information system

7.0 INFORMATION SYSTEM

7.1 Types Of Information System 7.2 System Development Life CycleAt the end of this topic, student should be able to:

1. Define Information System

2. Identify several types of Information System

3. Describe the purposes of each Information System

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Learning Outcome

● Is a collection of hardware, software, data, people, and procedures that work together to produce quality information.

●Is a set of interrelated elements or components that collect (input), manipulate (process), store disseminate (output) data and information and provide corrective reaction (feedback mechanism) to meet an objective.(Stair & Reynolds, 2012

●support daily, short-term and long range activities of users

(Shelly & Vermaat, 2012)

Definition Information System

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The Component Of Information System

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1. HardwareHardware refers to the computer system that the database

system runs on. Example mainframe, minicomputer, microcomputer, network, input/output peripherals etc.

2. SoftwareSoftware refers to a collection of programs used by a

computer in a database system. This includes the DBMS, the operating system of a computer and network, application and utility program.

3. Data Data comprises of all facts stored in a database. This includes

operational data and metadata.

Component of Information System

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4. Procedures Procedures refer to the instruction and rules that govern the design and use of a database system.

5. People People encompasses all users of a database system. This includes the business analysts, database designer, data administrators, DBA, application programmers and end-users.

Component of Information System

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4 Levels of Information System

Graphical representation of information system in a triangle

ESS

DSS

MIS

TPS

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Types of Information System

1. Transaction Processing System (TPS)2. Management Information System (MIS)3. Decision Support System (DSS)4. Executive Support System (ESS) 5. Office Automation System (OAS)

Types of Information System

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➢ Is an information System that use by Operational level management (OLM) to captures and processes data

day-to-day business transaction / activity.

➢ Used by Low Level Management such as Line supervisor.

➢ An operational system that record and process data resulting from business transactions.

Transaction Processing System (TPS)

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Examples of transactions are deposits, payments, orders and reservations

Two basic way of process transaction

1.Batch processing

2. Online transaction Processing (OLTP) / Real -Time Processing

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Figure 14-14 With batchprocessing, all airline reservations are processed together at the end of the day. With OLTP, reservations are processedimmediately.

(Shelly & Vermaat, 2012)- page 733

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1. Batch processing•Transactions data are accumulated over a period of time and processed periodically.

•The computer collect data over time and process all transactions later, as a group.

2. Online Transaction Processing(OLP) / Real-Time Processing •The computer processes each transaction as it is entered.

•Data are processed immediately after a transaction occurs


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Purpose of TPS

The intent of these system is to ● process transactions faster● reduce clerical costs● improve customer service

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Management Information System (MIS)

▪ Is an information system that used by middle level manager that generates accurate, timely and organized information

▪ Produce meaningful information for manager or produce report

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● Produce meaningful information for managers

● Three basic types of reports 1. Detailed2. Summary3. Exception

• Assist lower management in problem solving and making decision.

Purpose of MIS

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● Is an information system that used by middle level management (MLM) to help analyze information and make decisions.

● DSS give direct computer support to managers during the decision-making process.

● Example :A production manager may use a DSS to decide how much product to manufacture based on the expected sales associated with a future promotion and the location.

Decision Support System (DSS)

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Purpose of DSS

● Help users retrieve data and analyze the result

● Allow managers to create a model of the factors affecting a decision

● Reports are in the form of charts or diagram

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Executive Support System (ESS)

● Is an information system that used by top level management to support the strategic information needs of executive management to set goal and long term planning.

● A special type of Decision Support System (DSS) that serve the strategic level of the organisation.

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● Supports the strategic information needs of executive management.

● Gathers and presents information to Senior management in the form of graphics and reports used to assist in decision making.

Purpose of ESS

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Executive Support System (ESS)

Example

ESS

Manager use an ESS to analyze a company's financial trends

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● Is an information system that enables employees to perform tasks using computers and other electronic devices.

● The system help employee to collects, process, store and transmit electronic message, document and other form of communication among individual, work group and organizations.

● Example : A school posted its class schedule on the

internet. When the school admin updates the schedule, students receive an email notification.

Office Automation System (OAS)

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● Increase employee productivity● Assists with communication among employee

Purpose of OAS

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Summary

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Types of IS CharacteristicsManagement Information System (MIS)

● A step up from TPS● This type of systems is used for routine

reporting● Reports are used to monitor and control

normal business activities● Provides input to be used in the

managerial decision process.● Generate report in various time – basis

(weekly, monthly, and/or yearly)● Data is provided from internal company

sources only.

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Summary

Types of IS CharacteristicsDecision Support System (DSS)

● Provides information to managers who must make judgments about particular situations. Supports decision-makers in situations that

● are not well structured

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Summary

Types of IS CharacteristicsExecutive Support System (ESS)

● Used for strategic business planning● Relatively long time-frame considered● Unstructured and open-ended (many

variables can be considered)● For accurate results EIS require

information from inside and outside the business

● Its major activity is information scanning and evaluation, it deals mainly with the intelligence phase of decision-making.

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Summary

1. Explain the components of information system

2. What is TPS and who is the users of TPS?

3. What is the main difference between TPS and MIS?

4. Differentiate MIS from DSS.

5. Who are the users of OAS?

6. What is ESS and who are the main users of ESS?

EXERCISE

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References● Shelly, G. B., & Vermaat, M. E. (2012). Discovering

Computer 2012 Complete. Boston: Course Technology Cengage Learning

● Haag, S., Cummings, M., & Dawkins, J. (2000). Management Information Systems for the Information Age (2nd Edition). Boston: McGraw Hill.

● Rainer R.K. (2012). Introduction to Information Technology (4th Edition). New Jersey: John Wiley &

Sons Inc.

