so please don’t improve the dike too

high, it will impact to rice cultivation time in upstream side.

- Will conduct survey for

forest and trees

location. the forest and

trees will keep as for

dikes erosion projects.

The project also

proposes to grass

planting or trees

planting on the bank of

the lakes and slope of

the dikes for erosion

protection.

75

- The soil from dredging is not problem, will fill up district park,

district office area, and somewhere in residential areas, people in

this area very need.

- The design dike is not

high, will rehabilitate as

a existing condition.

- The lake will dredge

about 1 m deep and the

soil plan to fill up district

park, district office area.

(no fill for dike).

12.3. Pictures of consultation with provincial departments and district authority

Site visit of Boeung Krous Lake, proposed sub-project

12.4. Attendance list of consultation with departments and district level

No Name Se

x

Institution Position Phone

1 Mr. Keo Vith M PDPWT Chief Office 098 353 906

2 Mr. Yon Kimsron M Kg. Leaeng District District Officer

3 Mr. Mou

Chantheun

M District supported

office

Deputy office 097 312

0096

4 Ms. El Saveoun F Tra Ngel commune Commune council 097 917

6124

5 Ms. Koy Channy F Kampong Hav

commune

Commune leader 096 230

9464

76

6 Mr. Phai Phon M Dar commune Commune leader 096 877

8523

7 Mr. But Born M -- Deputy commune

leader

031 437

6916

8 Mr. Sim Mon M Trapaeng Meas

village

Deputy village chief 096 819

9597

9 Mr. Ham

Bunheng

M -- Village assistant

10 Ms. Ouch

Sophal

F Keng Tasok village Village member 016 240 898

11 Mr. Chea Lorn M -- Village chief 092 708 648

12 Mr. Kem Koun M Prasath village Village chief 097 336

6191

13 Mr. Tong Sophal M Chroloung village Deputy village chief 012 457 549

14 Mr. Sum Phan M Chra Nouk commune Village chief 097 779

2903

15 Ms. Sok

Leakana

F Kampong Boeung

village

Village member 097 915

7954

16 Mr. Pen Chheun M -- Deputy village cheif 096 996

0091

17 Mr. Soung San M -- Village chief 096 440

1484

18 Mr. Meas Than M Erleach village Village chief 097 516

5074

19 Ms. Vong Hath F -- Village assistant

20 Mr. Chhorn

Chheun

M Kandal village Village cheif 088 854

0832

21 Ms. Kong

Chantha

F Kg. Leaeng district Deputy administration

office

078 382 069

22 Mr. Hing Vanny M PDoE Chief office,

responsible for Kg.

Leaeng district

012 307 370

23 Mr. Sar Vutha M MPWT/PMU Project Manager

24 Mr. Yim

Chamnan

M KCI consultant Environmental

specialist

25 Mr. Seung Hun M Consultant EGIS specialist

77

12.5. Consultation with commune-village leaders and affected communities

On August 23, 2018 the study team: national environmental specialist and national

resettlement specialist is collaborated with MPWT-PMU3, Kampong Leaeng District Governor,

commune chiefs of subproject areas of Climate Change Resilience of PRIP were conducted

field consultation meetings with local authorities and local people are affected and living

around the proposed subprojects for: Dredging of Boeung Kros Lake, Ro Hal Dike, O Trav

Dike, and Boeung Trav Dike in Kampong Leaeng District, Kampong Chhnang Province. The

key points from the consultation meetings are summary below.

12.6. Consultation in Kampong Hau Commune for Dredging Boeung Kruos Lake


- Boeung Kruos Lake is important for farmers in Kampong Hau

commune and is about 96 families are planting dry rice around this

Lake.

- The lake is food during raining season from August-October and

the people use as a retained reservoir.

- The Lake provides water for irrigate to dry rice filed, (only 01

time/year by pumping). The lake’s water is limited is affected to dry

rice crop production.

- If this lake will improve, the water is enough for rice crop and

maybe some areas we can grow 02 times/year if depend on volume

of water.

