information meeting on rrc-04/05, september 03 1 approaches to frequency planning for rrc-04/05...

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Information Meeting on RRC-04/05, September ’03

Approaches toFrequency Planning for RRC-04/05

Nigel LaflinNigel LaflinRapporteur for Chapter 3 of the TG6/8 reportRapporteur for Chapter 3 of the TG6/8 report

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Protection of analogue television, digital Protection of analogue television, digital broadcasting and other servicesbroadcasting and other services

Analogue televisionAnalogue television Need to address conditions for the protection of existing stationsNeed to address conditions for the protection of existing stations Administrations should indicate which of their existing and planned Administrations should indicate which of their existing and planned

stations should be protectedstations should be protected Administrations should ensure that their entries in ST61, GE89 and Administrations should ensure that their entries in ST61, GE89 and

Master Register reflect the actual co-ordinated situation (see table Master Register reflect the actual co-ordinated situation (see table A.3.4-1 of TG 6/8 report) A.3.4-1 of TG 6/8 report)

Digital broadcastingDigital broadcasting Need to address conditions for digital terrestrial television broadcasting Need to address conditions for digital terrestrial television broadcasting

currently recorded in the Master Register with favourable findingscurrently recorded in the Master Register with favourable findings

Other servicesOther services Need to consider conditions for other services sharing the frequency Need to consider conditions for other services sharing the frequency

bands 174 to 230bands 174 to 230 MHz and 470 to 862MHz and 470 to 862 MHzMHz

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Coordination procedures (1)Coordination procedures (1)

The new Agreement should include provisions and/or procedures for:The new Agreement should include provisions and/or procedures for: Coordination of unresolved casesCoordination of unresolved cases Modifications to the PlanModifications to the Plan The transition from analogue to the all digital broadcasting situation The transition from analogue to the all digital broadcasting situation Inter/intra-service protection of analogue television, digital Inter/intra-service protection of analogue television, digital

broadcasting and other primary services – see table belowbroadcasting and other primary services – see table below

Source of InterferenceSource of Interference

Services to be protectedServices to be protected

Analogue TVAnalogue TV

Bands III, IV, VBands III, IV, V

DigitalDigital

TVTV

Digital SoundDigital Sound OtherOther

ServicesServices

Analogue TVAnalogue TV

assignmentsassignments

ST61/GE89 ST61/GE89 provisionsprovisions

To be To be establishedestablished


ST61/GE89 ST61/GE89 provisionsprovisions

Digital TVDigital TV

allotments/ assignmentsallotments/ assignments





Digital SoundDigital Sound

allotments/assignmentsallotments/assignments





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Coordination procedures (2)Coordination procedures (2)

Coordination distancesCoordination distances Identify which administrations might be affected when an administration Identify which administrations might be affected when an administration

proposes to modify a plan by changing the characteristics of an existing proposes to modify a plan by changing the characteristics of an existing assignment or allotment, or add a new assignment or allotmentassignment or allotment, or add a new assignment or allotment

Examples for assignment planning are:Examples for assignment planning are: Tables giving limiting distance as a function of effective radiated Tables giving limiting distance as a function of effective radiated

power, effective antenna height and the nature of the path under power, effective antenna height and the nature of the path under consideration (ST61 Agreement)consideration (ST61 Agreement)

Tables of distances between station in question and any point on Tables of distances between station in question and any point on the boundary of any other administration (GE89 Agreementthe boundary of any other administration (GE89 Agreement))

And for allotment planning:And for allotment planning: The coordination distances based on standardised transmission The coordination distances based on standardised transmission

reference values and separation distances (RJ88 Agreement)reference values and separation distances (RJ88 Agreement)

Test pointsTest points Test points may be used in planning to describe coverage of coordinated Test points may be used in planning to describe coverage of coordinated

stations, allotment areas, assignment requirements, or the boundary of stations, allotment areas, assignment requirements, or the boundary of other services to be protectedother services to be protected

