information technology - introduction to computersseas3.elte.hu/itcourse-2009/computer_intro.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Information TechnologyIntroduction to Computers
László Kálmán1 Csaba Oravecz1 Péter Szigetvári2
1Research Institute for LinguisticsHungarian Academy of Sciences
2Department of English LinguisticsEötvös Loránd University
Lecture 1. / 9 Sep, 2009
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Outline1 Introduction2 Short history3 General architecture
The stored program architecture (von Neumann)4 Main types
Mainframes, mini- and microcomputers5 The PC: hardware
MotherboardThe CPUStorageMemoryMass storage devicesInput devicesOutput devicesExpansion slotsPorts and protocolsNotebooks
6 The PC: softwareThe BIOSThe operating systemThe boot process
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Trust The Computer. The Computer is your friend.
A computer lets you make more mistakes faster than anyother invention, with the possible exceptions of handguns
and Tequilla.Mitch Ratcliffe
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The usual useless definitions
A computer is
• an electronic device for the storage and processing ofinformation.
• a machine for manipulating data according to a list ofinstructions known as a program.
• a machine for performing operations on numeric orsymbolic data.
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The beginnings
• computer: a person who performed numerical calculations
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The beginnings
• computer: a person who performed numerical calculations
• ancestors: abacus, Antikythera mechanism
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The beginnings
• computer: a person who performed numerical calculations
• ancestors: abacus, Antikythera mechanism
• 1801: Jacquard loom with punch cards
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The beginnings
Figure: Jacquard loom with punch cards.
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The beginnings
• computer: a person who performed numerical calculations
• ancestors: abacus, Antikythera mechanism
• 1801: Jacquard loom with punch cards
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The beginnings
• computer: a person who performed numerical calculations
• ancestors: abacus, Antikythera mechanism
• 1801: Jacquard loom with punch cards
• late 19th c.: large-scale automated data processing withP(unch) C(ard)s
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The beginnings
• computer: a person who performed numerical calculations
• ancestors: abacus, Antikythera mechanism
• 1801: Jacquard loom with punch cards
• late 19th c.: large-scale automated data processing withP(unch) C(ard)s
• first half of 20th c.: sophisticated special-purpose analogcomputers
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The beginnings
• computer: a person who performed numerical calculations
• ancestors: abacus, Antikythera mechanism
• 1801: Jacquard loom with punch cards
• late 19th c.: large-scale automated data processing withP(unch) C(ard)s
• first half of 20th c.: sophisticated special-purpose analogcomputers
• direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as abasis for computation
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The middle
• 1940s: several “first digital electronic computers”
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The middle
• 1940s: several “first digital electronic computers”
• ENIAC (1946): first based on the von Neumannarchitecture
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The middle
Figure: ENIAC.
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The middle
• 1940s: several “first digital electronic computers”
• ENIAC (1946): first based on the von Neumannarchitecture
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The middle
• 1940s: several “first digital electronic computers”
• ENIAC (1946): first based on the von Neumannarchitecture
• 1950s: valve (tube) driven computers
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The middle
• 1940s: several “first digital electronic computers”
• ENIAC (1946): first based on the von Neumannarchitecture
• 1950s: valve (tube) driven computers
• 1960s: transistor-based computers
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The middle
• 1940s: several “first digital electronic computers”
• ENIAC (1946): first based on the von Neumannarchitecture
• 1950s: valve (tube) driven computers
• 1960s: transistor-based computers
• 1970s–: integrated circuit technology → low enough cost→ personal computers
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The middle
• 1940s: several “first digital electronic computers”
• ENIAC (1946): first based on the von Neumannarchitecture
• 1950s: valve (tube) driven computers
• 1960s: transistor-based computers
• 1970s–: integrated circuit technology → low enough cost→ personal computers
• today’s computers are exponentially more capable thanpreceding ones (c.f. Moore’s Law)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The end
Figure: A Sentinel.
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Outline1 Introduction2 Short history3 General architecture
The stored program architecture (von Neumann)4 Main types
Mainframes, mini- and microcomputers5 The PC: hardware
MotherboardThe CPUStorageMemoryMass storage devicesInput devicesOutput devicesExpansion slotsPorts and protocolsNotebooks
6 The PC: softwareThe BIOSThe operating systemThe boot process
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Stored program architecture
• four main sections:
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Stored program architecture
• four main sections:1 arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Stored program architecture
• four main sections:1 arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)2 control system
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Stored program architecture
• four main sections:1 arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)2 control system3 memory
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Stored program architecture
• four main sections:1 arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)2 control system3 memory4 I/O devices
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Stored program architecture
• four main sections:1 arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)2 control system3 memory4 I/O devices
• connected by bundles of wires (buses) and driven by atimer or clock
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Task of components
• ALU: heart and/or brain of computer, performs basicoperations
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Task of components
• ALU: heart and/or brain of computer, performs basicoperations
• memory: stores information; data or instructions
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Task of components
• ALU: heart and/or brain of computer, performs basicoperations
• memory: stores information; data or instructions
• I/O system: communicates with the outside world
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Task of components
• ALU: heart and/or brain of computer, performs basicoperations
• memory: stores information; data or instructions
• I/O system: communicates with the outside world• control system:
• reads instructions and data from memory or I/O• provides the ALU with the correct inputs acc. to the
instructions• tells the ALU what operation to perform on inputs• sends the results back to the memory or to I/O
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Task of components
• ALU: heart and/or brain of computer, performs basicoperations
• memory: stores information; data or instructions
• I/O system: communicates with the outside world• control system:
• reads instructions and data from memory or I/O• provides the ALU with the correct inputs acc. to the
instructions• tells the ALU what operation to perform on inputs• sends the results back to the memory or to I/O
1980s–: ALU + control unit = CPU (central processing unit)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
How the computer works
Operation
On each clock cycle, the computer fetches instructions anddata from its memory. The instructions are executed, theresults are stored, and the next instruction is fetched. Thisprocedure repeats until a halt instruction is encountered.
