Information System

Concepts

Objectives• Identify the functions of Information System

in an organization

• Discuss Information System Concepts and describe interplay of the elements of the system.

• Identify the types or fields of information Systems.

• Explain how an information system is built based on the program development process.

Objectives

• Be aware of the careers in Information Science.

• Discuss a personal forecast of the future information systems.

The 4 management functions:• Planning• - involves formulation of objectives to guide all members of organization

toward the goals to be achieved.

• Organizing• - identifying resources and coordinating to achieve goals.

• Directing• - communicating instructions necessary to perform specific tasks to be

done.

• Controlling• - entails performance evaluation to identify matters that need to be

corrected or changed that affect productivity and efficient of workgroups.

Types of Information Systems:

• Information is:

Collected

Processed

Assimilated for several

Different purposes

Types of Information Systems:

• A. Office Automation Systems - an office requires many tasks to accomplish on a daily basis, particularly in a large organizations.

- office automation systems aid incorporates electronic spreadsheets, word processors and presentation tools.

- major function of this system is uniformity of reports generated especially when the system is incorporated in larger and broader information systems.

Types of Information Systems:

• B. Communication Systems - communication system is generally aids organizations in their communication needs among different sub groups and levels of the organization.

- Messaging Systems facilitate message transmission of specific individual, group or to the whole organization and teleconferencing systems aid in the conduct of same time meetings at different places.

Types of Information Systems:

• C. Transaction Processing Systems - Transaction is a business event where data are generated and modified and saved in an information system.

- Electronically, transaction systems are most used in business because of their major function to record data collected at point of sale, which are generally done with the use of cash registers , automated teller machines and the like.

Types of Information Systems:

• D. Management and Executive Information System - transaction-processing systems help frontline workers or employees to fulfill their task.

- managers realize that computer – based information systems are not just for reporting transactions but can be more useful in performing their four management information systems.

Types of Information Systems:

• E. Decision Support System - transaction-processing systems help frontline workers or employees to fulfill their task.

- managers realize that computer – based information systems are not just for reporting transactions but can be more useful in performing their four management information systems.

Types of Information Systems:

• F. Expert Systems -According to Steven Alter in his book , ”Information Systems”, a management perspective, execution systems are designed to support people doing value added work that customers care about like the practice of medicine , and manufacturing and engineering. - he discussed the further that expert systems are one of the type of execution systems that evolved as offshoot of artificial intelligence research.

Continuation….

• - expert systems account for the proliferation of robotics, bioengineering and automated design and manufacture of machineries, equipment or buildings.

The communication process

The communication process

• - Several fundamentals elements make up the communication process.

• - the information source sends a message using the transmitter which is received then by the destination through a receiver.

• - the communication mode serves as a model for any flow of data, information or system.

Data , Information, and Systems

• - Data in computing (or data processing) are represented in a structure, often tabular (represented by rows and columns), a tree (a set of nodes with parent-children relationship) or a graph structure (a set of interconnected nodes). Data are typically the results of measurements and can be visualised using graphs or images. Data as an abstract concept can be viewed as the lowest level of abstraction from which information and then knowledge are derived. Raw data, i.e., unprocessed data, refers to a collection of numbers, characters and is a relative term;

Continuation…

• - The word data is the plural of datum, neuter past participle of the Latin dare, "to give", hence "something given". In discussions of problems in geometry, mathematics, engineering, and so on, the terms givens and data are used interchangeably. Such usage is the origin of data as a concept in computer science or data processing: data are numbers, words, images, etc., accepted as they stand.

Information

• - Information, in its most restricted technical sense, is a sequence of symbols that can be interpreted as a message. Information can be recorded as signs, or transmitted as signals. Information is any kind of event that affects the state of a dynamic system. Conceptually, information is the message (utterance or expression) being conveyed. The meaning of this concept varies in different contexts.[1] Moreover, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, understanding, mental stimuli, pattern, perception, representation, and entropy.