- If we build the dike around the lake, will be impacted to some rice

fields are close to the dike on the lake bank.

- There are not protected and conservation areas near the lake. Is

small lake as irrigated reservoir for dry rice crops

- This lake/reservoir is existing subproject and no important forest

resources are in project area. Around the lake is rice field and other

agricultural crops during dry season, so the impact on forest

resources are very small.

- Can be increase air and noise during construction, but is

temporary and minor no main issue, because lake is far from village

areas. The impacts will be caused from movement construction

equipment and heavy trucks

- The dike should be built only 01 m high, because if we build high

will be impacted to rice field in the upstream (Boeung Phneas), the

dike will block water runoff from Boeung Phneas rice field.

- Dredging Lake should be studied and build/improve the water

gates, where we should install water gates.

- The engineering team

will contact survey,

where we build the

water gates and will

design we need dike or

not? If need dike how

high will be not

impacted to other rice

field.

- We will discuss with

rice field owner are

located near the dike

(around the lake).

- The construction plan

to operate in dry season

only, so no impact on

water quality and

agriculture activities.

- The soil from dredging

the authority plan to fill

up the bank and public

park in the district. Don’t

worry to put in the field.

78

- The soil from dredging lake, where will put? Don’t use all soil for

big dike, because it will be affected to rice field is near the dike.

About 19 families have rice files near the dike (around the lake)

12.7. Consultation with communities in Tra Ngel Commune for Ro Hal Dike


- More than 90% of people in Tra Ngel commune are farmers and

most of farmers are plating rice (more areas is dry rice field) and

can plant only 1time/year.

- Ro Hal Dike is important dike for retention water to irrigate dry rice

field in this downstream, but all most very year the water in

Dike/reservoir is not enough to irrigate rice field about 171 ha.

- Ro Hal Dike is very important for our community in Tra Ngel

commune: receive enough water for improve dry crops, some field

can plant dry rice 2 times/year, and improve livelihoods of local

people.

- The farmers use to plant short rice crop 2.5-3 months and start

from November. We need water for improve dry rice crop

- There are very a few farmers plant rice in reservoir of Dike (7

families is about 1.5 ha, said by Tra Ngel Commune Chief), but they

also have rice field in the Ro Hal Dike irrigation system. When the

Dike will improve the a few rice fields in the Dike reservoir still

cultivate, because the water in Ro Hal Dike reservoir will recess

cause of flow out to irrigate downstream rice fields and the rice

fields in the reservoir are in sallow areas. So improvement of Ro

Hal Dike is not impacted of flooded to rice fields in reservoir. The

rice cultivation time may be delayed.

- There are not protected area and forest resources conservation

areas located in and near the Ro Hal Dike. Most areas are covered

by rice field

- The proposed area is far from villages and far from cultural

resources (pagoda), schools.

- It is an existing Dike project and we will improve follow to existing

condition, so the impact on ecological environment (forest

resources) is very small

- The air and noise quality can be impacted during construction

only, but may be not impacted to communities, because the site is

far from villages. The negative affect to communities may be

caused from movement equipment and construction trucks will

pass village areas.

- Engineering team will

come to study and

design plan, how big

and high of the Dike as

much as condition can

build for mitigation the

impacts to other

resources.

- They will design where

will install water gates or

improve the existing

water gates.

79

- Please provide the high Dike for store more water in dry season

we can plant 2 times/year

- There are 5 old existing water gates, please check and improve

these water gates.

- Should build suitable Dike for use as local rural road to transport

agricultural products

12.8. Consultation with communities in Dar Commune for O Trav Dike


- All most people in Dar Commune plant the dry rice is the main job

in our commune for improvement their livelihoods others jobs are

farming fishing, and local businesses/services.

- The improvement of O Trav Dike id very important for our people

who are planting rice in O Trav irrigated field is bout 1,370ha.

- The O Trav Dike is like retaining Reservoir use for irrigation dry

rice field in the downstream.