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
How the computer works
Operation
On each clock cycle, the computer fetches instructions anddata from its memory. The instructions are executed, theresults are stored, and the next instruction is fetched. Thisprocedure repeats until a halt instruction is encountered.
Four main functions• processing
• storage
• input
• output
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Representing information: binary notation
• computer data (and instructions) are coded, manipulatedand stored by use of an exclusive two-state condition
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Representing information: binary notation
• computer data (and instructions) are coded, manipulatedand stored by use of an exclusive two-state condition
• in the computer this means that "there is electricity passingthrough the circuit" or "there is no electricity passingthrough the circuit"
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Representing information: binary notation
• computer data (and instructions) are coded, manipulatedand stored by use of an exclusive two-state condition
• in the computer this means that "there is electricity passingthrough the circuit" or "there is no electricity passingthrough the circuit"
• represented in binary notation by the use of 1s and 0s
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Representing information: binary notation
• computer data (and instructions) are coded, manipulatedand stored by use of an exclusive two-state condition
• in the computer this means that "there is electricity passingthrough the circuit" or "there is no electricity passingthrough the circuit"
• represented in binary notation by the use of 1s and 0s
• copy : 10110000
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Representing information: binary notation
• computer data (and instructions) are coded, manipulatedand stored by use of an exclusive two-state condition
• in the computer this means that "there is electricity passingthrough the circuit" or "there is no electricity passingthrough the circuit"
• represented in binary notation by the use of 1s and 0s
• copy : 10110000
• machine language: instruction set that a specific computersupports
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Units
Bit
A binary digit. 0/1
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Units
Bit
A binary digit. 0/1
Byte
8 bits. 01010101. The standard unit of measurement ofcomputer data.
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Units
SI prefix Binary prefix
Name Popularvalue
SI value Name Value
kilobyte (kB) 210 103 kibibyte (KiB) 210
megabyte (MB) 220 106 mebibyte (MiB) 220
gigabyte (GB) 230 109 gibibyte (GiB) 230
terabyte (TB) 240 1012 tebibyte (TiB) 240
petabyte (PB) 250 1015 pebibyte (PiB) 250
exabyte (EB) 260 1018 exbibyte (EiB) 260
zettabyte (ZB) 270 1021 zebibyte (ZiB) 270
yottabyte (YB) 280 1024 yobibyte (YiB) 280
Table: Quantities
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Outline1 Introduction2 Short history3 General architecture
The stored program architecture (von Neumann)4 Main types
Mainframes, mini- and microcomputers5 The PC: hardware
MotherboardThe CPUStorageMemoryMass storage devicesInput devicesOutput devicesExpansion slotsPorts and protocolsNotebooks
6 The PC: softwareThe BIOSThe operating systemThe boot process
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
From Mainframes to the PC
Mainframes (Big Iron)
• RAS: reliability, availability,serviceability
Personal computer (PC)
Minis (workstations)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
From Mainframes to the PC
Mainframes (Big Iron)
• RAS: reliability, availability,serviceability
• thousands of users
Personal computer (PC)
Minis (workstations)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
From Mainframes to the PC
Mainframes (Big Iron)
• RAS: reliability, availability,serviceability
• thousands of users
• multiple virtual machines
Personal computer (PC)
Minis (workstations)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
From Mainframes to the PC
Mainframes (Big Iron)
• RAS: reliability, availability,serviceability
• thousands of users
• multiple virtual machines
Personal computer (PC)
• for personal use
Minis (workstations)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
From Mainframes to the PC
Mainframes (Big Iron)
• RAS: reliability, availability,serviceability
• thousands of users
• multiple virtual machines
Personal computer (PC)
• for personal use
• user friendly software
Minis (workstations)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
From Mainframes to the PC
Mainframes (Big Iron)
• RAS: reliability, availability,serviceability
• thousands of users
• multiple virtual machines
Personal computer (PC)
• for personal use
• user friendly software
• standardized, userupgradeable
Minis (workstations)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
From Mainframes to the PC
Mainframes (Big Iron)
• RAS: reliability, availability,serviceability
• thousands of users
• multiple virtual machines
Personal computer (PC)
• for personal use
• user friendly software
• standardized, userupgradeable
Minis (workstations)
• originally in between the above two
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
From Mainframes to the PC
Mainframes (Big Iron)
• RAS: reliability, availability,serviceability
• thousands of users
• multiple virtual machines
Personal computer (PC)
• for personal use
• user friendly software
• standardized, userupgradeable
Minis (workstations)
• originally in between the above two
• multi-user, multitasking
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
From Mainframes to the PC
Mainframes (Big Iron)
• RAS: reliability, availability,serviceability
• thousands of users
• multiple virtual machines
Personal computer (PC)
• for personal use
• user friendly software
• standardized, userupgradeable
Minis (workstations)
• originally in between the above two
• multi-user, multitasking
• today mostly taken over by PCs (c.f. midrange servers)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
From Mainframes to the PC
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
From Mainframes to the PC
Figure: IBM Z890 mainframe
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
From Mainframes to the PC
Figure: IBM Z890 mainframe Figure: IBM PC
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
From Mainframes to the PC
Figure: IBM Z890 mainframe Figure: IBM PC
Figure: IBM iSeries server
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The PC
There is no reason to suppose the average boy or girlcannot be master of a personal computer.
