11

CONTENIDO

OBJECT PRONOUNS ……………………. 14

IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS

……………………. 19

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

……………………. 22

THE VERB TO BE IN THE PAST TENSE

……………………. 26

YES/NO QUESTIONS WITH THE VERB TO BE IN THE PAST TENSE ……………………. 28

INFORMATION QUESTIONS ……………………. 29

PAST PROGRESSIVE

……………………. 32

YES/NO QUESTIONS IN THE PAST PROGRESSIVE ……………………. 33

INFORMATION QUESTIONS IN THE PAST PROGRESSIVE ……………………. 36 IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE SIMPLE PAST

……………………. 37

YES/NO QUESTIONES ……………………. 38

INFORMATION QUESTIONS ……………………. 39 IRREGULAR VERBS IN ENGLISH

……………………. 40

REGULAR VERBS IN THE SIMPLE PAST

……………………. 45

AFFIRMATIVE FORM ……………………. 46

YES/NO QUESTIONS ……………………. 47

INFORMATION QUESTIONS ……………………. 48 USED TO

……………………. 50

COULD

……………………. 53

12

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Propósito formativo de la materia

Que el estudiante sea capaz de comunicarse en el idioma inglés, desarrollando capacidades para leer, comprender, escribir y expresarse en ese idioma, en los distintos ámbitos en los que se desenvuelve.

Propósito de Inglés II Que el estudiante sea capaz de comunicar hechos, actividades y experiencias del pasado en inglés, empleando adecuadamente las estructuras gramaticales. En la asignatura de inglés II es posible desarrollar las siguientes asignaturas en el campo disciplinar de la Comunicación: Competencias disciplinares básicas

1. Identifica, ordena e interpreta las ideas, datos y conceptos explícitos e implícitos en un texto, considerando el contexto en el que se generó y en el que se recibe.

2. Evalúa un texto mediante la comparación de su contenido con el de otros, en función de sus conocimientos previos y nuevos.

3. Plantea supuestos sobre los fenómenos naturales y culturales de su entorno con base en la consulta de diversas fuentes.

4. Produce textos con base en el uso normativo de la lengua, considerando la intención y situación comunicativa.

5. Expresa ideas y conceptos en composiciones coherentes y creativas, con introducciones, desarrollo y conclusiones claras.

10. Identifica e interpreta la idea general y posible desarrollo de un mensaje oral o escrito en una segunda lengua, recurriendo a conocimientos previos, elementos no verbales y contexto cultural.

11. Se comunica en una lengua extranjera mediante un discurso lógico, oral o escrito, congruente con la situación comunicativa.

12. Utiliza las tecnologías de la información y comunicación para investigar, resolver problemas, producir materiales y transmitir información.

Competencias disciplinares extendidas

1. Utiliza la información contenida en diferentes textos para orientar sus intereses en ámbitos diversos.

4. Propone soluciones a problemáticas de su comunidad, a través de diversos tipos de textos, aplican-do la estructura discursiva, verbal o no verbal, y los modelos gráficos o audiovisuales que estén a su alcance.

8. Valora la influencia de los sistemas y medios de comunicación en su cultura, su familia y su comunidad, analizando y comparando sus efectos positivos y negativos.

9. Transmite mensajes en una segunda lengua o lengua extranjera atendiendo las características de contextos socioculturales diferentes.

Fuente: SEP, Programa de estudios de inglés para el Bachillerato Tecnológico, México, 2013.

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OBJECT PRONOUNS

They are words used to substitute nouns within the complement of our sentences. Therefore, in order to understand how they work, it is necessary to define the following things:

What’s a noun? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What’s the complement of the sentence? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What’s a sentence? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ What’s the subject of the sentence? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What’s the verb? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Examples:

subject verb complement.

I like chocolates.

We are looking at sandra.

Now, in order to choose the right object pronoun, take as reference the following board containing: subject pronouns, object pronouns, and their meanings.

SUBJECT PRONOUN OBJECT PRONOUN MEANING IN SPANISH

I me me

You you te

He him lo

She her la

It it lo/la

We us nos

You you los

They them los/las

Examples:

I like them.. (chocolates)

We are looking at her. (Sandra)

She has it in her hands. (the solution)

We phone him every evening. (Charlie)

15

Exercise No.1 INSTRUCTIONS: Read the following conversation and underline the object pronouns you find within it. Then make a list to indicate which nouns each one of them substitutes, such as in the example:

Angela: We had a birthday party for Tony last Friday.

Claudia: Really? Why didn’t you call me? I would have loved to go!

Angela: I’m sorry Claudia, I didn’t organize it.

Claudia: Oh, I see! And tell me how was it? Did you have fun?

Angela: Yes, we did! There was plenty of food for all of us. Everybody brought a

present for him. I gave him a new iPod system and Roberto and Juan gave him

a CD player.

Claudia: Did he like them?

Angela: Oh! Yes, he did like them! That was the perfect gift.

Example: me= Claudia

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Exercise No.2 INSTRUCTIONS: Fill in the blanks with the correct object pronoun (me, him, her, it, us, you, them). The words in parentheses will help you to choose the correct one.

1. Ricardo was reading the news about ___________ . (He)

2. Rosa bought a present for ___________(grandma)

3. The teacher read a story to_________(My classmates and me)

4. My daughter hugs ____________every day! (I)

5. Mr. Perez drives _________on his truck every day. (his children)

6. Aglael received a love letter from Bernardo last month.

7. Lorena was talking to Mike, she was telling Mike not to be late from work.

8. He calls ____________ on the weekends. (his parents) 9. Throw ________ to me! (the ball) 10. Do you know how __________ works? (the computer)

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Exercise No. 3 INSTRUCTIONS: Unscramble the following sentences. Write your sentences on the lines beneath the scrambled words. Remember the structure of the sentences:

Subject + verb + complement.