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7.2 System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

1.Identify the steps of system development life cycle

2. Describe each step of system development life cycle

INFORMATION SYSTEM

Learning Outcome

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What is SDLC ?


● is a set of activities used to build an information system

● each phase of system development consist of a series of activities and the phase form a loop

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Steps of SDLCActivities contain five (5) phases

3. Design

5.Maintenance

1. Planning

2. Analysis


4. Implementation

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SDLC (Major Activities)1st phase: Planning ▪Review project requests

▪Prioritize project requests▪Allocate resources▪Identify project development team

2nd phase: Planning ▪Conduct preliminary investigation▪Perform detailed analysis activities: - Study current system - Determine user requirements - Recommend solution

3rd phase: Design ▪Acquire hardware and software, if necessary▪Develop details of the new or modified system.

4th phase: Implementation

▪Develop programs,▪Install and test new system▪Train users▪Convert to new system

5th phase: Maintenance

. Perform maintenance activities

. Monitor system performance

. Evaluate system security

1st phase: Planning• Begins when the steering committee received a

project request

• Committee members usually consists of five to nine members

• example: mix of vice presidents, managers, non-management users, and IT personnel

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1st phase: Planning▪Review project requests▪Prioritize project requests▪Allocate resources▪Identify project development

team

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● Purpose: The Steering committee evaluates ❖ if it has enough funds and budget, ❖ the remaining project request based on their value

to the organization❖ approves some projects and rejects others

● During the meeting, committee member decides the project request identifies an improvement to the system


1. Conduct preliminary investigation• Sometimes called the feasibility study• Defines the problem - The main purpose is to determine the exact

nature of the problem or improvement & decide whether it is worth pursuing.

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2nd phase: Analysis2nd phase: Analysis1. Conduct preliminary investigation2. Perform detailed analysis activities: - Study current system - Determine user requirements - Recommend solution

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Feasibility study:

-measure of how suitable the development of a system will be to the organisation

• Four (4) tests to evaluate feasibility of a project:

1. Operational feasibility2. Schedule feasibility3. Technical feasibility4. Economic feasibility


1. Conduct preliminary investigation• Interview the user who submitted the project request and

others users. • Upon completion of the preliminary investigation, the

systems analyst writes the feasibility report to present the team’s findings to the steering committee.

• Decide pursuing or not.

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2nd phase: Analysis

2. Perform detailed analysis activities:

• Detailed analysis sometimes is called logical design because the systems analysts develop the proposed solution without regard to any specific hardware or software.

• Involves three major activities:

(1) study how the current system works(2) determine the users’ wants, needs &

requirements(3) recommend a solution.

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2nd phase: Analysis

1. Acquire hardware and software• The activity consists of four major tasks:

(1) identify technical specifications (2) request vendor proposals (3) test and evaluate vendor proposals(4) make a decision

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3rd phase: Design3rd phase: Design1. Acquire hardware and software, if necessary2. Develop details of the new or modified system

2. Develop details of the new or modified system• After the systems analyst identifies the data and process

requirements, the next step is to develop detailed design specifications for the components in the proposed solution.

• A detailed design sometimes is called a physical design because it specifies hardware & software — the physical components required — for automated procedures.

• The activities include developing designs for the databases, inputs, outputs & programs.

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3rd phase: Design

4th phase: Implementation• The purpose of this phase is to Construct or build

the new or modified system and then deliver it to the user

• Four (4) major activities

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4th phase: Implementation1. Develop programs2. Install and test new system3. Train users4. Convert to new system

1. Develop programs

1. If the organization purchases packaged software (no modifications required) the development team may skip this activity.

2. For custom software or packaged software, however, programs are developed or modified either by an outside firm or in-house.

3. Programmers write or modify programs from the program specification package created during the analysis phase.

4. These program development follow an organized set of activities known as the program development life cycle.

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2. Install and test new system

• If the organization acquires new hardware or software, someone must install and test it

• Tests performed during this step include:1. unit tests - verifies that each individual program or object works by itself.2. systems tests - verifies that all programs in an application work together

properly3. integration tests - verifies that an application works with other

applications.4. acceptance tests - performed by end- users & checks the new system to

ensure that it works with actual data.

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3. Train user

• Training involves showing users exactly how they will use the new hardware and software in the system.

• Some training takes place as one-on-one sessions or classroom style lectures

• Other organizations use Web-based training, which is a self-directed, self-paced online instruction technique.

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4. Convert to new system

• The final implementation activity is to change from the old system to the new system.

• This change can take place using one or more of the following conversion strategies: 1. direct2. parallel3. phased4. pilot

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• Provide ongoing assistance for an information system after the system is implemented

• Three (3) major activities

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5th phase: Maintenance.

1. Perform maintenance activities2. Monitor system performance 3. Evaluate system security

1. Perform maintenance activities• corrective maintenance

(process of identify and correcting errors in an IS)• adaptive maintenance(process of including new features/capabilities in an IS)

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2. Monitor system performance• perfective maintenance,•determine if the system is inefficient/unstable at any point,•if this occurs, investigation must be done



3. Evaluate system security

•All elements of an information system must be secure from threats both inside and outside.

• Users should be allowed access only to the data and information for which they are authorized (Maintain confidentiality)

• Data should be secure so that intruders cannot alter, damage, or steal data. (Ensure integrity and reliability)

• Networks need safeguards to prevent them from being compromised. (Limited access to information)

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Shelly, G.B., & Vermaat, M. (2012). Discovering computers: Your interactive guideto

the digital world. Boston, MA: Course Technology/ Cengage

Learning.

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REFERENCES


information system

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