John W. Mauchly – 1962
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The PC
Figure: An exploded view of a PC
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The PC
Figure: An exploded view of a PC
1 display (monitor)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The PC
Figure: An exploded view of a PC
1 display (monitor)2 motherboard
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The PC
Figure: An exploded view of a PC
1 display (monitor)2 motherboard3 CPU (microprocessor)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The PC
Figure: An exploded view of a PC
1 display (monitor)2 motherboard3 CPU (microprocessor)4 RAM (Random Acces
Memory)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The PC
Figure: An exploded view of a PC
1 display (monitor)2 motherboard3 CPU (microprocessor)4 RAM (Random Acces
Memory)5 expansion cards
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The PC
Figure: An exploded view of a PC
1 display (monitor)2 motherboard3 CPU (microprocessor)4 RAM (Random Acces
Memory)5 expansion cards6 power supply
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The PC
Figure: An exploded view of a PC
1 display (monitor)2 motherboard3 CPU (microprocessor)4 RAM (Random Acces
Memory)5 expansion cards6 power supply7 optical disk drive
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The PC
Figure: An exploded view of a PC
1 display (monitor)2 motherboard3 CPU (microprocessor)4 RAM (Random Acces
Memory)5 expansion cards6 power supply7 optical disk drive8 hard disk
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The PC
Figure: An exploded view of a PC
1 display (monitor)2 motherboard3 CPU (microprocessor)4 RAM (Random Acces
Memory)5 expansion cards6 power supply7 optical disk drive8 hard disk9 keyboard
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The PC
Figure: An exploded view of a PC
1 display (monitor)2 motherboard3 CPU (microprocessor)4 RAM (Random Acces
Memory)5 expansion cards6 power supply7 optical disk drive8 hard disk9 keyboard
10 mouse
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Outline1 Introduction2 Short history3 General architecture
The stored program architecture (von Neumann)4 Main types
Mainframes, mini- and microcomputers5 The PC: hardware
MotherboardThe CPUStorageMemoryMass storage devicesInput devicesOutput devicesExpansion slotsPorts and protocolsNotebooks
6 The PC: softwareThe BIOSThe operating systemThe boot process
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The motherboard
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The motherboard
Houses all basic hardware devices. Provides attachment points for theCPU, memory, storage and I/O devices (peripherals), expansion cards.
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The motherboard
Houses all basic hardware devices. Provides attachment points for theCPU, memory, storage and I/O devices (peripherals), expansion cards.
Standardised but still has many forms acc. to CPU sockets andphysical form (size and power supply).
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Outline1 Introduction2 Short history3 General architecture
The stored program architecture (von Neumann)4 Main types
Mainframes, mini- and microcomputers5 The PC: hardware
MotherboardThe CPUStorageMemoryMass storage devicesInput devicesOutput devicesExpansion slotsPorts and protocolsNotebooks
6 The PC: softwareThe BIOSThe operating systemThe boot process
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The CPU – from 30MHz to 4–. . . GHz
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The CPU – from 30MHz to 4–. . . GHz
FunctionInterprets instructions and processes datacontained in computer programs,executing a sequence of basic steps on aclock signal.
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The CPU – from 30MHz to 4–. . . GHz
FunctionInterprets instructions and processes datacontained in computer programs,executing a sequence of basic steps on aclock signal.
Architecture
The design and implementation of a CPU can vary to a large extentdepending on use. Today’s PCs predominantly use the x86 (Intel/AMD)architecture.
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The CPU – from 30MHz to 4–. . . GHz
FunctionInterprets instructions and processes datacontained in computer programs,executing a sequence of basic steps on aclock signal.
Architecture
The design and implementation of a CPU can vary to a large extentdepending on use. Today’s PCs predominantly use the x86 (Intel/AMD)architecture. (From 2005 the Macintosh is no longer an exception.)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Outline1 Introduction2 Short history3 General architecture
The stored program architecture (von Neumann)4 Main types
Mainframes, mini- and microcomputers5 The PC: hardware
MotherboardThe CPUStorageMemoryMass storage devicesInput devicesOutput devicesExpansion slotsPorts and protocolsNotebooks
6 The PC: softwareThe BIOSThe operating systemThe boot process
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Information: how fast do we need it?
Figure: Storage types w.r.t. CPU"distance"
Storage
• primary: short terminformation with quick access
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Information: how fast do we need it?
Figure: Storage types w.r.t. CPU"distance"
Storage
• primary: short terminformation with quick access
• secondary: long-term storageof persistent information; usingI/O channels → slower
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Information: how fast do we need it?
Figure: Storage types w.r.t. CPU"distance"
Storage
• primary: short terminformation with quick access
• secondary: long-term storageof persistent information; usingI/O channels → slower
• off-line: storage medium canbe easily removed from thestorage device (approachesspeed of sec. storage devices)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Information: how fast do we need it?
Figure: Storage types w.r.t. CPU"distance"
Storage
• primary: short terminformation with quick access
• secondary: long-term storageof persistent information; usingI/O channels → slower
• off-line: storage medium canbe easily removed from thestorage device (approachesspeed of sec. storage devices)
• all long-term devices havesome standard structure tostore data in accessible format(file system → next week)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Outline1 Introduction2 Short history3 General architecture
The stored program architecture (von Neumann)4 Main types
Mainframes, mini- and microcomputers5 The PC: hardware
MotherboardThe CPUStorageMemoryMass storage devicesInput devicesOutput devicesExpansion slotsPorts and protocolsNotebooks
6 The PC: softwareThe BIOSThe operating systemThe boot process
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Primary storage: RAM – from 64 kB to 2–. . . GB
Figure: RAMs galore
Random Access Memory
• holds the program code anddata during computation
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Primary storage: RAM – from 64 kB to 2–. . . GB
Figure: RAMs galore
Random Access Memory
• holds the program code anddata during computation
• all memory locations can beaccessed at almost the samespeed
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Primary storage: RAM – from 64 kB to 2–. . . GB
Figure: RAMs galore
Random Access Memory
• holds the program code anddata during computation
• all memory locations can beaccessed at almost the samespeed
• much faster than mass storagedevices (hard disk) but cannotretain data without power(volatile); more expensive
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Primary storage: RAM – from 64 kB to 2–. . . GB
Figure: RAMs galore
Random Access Memory
• holds the program code anddata during computation
• all memory locations can beaccessed at almost the samespeed
• much faster than mass storagedevices (hard disk) but cannotretain data without power(volatile); more expensive
• memory wall: current memoryspeed lags behind CPUspeed. . .