1. him / Nina / know / not / does ___________________________________________________________________

2. can / help / I / you ___________________________________________________________________

3. give / message / going to / her / the / I / am ___________________________________________________________________

4. us / visit / going to / They / are ___________________________________________________________________

5. the / game / watch / can / me / You / at ___________________________________________________________________

HOMEWORK Exercise No. 4 INSTRUCTIONS: Change the underlined nouns to object pronouns. Example: Jean invited Robert to the party.

Jean invited him to the party. 1. Mrs. Morgan’s students welcomed Janet to the class. Mrs. Morgan’s students welcomed _________________to the class. 2. She does not know Jack Larson. She does not know _________________. 3. The jeweler repaired the bracelet for Elizabeth. The jeweler repaired _________________for Elizabeth. 4. I pick Margaret up after work every day. I pick _________________up after work every day. 5. The babysitter fed the children at 5:00. The babysitter fed _________________at 5:00. 6. We do not understand the lesson. We do not understand_________________. 7. The company did not hire Richard for the job. The company did not hire _________________for the job. 8. We always repeat the sentences after the teacher. We always repeat the _________________after the teacher.

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9. Edward usually takes Barbara to the movies in Friday. Edward usually takes _________________to the movies in Friday. 10. You helped Alberto a lot last semester. You helped _________________a lot last semester 11. The typist left the papers in Mr. Reed’s office yesterday. The typist left _________________in Mr. Reed’s office yesterday. 12. The police arrested the thieves last night. The police arrested _________________last night. 13. Mrs. Regan’s son put the dishes in the dishwasher. Mrs. Regan’s son put _________________ in the dishwasher. 14. Jane sent the application to Kansas State University last week. Jane sent _________________to Kansas State University last week. 15. Mr. and Mrs. Hicks expect Mrs. Porter for dinner on Saturday. Mr. and Mrs. Hicks expect _________________for dinner on Saturday.

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IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS However, most nouns have plural forms; some nouns have an unusual or irregular plural form. Here, you can see the most common ones and the manner to change from a singular noun to a plural one or if you don’t have to modify it.

Noun ending Changes Examples

If the noun ends in -fe

Change f to v and then add -s

knife knives life lives wife wives

If the noun ends in -f Change f to v and then add -es

half halves wolf wolves loaf loaves

If the noun ends in -o Add -es potato potatoes tomato tomatoes volcano volcanoes

If the noun ends in -us Change -us to -i cactus cacti nucleus nuclei focus foci

If the noun ends in -is Change -is to -es analysis analyses crisis crises thesis theses

If the noun ends in -on Change -on to -a phenomenon phenomena criterion criteria

All kinds

Change the vowel or Change the word or Add a different ending

man men foot feet child children person people tooth teeth mouse mice

Unchanging ones Singular and plural are the same

sheep deer fish (sometimes) moose salmon

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mouse

mice

die

dice

goose

geese

louse

lice

fish

fish

tooth

teeth

ox

oxen

foot

feet

deer

deer

child

children

moose

moose

man

men

salmon

salmon

woman

women

sheep

sheep

person

people

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Exercise No. 1 INSTRUCTIONS: Complete the plural form of the following nouns

No. Singular Plural

1. A fish Some

2. A louse Some

3. A man Some

4. A foot Some

5. A child Some

6. A woman Some

7. A mouse Some

8. A die Some

9. A deer Some

10. A wife Some

11. A person Some

12. A thief Some

13. A tomato Some

14. An octopus Some

15. A parenthesis Some

Exercise No. 2

INSTRUCTIONS: Choose the plural form from the ones in the parentheses to complete the sentences.

1. My brother have any____________________. a) childs b)children c) childes

2. My daughter knits ____________________. a) scarfs b) scarfes c) scarves

3. You have to brush your ______________________ three times a day. a) tooths b) toothes c) teeth 4. While you drive on the road you may find too many________________. a) deers b) deer c) door 5. At the beginning of the semester the teacher and the students agree on the evaluation _____________________. a) criteria b) criterios c) criterions

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COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Countable nouns are things we can count. They usually have a singular and plural

form. Examples:

Singular Plural

apple apples

orange oranges

banana bananas

Uncountable nouns are things we cannot count. They do not have a plural form. Examples:

Singular Plural

salt no

sugar no

pepper no

Exercise No.1 INSTRUCTIONS: Identify the countable and uncountable nouns from the following list and write a “C” if it is a countable noun and “UC” if it is an uncountable noun. 1. cup_____ 2. salt_____ 3. dog_____ 4. snow_____ 5. flower_____ 6. sugar_____ 7. guitar_____ 8. woman_____ 9. love_____ 10. meat_____ 11. music_____ 12. ear_____ 13. oil_____ 14. photo_____ 15. river_____

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How much…? and How many…?

We use How many…? to ask for countable nouns. Examples: How many apples are there in the basket? How many high schools are there in Baja California? How many Japanese restaurants are there in Mexicali? We use How much…? to ask for uncountable nouns. Examples: How much sugar is there in the jar? How much water is there in the bottle? How much meat do you eat? Exercise No. 1 INSTRUCTIONS: Complete the following questions using: How much…? Or How many…?

1. _________________bread do you need for your sandwich? I need two slices of bread.

2. _______________ girls are there in your classroom? There are 20 boys. 3. _________________lemon do we need for the lemonade? I need a dozen of lemons.

4. _________________meat is left for everybody? There is enough for everyone. 5. ________________ windows does your classroom have? It ha 10 windows.