- In our commune the farmers use to cultivate dry rice after the flood

recesses by using water from O Trav Reservoir, but water from

Reservoir is limited for irrigation rice crop 01time/year, sometime

water is not enough these rice fields.

- I think, if O Trav Dike will improve will retain much/enough water

we plant rice 2 time/yeas for some rice fields are near the reservoir.

- There are not farmers plant rice within the reservoir. A few farmers

plant rice on the band of reservoir, where is shallow field. But when

this Dike/reservoir will be improved, they can still plant the rice in

this area, because the water in reservoir generally recessed day by

day from flow out to irrigate dry rice in the downstream areas, So

no affect to rice field in reservoir.

- There are not protected areas, protected forests, tourist site, and

cultural resources are located in and near the subproject site. The

pagodas, school, and health center are in village and urban area

far from project site.

- There are rice filed degraded forest and grass field are near the

subproject site, most is dry rice fields. So the negative affect of

project construction on ecology hope is no significant or no

problem.

- During construction may be increased air and noise from

construction activities, but is not impact to our communities,

- We don’t sure, when

the construction starts,

now is under study, if

MPWT and ADB

approve, I think next dry

season.

- The engineer will study

when and how many

water gates will

install/build and will

design how big and high

of Dike can be

improved.

- We comment to

contractors to consider

on public safety during

construction stage.

80

because construction site is outside and far from residential area.

There are very small issues that people considers to traffic safety

and traffic movement from heavy trucks of contractor, but it is

temporary, during construction stage.

- This Dike has 5 existing water gates, but are not enough, please

provide 2 water gates more for improve our irrigation system.

- When this subproject will construct? Please study and provide

suitable Dike for storing/retention enough water for irrigate rice field

can be plant rice 2 times/year.

12.9. Consultation with communities in Chranouk Commune for Boeung Trav Dike


- Boeung Trav Dike is small existing lake is located in Chranouk

Commune. The Boeung Trav Dike is look like retention reservoir

that farmers use to irrigate dry rice filed is about 579ha.

- All most every water year the capacity of water is not enough for

irrigating all rice fields, usually impact to rice yield production.

- The improving Boeung Trav Dike is important for our farmers in

Chranouk Commune for improving their agricultural activities.

- The main income of people in Chranouk is rice production and

others are farming, fishing, and business/services.

- Then the Boeung Trav Dike improves, we will receive enough

water, will improve rice production, and can plant dry rice

2times/year, if possible.

- There are a few farmers are cultivating rice (about 6ha) in the

lake/reservoir bank in shallow area, the project will be not impacted

to them, they still plant, after water in reservoir is recessed. We

think is normal condition of reservoir‘s water regime or may be

delay the harvesting time a few weeks.

- There are not protected areas and protected forest in and near

the project site. The project area most covered by rice filed, grass

field, and a few degraded forest.

- Not impact from air, noise, and vibration form construction

activities, because project site is far from village areas.

Please provide irrigation canals (existing canal) for providing water

from Dike to downstream rice fields are far from the Dike, to

mitigate the water use conflict, because some time happen the

conflict of limited water use of upstream farmers with downstream

farmers.

- The engineer with

conduct study and

design, how the Dike

will build for receive the

enough water for rice

fields and no

impact/flood to rice field

in reservoir too.

