INFLUENCE OF DIRECT AND RESIDUAL PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZATION ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF MAIZE-GREEN GRAM CROPPING SYSTEM

1ASMATULLAH DURANI, 2SONAL TRIPATHI, 3HASHMATULLAH DURRANI, 4AMINULLAH YOUSAFZAI and 5JIAMIN R NAIKDepartment of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, NMCA, NAU, Navsari, Gujrat *Email : durani_2000@yahoo.com ,*Email : sdixit77@gmail.com

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at the College Farm, Navsari Agricultural Universi ty,

Navsari to study the “influence of direct and residual phosphorus fert i l izat ion on growth

and yield of maize-green gram cropping system” Results showed that an application of

75 % phosphorus as rock phosphate along with AM fungi has significant effect on

growth, yield and yield parameters of rabi maize and summer green gram during both the

years of investigation and also in pooled analysis. Applicat ion of 75% P though RP

(composted) along with AM fungi recorded significantly higher plant height, s tem girth,

root length, mycorrhizae colony percent in maize roots , grain and straw yield of rabi

maize, similarly green gram growth plant height , number of branches/plant, number

of root nodule pre plant, fresh weight of nodule, seeds stover yield were obtained

with application of t reatment 75% P as RP (composted)+AM (T 8). the residual effect of

75%P as RP (composted)+AM (T 8) t reatment superior phosphorus management might

have reflected in the bet ter growth and yield parameters of green gram with 75% RDF

(F 1) was the best recommended dose for summer green gram as comported to 100%RDF

(F 2) since save 25 % more fert il izer and protect environment.

Key words: Grain and straw yield of rabi maize, seeds and stover yield of summer green

gram,

1. Introduction

Maize (Zea mays L. ) is one of the important cereal crops next only to wheat and

rice in the world. In India, i t ranks fourth after r ice, wheat and sorghum. Maize is

principal staple food in many countries, particularly in the tropics and subtropics and it

is being consumed both as food and fodder and also required by the various industries.

In India, about 35% of the maize produced is used for human consumption, 25% each in

poultry feed and cat t le feed and 15% in food processing like corn f lakes, pop corn etc. ,

and in other industries mainly starch, dextrose, corn syrup and corn oi l etc (FAI, 1999).

Maize has high production potential when compared to any other cereal crop. The

productivi ty of maize is largely dependent on i ts nutrient management. It is well known

that maize is a heavy feeder of nutrients and because of i ts C 4 nature; i t is very efficient

201

in converting solar energy into production of dry matter. The crop has high genetic yield

potential hence; i t is cal led Miracle crop and “Queen of Cereals” (Reddy et al. , 2013).

The basic concept of phosphorus management (PM) is the maintenance or adjustment and

increasing phosphorus availabili ty in soil hence improvement of soil fert i l i ty and

support ing plant nutrients for sustaining the desired crop productivi ty through

optimization of benefi ts from all possible sources of plant phosphorus. The appropriate

combination of mineral phosphorus fert il izers and ecofriendly application of varies

biological microorganism l ike AM fungi according to the system improving soil fert i l i ty

which was further increasing crops yield. The AM fungi are known to work more

efficiently at low soil solution P levels (Sharma et al. , 1999).

Mung bean contributes 14% in total pulse area and 7% in total pulse production in

India. The low productivity of mung bean may be due to nutrit ional deficiency in soil

and imbalanced external ferti l ization and phosphorus is an important plant nutrient for

greengram. Indian soils are poor to medium in available phosphorus. Only about 30 per

cent of the applied phosphorus is available for crops and remaining part converted into

insoluble phosphorus (Sharma and Sharma, 1997). Rao and Sharma (2000), observed that

rate of phosphatic ferti l izers had more pronounced residual effects and increased level of

applicat ion lead to a greater increase in a available P status of soi l which was further

affected crop yield. Studies were ini tiated to evaluate the performance of above said

phosphorus ferti l izer SSP, RP alone or along with VAM to rabi maize and two level F 1

(75%RDF) and F 2 (100%RDF) recommended dose of ferti l izer to summer green gram for

improving soil health and productivity of maize-green gram cropping sequence.