6. ________________cake do you want? I want just one piece.

7. _________________ pineapple slices do you need for the hamburgers? I need 8 slices. 8. _________________ gallons of milk do you need for the chocolate? I need 2 gallons.

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A lot of, some, and any

We use a lot of with countable nouns when we talk about a large number of items and with uncountable nouns when we talk about a big amount.

Examples: I ate a lot of apples yesterday. That dog has a lot of fleas. Our teacher gave us a lot of homework. We use some for both countable and uncountable nouns in positive statements and

to make questions when we expect to have as answer a “yes,” when we talk about a reduced number of items or amount of something.

Examples: Would you like some coffee? – Yes. Do you need some help? – Yes, please. Could you give me some napkins? – Oh! Yes, here you have. There are some tomatoes in the fridge. There is some wine. We use any for both countable and uncountable nouns to make questions and

negative statements. Examples: Was there any evidence of the crime? Is there any car outside your house? There isn’t any good news. There wasn’t any dog in the park. Exercise No. 2 INSTRUCTIONS: Fill in the blanks with the correct word(s): any, some, or a lot of.

1. I have three pairs of scissors and I can't find______________ of them.

2. She has_____________ friends in Alabama.

3. Kate cooked_____________ typically British food for dinner.

4. The government needed____________ money to pay the damages caused by the quake.

5. I love the Beatles. I would happily listen to _____________ of their music.

6. There were ____________ buildings damaged with the earthquake.

7. She likes her toast with ___________ jam, that is why I have to buy many jars when I go to the market.

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8. I don't need _______________ help. I'm fine.

9. There is ______________ milk left in your glass, you didn’t drink any.

10. There are________________ books in your bag, that’s why it’s too heavy.

Exercise No. 3 INSTRUCTIONS: Complete the following sentences and questions with the correct word(s). (How many, How much, any, some, or a lot of)

1. _________________coffee do you drink?

2. There is _________________ information about any subject on the Web.

3. Mark doesn’t do ___________ exercise.

4. I don’t know _________ person at school.

5. I don’t eat ___________ meat.

6. There are 50 students in this classroom. They are ______________ students.

7. ________________ rice do you want?

8. __________________ apples do you need for the pie?

9. I don’t have ________ money for lunch.

10. There isn’t _________ milk in the fridge.

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THE VERB TO BE IN THE PAST TENSE

The verb “to be” in English is called a linking verb; therefore, it may join a the subject with a predicate adjective or the subject with a predicate nominative.

Structures and examples:

Subject + verb “to be” + predicate adjective.

I was happy.

Subject + verb “to be” + predicate nominative.

He was in school. Note:

A predicate adjective is a complement of a sentence that includes an adjective.

A predicate nominative is a complement of a sentence that includes a noun; therefore, it may include a person, a place, or an object.

In English, each subject pronoun has a form of the verb “to be”, which you can be appreciated in the board below:

SUBJECT PRONOUN SIMPLE PRESENT OF THE VERB TO BE

SIMPLE PAST OF THE VERB

TO BE

I You He She

It We You They

am are is is is

are are are

was were was was was were were were

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Exercise No. 1: INSTRUCTIONS: Within the following sentences, identify if the complements are predicate adjectives or predicate nominative and write it down. 1. I was born in Japan. = _______________________________ 2. She was very old. = _______________________________ 3. We were born in the same year. =_______________________________ 4. The party was boring. = _______________________________ 5. He was with Tracey. = _______________________________ 6. I was hungry. = _______________________________ 7. They were at a football game. = _______________________________ 8. The movie was very exciting. = _______________________________ 9. He was at home the whole weekend.=___________________________ 10. Yesterday, it was cold. = _______________________________

THE VERB TO BE IN THE NEGATIVE FORM

To make the negative form, we just place “not” right after the verb “to be”.

Structure: Subject + verb “to be” + negative word + complement. “not” Examples: I was in the hospital. = Affirmative form I was not in the hospital. = Negative form They were at school. = Affirmative form They were not at school. = Negative form The contraction for the negative form is:

was not = wasn’t

were not = weren’t

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YES/NO QUESTIONS WITH THE VERB TO BE IN THE PAST TENSE

To make the yes/no questions, we have to place the verb “to be” at the beginning; and then the rest of the information states exactly the same.

Structure: Verb “to be” + subject + complement + ?

It was cold.

Was it cold?

Short answers: Yes, it was. / No, it wasn’t. Examples:

He was sick. Was he sick? Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t. She was happy. Was she happy? Yes, she was. / No, she wasn’t. The class was interesting. Was the class interesting? Yes, it was. / No, it wasn’t. They were busy. Were they busy? Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t. You were amazing. Were you amazing? Yes, you were. / No, you weren’t.

SHORT ANSWERS

SUBJECT PRONOUN AFFIRMATIVE ANSWERS NEGATIVE ANSWERS

I Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.

You Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.

He Yes, he was. No, he wasn’t.

She Yes, she was. No, she wasn’t.

It Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t.

We Yes, we were. No, we weren’t.

You Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.

They Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.

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INFORMATION QUESTIONS

Information questions are used to ask for time, places, reasons, objects, manner, etc., so depending on the information we want to obtain the Wh-questions word is going to change, such as follows: Wh-questions words When? (Time) Where? (Place) Why? (Reason) What? (Object/profession/activity) How? (Manner) Who? (Person)

Structure: Wh question word + verb “to be” + subject + complement + ? as

auxiliary verb Examples: I was in jail. Where were you? Place I was at home last weekend. When were you at home? Time He was in the hospital because he was sick. Why was he in the hospital? Reason This building was a school long time ago. What was this building long time ago? Object The party was great. How was the party? Manner

Exercise No. 2: INSTRUCTIONS: Complete the following conversation using: was, wasn’t, or were. A: ____________you at the party yesterday? B: No, I ____________. I ____________at a football game. A: Who ____________ you with? B: I ____________ with Tracey. A: How ____________ the game? B: It ____________ very exciting in fact, it ____________ boring. Where ____________ you? A: Oh, I ____________ at the movies. B: ____________ you with Peter? A: No, I ____________. He ____________ at home.