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Outline1 Introduction2 Short history3 General architecture
The stored program architecture (von Neumann)4 Main types
Mainframes, mini- and microcomputers5 The PC: hardware
MotherboardThe CPUStorageMemoryMass storage devicesInput devicesOutput devicesExpansion slotsPorts and protocolsNotebooks
6 The PC: softwareThe BIOSThe operating systemThe boot process
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Storage without power – HD/SSD
Figure: Old IBM HD
Figure: New laptop HD
Hard disk
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Storage without power – HD/SSD
Figure: Old IBM HD
Figure: New laptop HD
Hard disk• non-volatile storage device• stores data on the magnetic surfaces of hard disk
platters• Capacity (SI prefixed): ≤ 1.5TB (average PC: ≥
100GB)• Access/Interface type (connected to motherboard with
appropriate cable): IDE/ATA/SATA; SCSI• Speed: rotation (10000 rpm); data transfer (125 MB/s)• Size: 3.5" (PC) or 2.5" (laptop)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Storage without power – HD/SSD
Figure: Old IBM HD
Figure: New laptop HD
Hard disk• non-volatile storage device• stores data on the magnetic surfaces of hard disk
platters• Capacity (SI prefixed): ≤ 1.5TB (average PC: ≥
100GB)• Access/Interface type (connected to motherboard with
appropriate cable): IDE/ATA/SATA; SCSI• Speed: rotation (10000 rpm); data transfer (125 MB/s)• Size: 3.5" (PC) or 2.5" (laptop)
Solid-state drive (SSD)
• with no moving parts, uses solid-state memory to storepersistent data
• fast access of data (r/w speed up to 250MB/s)• completely silent, low power consumption• (less and less) expensive, have already appeared in
laptops
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Off-line storage – CD/DVD
Figure: CD-RW drive
Compact Disc Read-Only Memory
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Off-line storage – CD/DVD
Figure: CD-RW drive
Compact Disc Read-Only Memory
• non-volatile storage device, R, RW,
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Off-line storage – CD/DVD
Figure: CD-RW drive
Compact Disc Read-Only Memory
• non-volatile storage device, R, RW,• stores data as a series of microscopic
indentations (pits and lands, read bya laser beam)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Off-line storage – CD/DVD
Figure: CD-RW drive
Compact Disc Read-Only Memory
• non-volatile storage device, R, RW,• stores data as a series of microscopic
indentations (pits and lands, read bya laser beam)
• up to 700MB; transfer speed up to ≈7MB/s
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Off-line storage – CD/DVD
Figure: CD-RW drive
Figure: DVD
Compact Disc Read-Only Memory
• non-volatile storage device, R, RW,• stores data as a series of microscopic
indentations (pits and lands, read bya laser beam)
• up to 700MB; transfer speed up to ≈7MB/s
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Off-line storage – CD/DVD
Figure: CD-RW drive
Figure: DVD
Compact Disc Read-Only Memory
• non-volatile storage device, R, RW,• stores data as a series of microscopic
indentations (pits and lands, read bya laser beam)
• up to 700MB; transfer speed up to ≈7MB/s
Digital Video Disc
• like the CD but different format,higher density
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Off-line storage – CD/DVD
Figure: CD-RW drive
Figure: DVD
Compact Disc Read-Only Memory
• non-volatile storage device, R, RW,• stores data as a series of microscopic
indentations (pits and lands, read bya laser beam)
• up to 700MB; transfer speed up to ≈7MB/s
Digital Video Disc
• like the CD but different format,higher density
• capacity: single layer 4.7 GB, dual 8.5GB
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Off-line storage – CD/DVD
Figure: CD-RW drive
Figure: DVD
Compact Disc Read-Only Memory
• non-volatile storage device, R, RW,• stores data as a series of microscopic
indentations (pits and lands, read bya laser beam)
• up to 700MB; transfer speed up to ≈7MB/s
Digital Video Disc
• like the CD but different format,higher density
• capacity: single layer 4.7 GB, dual 8.5GB
• to be continued on week ≈12
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Outline1 Introduction2 Short history3 General architecture
The stored program architecture (von Neumann)4 Main types
Mainframes, mini- and microcomputers5 The PC: hardware
MotherboardThe CPUStorageMemoryMass storage devicesInput devicesOutput devicesExpansion slotsPorts and protocolsNotebooks
6 The PC: softwareThe BIOSThe operating systemThe boot process
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Peripherals – Keyboard
Figure: PC keyboard
Computer keyboard
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Peripherals – Keyboard
Figure: PC keyboard
Computer keyboard
• device to control the operation of acomputer through pressing keys
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Peripherals – Keyboard
Figure: PC keyboard
Computer keyboard
• device to control the operation of acomputer through pressing keys
• keys produce text (characters),actions or modify other keys (modifierkey)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Peripherals – Keyboard
Figure: PC keyboard
Figure: US 104 key QWERTYlayout
Computer keyboard
• device to control the operation of acomputer through pressing keys
• keys produce text (characters),actions or modify other keys (modifierkey)
Standards• several types from 83 to 130 keys
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Peripherals – Keyboard
Figure: PC keyboard
Figure: US 104 key QWERTYlayout
Computer keyboard
• device to control the operation of acomputer through pressing keys
• keys produce text (characters),actions or modify other keys (modifierkey)
Standards• several types from 83 to 130 keys• most common: PC keyboard with
QWERTY arrangement
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Peripherals – Keyboard
Figure: PC keyboard
Figure: US 104 key QWERTYlayout
Computer keyboard
• device to control the operation of acomputer through pressing keys
• keys produce text (characters),actions or modify other keys (modifierkey)
Standards• several types from 83 to 130 keys• most common: PC keyboard with
QWERTY arrangement• connection to motherboard: PS/2,
USB
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Peripherals – Mouse
Figure: The first mouse (1970)
Operation