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Planning principles - generalPlanning principles - general Planning process based on an inventory of administrations’ Planning process based on an inventory of administrations’

requirementsrequirements Equitable access to the frequency resources but account taken of Equitable access to the frequency resources but account taken of

the technical and economic constraintsthe technical and economic constraints Use of the minimum number of channels to satisfy requirementsUse of the minimum number of channels to satisfy requirements Each administration to decide on compatibility of digital plan with Each administration to decide on compatibility of digital plan with

existing services in its own country and to indicate which existing existing services in its own country and to indicate which existing and planned stations should be protectedand planned stations should be protected

Proposed digital allotments/assignments open to bilateral or Proposed digital allotments/assignments open to bilateral or multilateral negotiation between administrations concernedmultilateral negotiation between administrations concerned

Based on results of planning exercises incompatibilities should be Based on results of planning exercises incompatibilities should be resolved by bi/multilateral discussions prior to Second Sessionresolved by bi/multilateral discussions prior to Second Session

Planning provisions for countries not presentPlanning provisions for countries not present No account to be taken of low power digital assignments in the No account to be taken of low power digital assignments in the

planning process planning process –– these can be entered later these can be entered later

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Planning BasesPlanning Bases

Procedure for production of a planProcedure for production of a plan Compatibility analysis:Compatibility analysis: to identify incompatibilities arising from input to identify incompatibilities arising from input

requirements - appropriate responses to these problems would be requirements - appropriate responses to these problems would be considered by the Planning Conferenceconsidered by the Planning Conference

Synthesis processSynthesis process: could be used to permit the rapid development : could be used to permit the rapid development of possible alternative frequency plansof possible alternative frequency plans

Approaches to the PlanApproaches to the Plan Modification of the existing PlansModification of the existing Plans – may not lead to an optimum – may not lead to an optimum

plan for some countries but easy to implement (e.g. via the plan for some countries but easy to implement (e.g. via the conversion of analogue assignments to digital assignments)conversion of analogue assignments to digital assignments)

Completely new planCompletely new plan – greater spectrum utilisation efficiency but – greater spectrum utilisation efficiency but difficult to implementdifficult to implement

Combination of bothCombination of both – likely scenario to facilitate the requirements – likely scenario to facilitate the requirements of all countries in the planning area of all countries in the planning area

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Planning Scenario 1Planning Scenario 1

All existing or planned analogue assignments would need to be protected from new digital assignments indefinitely

Administration can decide for itself when any of its new digital Administration can decide for itself when any of its new digital requirements can be brought into operationrequirements can be brought into operation

The rights for ST61 and GE89 plans are retainedThe rights for ST61 and GE89 plans are retained No constraints on the transition procedureNo constraints on the transition procedure Minimal impact on the analogue servicesMinimal impact on the analogue services

Least potential for future digital developmentLeast potential for future digital development May not offer the opportunity for full digital coverageMay not offer the opportunity for full digital coverage

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Planning Scenario 2Planning Scenario 2All existing or planned analogue assignments to be protected from new digital assignments, but the analogue assignments would be converted to digital and will form part of all-digital plan

Administration can decide when its digital requirements can be Administration can decide when its digital requirements can be brought into operation analogue assignments converted to digital brought into operation analogue assignments converted to digital assignments assignments

The rights for ST61 and GE89 plans are retainedThe rights for ST61 and GE89 plans are retained No constraints on the transition procedureNo constraints on the transition procedure

Reduced opportunities for digital servicesReduced opportunities for digital services The spacing between digital stations (based on analogue network) The spacing between digital stations (based on analogue network)

may not be optimal may not be optimal Potential interaction between digital requirements and assignments Potential interaction between digital requirements and assignments

resulting from analogue conversions must be taken into account resulting from analogue conversions must be taken into account during the planning processduring the planning process

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Analogue assignments can be converted to digital and incorporated in the new digital plan as required – no attempt to protect existing or planned analogue assignments

