information systems: the foundation of e-business (cis 108) exploring the business of value of is...
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Information Systems: the Foundation of E-Business (CIS 108)
Exploring the business of value of IS Exploring the business of value of IS and Managing Changeand Managing Change
Lecture NINE (14th March 2005)
Amare Michael Desta
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES EVALUATE MODELS DETERMINING BUSINESS
VALUE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS ANALYZE PRINCIPAL CAUSES OF
INFORMATION SYSTEM FAILURE ANALYZE REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING
SUCCESSFUL SYSTEMS SELECT STRATEGIES TO
MANAGE SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
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MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES UNDERSTANDING BUSINESS VALUE
OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS CHANGE MANAGEMENT IN
INFORMATION SYSTEM SUCCESS & FAILURE
MANAGING IMPLEMENTATION
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CAPITAL BUDGETING MODELS PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS REAL OPTIONS PRICING MODELS
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UNDERSTANDING BUSINESS VALUE OF INFO SYSTEMS
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CAPITAL BUDGET:
PAYBACK METHOD: How long will it take to pay back the investment?
RETURN ON INVESTMENT: Does return during useful life of an item exceed the cost to borrow money?
COST-BENEFIT RATIO: Does the ratio of cost exceeds benefit?
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CAPITAL BUDGET:
PROFITABILITY INDEX: What is the ratio of present value of cash inflow to initial investment?
NET PRESENT VALUE: Accounting for cost, earnings & time value of money what is the investment worth?
INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN: Accounting for the time value of money, what is the return rate of an investment?
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COSTS: HARDWARE SOFTWARE SERVICES PERSONNEL
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COSTS & BENEFITS:
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TANGIBLE BENEFIT: INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY LOW OPERATING COSTS REDUCED WORK FORCE LOWER COMPUTER EXPENSES LOWER VENDOR COSTS LOWER CLERICAL/PROFESSIONAL COSTS REDUCED GROWTH OF EXPENSES REDUCED FACILITY COSTS
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COSTS & BENEFITS:
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INTANGIBLE BENEFIT: IMPROVED ASSET USE; RESOURCE
CONTROL; PLANNING INCREASED FLEXIBILITY MORE TIMELY INFORMATION INCREASED LEARNING ATTAIN LEGAL REQUIREMENTS ENHANCED EMPLOYEE GOODWILL, JOB
SATISFACTION, DECISION MAKING etc…. HIGHER CLIENT SATISFACTION BETTER CORPORATE IMAGE
COSTS & BENEFITS:
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LIMITATIONS: Assume all relevant alternatives
have been examined; cost & benefits can be expressed as $$
Ignore intangible benefits*
CAPITAL BUDGETING MODELS
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PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS:
ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS TO DETERMINE RISKS & BENEFITS
DETERMINE DESIRABLE FEATURES, ACCEPTABLE RISKS OF REQUIRED SYSTEM
GENERATE PORTFOLIO OF CHARACTERISTICS, RISKS FOR EACH ALTERNATIVE
SCORING MODEL*
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IDENTIFY DESIRABLE FEATURES LOOK AT EACH ALTERNATIVE:
WHICH FEATURES ARE PRESENT? TO WHAT EXTENT (as an amount)? SCORE THE ALTERNATIVE
RANK-ORDER THE ALTERNATIVES SELECT HIGHEST RANKED OPTION
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SCORING MODEL:
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REAL OPTIONS PRICING MODELS USEFUL UNDER UNCERTAIN
CONDITIONS INCLUDE ESTIMATES FOR
MANAGEMENT LEARNING, VALUE OF DELAYING DECISION, VOLATILITY OF COSTS & REVENUES
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CHANGE MANAGEMENT
WHAT PROCESSES ARE BEST TO CHANGE:
DESIGN DATA COST OPERATIONS
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CHANGE AGENT
DURING IMPLEMENTATION, INDIVIDUAL ACTS AS CATALYST DURING CHANGE PROCESS TO ENSURE SUCCESS
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APPROACHES ADOPTION MANAGEMENT ROUTINIZATION
ACTORS' ROLE XXXX XXXX
STRATEGY XXXX
ORGANIZATIONAL XXXX XXXXFACTORS
IMPLEMENTATION STAGESIMPLEMENTATION STAGES
ALL ACTIVITIES LEADING TO ADOPTION, MANAGEMENT, ROUTINIZATION OF INNOVATION
IMPLEMENTATION
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INNOVATION PROCESS
ACTOR CHARACTERISTICS & DEMOGRAPHICS
SOCIAL STATUS
EDUCATION
SOPHISTICATION
ACTOR ROLES
PRODUCT CHAMPION
BUREAUCRATIC ENTREPRENEUR
GATEKEEPER
INNOVATIVE
BEHAVIOR
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ACTIONS & INDICATORS FOR SUCCESSFUL SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION SUPPORT BY LOCAL FUNDS NEW ORGANIZATIONAL
ARRANGEMENTS STABLE SUPPLY & MAINTENANCE NEW PERSONNEL CLASSIFICATIONS CHANGES IN ORGANIZATIONAL
AUTHORITY*
Source: Yin (1981)
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ACTIONS & INDICATORS FOR SUCCESSFUL SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION INTERNALIZATION OF TRAINING
PROGRAM CONTINUAL UPDATING OF THE SYSTEM PROMOTION OF KEY PERSONNEL SURVIVAL OF SYSTEM AFTER TURNOVER ATTAINMENT OF WIDESPREAD USE
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Source: Yin (1981)
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FACTORS IN IMPLEMENTATION OUTCOMECAUSES OF SUCCESS OR FAILURE:
USER INVOLVEMENT & INFLUENCE MANAGEMENT SUPPORT LEVEL OF COMPLEXITY / RISK MANAGEMENT OF
IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS*
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USER-DESIGNER COMMUNICATIONS GAP
DIFFERENCES IN BACKGROUNDS, INTERESTS, PRIORITIES
IMPEDE COMMUNICATION AND PROBLEM SOLVING
AMONG END USERS AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS SPECIALISTS
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USER CONCERNS:
1. WILL SYSTEM DELIVER INFORMATION I NEED?
2. HOW QUICKLY CAN I ACCESS DATA?3. HOW EASILY CAN I RECEIVE DATA?4. HOW MUCH CLERICAL SUPPORT WILL I
NEED FOR DATA ENTRY?5. HOW WILL SYSTEM OPERATION FIT
INTO MY DAILY BUSINESS SCHEDULE?6. *
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1. DESIGNER CONCERNS:
1. HOW MUCH DISK SPACE WILL MASTER FILE CONSUME?
2. HOW MANY LINES OF PROGRAM CODE WILL THIS FUNCTION TAKE?
3. HOW CAN WE REDUCE CPU TIME?4. WHAT IS THE MOST EFFICIENT WAY OF
STORING THIS DATA?5. WHAT DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM SHOULD WE USE?6. *
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LEVEL OF COMPLEXITY & RISK
PROJECT SIZE PROJECT STRUCTURE EXPERTISE WITH TECHNOLOGY
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CONTROLLING PROJECT RISK
LOW HIGH SMALL HIGH LOW HIGH LARGE VERY HIGH LOW LOW SMALL VERY LOW LOW LOW LARGE LOW HIGH HIGH SMALL MEDIUM-LOW HIGH HIGH LARGE MEDIUM HIGH LOW SMALL VERY LOW
STRUCTURE TECHNOLOGY LEVEL SIZE RISK HIGH LOW LARGE LOW
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CONSEQUENCES OF POOR PROJECT MANAGEMENT
COST OVERRUNS TIME SLIPPAGE TECHNICAL SHORTFALLS FAILURE TO OBTAIN BENEFITS
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CAUSES OF POOR PROJECT MANAGEMENT
IGNORANCE & OPTIMISM MYTHICAL MAN-MONTH: Many
tasks sequentially linked, require training
FALLING BEHIND: Bad news travels slowly upward
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CHANGE MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS: High risk of failure, replacing legacy systems, myriad interconnections
BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING: 70% failure rate, deeply rooted in old processes, employees often unprepared
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CHANGE MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
MERGERS & ACQUISITIONS: Decline in shareholder value, difficult to integrate company systems, organizational change, worker morale
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MANAGING IMPLEMENTATION:
CONTROL RISK FACTORS: Gear tools, methodologies to level of risk
INTERNAL INTEGRATION TOOLS: FORMAL PLANNING TOOLS FORMAL CONTROL TOOLS
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FORMAL PLANNING TOOLSEXAMPLES:
PROGRAM EVALUATION & REVIEW TECHNIQUE: Diagram of project activities, sequential and concurrent, shows interactions of activities
GANTT CHART: Shows activities as bars along a time line, with beginning, end of each task
THESE PROVIDE SCHEDULES*
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FORMAL CONTROL TOOLS:
BUDGET: Time, money, resources MONITOR PROGRESS: Completion
of tasks, fulfillment of goals CONTROL RISK FACTORS:
Cost/benefits*
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EXTERNAL INTEGRATION TOOLS LINK ALL USERS THROUGHOUT
ORGANIZATION USE END USERS AS TEAM MEMBERS SHARE INFORMATION & PROGRESS INCLUDE TRAINING AVOID COUNTERIMPLEMENTATION
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ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS JOB DESIGN STANDARDS & PERFORMANCE
MONITORING ERGONOMICS: Interaction of
people & machines; jobs, health, interface
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ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS EMPLOYEE GRIEVANCE
RESOLUTION PROCEDURES HEALTH & SAFETY GOVERNMENT REGULATORY
COMPLIANCE*
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ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS
MONITOR PROGRESS: Completion of tasks, fulfillment of goals
CONTROL RISK FACTORS: Cost / benefits
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ORGANIZATIONAL IMPACT ANALYSIS: How will system impact structure, attitudes, decision-making, operations
SOCIOTECHNICAL DESIGN: Explore group structures, task allocation, job design for human factor
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ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS
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“FOURTH-GENERATION” PROJECT MANAGEMENT
EMERGING TECHNIQUES TO DEAL WITH COMPLEXITY
ENTERPRISE-WIDE FOCUS DRIVEN BY STRATEGIC VISION &
TECHNOLOGY MAY REQUIRE SEPARATE
PROGRAM OFFICE