Information• - Information should be,

• Accurate * Complete

• Verifiable * Cost Effective

• Up – to – date

• Organized

• Relevant

System• -A system is a set of interacting or

interdependent components forming an integrated whole[citation needed] or a set of elements (often called'components' ) and relationships which are different from relationships of the set or its elements to other elements or sets.[citation needed]

Continuation..• -Fields that study the general properties

of systems include systems theory, cybernetics, dynamical systems, thermodynamics, and complex systems. They investigate the abstract properties of systems' matter and organization, looking for concepts and principles that are independent of domain, substance, type, or temporal scale

Information System• - An information system (IS) - is any

combination of information technology and people's activities that support operations, management and decision making. In a very broad sense, the term information system is frequently used to refer to the interaction between people, processes, data and technology.

Continuation …• - In this sense, the term is used to refer

not only to the information and communication technology (ICT) that an organization uses, but also to the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes.

Information System Development Cycle

• - it consist of the following

A. Analysis

B. Systems Design / Development

C. Implementation

D. Maintenance and Support

Analysis

Analysis• B. Documentation• It gives information as to what data people use, how

it serves the organization and how information is manipulated.

C. Observationto examine closely how the system operates.

D. Questionnaire these are used to gather information when an interview is impractical like in dispersed areas of operations.

Analysis• E. Benchmarking• Benchmarking is the process of comparing one's

business processes and performance metrics to industry bests or best practices from other industries. Dimensions typically measured are quality, time and cost. In the process of benchmarking, management identifies the best firms in their industry, or in another industry where similar processes exist, and compare the results and processes of those studied (the "targets") to one's own results and processes. In this way, they learn how well the targets perform and, more importantly, the business processes that explain why these firms are successful.

FeasibilityFeasibility studies aim to objectively and rationally uncover the strengths and weaknesses of an existing business or proposed venture, opportunities and threats as presented by the environment, the resources required to carry through, and ultimately the prospects for success.[1][2] In its simplest terms, the two criteria to judge feasibility are cost required and value to be attained

Feasibility - technical Feasibility

A large part of determining resources has to do with assessing technical feasibility. It considers the technical requirements of the proposed project. The technical requirements are then compared to the technical capability of the organization. The systems project is considered technically feasible if the internal technical capability is sufficient to support the project requirements.

Feasibility - Economic feasibility

Economic analysis is the most frequently used method for evaluating the effectiveness of a new system. More commonly known as cost/benefit analysis, the procedure is to determine the benefits and savings that are expected from a candidate system and compare them with costs. If benefits outweigh costs, then the decision is made to design and implement the system. The analysis must accurately weigh the cost versus benefits before taking an action.

Requirements - requirements composed of * System Requirements

- system requirements and are often used as a guideline as opposed to an absolute rule. Most software defines two sets of system requirements: minimum and recommended. With increasing demand for higher processing power and resources in newer versions of software, system requirements tend to increase over time. Industry analysts suggest that this trend plays a bigger part in driving upgrades to existing computer systems than technological advancements.

B. Systems Design / Development - the primary purpose of designing the system is to ascertain the means to meet the system requirements identified in the list of requirements.

- phase consist of 4 steps:1. logical design2. physical design3. construction4. testing of the system.

Logical Design - in Logical design , the user requirements in the analysis phase are converted into detailed functions of the system.

1. Input files. - the files that will be used to capture the

input data.

2. Procedures- the logical algorithms used to process the

input.

Continuation .. 3. Output Files - the files that will be used to capture information resulting from the processing data, and the files that will record the information.

4. User dialog- the users will interact with the system: windows,

menus, icons, and/or provisions.

5. Interfaces - how the system will interact with other systems

Implementation

Implementation Phase of Information Systems Development

Maintenance and Support - the Information Systems Development life cycle does not end with the implementation of the systems. Maintenance is also part if the responsibility of the IS professionals.

- Error correction is also part of support to users for it calls for post implementation debugging or correcting “bugs” in programs which may cause problems to users.