Administration can decide for itself when new digital requirements Administration can decide for itself when new digital requirements are brought into operation are brought into operation –– provided that unwanted interference is provided that unwanted interference is not caused to analogue assignments of a neighbournot caused to analogue assignments of a neighbour

High potential for future digital developmentHigh potential for future digital development If required, the rights for ST61 and GE89 plans are retainedIf required, the rights for ST61 and GE89 plans are retained Use of synthesis planning approach could facilitate a near ideal PlanUse of synthesis planning approach could facilitate a near ideal Plan

Transition process would require coordination with neighbouring Transition process would require coordination with neighbouring countriescountries

Necessary for the Agreement to contain procedures to allow for a Necessary for the Agreement to contain procedures to allow for a transition to the all-digital Plantransition to the all-digital Plan

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New Plan – no need to retain or protect existing or planned analogue assignments

Greatest potential for future digital developmentGreatest potential for future digital development May have an application in situations where there are currently May have an application in situations where there are currently

‘unused’ channels‘unused’ channels

Administration will have little or no freedom to decide for itself when Administration will have little or no freedom to decide for itself when any given station could be brought into operation as considerable any given station could be brought into operation as considerable interaction with neighbouring administrations could be required interaction with neighbouring administrations could be required

Necessary to develop complex transition proceduresNecessary to develop complex transition procedures No rights for ST61 and GE89 plans are retainedNo rights for ST61 and GE89 plans are retained

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Planning ElementsPlanning ElementsFirst layerFirst layer

What type of service is required: DVB-T, T-DAB?What type of service is required: DVB-T, T-DAB? What type of reception is required : fixed, portable? What type of reception is required : fixed, portable? Territorial coverage: complete, urban areas, regions?Territorial coverage: complete, urban areas, regions? Which existing and planned elements should be protected?Which existing and planned elements should be protected?

Second layerSecond layer Which DVB-T variant should be employed?Which DVB-T variant should be employed? Which network characteristics should be chosen: antennas, Which network characteristics should be chosen: antennas,

distance between stations?distance between stations?

Third layerThird layer Which network configuration should be employed: MFN/SFN?Which network configuration should be employed: MFN/SFN? Should entries in the Plan be allotments or assignments, or both?Should entries in the Plan be allotments or assignments, or both?

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Planning approaches: AssignmentsPlanning approaches: Assignments

In the past, terrestrial television In the past, terrestrial television planning in Europe has been by way planning in Europe has been by way of assignment conferencesof assignment conferences

The assignment plan provides a The assignment plan provides a frequency for each station frequency for each station – – at the at the completion of the planning process completion of the planning process the locations and characteristics of the locations and characteristics of the transmitters are knownthe transmitters are known

Assignment planning, based on a Assignment planning, based on a lattice structure, is appropriate where lattice structure, is appropriate where transmitter sites can be assumed to transmitter sites can be assumed to have the same characteristicshave the same characteristics

The transmitters can be brought into The transmitters can be brought into service without further coordinationservice without further coordination

A lower limit for the radiated power is A lower limit for the radiated power is normally defined for stations within normally defined for stations within the planning processthe planning process

Examples of assignments used in lattice planning (ST61)

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Planning approaches: AllotmentsPlanning approaches: Allotments

In general nothing is known of the In general nothing is known of the actual location of the transmitter sites, actual location of the transmitter sites, or of the specific transmission or of the specific transmission characteristics to be usedcharacteristics to be used

The parameters required are a The parameters required are a definition of the area to be covered, definition of the area to be covered, the channel and the interference the channel and the interference potential of the allotmentpotential of the allotment

In order to carry out planning it is In order to carry out planning it is necessary to define reference necessary to define reference transmission conditions to calculate transmission conditions to calculate potential interference and facilitate potential interference and facilitate compatibility calculationscompatibility calculations