- They will study, the

project can provide

irrigation canal or can’t,

but the land for canal is

considering

81

12.10. Field Consultation Pictures

12.10.1. Consultation in Kampong Hau Commune for Dredging Boeung Kruos Lake

12.10.2. Consultation in Tra Ngel Commune for Ro Hal Dike

12.10.3. Consultation in Dar Commune for O Trav Dike

12.10.4. Consultation in Chranouk Commune for Boeung Trav Dike

82

12.11. Attendance List of Participants

12.11.1. Consultation in Kampong Hau Commune for Boeung Kruos Lake No Name Se

x


1 Siv Som ouen M Kengtasok Village Villager 086 096 898

2

2 Lun Sopha - Tra Ngel Village Villager 081 969 455

3 Pech Chhouen F Ondong Ronuk

Village

-

4 Long Sokkha M Kengtasok Village - 010 315 625

5 Chhuon Sina F Kampong Beng

Village

- 097 680 909

4

6 Va Lay M - - 015 242 280

7 Lok Lita F - - 017 790 818

8 Chhin Mith M - - 077 454 420

9 Khib Burong - Ondong Ronuk

Village

-

10 Morb Sopheap - Kampong Beng

Village

-

11 Sem Savy - Tra Ngel Village -

12 Tit Bunsong - Kampong Beng

Village

- 089 613 235

13 Chea

Chheangheng

- - - 089 643 710

14 Meas Nat - Tra Ngel Village - 096 762 023

3

15 Seb Vuthy - Kengtasok Village - 097 653 290

3

16 Rith Sokhary F Kampong Bbeng

Village

-

17 Hem Tum - Ondong ronuk

Village

-

18 Sorn Sophal - Kengtasok Village -

19 Im Moa - Kampong beng

Village

-

20 Kim Sary - - -

21 Chhun Neang - - -

83

22 Prum Kan - Ondong Ronuk

Village

-

23 Kev Sokhom - - -

24 Thou Vannary - Kampongbeng

Village

-

25 Em Sokkhin - Tra Ngel Village -

26 Chin Saret - - -

27 Yim Chrorn M Kampongbeng

Village

-

28 Nuv Sopheap - Ondong Ronuk

Village

-

29 Kong Somnourn - Kengtasok Village -

30 Chan Kimyeng F Kampongbeng

Village

-

31 Chit Virak M Tra Ngel Village -

32 Teng Yon - - -

33 Chit Saream F - -

34 Tim San - - -

35 Chin Sara - - -

36 Nou Nakry - - -

37 Mom Sitharith M Kampongbeng

Village

- 097 918 916

0

38 Seang Mach F Tra Ngel Village Vice of village

chief

097 923 397

4

39 Pheang Sopheap M Kengtasok Village -

40 Som Buong - Ondong ronuk

Village

-

41 Som Sopheang - Kampongbeng

Village

- 010 616 229

42 Pheng Sokea - - - 012 213 569

43 Yim Thouen - Kampong Hau

Commune

Deputy Commune 011 284 883

44 Sok Vin - - Villager 092 915 736

45 Kong Sophak - - Clerk of

Commune

089 418 449

46 Nem Saven - - Commune

Assistant

087508 360

84

47 Seng Cheng F - Villager

12.11.2. Consultation in Tra Ngel Commune for Ro Hal Dike No Name Se

x


1 Ou Kimthy M Tra Nhel Commune Chief of

Commune

017 624 015

2 Moa Sarorng - - Clerk of

Commune

097 617 795

0

3 Pech Sombath F Trataing Meas

Village

Chief of Village

4 Sim Mon M - Vice of Village

5 Hum Bun Ann - - Villager

6 Sim Seak - - -

7 Thlang Lorn - - -

8 Suos Cheng - - -

9 Suy Sophal F - -

10 Sim Sokhouen - - -

11 Pen Sova - - -

12 Nhin Sarith - - -

13 Neal Theary - - -

14 Thlang Set - - -

15 Lach Sary - - -

16 Chheang Srey - - -

17 Sim Moa - - -

18 Un Somaly - - -

