infosec strategy & policy - lecture 6

7/22/2019 Infosec Strategy & Policy - Lecture 6

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INFO 6230 IIUM Semester 22009/10

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InfosecInfosec Strategy & PolicyStrategy & PolicyINFO 6230

Lecture 6

Jamaludin Ibrahim

Senior Academic Fellow, KICT, IIUM.


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Vision: Interplanetary Internet


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What do you think?

Probably our greatest threat and

vulnerability are from space

Threat: someone peeking and invading from

space 24X7

Assets CIA under threat

Vulnerability: we are weak in space

technology

Weak defense measures to preserve CIA


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Civil Space Systems

Implications for International

Security


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Introduction Geospatial information has physical security

implications

Critical infra networks Development patterns

Natural resources locations

Security infra including physical (natural, man-made,hybrid)

A peek to national security blueprint

Point of weakest-link Probable single-point of failure

Geospatial Information is normally collected viacameras from the sky or space Orbiting satellites

Flying airplanes, balloons Requires space technologies


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Introduction Space technology is technology that is related to

entering space, maintaining and using systems during spaceflightand returning people and things from space.

Most of space technology has dual-use Civil and military

Development and use of space technology for civil and military

occurred in parallel Technologies such as weather satellites, satellite navigationsystems, satellite television and some long distancecommunications systems critically rely on space infrastructure andthese technologies touch the vast majority of lives in every singleday.

Outer Space is the new frontierand the ultimate high ground forboth civil, commercial and military operations etc

Presents both opportunity and threat (man-made and non-man-made) to security.


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Satellite/Google Eye-view


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Outer Space is the new

frontier..


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Solar Flares


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Militarisation of Outer Space


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Man-made Threats from Outer

Space


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Space Technology Milestones More detailed timeline

http://www.braeunig.us/space/index.htm

1957 Russias Sputnik I went intoorbit

1961 Kennedy man on the moonvision before 1970

1967 - Outer Space Treaty (OST) 1969 - Apollo 11 performs the first

lunar landing by astronauts NeilArmstrong and Edwin Aldrin on July20


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Space Exploration Milestone: First Times


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GPS Technology


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GPS Usage


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Satellite Operations


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Future Military Operations

"Space is the ultimate high ground,"


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RF Spectrum Management Communications in space via

allocated RF spectrum

Free bands

Licensed bands

Military/Defence bands

Spectrum is a national

resource/asset

Controlled by respective

government autority

Coordinating International

body ITU under UN


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Definitions International Security

Security regarded not as a goal but a means toachieving other goals such as personal freedom,human survival, societal welfare, international orderand human dignity

2 basic forms of security +ve form

seeks to eradicate traditional causes of conflict by addressingremoval of sources of insecurity and instability

-ve form

Based upon maximizing security of a state thru reliance onarms and traditional means of coercive power or manipulationof existing sources of conflict.


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Definitions A state is considered internationally secured

when it can: Defend its territory against aggression

Participate effectively in intl forums that regulate or influence activitieswithin the state

Control exploitations of its physical resources and obtain investments,loans, imports, products, and sell exports that it requires in intl trade

Gain access to, use, protect, and develop technological resourcesneeded to function and interact effectively in the world community

Pursue social, educational,or developmental aspects of the residentcultures without external interference, providing citizens with housing,food, education, and jobs, while protecting their human rights andpersonal freedom

Conserve and maintain the quality of the environment in a manneracceptable to the people and to the government


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Definitions There are 6 Dimensions

of International Security

Military Political,

Economic,

Scientific & technical,

Socio-cultural,

Environmental

In this class we will look atspace technologyimplications to the first 2 of

the 6 Dimensions Remote sensing,

communication satellite,navigation satellite


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Uses of Outer Space


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Military Implications


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Military Implications Remote Sensing

sensed stateexposed/naked

Commercial data/info

collected could be used for

military

Sensed state sensitive

data and info captured w/o

consent and knowledge

Can provide info about

security of sensed state


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Military Implications Communication satellite

systems Communications betweenground station and satellite

could

monitored/intercepted

unless use encryption

Broadcast unwanted

programs pornography,

propaganda,

misinformation, culturalimperialism


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Military Implications Navigation satellite

Significant military use fordeployment and logistics of

forces, targeting weapons,

location of assets

Civil usage: civil maritime

fleets, commercial aviation,fleet mgmt, search and

rescue


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Military Implications Use of civil space systems such as

satellite has profound implications for astates physical security

The protective roof has been removed!

There is relationship between a states

military security and use by it or other

states of certain civil space systems


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Political Implications Politics are integrated processes of national and

international government.