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Exercise No. 3: INSTRUCTIONS: Make an information question to have as answer the underlined information for each of the following answers.

1.Question: (person) ______________________________________________ Answer: Michael Jackson was an American Singer. 2. Question: (time) ______________________________________________ Answer: Michael Jackson was born in 1958.

4. Question: (place) ______________________________________________ Answer: Michael Jackson was born in Gary, Indiana.

5. Question: (reason) _____________________________________________ Answer: Michael Jackson was well known because he got a lot of music awards.

HOMEWORK Exercise No. 4: INSTRUCTIONS: Make an information question for each of the following underlined words.

1. Manuel was at the meeting. _______________________________________________________________

2. The meeting was at 1:00 pm. _______________________________________________________________ 3. The moon was shiny last night. _______________________________________________________________ 4. The weather was bad. _______________________________________________________________

5. Erick was annoyed because his new neighbor had a party the whole night.

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HOMEWORK Exercise No. 5: Using was, were, wasn't, or weren't. INSTRUCTIONS: Check (√) the correct form of the verb “to be”, such as in the

following example.

Example: Nancy ____ at Janeth´s house during the earthquake. a) √ was b) ____ were

1 - There ____ many people at the show. a)_____ was b)______ were 2 - ____ you tired? a) _____Was b) ____Were 3 - They ____ late. a) _____wasn’t b) ____weren’t 4 - I ____ very annoyed. a) ______was b) ____ were 5 - She ____ there. a) _____was b) ____were 6 - Everybody ____ pleased. a) ______was b) ____were 7 - There ____ no trouble at the party. a)______was b) ____ were 8 - ____ there any difficulty in finding it? a) _____Was b) ____Were 9 - Who ____ at the meeting? a) _____was b) ____were 10 - It ____ a trouble. a) _____wasn’t b)_____weren’t

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PAST PROGRESSIVE

It is used for an action over a period of past time. Something that we were in the middle of. An action over a whole period. Repeated actions which are temporary, only for a period and for a past arrangement. With temporary states. In order to conjugate the verb in the past progressive, we need the verb “to be” as auxiliary verb and the main verb with the “ing” form. In order to make the “ing” form, we have the rules below:

You need to place the verb “to be” as auxiliary followed by the main verb with an “ing” form. Which are made using the following rules. Rules to form the past progressive: 1) Add –ing to most of the verbs.

Examples: play - playing

rest - resting

jump - jumping

2) If the verb ends in silent “e”, eliminate “e”, and add –ing.

Examples: paste - pasting

prepare - preparing

hide - hiding

3) If the verb ends in “ie”, change “ie” to “y”, and add –ing. Examples: tie - tying

lie - lying

die - dying

4) If the verb ends in consonant, vowel, consonant, double the last consonant and add –ing, but only if the syllable is a stressed one.

Examples: mop - mopping swim - swimming begin - beginning

Examples: My husband was working from Monday to Saturday. While I was teaching the new topic, Ivan and Fernando were playing. While my husband was driving to Hermosillo, I was sleeping. While I was cutting the pictures, my son was pasting the others in his notebook.

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Exercise No. 1: INSTRUCTIONS: Complete the following sentences using the past progressive of the

verbs, such as in the example: Example: She/cook/ dinner.: She was cooking dinner.

1- I/play/volleyball: _________________________________ 2- She/go/to school: _________________________________ 3- They/do/a lot of noise: _________________________________ 4- My mom/prepare/dinner: _________________________________ 5- My brother/bleed/too much: _________________________________ 6- The wind/blow/too hard: _________________________________ 7- Sophie/cut/onion: _________________________________ 8- The driver/drive/too fast: _________________________________ 9- The plane/fly/too low: _________________________________ 10-They/run/together: _________________________________

Exercise No. 2: INSTRUCTIONS: Write the past continuous of the verb in the parenthesis, such as in

the example:

Example: She (make) was making___________ her homework.

1. He (ride) _______________________ on his motorcycle.

2. They (play) _______________________ the guitar.

3. We (mop) _______________________ the floor right before the party.

4. She (tell) _______________________ horror stories before going to bed.

5. We (watch) _______________________ TV all night.

6. I (live) _______________________ in France for eight years.

7. They (study) _______________________ at London University for 5 years.

8. She (talk) _______________________ with Robert.

9. I (work) _______________________ at UABC for 10 years.

10. She (exercise) _______________________ for a complete hour.

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NEGATIVE FORM

To make the negative form, we use wasn't or weren't

(Subject + was/were + not + verb with the –ing form + complement.)

EXAMPLES:

Singular I wasn't playing tennis at 11:00.

Plural We weren't playing tennis at 11:00.

You weren't drinking water. You weren't drinking water.

He/She/It wasn't eating meat. They weren't eating meat.

We may also use contractions for the verb “to be” in the negative form, such as in the following form:

I/He/She/It was not running fast. = I/He/She/It wasn't running fast. We/You/They were not running fast. = We/You/They weren't running fast.

Exercise No. 1: INSTRUCTIONS: Write negative sentences using the past progressive.

Example:

Sarah and Luke (not / work) in my house.

Sarah and Luke were not working in my house.