19 Im Ut - - -

20 Bun Phally - - -

21 Chum Channy - - -

22 Chhuon Sin - - -

23 Soue In - - -

24 Nang Heak - - -

25 Mon Koueng - - -

26 Kheng Bunthorn M - -

27 Kheng Him F - -

85

28 Mut Savy M - -

29 Sim Sarat - - -

30 Ven Chomrouen F - -

31 Lim Dib M - -

32 Morb Thon - - -

33 Pring Somphors F - -

34 Pring Socheat - - -

35 Sok Veassna - - -

36 Non Chantha M - -

37 Him Mach F - -

38 Yorn Nhim - - -

39 Meas Sophanny - - -

40 Mon Vet - - -

41 Chheng Yim - - -

42 Nhin Sarim - - -

12.11.3. Consultation in Chra Nouk Commune for Boeung Trav Dike No Name Se

x


1 Sum Phan M Kandal Village,

Chanouk

Chief of Village

2 Din Dorn - - Villager

3 Sim Nai F Chranouk Commune Deputy of

Commune

4 Thek Thea M Chranouk Village Villager

5 Tum Phal - - -

6 Man Mouen - - -

7 Ut Vorn - - -

8 Kheng Nhanh F - -

9 Net Souen - - -

10 Duch Nit - - -

11 Seang Chheang - - -

12 Tim Hon - - -

13 Phuong Houen - - -

86

14 Heng Nouen - - -

15 Heng Un - - -

16 Vin Han - - -

17 Nhuon Yan - - -

18 Hom Yet - - -

19 Be Nim - - -

20 Din Leang - - -

21 Chea Ouen - - -

22 Khul Sorn - - -

23 Nhik Him M - -

24 Khuon Heab F - -

25 Seng Sivut - - -

26 Chung Sihuot - - -

27 Vin Han - - -

28 Neang Kimnai - - -

29 Sorn Soleang - - -

30 Phong Som aul M - -

31 Ky Ik - - -

32 Hok Hom - - -

33 Phat Yum F - -

34 Ken Kort M Elech village, Chra

Nouk

-

35 Tea Eng - - -

36 Meas My - - -

37 Mon Sarum - - -

38 Rin Saram F - -

39 Chhorn Huoy - - -

40 Huon Lai I - - -

41 Sum Hoy - - -

42 Mouen Men - - -

43 Horm Im - - -

44 Souen Srun - - -

45 Phok Ly - - -

46 Toum Nhork - - -

87

47 My Som At - - -

48 But Heb - - -

49 Sun Houe - - -

50 Chorn Cham M - -

51 Van Khorn - - -

12.11.4. Consultation in Dar Commune for O Trav Dike No Name Sex Institution Position Phone

1 Som Chanthorn M Kampong Hav

District

District Governor 097 996

0703

2 Yim Chamnan - Consultant Environment

Specialist

3 Ea Sophy - Consultant Resettlement

Specialist

4 Em Sereivuth - MPWT-PMU3 Counterpart 016 988

908

5 Sea Hom F Dar Commune Villager

6 Mon Ros M - -

7 Phai Phun - - Chief of Dar

Commune

8 Chim Chon - - 1st Deputy of

Commune

9 But Thorn - - 2nd Deputy of

Commune

10 Nhib Vuthea - - Clerk of Commune 092 637

441

11 Chay Chuy - - Assistant

12 Tong Sophal - Chror lorng Village Vice of Village

13 Kem Kuon - Brasat Village Chief of Village

14 Tun Moa - - Vice of Village

15 Suong San - Koy Village Chief of Village

16 Ea Chum - - Vice of Village

17 Heng Heang - - Villager

18 Lean Robare - Chror lorng Village -

19 Han Hein - Brasat Village -

20 Chin Phea - - -

88

21 Phorn Uon - - -

22 Chen Chhet - - -

23 Chay Chet - - -

24 Khit Komsort - - -

25 Choa Them - - -

26 Yun Thim - - -

27 Mom Mon - - -

28 Orng Chrim - - -

29 En Leang - - -

30 Norn Ny - - -

31 Pea Pov - - -

32 Nhorn Chhim - - -

33 Ty Tem - - -

34 Han Lut F - -

35 Nhim Ol M - -

36 Bun Sambath - - -

37 Lim Lot - - -

38 Horn Uon - - -