The allotment plan provides The allotment plan provides frequencies to be used in particular frequencies to be used in particular areas without specifying the stations areas without specifying the stations to which the frequencies are assignedto which the frequencies are assigned

Band III allotments areas from the Wiesbaden 1995 Plan

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Allotment planning: reference networksAllotment planning: reference networks

Reference networks are Reference networks are required to assess the outgoing required to assess the outgoing interference potential with interference potential with particular reference to:particular reference to:

calculating the compatibility calculating the compatibility between allotment areas – between allotment areas – including separation including separation distancedistance

the generation of a set of the generation of a set of calculation test points for calculation test points for the later conversion of the later conversion of allotments into assignmentsallotments into assignments

Area to be covered

Transmitter distance

Separation distance

Transmitter

Transmitter Width of the coverage area

Wanted SFN (7 transmitters)

Unwanted SFN (7 transmitters)

Width of the coverage area Separation distance

Area to be covered Transmitter

Unwanted transmitter Wanted transmitter

Separation distances between reference networks

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Assignment and/or allotment planningAssignment and/or allotment planning

Assignment planning is preferableAssignment planning is preferable Where transmitter infrastructure is knownWhere transmitter infrastructure is known In the case of MFN or small SFN planningIn the case of MFN or small SFN planning

Allotment planning is preferableAllotment planning is preferable Where the transmitter infrastructure is not knownWhere the transmitter infrastructure is not known If channels are available for planning DVB-T services If channels are available for planning DVB-T services

which are required to cover the whole of a larger area which are required to cover the whole of a larger area If great potential for flexibility in terms of the implementation If great potential for flexibility in terms of the implementation

of transmitter networks within the Plan is desired of transmitter networks within the Plan is desired If portable reception is a prime requirementIf portable reception is a prime requirement

General conclusionGeneral conclusion Whilst allotment based planning requires more work after the conference, Whilst allotment based planning requires more work after the conference,

there is a major advantage in terms of flexibility in the subsequent there is a major advantage in terms of flexibility in the subsequent development of transmitter networks and greater scope to accommodate development of transmitter networks and greater scope to accommodate future digital system developments future digital system developments

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Planning methodPlanning method

PLANNINGMETHOD

PLANNINGMETHOD

Full or partial coverageFull or partial coverage

AssignmentsAssignments

LatticebasedLatticebased

LatticeIndependent

LatticeIndependent

AllotmentsAllotments

LatticebasedLatticebased

LatticeIndependent

LatticeIndependent

Lattice basedLattice based: : a systematic and geographically regular distribution of a systematic and geographically regular distribution of frequency resources over an areafrequency resources over an area

Lattice independentLattice independent: : a pseudo-random but spectrum utilization efficient a pseudo-random but spectrum utilization efficient distribution of frequency resources over an area distribution of frequency resources over an area

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Lattice-based methodsLattice-based methods

Lattice based methodsLattice based methods assume: assume: Geometrically regular lattices, linear channel-distribution schemesGeometrically regular lattices, linear channel-distribution schemes All transmitters are identical, their powers and antenna heights All transmitters are identical, their powers and antenna heights

being the same being the same Antenna radiation patterns are omni-directional in the horizontal Antenna radiation patterns are omni-directional in the horizontal

planeplane Radio wave propagation losses are not a function of propagation Radio wave propagation losses are not a function of propagation

direction and frequency direction and frequency

Lattice based methodsLattice based methods have been have been applied with success for past applied with success for past planning/re-planning of AM or FM sound or televisions services planning/re-planning of AM or FM sound or televisions services where:where:

Empirical methods were difficult to implementEmpirical methods were difficult to implement When some uniformity of standards exists for the services to be When some uniformity of standards exists for the services to be

plannedplanned There is freedom in assigning any frequency to any transmitterThere is freedom in assigning any frequency to any transmitter

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Lattice-independent methodsLattice-independent methods

Lattice-independent planningLattice-independent planning makes no assumption about the makes no assumption about the uniformity of the network and this can be a significant advantage uniformity of the network and this can be a significant advantage where:where:

Coverage requirements depart from any approximation to a Coverage requirements depart from any approximation to a regular lattice regular lattice –– useful for a mixture of large and small areas useful for a mixture of large and small areas requiring different programmes, and in areas where several requiring different programmes, and in areas where several countries meet and each has adopted a different coverage countries meet and each has adopted a different coverage philosophyphilosophy

A set of assignments needs to be added into an existing planned A set of assignments needs to be added into an existing planned broadcasting situation, or there are analogue stations in the same broadcasting situation, or there are analogue stations in the same part of the spectrumpart of the spectrum

Furthermore Furthermore lattice-independent planninglattice-independent planning:: can permit a more-or-less continuous process of transition from can permit a more-or-less continuous process of transition from

analogue onlyanalogue only represents a close approach to optimum use of the spectrum represents a close approach to optimum use of the spectrum

when coverage areas are non-uniform when coverage areas are non-uniform

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Choice of planning method or methodsChoice of planning method or methods

Lattice based methodsLattice based methods have successfully provided the basis for have successfully provided the basis for most of the past broadcasting plans and could be adopted for most of the past broadcasting plans and could be adopted for use for digital broadcasting planning in areas of relative use for digital broadcasting planning in areas of relative uniformity of requirement characteristicsuniformity of requirement characteristics

Lattice-independent planningLattice-independent planning seems highly likely to provide an seems highly likely to provide an optimum means to achieve both the desired coverage and the optimum means to achieve both the desired coverage and the most efficient use of the available spectrum in areas of nonmost efficient use of the available spectrum in areas of non uniform requirements for digital television and/or sound uniform requirements for digital television and/or sound broadcasting (very different sizes of coverage area and various broadcasting (very different sizes of coverage area and various reception conditions), and in areas where there are already reception conditions), and in areas where there are already networks of analogue stationsnetworks of analogue stations

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Example of a lattice-independent planning process Example of a lattice-independent planning process ‘compatibility analysis’ and ‘synthesis’ ‘compatibility analysis’ and ‘synthesis’

1.1. Submission of the input Submission of the input requirements for the digital requirements for the digital broadcasting servicesbroadcasting services

2.2. Identify the analogue broadcasting Identify the analogue broadcasting services and other services to be services and other services to be protectedprotected

3.3. Perform compatibility analysisPerform compatibility analysis4.4. Assess the results from step 3Assess the results from step 35.5. Allow for administrative input Allow for administrative input

concerning compatibility between concerning compatibility between requirementsrequirements

6.6. Perform synthesis to produce a Perform synthesis to produce a planplan

7.7. Review the results and loop back Review the results and loop back to step 3 if the desired result is not to step 3 if the desired result is not achievedachieved

8.8. Agreement of the final planAgreement of the final plan

Submission of requirementsSubmission of requirements

Identify analogue andOS to be protected

Identify analogue andOS to be protected

Perform compatibility analysisPerform compatibility analysis

Perform Plan synthesisPerform Plan synthesis

Results assessment

Reviewresults

Agreed PlanAgreed Plan

Administrativeinput on

compatibility

Administrativeinput on

compatibility

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Network structures and configurationsNetwork structures and configurations

In principle there are two types of terrestrial digital broadcasting In principle there are two types of terrestrial digital broadcasting networks to be considered:networks to be considered: multi-frequency networks (MFN)multi-frequency networks (MFN) which allow the same or different which allow the same or different

programmes to be carried by individual transmitters using different programmes to be carried by individual transmitters using different frequenciesfrequencies

single frequency networks (SFN) single frequency networks (SFN) in which distributed emission is in which distributed emission is implemented whereby coverage is provided by multiple transmitters implemented whereby coverage is provided by multiple transmitters operating on the same frequency and carrying the same programmesoperating on the same frequency and carrying the same programmes