1. Mr. and Ms. Miller (not / teach) chemistry.

___________________________________________

2. I (not / drive) the lorry.

___________________________________________

3. Mandy (not / have) lunch.

___________________________________________

4. Albert and I (not / play) tennis.

___________________________________________

5. Taylor and Bob (not / cycle) home.

___________________________________________

6. Annie (not /clean) the table.

___________________________________________

7. Benjamin (not /write) an E-mail.

___________________________________________

8. Jane (not / exercise) at the gym.

___________________________________________

9. Robert (not/buy) flowers.

___________________________________________

10. Sophie and Laurie (not/study) for the test. ___________________________________________

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YES/NO QUESTIONS IN THE PAST PROGRESSIVE

In the Past Progressive we have to place the verb “to be” (was or were) as an auxiliary

verb before the subject.

Structure:

Verb “to be” as auxiliary+ Subject +Verb with the –ing ending+ complement.

Was I/he/she/it drinking water? Were we/you/they drinking water?

Yes/No questions and short answers examples:

Verb “to be”

Subject Verb Complement Yes/No Subject Auxiliary

(+ n't)

Were you reading books? Yes, I was.

No, I wasn’t.

Was Peter playing football? Yes, he was.

No, he wasn’t.

Were they singing a song? Yes, they were.

No, they weren't.

EXERCISE No.2: INSTRUCTIONS: Complete the following Yes/No Questions using the Past Progressive,

such as in the following example: Example: ___ she ______ a book? (read) Answer: Was she reading a book?

1) ________Ashley __________ on the computer? (work)

2) ________they ____________ the bike? (repair)

3) ________Melissa _________ out the trash? (take)

4) ________ you ____________ to music? (listen)

5) ________ Nicolas _________ at a picture? (look)

6) ________ Emma and Bertha_______ their friends? (phone)

7) ________ the girl ________ the window? (open)

8) ________ he ____________ judo? (do)

9) ________ the friends __________ home from school? (come)

10) ________ Tyler _______________ with the cooking? (help)

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INFORMATION QUESTIONS IN THE PAST PROGRESSIVE

To make information questions in the past progressive, we have to choose the correct Wh- Question Word according to the information we want to obtain with it; then the verb “to be” as the auxiliary verb; the subject; the verb with the -ing ending; the complement of our sentence, this mean the rest of the information, and the question word.

Examples:

Wh Question

Word

Auxiliary Verb

Subject Verb Complement Answer

What were You doing yesterday evening?

I was working on my computer.

Where was Tyler going at ten last night?

He was going to a concert.

Why were They carrying the buckets? They were carrying the buckets because they wanted to clean the car.

EXERCISE 3: INSTRUCTIONS: Write information questions using the Past Progressive. Example: (What / you / do / on Friday at night / ?) Answer: What were you doing on Friday at night?

1) (Who / wait / for you / ?) ___________________________________________

2) (Who / visit / you / ?) ___________________________________________

3) (Why / Melissa / cry / ?) ___________________________________________

4) (Why / he / drive / too fast / ?) ___________________________________________

5) (Why / you / smile / at him / ?) ___________________________________________

6) (Where / Jenny / do / the mural / ?) ___________________________________________

7) (Where / you / sleep / ?) ___________________________________________

8) (What / Robert / draw / on the desk / ?) ___________________________________________

9) (What / you / write / ?) ___________________________________________

10) (When / she / call /the police / ?) ___________________________________________

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IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE SIMPLE PAST

A verb that does not follow the usual rules for verb forms.

Verbs in English are irregular if they don't have a conventional -ed form (like asked or ended) in contrast

with Regular Verb.

AFFIRMATIVE FORM To make the affirmative form, we just place the verb in its irregular form after the subject and then you at the complement of the sentence. Subject + main verb in irregulars form + complement.

Example: Affirmative form: He bought a bunch of flowers for his mother. Subject

Main verb in the irregular form

Complement

NEGATIVE FORM To make the negative form, we just place the auxiliary verb “did” in the negative form “did not” or “didn´t” which is its contractive form right before the main verb in the base form, and the complement.

Structure: Subject + auxiliary verb “did” in its negative form “didn´t” + main verb in the base form + complement.

Example: Affirmative form: He bought a bunch of flowers for his mother. Negative form: He didn´t buy a bunch of flowers for his mother. Subject Auxiliary verb “did” in the negative form “didn´t”

Main verb in the base form

Complement

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YES/NO QUESTIONS

To make the yes/no questions, we have to place the auxiliary verb “did” at the beginning; the subject; the main verb in the base form; the complement of the sentence; and the question mark..

Structure:

Auxiliary verb “did” + subject + main verb in the base form + complement + ?

Example:

Affirmative form: He bought a bunch of flowers for his mother. Interrogative form: Did he buy a bunch of flowers for his mother?

Auxiliary verb “did”

Subject

Main verb in the base form

Complement

Question mark

SHORT ANSWERS

To answer the Yes/No questions, we have the following option for each of the subject pronouns.

SUBJECT PRONOUNS AFFIRMATIVE ANSWERS NEGATIVE ANSWERS

I Yes, I did. No, I didn´t.

You Yes, you did. No, you didn´t.

He Yes, he did. No, he didn´t.

She Yes, she did. No, she didn´t.

It Yes, it did. No, it didn´t.

We Yes, we did. No, we didn´t.

You Yes, you did. No, you didn´t.

They Yes, they did. No, they didn´t.

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INFORMATION QUESTIONS

To make the information questions we place the wh- question word according to the information we want to obtain; the auxiliaty verb “did”; the subject; the main verb in the base form; the complement; and the question mark.