Implications Space tech blurs states borders e.g open sky policy,

globalization

Dependence on space technology lead to greaterinterdependence of states

Need to cooperate for mutual advantage

Strengthen political relationships brings-about stabilization andstrengthening of international security

Has +ve and ve implications for political security

Political security and relation are reinforced OR undermined bynature of cooperation or confrontation by uses of civil spacesystems


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Civil space technologiesand their implications


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Civil space technologies We look key technologies and their

implications to international security Launch systems and technologies

Satellite apps systems

Scientific systems Crewed flight systems


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Launch systems and

technologies Launch vehicles to

transport satellite to outer

space Rockets and ballistic

missiles

Earth-to-orbit launchers

Lunar and deep spacelaunchers

Reusable launchers

Transatmospheric vehicles

Air launch and sea launchvehicles

Launch support facilities


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Implications of launchers for

international security Launcher can be used for

civil, scientific, peaceful

purposes

Also potential military

apps

Launch capability may beconsidered stabilizing,

supporting international

security, or a source of

concern and

destabilization


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Satellite Systems and Technologies

Communication

satellite services Communication

satellite systems

Broadcasting satelliteservices

Implications?


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Satellite Communications

Apps


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Satellite Navigation & Timing

Apps


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Earth observation systems Earth resources sensing

satellites

Implications?


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Some Major Space States

Country Early-

warning

satellites

Communication

s satellites

Navigation

satellites

Meteorological

satellites

Observation

satellites

Indigenou

s launch

vehicle

Space

weapons

D C D C D C D C

China

Europe

France

India

Israel

Japan

Russia

USA

V i t f


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Various types of space

weaponsWeapons

Status

Deployment mode (3)

Type Groun

d-

space

Space-

space

Space-

air

Space-

ground

Air-

space

Nuclear

Endo-

atmospheric

Exo-atmospheric

X-ray laser

X(1)

O(2)

O O(3) O(3) X(3,4) O

Existing

Existing

Theoretical

Non-nuclear

Projectiles (e.g.

KEW, US F15

MHV, Russian

ground-based

missiles) (b)

Neutral

particle beams

Lasers

Radio-

frequency

weapons

O

O(5)

O

O

O

O

O

O

X(3)

O

O

X

O

O

O

O

Investigated;

Russian

direct ascent

reportedly

deployed

Investigated

Investigated

Investigated


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Crowding in Outer Space


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Close encounters in spaceSatellite name Date of collision/closeencounter

Damage Safety measure

US Fltsatcom-1 3 May 1980 Predicted distance from DSP-F4

9.4km and reduced to 3.5km a few

day later

Fltsatcom-1 performed evasive

manouvre

US Fltsatcom-1 During 2nd half of 1981 Eight close encounters with USSBS-1 satellite, five between

2.6km and 6km; and five

encounters with four other

satellites

Collision avoidance manoeuvresperformed

Cerise, a French military micro-

satellite

July 1996 Stabilisation boom damaged by

debris from Ariane booster

Regained attitude control by

reprogramming the payload

CRISTA-SPAS-a communications

satellite

12 August 1997 Passed very close (3.1km) to an

old rocket motor from 1984

Shuttle

Failed to reach the GSO

Russian Mir station 15 September 1997 US satellite MSTI-2 passed close

(~500m)

Mir not manoeuvred

Russian Mir station 28 July 1999 Close encounter with a rocket

body

Mir not manoeuvred

Several Shuttle missions: STS-44,

-48, -53, -72, -82

In each at least five manoeuvres

were carried out

International Space Station (ISS) 26 October 1999 Altitude raised to avoid close

encounter with a satellite rocket

ISS 28 March 2002 Passed within 14km of a Delta 2

rocket

ISS manoeuvred to avoid collision


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Implications to Physical Sec? Space Technologies are mission critical infra to

information delivery Borderless info access due to wireless

Need encryption tech to secure info especially military

apps Satellite/wireless/radio jamming devices

Anti-jamming technology

Anti-satellite weapon system etc

Daunting DoS or other cyber-attacks to space

technologies


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US Global Info Grid Info Infra a key part of

maintaining dominant

world superpower status Info is (world super) power!

Practically all war/militarycomponents depend on

borderless space basedinfo infra


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Outlook Space technology is a double-edged sword Probably more open than the virtual Internet environment

If Internet is an equalizing technology, space technology maybe the reverse

Weaponization of space threatening international security Peace and Power struggle using space technology

Countries/states have no choice but to embrace space technologies for them tobe secured internationally secured

Significant investment required

Man-kind, countries and states need to realize they are living on onebig (big to us but really very tiny within the universe) space ship calledEarth travelling in a very huge (still expanding) outer space Need to look at the big picture to minimize petty and (fatal) squabling

Should there a Non-profileration Treaty (NPT) for space technology? Like theNuclear NPT?

Th U i 5 illi


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The Universe 5 million years

agostill expanding


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Questions Space Weather refers to conditions on the Sun and in the solar

wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere. Spaceweather is considered a threat space technology and globalinformation security. What problems can space weather cause tospace technology (civil and military) and protective security?

Space technology is a double-edged sword. How does it affectinternational security?

Non-Profileration Treaty (NPT) of Space Technology is a way to

prevent undesirable and offensive use of space technologies. Theconcept is similar to the Nuclear NPT signed many nations andmanaged by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Shouldthere be NPT for Space Technology to maintain and sustainInternational Security?


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Assignment 3 due 2 wks What impact does the trend in space

technology has on physical security of acountry like Malaysia?

How could space technology compromise

the CIA triad?


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Nothing can substitute experience

Have a nice holiday..

infosec strategy & policy - lecture 6

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