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Peripherals – Mouse
Figure: The first mouse (1970)
Operation
• its motion typically translates into themotion of a pointer on a display
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Peripherals – Mouse
Figure: The first mouse (1970)
Figure: Wireless mice withscroll wheel
Operation
• its motion typically translates into themotion of a pointer on a display
Types
• movement detection: mechanical("ball mouse")/optical/laser
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Peripherals – Mouse
Figure: The first mouse (1970)
Figure: Wireless mice withscroll wheel
Operation
• its motion typically translates into themotion of a pointer on a display
Types
• movement detection: mechanical("ball mouse")/optical/laser
• limbs: 1–3 buttons, scroll wheel(s)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Peripherals – Mouse
Figure: The first mouse (1970)
Figure: Wireless mice withscroll wheel
Operation
• its motion typically translates into themotion of a pointer on a display
Types
• movement detection: mechanical("ball mouse")/optical/laser
• limbs: 1–3 buttons, scroll wheel(s)• connection: serial, PS/2, USB
(wireless)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Outline1 Introduction2 Short history3 General architecture
The stored program architecture (von Neumann)4 Main types
Mainframes, mini- and microcomputers5 The PC: hardware
MotherboardThe CPUStorageMemoryMass storage devicesInput devicesOutput devicesExpansion slotsPorts and protocolsNotebooks
6 The PC: softwareThe BIOSThe operating systemThe boot process
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Peripherals – Display
Today’s dominant type: Liquid Crystal Display
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Peripherals – Display
Today’s dominant type: Liquid Crystal Display
• display signals as images on a screen
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Peripherals – Display
Figure: DEC VT100 (1978)
Today’s dominant type: Liquid Crystal Display
• display signals as images on a screen• Cathode Ray Tube monitors – outdated
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Peripherals – Display
Figure: DEC VT100 (1978)
Figure: Dual 30" Apple Cinemadisplay
Today’s dominant type: Liquid Crystal Display
• display signals as images on a screen• Cathode Ray Tube monitors – outdated• resolution: number of pixels
(160x200–1024x768–3840x2400)• size: diagonal in inches• refresh rate: number of times/sec that a
display is illuminated (in LCDs it is fixed tousually 60 or 75Hz)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Peripherals – Display
Figure: DEC VT100 (1978)
Figure: Dual 30" Apple Cinemadisplay
Today’s dominant type: Liquid Crystal Display
• display signals as images on a screen• Cathode Ray Tube monitors – outdated• resolution: number of pixels
(160x200–1024x768–3840x2400)• size: diagonal in inches• refresh rate: number of times/sec that a
display is illuminated (in LCDs it is fixed tousually 60 or 75Hz)
• response time: minimum time necessary tochange a pixel’s color or brightness
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Peripherals – Display
Figure: DEC VT100 (1978)
Figure: Dual 30" Apple Cinemadisplay
Today’s dominant type: Liquid Crystal Display
• display signals as images on a screen• Cathode Ray Tube monitors – outdated• resolution: number of pixels
(160x200–1024x768–3840x2400)• size: diagonal in inches• refresh rate: number of times/sec that a
display is illuminated (in LCDs it is fixed tousually 60 or 75Hz)
• response time: minimum time necessary tochange a pixel’s color or brightness
• native resolution: single fixed resolution forthe LCD; using other value → loss ofimage quality.
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Peripherals – Display
Figure: DEC VT100 (1978)
Figure: Dual 30" Apple Cinemadisplay
Today’s dominant type: Liquid Crystal Display
• display signals as images on a screen• Cathode Ray Tube monitors – outdated• resolution: number of pixels
(160x200–1024x768–3840x2400)• size: diagonal in inches• refresh rate: number of times/sec that a
display is illuminated (in LCDs it is fixed tousually 60 or 75Hz)
• response time: minimum time necessary tochange a pixel’s color or brightness
• native resolution: single fixed resolution forthe LCD; using other value → loss ofimage quality.
• different standard w.r.t. resolution(([WS]?VGA)|(W?[QUS]XGA))
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Peripherals – Printer
Figure: Laser printer for home
Types
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Peripherals – Printer
Figure: Laser printer for home
Types
• local(ly connected): directly attachedto the PC; USB or parallel
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Peripherals – Printer
Figure: Laser printer for home
Types
• local(ly connected): directly attachedto the PC; USB or parallel
• network printer: available through thenetwork
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Peripherals – Printer
Figure: Laser printer for home
Types
• local(ly connected): directly attachedto the PC; USB or parallel
• network printer: available through thenetwork
Technology
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Peripherals – Printer
Figure: Laser printer for home
Types
• local(ly connected): directly attachedto the PC; USB or parallel
• network printer: available through thenetwork
Technology
• dot-matrix printer: slow, poor quality, cheap, outdated
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Peripherals – Printer
Figure: Laser printer for home
Types
• local(ly connected): directly attachedto the PC; USB or parallel
• network printer: available through thenetwork
Technology
• dot-matrix printer: slow, poor quality, cheap, outdated• inkjet printer: slow, medium quality. BEWARE: printer is low price
but ink cartridge is very expensive.
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Peripherals – Printer
Figure: Laser printer for home
Types
• local(ly connected): directly attachedto the PC; USB or parallel
• network printer: available through thenetwork
Technology
• dot-matrix printer: slow, poor quality, cheap, outdated• inkjet printer: slow, medium quality. BEWARE: printer is low price
but ink cartridge is very expensive.• laser printer: high quality prints, good print speed, low per-copy
cost. Printer is (was?) very expensive.