39 Chay Ty - - -

40 Yi Moa F - -

41 Dim Vet M Koy Village -

42 Sin Seang - - -

43 Nov Pok - - -

44 Chhem Chheang - - -

45 Sin Ly F - -

46 Thim Khim - - -

47 Ho Im - - -

48 Sim Sok - - -

49 Mon Seang - - -

50 Ngim Vy - - -

51 Norn Neang M - -

52 Khin Khon - Chror Lorng Village -

53 Nem Sory - - -

89

54 Yin Vin - - -

55 Khai Khorn - - -

56 Yan Phally - - -

57 Pum Pon - - -

58 Nhil Thouen - - -

59 Phorn Heak - - -

60 Youen Rom - - -

61 Thlork Phon F - -

62 Sok Sophorn - - -

63 Phai Then M - -

64 Lam Sok F - -

65 Kev Ho - - -

66 Mang Sophal - - -

67 Chey Kunthea - - -

68 Ho Rom - - -

69 Chin Mab - - -

70 Chhon Thai - - -

71 Lach Yeng - - -

72 Mon Mot M - -

90

13. Annex : Surface Water Quality Standards

1. Effluent standard for pollution sources discharging wastewater to public water areas

or sewer

No Parameters Unit Allowable limits for pollutant substance discharging

to

Protected public water

area

Public water area and

sewer

1 Temperature 0C < 45 < 45

2 pH 6 – 9 5 - 9

3 BOD5 ( 5 days at 200 C ) mg/l < 30 < 80

4 COD mg/l < 50 < 100

5 Total Suspended Solids mg/l < 50 < 80

6 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l < 1000 < 2000

7 Grease and Oil mg/l < 5.0 < 15

8 Detergents mg/l < 5.0 < 15

9 Phenols mg/l < 0.1 < 1.2

10 Nitrate (NO3 ) mg/l < 10 < 20

11 Chlorine ( free ) mg/l < 1.0 < 2.0

12 Chloride ( ion ) mg/l < 500 < 700

13 Sulphate ( as SO4 ) mg/l < 300 < 500

14 Sulphide ( as Sulphur ) mg/l < 0.2 < 1.0

15 Phosphate ( PO4 ) mg/l < 3.0 < 6.0

16 Cyanide ( CN ) mg/l < 0.2 < 1.5

17 Barium ( Ba ) mg/l < 4.0 < 7.0

18 Arsenic ( As ) mg/l < 0.10 < 1.0

19 Tin ( Sn ) mg/l < 2.0 < 8.0

20 Iron ( Fe ) mg/l < 1.0 < 20

21 Boron ( B ) mg/l < 1.0 < 5.0

22 Manganese ( Mn ) mg/l < 1.0 < 5.0

23 Cadmium ( Cd ) mg/l < 0.1 < 0.5

91

24 Chromium ( Cr )+3 mg/l < 0.2 < 1.0

25 Chromium ( Cr )+6 mg/l < 0.05 < 0.5

26 Copper ( Cu ) mg/l < 0.2 < 1.0

27 Lead ( Pb ) mg/l < 0.1 < 1.0

28 Mercury (Hg ) mg/l < 0.002 < 0.05

29 Nickel ( Ni ) mg/l < 0.2 < 1.0

30 Selenium ( Se ) mg/l < 0.05 < 0.5

31 Silver ( Ag ) mg/l < 0.1 < 0.5

32 Zinc ( Zn ) mg/l < 1.0 < 3.0

33 Molybdenum ( Mo ) mg/l < 0.1 < 1.0

34 Ammonia ( NH3 ) mg/l < 5.0 < 7.0

35 DO mg/l >2.0 >1.0

36 Polychlorinated

Byphemyl mg/l <0.003 <0.003

37 Calcium mg/l <150 <200

38 Magnesium mg/l <150 <200

39 Carbon tetrachloride mg/l <3 <3

40 Hexachloro benzene mg/l <2 <2

41 DTT mg/l <1.3 <1.3

42 Endrin mg/l <0.01 <0.01

43 Dieldrin mg/l <0.01 <0.01

44 Aldrin mg/l <0.01 <0.01

45 Isodrin mg/l <0.01 <0.01

46 Perchloro ethylene mg/l <2.5 <2.5

47 Hexachloro butadiene mg/l <3 <3

48 Chloroform mg/l <1 <1

49 1,2 Dichloro ethylene mg/l <2.5 <2.5

50 Trichloro ethylene mg/l <1 <1

51 Trichloro benzene mg/l <2 <2

52 Hexaxhloro

cyclohexene mg/l <2 <2

Remark: The Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery

shall collaborate to set up the standard of pesticides which discharged from pollution sources.