Structure:

Wh question word + auxiliary verb “did” + subject + main verb in the base form + complement + ? Example: Affirmative form: Salma Hayek became very famous when she starred Teresa´s soup opera. Information question: When did Salma Hayek become very famous? Wh-question word Auxiliary verb “did” Subject

Main verb in the base form

Complement Question mark

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IRREGULAR VERBS IN ENGLISH Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle Spanish

arise arose arisen surgir

be was / were been ser

beat beat beaten golpear

become became become convertirse

begin began begun comenzar

bet bet/betted bet/betted apostar

bite bit bitten morder

bleed bled bled sangrar

blow blew blown soplar

break broke broken romper

bring brought brought traer

build built built construir

buy bought bought comprar

catch caught caught atrapar

choose chose chosen elegir

come came come venir

cost cost cost costar

creep crept crept arrastrarse

cut cut cut cortar

deal dealt dealt dar, repartir

do did done hacer

draw drew drawn dibujar

dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed soñar

drink drank drunk beber

drive drove driven conducir

eat ate eaten comer

fall fell fallen caer

feed fed fed alimentar

feel felt felt sentir

fight fought fought pelear

find found found encontrar

flee fled fled huir

fly flew flown volar

forget forgot forgotten olvidar

forgive forgave forgiven perdonar

forsake forsook forsaken abandonar

freeze froze frozen congelar

get got got tener, obtener

give gave given dar

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go went gone ir

grind ground ground moler

grow grew grown crecer

hang hung hung colgar

have had had tener

hear heard heard oír

hide hid hidden esconderse

hit hit hit golpear

hold held held tener, mantener

hurt hurt hurt herir, doler

keep kept kept guardar

kneel knelt knelt arrodillarse

know knew known saber

lead led led encabezar

learn learnt/learned learnt/learned aprender

leave left left dejar

lend lent lent prestar

let let let dejar

lie lay lain yacer

lose lost lost perder

make made made hacer

mean meant meant significar

meet met met conocer, encontrar

pay paid paid pagar

put put put poner

quit quit/quitted quit/quitted abandonar

read read read leer

ride rode ridden montar, ir

ring rang rung llamar por teléfono

rise rose risen elevar

run ran run correr

say said said decir

see saw seen ver

sell sold sold vender

send sent sent enviar

set set set fijar

sew sewed sewn/sewed coser

shake shook shaken sacudir

shine shone shone brillar

shoot shot shot disparar

show showed shown/showed mostrar

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shrink shrank/shrunk shrunk encoger

shut shut shut cerrar

sing sang sung cantar

sink sank sunk hundir

sit sat sat sentarse

sleep slept slept dormir

slide slid slid deslizar

sow sowed sown/sowed sembrar

speak spoke spoken hablar

spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled deletrear

spend spent spent gastar

spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled derramar

split split split partir

spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled estropear

spread spread spread extenderse

stand stood stood estar de pie

steal stole stolen robar

sting stung stung picar

stink stank/stunk stunk apestar

strike struck struck golpear

swear swore sworn jurar

sweep swept swept barrer

swim swam swum nadar

take took taken tomar

teach taught taught enseñar

tear tore torn romper

tell told told decir

think thought thought pensar

throw threw thrown lanzar

tread trode trodden/trod pisar

understand understood understood entender

wake woke woken despertarse

wear wore worn llevar puesto

weave wove woven tejer

weep wept wept llorar

win won won ganar

wring wrung wrung retorcer

write wrote written escribir

43

Exercise No.1:

INSTRUCTIONS: Find the irregular verb in each line and write it into the gap. Example: play, walk, dance, sang____ Answer: play, walk, dance, sang: sang

1) read, open, play work ________________

2) listen, do, answer, smile ________________

3) know, help, want, watch ______________

4) like, write, dance, wash ________________

5) take, clean, search, prepare _______________

6) watch, be, plan, love _______________

7) cook, shake, eat, look ________________

8) like, walk, answer, lose _____________

9) want, love, win, dance ___________________

10) build, play, clean, open _______________

Exercise No. 2 INSTRUCTIONS: Write the simple past form of each verb.

1. do - ___________

2. buy - ___________

3. come - ___________

4. hear - ___________

5. feed - ___________

6. hurt - ___________

7. forget - ___________

8. write - ___________

9. think - ___________

10. speak - ___________

Exercise No. 3: INSTRUCTIONS: Rewrite the following paragraph in the simple past. Camille is an Art teacher that works in a big school in Mexico City. The Sanchez, her neighbors like her a lot. They often have dinner together. Camille likes traveling a lot. She plans to go to Brazil. She wants to see the Carnival in Rio de Janeiro and go to the local beaches. Camille thinks that Brazilians are very friendly people.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Exercise No. 4: INSTRUCTIONS: Rewrite the following sentences and change the verbs in parentheses to the simple past. 1. The little bird (fly) very fast because a falcon (is) following him.