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Outline1 Introduction2 Short history3 General architecture
The stored program architecture (von Neumann)4 Main types
Mainframes, mini- and microcomputers5 The PC: hardware
MotherboardThe CPUStorageMemoryMass storage devicesInput devicesOutput devicesExpansion slotsPorts and protocolsNotebooks
6 The PC: softwareThe BIOSThe operating systemThe boot process
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Expansion slots
Figure: Installing a PCI card
Function and standards
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Expansion slots
Figure: Installing a PCI card
Function and standards• allow peripheral devices and cards to be
inserted and attached to the PC
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Expansion slots
Figure: Installing a PCI card
Function and standards• allow peripheral devices and cards to be
inserted and attached to the PC• PCI (Peripheral Component
Interconnect): most common (white)• AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port):
high-speed channel for attaching agraphics card (brown)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Expansion slots
Figure: Installing a PCI card
Figure: AGP graphics card
Function and standards• allow peripheral devices and cards to be
inserted and attached to the PC• PCI (Peripheral Component
Interconnect): most common (white)• AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port):
high-speed channel for attaching agraphics card (brown)
• PCI Express (PCI[eE]): new high speedreplacement for the above two
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Expansion slots
Figure: Installing a PCI card
Figure: AGP graphics card
Function and standards• allow peripheral devices and cards to be
inserted and attached to the PC• PCI (Peripheral Component
Interconnect): most common (white)• AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port):
high-speed channel for attaching agraphics card (brown)
• PCI Express (PCI[eE]): new high speedreplacement for the above two
Common expansion cards
• graphics card
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Expansion slots
Figure: Installing a PCI card
Figure: AGP graphics card
Function and standards• allow peripheral devices and cards to be
inserted and attached to the PC• PCI (Peripheral Component
Interconnect): most common (white)• AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port):
high-speed channel for attaching agraphics card (brown)
• PCI Express (PCI[eE]): new high speedreplacement for the above two
Common expansion cards
• graphics card• network (ethernet) card (more on week 6)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Expansion slots
Figure: Installing a PCI card
Figure: AGP graphics card
Function and standards• allow peripheral devices and cards to be
inserted and attached to the PC• PCI (Peripheral Component
Interconnect): most common (white)• AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port):
high-speed channel for attaching agraphics card (brown)
• PCI Express (PCI[eE]): new high speedreplacement for the above two
Common expansion cards
• graphics card• network (ethernet) card (more on week 6)• sound, tv tuner, wifi card (week 6/12)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Outline1 Introduction2 Short history3 General architecture
The stored program architecture (von Neumann)4 Main types
Mainframes, mini- and microcomputers5 The PC: hardware
MotherboardThe CPUStorageMemoryMass storage devicesInput devicesOutput devicesExpansion slotsPorts and protocolsNotebooks
6 The PC: softwareThe BIOSThe operating systemThe boot process
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Ports and protocols
Protocol
Communication standard (the common language) between hardwaredevices.
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Ports and protocols
Protocol
Communication standard (the common language) between hardwaredevices.
Ports (hardware)
Physical interface between hardware devices. (Here: PC and peripherals.)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Ports and protocols
Protocol
Communication standard (the common language) between hardwaredevices.
Ports (hardware)
Physical interface between hardware devices. (Here: PC and peripherals.)
Figure: Serial (mouse) Figure: SVGA (display) Figure: DVI (display)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Ports and protocols
Figure: PS/2
IBM Personal System/2
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Ports and protocols
Figure: PS/2
IBM Personal System/2
• keyboard (purple), mouse (green)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Ports and protocols
Figure: PS/2
IBM Personal System/2
• keyboard (purple), mouse (green)• not designed to be hot swappable: not to be
(dis)connected while power is on
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Ports and protocols
Figure: PS/2
Figure: USB
IBM Personal System/2
• keyboard (purple), mouse (green)• not designed to be hot swappable: not to be
(dis)connected while power is on
Universal Serial Bus
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Ports and protocols
Figure: PS/2
Figure: USB
IBM Personal System/2
• keyboard (purple), mouse (green)• not designed to be hot swappable: not to be
(dis)connected while power is on
Universal Serial Bus• allows peripherals to be connected without the
need to plug expansion cards
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Ports and protocols
Figure: PS/2
Figure: USB
IBM Personal System/2
• keyboard (purple), mouse (green)• not designed to be hot swappable: not to be
(dis)connected while power is on
Universal Serial Bus• allows peripherals to be connected without the
need to plug expansion cards• allows devices to be hot-swapped
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Ports and protocols
Figure: PS/2
Figure: USB
IBM Personal System/2
• keyboard (purple), mouse (green)• not designed to be hot swappable: not to be
(dis)connected while power is on
Universal Serial Bus• allows peripherals to be connected without the
need to plug expansion cards• allows devices to be hot-swapped• becoming the (only) standard connection
method for almost all peripheral devices
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Ports and protocols
Figure: PS/2
Figure: USB
IBM Personal System/2
• keyboard (purple), mouse (green)• not designed to be hot swappable: not to be
(dis)connected while power is on
Universal Serial Bus• allows peripherals to be connected without the
need to plug expansion cards• allows devices to be hot-swapped• becoming the (only) standard connection
method for almost all peripheral devices• Standards: 1.[01] (slow, outdated); 2.0:
high-speed; 3.0: superspeed (from 2010)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Ports and protocols
Figure: PS/2
Figure: USB
IBM Personal System/2
• keyboard (purple), mouse (green)• not designed to be hot swappable: not to be
(dis)connected while power is on
Universal Serial Bus• allows peripherals to be connected without the
need to plug expansion cards• allows devices to be hot-swapped• becoming the (only) standard connection
method for almost all peripheral devices• Standards: 1.[01] (slow, outdated); 2.0:
high-speed; 3.0: superspeed (from 2010)• USB flash drive (128MB–16GB)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Outline1 Introduction2 Short history3 General architecture
The stored program architecture (von Neumann)4 Main types
Mainframes, mini- and microcomputers5 The PC: hardware
MotherboardThe CPUStorageMemoryMass storage devicesInput devicesOutput devicesExpansion slotsPorts and protocolsNotebooks
6 The PC: softwareThe BIOSThe operating systemThe boot process
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Laptops – small mobile computers
Desktop replacement