92

2. Water Quality Standard in public water areas for bio-diversity conservation

a) River

Parameter Standard

Unit Value

■ pH mg/l 6.5 – 8.5

■ BOD5 mg/l 1 – 10

■ mg/l 25 – 100

■ Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2.0 - 7.5

■ Suspended Solid MPN/100ml < 5000

b) Lakes and Reservoirs

Parameter Standard

Unit Value

■ pH mg/l 6.5 – 8.5

■ COD mg/l 1 – 8

■ Suspended Solid mg/l 1 – 15

■ Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2.0 - 7.5

■ Coliform MPN/100ml < 1000

■ Total Nitrogen mg/l 1.0 – 0.6

■ Total Phosphorus mg/l 0.005 – 0.05

C) Coastal water

Parameter Unit Standard Value

pH mg/l 7.0 – 8.3

COD mg/l 2 – 8

Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2 - 7.5

Coliform MPN/100ml < 1000

Oil content mg/l 0

Total Nitrogen mg/l 1– 1.0

93

Total Phosphorus mg/l 0.02 – 0.09

Source: Sub-decree No. 42 ANRK.BK on Water Pollution Control, MOE, 1999.

3. Water Quality Standard in public water areas for public health protection

No Parameter Unit Standard Value

1 Carbon tetrachloride µg/l < 12

2 Hexachloro-benzene µg/l < 0.03

3 DDT µg/l < 10

4 Endrin µg/l < 0.01

5 Diedrin µg/l < 0.01

6 Aldrin µg/l < 0.005

7 Isodrin µg/l < 0.005

8 Perchloroethylene µg/l < 10

9 Hexachlorobutadiene µg/l < 0.1

10 Chloroform µg/l < 12

11 1,2 Trichloroethylene µg/l < 10

12 Trichloroethylene µg/l < 10

13 Trichlorobenzene µg/l < 0.4

14 Hexachloroethylene µg/l < 0.05

15 Benzene µg/l < 10

16 Tetrachloroethylene µg/l < 10

17 Cadmium µg/l < 1

18 Total mercury µg/l < 0.5

19 Organic mercury µg/l 0

20 Lead µg/l < 10

21 Chromium, valent 6 µg/l < 50

22 Arsenic µg/l < 10

23 Selenium µg/l < 10

24 Polychlorobiohenyl µg/l 0

25 Cyanide µg/l < 0.005

94

Annex 3: Air and Noise Disturbance Standards

(1) Ambient Air Quality Standards

■ Parameter Averaging Period Standard

Unit Value

■ Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 24 ours mg /m3 0.1

■ Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 24 hours mg /m3 0.3

■ Carbon Monoxide (CO) 24 hours mg /m3 20

■ PM 2.5 24 hours -

■ PM 10 24 hours -

Source: Sub-decree No. 42 ANRK.BK on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance, MoE

2000.

(2) Ambient Noise Standards

Areas Time Period

(24 hours)

Standard

Unit Standard Value

■ Area is not

identify

Day time

■ (from 6:00am to

6:00pm)

Noise Level

dB(A)

70.0

Evening Time

■ (from 6:00pm to

11:00pm)

Noise Level

dB(A)

65.0

Night time

■ (from 11:00pm

to 6:00am)

Noise Level

dB(A)

50.0

Source: Sub-decree No. 42 ANRK.BK on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance, MoE ,

2000.

95

14. Annex Sediments Analysis Khset lake, Kampong Chhnang

initial environmental examination...table 4-5: frequency number of events in a 20 year period and...

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