_____________________________________________________________ 2. I (get) a ten on my English test.

_____________________________________________________________ 3. He (give) Rita a bunch of flowers.

_____________________________________________________________ 4. They (go) to Cancun last summer.

_____________________________________________________________ 5. We (have) an accident on highway 8.

_____________________________________________________________

Exercise No. 5 INSTRUCTIONS: Change the following sentences to the simple past in the affirmative,

negative and interrogative form. 1. I know you are pregnant.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. I leave at 8 o’clock from my house.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. I make a beautiful dress.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. I meet a handsome man on the bus.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. I pay the dog at the pet store. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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REGULAR VERBS IN THE SIMPLE PAST

PAST PRESENT FUTURE SIMPLE PAST: It tells us about an action that we already did and finished, too. In the conjugation of the past tense, we have regular verbs and irregular verbs; for the first ones, we have the following rules: RULES TO FORM THE PAST TENSE:

1) If the verb ends in “y” preceded by a consonant, change “y” to “i” and add –ed. Examples: copy-copied dry-dried 2) If the verb ends in “e” just add –d. Examples: paste-pasted erase-erased 3) If the verb ends in consonant + vowel + consonant, double the last consonant and add –ed ,if this syllable is a stressed one. Examples: rip-ripped omit-omitted 4) To most of the verbs add –ed at the end. Examples: fish-fished wash-washed EXAMPLES: 1- I answered the phone. (answer) 2- I arrived late to school. (arrive) 3- I baked a cake. (bake) 4- I carried the suitcase. (carry) 5- I mopped the floor. (mop)

Note: As you can see the verbs in bold letter and underlined are the correct conjugations for each of the verbs in parentheses at the right side of the sentences, according to the rules shown in advance.

46

AFFIRMATIVE FORM To make the affirmative form, we just place the verb in its irregular form after the subject and then you at the complement of the sentence. Subject + main verb + complement.

Example: Affirmative form: He designed a card for his mother at school Subject

Main verb in the irregular form

Complement

NEGATIVE FORM To make the negative form, we just place the auxiliary verb “did” in the negative form “did not” or “didn´t” which is its contractive form right before the main verb in the base form, and the complement.

Structure: Subject + auxiliary verb “did” in its negative form “didn´t” + main verb in the base form + complement.

Example: Affirmative form: He designed a card for his mother at school. Negative form: He didn´t design a card for his mother at school. Subject Auxiliary verb “did” in the negative form “didn´t”

Main verb in the base form

Complement

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YES/NO QUESTIONS

To make the yes/no questions, we have to place the auxiliary verb “did” at the beginning; the subject; the main verb in the base form; the complement of the sentence; and the question mark..

Structure:

Auxiliary verb “did” + subject + main verb in the base form + complement + ?

Example:

Affirmative form: He designed a card for his mother at school. Interrogative form: Did he design a card for his mother at school?

Auxiliary verb “did”

Subject

Main verb in the base form

Complement

Question mark

SHORT ANSWERS

To answer the Yes/No questions, we have the following option for each of the subject pronouns.

SUBJECT PRONOUNS AFFIRMATIVE ANSWERS NEGATIVE ANSWERS

I Yes, I did. No, I didn´t.

You Yes, you did. No, you didn´t.

He Yes, he did. No, he didn´t.

She Yes, she did. No, she didn´t.

It Yes, it did. No, it didn´t.

We Yes, we did. No, we didn´t.

You Yes, you did. No, you didn´t.

They Yes, they did. No, they didn´t.

48

INFORMATION QUESTIONS

To make the information questions we place the wh- question word according to the information we want to obtain; the auxiliaty verb “did”; the subject; the main verb in the base form; the complement; and the question mark. Structure:

Wh question word + auxiliary verb “did” + subject + main verb in the base form + complement + ? Example: Affirmative form: Salma Hayek worked in many soup operas at Televisa. Information question: Where did Salma work in many soup operas? Wh-question word Auxiliary verb “did” Subject

Main verb in the base form

Complement Question mark Exercise No.1 INSTRUCTIONS: Find the regular verb in each line and write it into the gap.

Example: say, lose, dance, sing__________

Answer: say, lose, dance, sing: dance

1) read, feel, play see ________________

2) listen, do, go, make ________________

3) known, help, say, think ______________

4) like, write, forget, eat ________________

5) take, bring, cut, clean _______________

6) watch, be, have, meet _______________

7) put, buy, cook, teach ________________

8) catch, find, answer, lose _____________

9) want, tell, win, sit ___________________

10) sell, build, drink, open _______________

11) understand, drive, feed, check _______________

12) hit, love, hurt, lead _______________

13) fly, plan, shake, begin ________________

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14) happen, run, pay, wear _______________

15) stick, grow, look, speak _______________

16) beat, send, leave, cry _________________

17) break, live, cost, hear _________________

18) lie, throw, shine, sleep _________________

19) sink, mean, show, stop ________________

20) collect, freeze, ring, shut _______________

Exercise No. 2

INSTRUCTIONS: Write the simple past of the verbs in the parentheses, such as in the

following example:

Example: She (play) played at the park.

1. He (laugh) _______________________ a lot with the jokes.

2. They (play) _______________________ the guitar.

3. We (mop) _______________________ the floor right before the party.

4. She (listen) _______________________ to horror stories before going to bed.

5. We (watch) _______________________ TV all night.

6. I (live) _______________________ in France for eight years.

7. They (study) _______________________ at London University for 5 years.

8. She (talk) _______________________ with Robert.

9. I (work) _______________________ at UABC for 10 years.

10. She (type) _______________________ an essay in an hour.

Exercise No. 3 INSTRUCTIONS: Put the verbs in parentheses in the simple past negative form. 1. I (phone) my friends____________________ yesterday.

2. Yesterday, I (prepare)______________________ dinner.

3. Yesterday, the kids (play)_________________________ in the garden because it

starts raining.

4. I (practice)_________________________ the guitar last weekend.

5. We (cycle)_________________________ by bike all day.

6. Aaron (stay)_____________________ at home last weekend.

7. I (try)___________________ to tell them the truth but anyway they heard it.

8. I (cook)_________________ anything for the party, I bought everything.

9. We (arrive)__________________________ on time to school.

10. One of my elementary school teachers (recognize) ______________________ me

the other day.

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USED TO

[used to + verb in the base form]

Example: I used to go to the beach every day.