Subnotebook
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Laptops – small mobile computers
Figure: MacBook Pro notebook
Desktop replacement
• full capabilities of a desktop computerwhile remaining portable
• large, bulky, heavy or very expensive ifgood quality
Subnotebook
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Laptops – small mobile computers
Figure: MacBook Pro notebook
Figure: The ASUS Eee PCsubnotebook
Desktop replacement
• full capabilities of a desktop computerwhile remaining portable
• large, bulky, heavy or very expensive ifgood quality
Subnotebook• small, light, with a screen of 6.4 to 13.3
inches• some reduced capability (weaker
graphics/CPU performance, ports omitted,removable media; c.f. docking station)
• new wave: low cost ultra-small devices
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Laptops – small mobile computers
Properties to be concerned with
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Laptops – small mobile computers
Figure: Thinkpad intimacy
Properties to be concerned with
• all peripherals squeezed into oneplace (keyboard, display, touchpad→ ergonomy problems (c.f. RSI)
• battery performance/life (3–9 cells,2440–7800mAh, 1–6 hours)
• durability problems• less powerful for the same price as
desktop PCs
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Outline1 Introduction2 Short history3 General architecture
The stored program architecture (von Neumann)4 Main types
Mainframes, mini- and microcomputers5 The PC: hardware
MotherboardThe CPUStorageMemoryMass storage devicesInput devicesOutput devicesExpansion slotsPorts and protocolsNotebooks
6 The PC: softwareThe BIOSThe operating systemThe boot process
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Basic Input/Output System
Figure: Bios
Function and properties
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Basic Input/Output System
Figure: Bios
Function and properties
• software code run by acomputer when first poweredon
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Basic Input/Output System
Figure: Bios
Function and properties
• software code run by acomputer when first poweredon
• initializes the machine so thatthe operating system (OS) canload
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Basic Input/Output System
Figure: Bios
Function and properties
• software code run by acomputer when first poweredon
• initializes the machine so thatthe operating system (OS) canload
• coded in some non-volatilememory chip
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Basic Input/Output System
Figure: Bios
Function and properties
• software code run by acomputer when first poweredon
• initializes the machine so thatthe operating system (OS) canload
• coded in some non-volatilememory chip
• user customizable (for basichardware settings) but there issome read-only default forsafety
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Outline1 Introduction2 Short history3 General architecture
The stored program architecture (von Neumann)4 Main types
Mainframes, mini- and microcomputers5 The PC: hardware
MotherboardThe CPUStorageMemoryMass storage devicesInput devicesOutput devicesExpansion slotsPorts and protocolsNotebooks
6 The PC: softwareThe BIOSThe operating systemThe boot process
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Computers are like air conditioners. Both stop working, ifyou open windows.
Adam Heath
The less you know about computers the more you wantMicrosoft!
Microsoft ad campaign, ≈1996
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The Operating System
Services
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The Operating System
Services• OS is the software which takes over the operation of the
computer from BIOS
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The Operating System
Services• OS is the software which takes over the operation of the
computer from BIOS
• controls all input and output to and from the peripherals aswell as the operation of other programs
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The Operating System
Services• OS is the software which takes over the operation of the
computer from BIOS
• controls all input and output to and from the peripherals aswell as the operation of other programs
• allows the user to work with and manage files withoutknowing how the data is stored and retrieved
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The Operating System
Services• OS is the software which takes over the operation of the
computer from BIOS
• controls all input and output to and from the peripherals aswell as the operation of other programs
• allows the user to work with and manage files withoutknowing how the data is stored and retrieved
• manage user access to the processor and peripherals andschedule jobs (processes/programs)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The Operating System
Services• OS is the software which takes over the operation of the
computer from BIOS
• controls all input and output to and from the peripherals aswell as the operation of other programs
• allows the user to work with and manage files withoutknowing how the data is stored and retrieved
• manage user access to the processor and peripherals andschedule jobs (processes/programs)
• in the broad sense it contains many applications (systemsoftware) in the narrow sense it refers only to the
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The Operating System
Figure: Kernel in the computer
• kernel: central part of an OS,manages the system’sresources and thecommunication betweenhardware and software
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The Operating System
Figure: Kernel in the computer
• kernel: central part of an OS,manages the system’sresources and thecommunication betweenhardware and software
Common OSs for the PC or Macintosh
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The Operating System
Figure: Kernel in the computer
• kernel: central part of an OS,manages the system’sresources and thecommunication betweenhardware and software
Common OSs for the PC or Macintosh• Windows eXPerience/Vista: dominant OS for the PC (Mac?)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The Operating System
Figure: Kernel in the computer
• kernel: central part of an OS,manages the system’sresources and thecommunication betweenhardware and software
Common OSs for the PC or Macintosh• Windows eXPerience/Vista: dominant OS for the PC (Mac?)• Mac OS X: OS for the Mac
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The Operating System
Figure: Kernel in the computer
• kernel: central part of an OS,manages the system’sresources and thecommunication betweenhardware and software
Common OSs for the PC or Macintosh• Windows eXPerience/Vista: dominant OS for the PC (Mac?)• Mac OS X: OS for the Mac• Linux: open source OS for PC and Mac
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The Operating System
Figure: Kernel in the computer
• kernel: central part of an OS,manages the system’sresources and thecommunication betweenhardware and software
Common OSs for the PC or Macintosh• Windows eXPerience/Vista: dominant OS for the PC (Mac?)• Mac OS X: OS for the Mac• Linux: open source OS for PC and Mac• by default they are not compatible with each other
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Important concepts I.
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Important concepts I.
Live CD (DVD)
Contains a bootable computer operating system and can runon a computer without mutable secondary storage, such as ahard disk drive. The content of the disk is static, i.e. cannot bemodified.
Live USB flash drive
Similar to live CDs, but modifiable: you can automatically andtransparently write changes back to the bootable drive.