The network configurations for digital terrestrial broadcasting services The network configurations for digital terrestrial broadcasting services can be implemented as MFN, as SFN or as mixed networks consisting can be implemented as MFN, as SFN or as mixed networks consisting of MFNs and SFNsof MFNs and SFNs

The type of network implemented depends on the availability of The type of network implemented depends on the availability of frequencies, the type of coverage required, the number of multiplexes frequencies, the type of coverage required, the number of multiplexes to be provided and may depend on national constraints or strategiesto be provided and may depend on national constraints or strategies

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Coverage of service area

C1

C5

C1C3

C7

C9

C11

C1

C9

C5C3

C3

Border of service area

C3

Border of coverage area for an individual transmitter

Each transmitter uses a different frequency channel (Cx), acting independently and having its own coverage area

Re-use of channels is possible given sufficient geographical separation

Multi Frequency Networks (MFNs)Multi Frequency Networks (MFNs)

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Coverage of service area

Border of service area

C1

C1

C1

C1

C1

C1

C1

C1

C1

C1

Border of coverage area

All transmitters of the network use the same frequency channel The transmitters provide a common coverage area and can’t be operated

independently – they must carry identical multiplex content

Single Frequency Network (SFN)Single Frequency Network (SFN)

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Considerations concerning MFN and SFN configurationsConsiderations concerning MFN and SFN configurations

MFNMFN A large part of the existing analogue network infrastructure may be re-used A large part of the existing analogue network infrastructure may be re-used

particularly for fixed reception particularly for fixed reception –– t this has cost-saving implications for the his has cost-saving implications for the broadcaster and can also provide benefits for the viewerbroadcaster and can also provide benefits for the viewer

SFNSFN The same frequency must be available over the whole coverage areaThe same frequency must be available over the whole coverage area Existing analogue network infrastructures can be re-used although Existing analogue network infrastructures can be re-used although

additional transmitters may be required to avoid self-interference additional transmitters may be required to avoid self-interference SFN planning allows for a more homogeneous field strength distribution for SFN planning allows for a more homogeneous field strength distribution for

portable and mobile receptionportable and mobile reception

Mixed MFN-SFNMixed MFN-SFN Within an MFN of main stations, lower power stations may complete the Within an MFN of main stations, lower power stations may complete the

coverage using the same frequency as the associated main stationcoverage using the same frequency as the associated main station An MFN structure for transmitting a national multiplex and an SFN structure An MFN structure for transmitting a national multiplex and an SFN structure

for transmitting a regional multiplexfor transmitting a regional multiplex This type of mixed network scenario could arise from different approaches This type of mixed network scenario could arise from different approaches

in adjacent countriesin adjacent countries

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Other information available in Chapter 3Other information available in Chapter 3

A method for establishing the coverage area of coordinated A method for establishing the coverage area of coordinated (existing or planned) analogue stations (existing or planned) analogue stations

Details of the frequency bands used for television broadcasting Details of the frequency bands used for television broadcasting within the planning areawithin the planning area

Information concerning relevant digital terrestrial systems for Information concerning relevant digital terrestrial systems for television (ATSC, DVB-T and ISDB-T) and sound (T-DAB and television (ATSC, DVB-T and ISDB-T) and sound (T-DAB and ISDB-TISDB-TSBSB))

An overview of digital broadcast systems intended for or already in An overview of digital broadcast systems intended for or already in use in the Bands III, IV and V (Annex A.3.3) which indicates that:use in the Bands III, IV and V (Annex A.3.3) which indicates that: For Bands IV/V all countries with an entry intend to use For Bands IV/V all countries with an entry intend to use

DVT-T DVT-T For Band III the vast majority of European countries For Band III the vast majority of European countries

intend to use Tintend to use T DAB and DVB-T whilst for other parts of DAB and DVB-T whilst for other parts of the planning area the current trend is towards DVB-T the planning area the current trend is towards DVB-T onlyonly

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The EndThe End

Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attention