It is better not to use "used to" in questions or negative forms; however, this is sometimes done in informal spoken English. It is better to ask questions and create negative sentences using simple past.

USE 1 HABIT IN THE PAST

"Used to" expresses the idea that something was an old habit that stopped in the past. It indicates that something was often repeated in the past, but it is not usually done now.

Examples: Jerry used to study English. Sam and Mary used to go to Mexico in the summer.

USE 2 PAST FACTS AND GENERALIZATIONS

"Used to" can also be used to talk about past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. Examples:

I used to live in Paris

Used to and verbal form refer to a habit that took place in the past , a longing action, and which is now over.

Example: He used to work in his bedroom.

the negative form of 'used to' used to is 'didn't use to' Example : I didn't use to do my homework.

The interrogative form of 'used to' is : Did / Sujet / 'use to' / verbal base

Example: Did you use to live in London?

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Exercise No.1

INSTRUCTIONs: Match the each part of the sentences with the correct one.

I used to eat a lot of chocolate but where they wore a uniform.

Paul used to work in London but when we were children.

When I was younger, I didn’t use to eat cheese but now he drives.

When I lived in the city, now I find him a bit boring.

They used to go to a very traditional school I often used to go to the theatre.

I used to really enjoy his company but now I eat a lot.

She used to play the piano but now she plays the guitar.

We used to go to the beach for our holidays now I`m on a diet.

He used to have a motorbike but now he drives a very boring family car.

He used to take a train to work but, now he works in Mexico city.

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Exercise No. 2

INSTRUCTIONS: Complete the sentences with the affirmative, negative or interrogative form of used to and the words in brackets. Use contractions where possible.

used to didn't use to didn't use to Did they use to used to did you use to didn't use to used to

1. David Beckham______________________play for Manchester United.

2. We __________________________ have a computer, but we do now.

3. ___________________ (they) work together?

4. That restaurant _________________be a clothes shop.

5. She__________________like him, but now they're married.

6. Where____________________ (you) go to school?

7. There _________________be a police station here. 8. I __________________like vegetables, but I do now.

Homework: Go in to the next link and practice the use of USED TO by ordering 6 sentences, save them in a word document, and print them. http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/usedto/exercise2.swf

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COULD

"Could" is used to express possibility or past ability as well as to make suggestions and requests. "Could" is also commonly used in conditional sentences as the conditional form of "can."

Examples:

Extreme rain could cause the river to flood the city. POSSIBILITY

Nancy could ski like a pro by the age of 11. PAST ABILITY

You could see a movie or go out to dinner. SUGGESTION

Could I use your computer to email my boss? REQUEST

We could go on the trip if I didn't have to work this weekend. CONDITIONAL

USING "COULD" IN PRESENT, PAST, AND FUTURE

Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "could" behaves in different contexts.

Modal Use Positive Forms 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

Negative Forms 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

You can also use:

could

POSSIBILITY

1. John could be the one

who stole the money.

2. John could have been the one who stole the money.

3. John could go to jail for stealing the money.

1. Mary couldn't be the one who

stole the money.

2. Mary couldn't have been the one who stole the money.

3. Mary couldn't possibly go to jail for the crime.

might,

may

could

CONDITIONAL

OF CAN

1. If I had more time, I could

travel around the world.

2. If I had had more time, I could have traveled around the world.

3. If I had more time this winter, I could travel around the world.

1. Even if I had more time, I

couldn't travel around the world.

2. Even if I had had more time, I couldn't have traveled around the world.

3. Even if I had more time this winter, I couldn't travel around the world.

54

could

SUGGESTION

1. NO PRESENT FORM

2. You could have spent your vacation in Hawaii.

3. You could spend your vacation in Hawaii.

NO NEGATIVE FORMS

could

PAST ABILITY

I could run ten miles in my

twenties.

I could speak Chinese when I was a kid.

"COULD" CANNOT BE USED

IN POSITIVE SENTENCES IN

WHICH YOU DESCRIBE A

MOMENTARY OR ONE-TIME

ABILITY.

Yesterday, I could lift the couch by myself. Not Correct

I couldn't run more than a mile in

my twenties.

I couldn't speak Swahili.

"COULD" CAN BE USED IN

NEGATIVE SENTENCES IN WHICH

YOU DESCRIBE A MOMENTARY

OR ONE-TIME ABILITY.

Yesterday, I couldn't lift the couch by myself. Correct

be able

to

could

POLITE

REQUEST

Could I have something to

drink?

Could I borrow your stapler?

REQUESTS USUALLY REFER

TO THE NEAR FUTURE.

Couldn't he come with us?

Couldn't you help me with this for just a second?

REQUESTS USUALLY REFER TO

THE NEAR FUTURE.

can,

may,

might

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Exercise No.1 INSTRUCTIONS: Complete the sentences in the following forms using “could”

1) She ran every day in the park

Affirmative form: ________________________________________________________

Negative form: __________________________________________________________

Interrogative form: _______________________________________________________

2) I played soccer for a long time.

Affirmative form: ________________________________________________________

Negative form: __________________________________________________________

Interrogative form: _______________________________________________________

3) They got 1,000 dollars.

Affirmative form: ________________________________________________________

Negative form: __________________________________________________________

Interrogative form: _______________________________________________________

4) We traveled around the world

Affirmative form: ________________________________________________________

Negative form: __________________________________________________________

Interrogative form: _______________________________________________________

5) They spoke English when they were in London.

Affirmative form: ________________________________________________________

Negative form: __________________________________________________________

Interrogative form: _______________________________________________________

Homework: Go in to the next link and practice the use of COULD by ordering 7 sentences, save them in a word document, and print them. http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/could/exercise1.swf