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Outline1 Introduction2 Short history3 General architecture
The stored program architecture (von Neumann)4 Main types
Mainframes, mini- and microcomputers5 The PC: hardware
MotherboardThe CPUStorageMemoryMass storage devicesInput devicesOutput devicesExpansion slotsPorts and protocolsNotebooks
6 The PC: softwareThe BIOSThe operating systemThe boot process
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The boot process
PC startup
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The boot process
PC startup
1 power on →
BIOS: checksand initializesboot devices
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The boot process
PC startup
1 power on →
BIOS: checksand initializesboot devices
• keyboard• display• initial program load device: a (bootable) storage
device that contains the boot loader
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The boot process
PC startup
1 power on →
BIOS: checksand initializesboot devices
• keyboard• display• initial program load device: a (bootable) storage
device that contains the boot loader• boot interface is user selectable in BIOS (floppy,
HD, CD, USB drive, network)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The boot process
PC startup
1 power on →
BIOS: checksand initializesboot devices
• keyboard• display• initial program load device: a (bootable) storage
device that contains the boot loader• boot interface is user selectable in BIOS (floppy,
HD, CD, USB drive, network)• bootable devices have a special area where the
primary boot loader resides: boot sector (in HD→ Master Boot Record/MBR)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The boot process
PC startup
1 power on →
BIOS: checksand initializesboot devices
2 BIOS loads andexecutes the bootloader
• keyboard• display• initial program load device: a (bootable) storage
device that contains the boot loader• boot interface is user selectable in BIOS (floppy,
HD, CD, USB drive, network)• bootable devices have a special area where the
primary boot loader resides: boot sector (in HD→ Master Boot Record/MBR)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The boot process
PC startup
1 power on →
BIOS: checksand initializesboot devices
2 BIOS loads andexecutes the bootloader
• keyboard• display• initial program load device: a (bootable) storage
device that contains the boot loader• boot interface is user selectable in BIOS (floppy,
HD, CD, USB drive, network)• bootable devices have a special area where the
primary boot loader resides: boot sector (in HD→ Master Boot Record/MBR)
• small program residing in the boot sector
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The boot process
PC startup
1 power on →
BIOS: checksand initializesboot devices
2 BIOS loads andexecutes the bootloader
3 boot loader loadsthe kernel
• keyboard• display• initial program load device: a (bootable) storage
device that contains the boot loader• boot interface is user selectable in BIOS (floppy,
HD, CD, USB drive, network)• bootable devices have a special area where the
primary boot loader resides: boot sector (in HD→ Master Boot Record/MBR)
• small program residing in the boot sector
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The boot process
PC startup
1 power on →
BIOS: checksand initializesboot devices
2 BIOS loads andexecutes the bootloader
3 boot loader loadsthe kernel
4 kernel loadsdevice drivers,starts programsto make PC readyfor user input
• keyboard• display• initial program load device: a (bootable) storage
device that contains the boot loader• boot interface is user selectable in BIOS (floppy,
HD, CD, USB drive, network)• bootable devices have a special area where the
primary boot loader resides: boot sector (in HD→ Master Boot Record/MBR)
• small program residing in the boot sector
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The boot process
PC startup
1 power on →
BIOS: checksand initializesboot devices
2 BIOS loads andexecutes the bootloader
3 boot loader loadsthe kernel
4 kernel loadsdevice drivers,starts programsto make PC readyfor user input
• keyboard• display• initial program load device: a (bootable) storage
device that contains the boot loader• boot interface is user selectable in BIOS (floppy,
HD, CD, USB drive, network)• bootable devices have a special area where the
primary boot loader resides: boot sector (in HD→ Master Boot Record/MBR)
• small program residing in the boot sector• several OSs can coexist in a PC, selectable in
the boot loader
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
The boot process
PC startup
1 power on →
BIOS: checksand initializesboot devices
2 BIOS loads andexecutes the bootloader
3 boot loader loadsthe kernel
4 kernel loadsdevice drivers,starts programsto make PC readyfor user input
• keyboard• display• initial program load device: a (bootable) storage
device that contains the boot loader• boot interface is user selectable in BIOS (floppy,
HD, CD, USB drive, network)• bootable devices have a special area where the
primary boot loader resides: boot sector (in HD→ Master Boot Record/MBR)
• small program residing in the boot sector• several OSs can coexist in a PC, selectable in
the boot loader• "reverse" process: shutdown 6= switch off!!!
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Summary
After this talk we know . . .• the basic building blocks of a personal computer and their
functions
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Summary
After this talk we know . . .• the basic building blocks of a personal computer and their
functions
• the four main operations of a computer system(processing, storage, input, output)
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Summary
After this talk we know . . .• the basic building blocks of a personal computer and their
functions
• the four main operations of a computer system(processing, storage, input, output)
• what kind of software runs first after the computer ispowered on
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Summary
After this talk we know . . .• the basic building blocks of a personal computer and their
functions
• the four main operations of a computer system(processing, storage, input, output)
• what kind of software runs first after the computer ispowered on
• the role of this software i.e. how the PC starts up
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Summary
After this talk we know . . .• the basic building blocks of a personal computer and their
functions
• the four main operations of a computer system(processing, storage, input, output)
• what kind of software runs first after the computer ispowered on
• the role of this software i.e. how the PC starts up
• the basic functions of the operating system
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Future
Next time (and after) we will explore . . .
• the Matrix . . .
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Future
Next time (and after) we will explore . . .
• the Matrix . . . the virtual world of the computer
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Future
Next time (and after) we will explore . . .
• the Matrix . . . the virtual world of the computer
• how we can solve a lump of useful tasks (very) efficientlywith the help of the computer
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers
Introduction History General architecture Main types The PC: hardware The PC: software Summary
Useful information
Course websitehttp://seas3.elte.hu/itcourse
Oravecz, Szigetvári Introduction to Computers