2. Material and methodThe field experiment was conducted at the College Farm, Navsari Agricultural

Universi ty, Navsari (Gujarat), during 2015-16 and 2016-17. Navsari is located 20 57’ N

lat itude and 72 54’ E longitudes, in the tropical region; having an al t i tude of 10 meters

above the mean sea level. The campus is located at 3 km away towards west of Navsari

and 13 km away from the Arabian Sea towards east. The climate of this region is

characterized by fair ly hot summer, moderately cold winter and warm humid monsoon

with heavy rainfall . In general , monsoon commences from the third week of June and

ends up to last week of September. Pre-monsoon rains in the first week of June and post

monsoon rains in the month of October-November are not uncommon. The total rainfall

received during the rabi season was 9.6 mm and 0.0 mm in the year 2015-16 and 2016-

17, respectively. There were 0.7 mm and 0.3 mm rainfal l received during summer season

of 2015-16 and 2016-17, respectively. The mean maximum temperature ranged between

23.7 0 to 36.7 C and 19.1 to 37.5 C, while minimum temperature ranged between 9.8 to

26.6 C and 10.4 to 26.8 oC during the period of experimentat ion in 2015-16 and 2016-17,

respectively. I t could be seen from the meteorological data, the weather conditions

during 2015-16 and 2016-17 were found normal for sat isfactory growth and development

of maize as well as green gram.

The soil of south Gujarat is local ly known as “Deep Black Soil”. The soil of

Navsari campus is classif ied under the order Inceptisols comprising of fine

montmorillonit ic, isohyperthermic , family of Vertic Ustrochrepts and soil series Jalalpur

by the soi l survey officer, Navsari. The i mportant physicochemical propert ies of

experimental soi l at the init iat ion were presented in Table 1. Rabi maize as main plot

treatments replicated three t imes in randomized block design with 14 treatment. During

summer season each main plot treatment was spl it into two sub plot treatments with two

level of recommended dose of fert i l izers viz . , F 1 (75% RDF) and F 2 (100% RDF) to green

gram result ing in 28 treatment combinations replicated three times in spl i t plot design.

Table1. Important physicochemical properties of experimental soi l (0- 30 cm) at the ini t iat ion of the experiment.

Sr. No.

Part iculars Values 2015-16 2016-17 Methods employed

I Physical propertiesMechanical separates %

1

Fine sand 20.1 20.32Coarse sand 1.76 1.66

Silt 15.95 15.89 International pipette method Piper,   (1966)

Clay 61.70 62.13

Textural class Clay Clay

2 Bulk density (g/cc) 1.389 1.375 Black, (1965)

II Chemical properties

1 pH 7.807.94 1:2.5 water suspension ( Jackson,

1979)

2 EC 0.160.43 at 25 0C (1:2.5) dS/m (Jackson,

1979)

3 Organic carbon % 0.440 0.45 Rapid t i t rat ion method (Walkely

and Black, 1934)

4 Available N kg/ha 206.5 209.3 Alkaline permanganate method

(Subbiah and Asija. ,1956)

5 Available P 2O 5

kg/ha 31.2038.30 0.5 M Na HCO3, pH= 8.5 (Olsen et

al. 1954)

6 Available K 2O kg/ha 323.2

274.9 Neutral ammonium acetate (Merwin and Peech,1951)

III DTPA extractible micronutrients (mg/kg)7 Fe 18.70 19.60

8 Mn 16.80 19.10 DTPA method (Lindsay and Norvell , 1978)

9 Zn 0.489 0.52110 Cu 0.491 0.632

Table 2. Detai l of the treatments evaluated in rabi maize and summer green gram

Treatment No. Treatments detai ls Treatment code

Main plot t reatmentT 1 Rabi Fallow (No maize crop, absolute control) Rabi fallow

T 2 Control (without phosphorus and AM) control

T 3 50 percent of phosphorus from rock phosphate (composted)

50% P as RP

T 4 50 percent of phosphorus from rock phosphate (composted) + Arbuscular mychorrizae

50% P as RP +AM

T 5 50 percent of phosphorus from single supper phosphate (composted)

50% P as SSP

T 6 50 percent of phosphorus from single supper phosphate (composted) + Arbuscular mychorrizae

50% P as SSP+AM

T 7 75 percent of phosphorus from rock phosphate (composted)

75% P as RP

T 8 75 percent of phosphorus from rock phosphate (composted)+ Arbuscular mychorrizae

75% P as RP+AM

T 9 75 percent of phosphorus from single supper phosphate (composted)

75% P as SSP

T 1 0 75 percent of phosphorus from single supper phosphate (composted)+ Arbuscular mychorrizae

75% P as SSP+AM

T 1 1 100 percent of phosphorus from rock phosphate (composted)

100% P as RP

T 1 2 100 percent of phosphorus from rock phosphate (composted)+ Arbuscular mychorrizae

100% P as RP+AM

T 1 3 100 percent of phosphorus from single supper phosphate (composted)

100% P as SSP

T14 10 percent of phosphorus from single supper phosphate (composted)+ Arbuscular mychorrizae

100 % P as SSP+AM

Sub plot t reatmentsF 1 75 percent of recommended dose of ferti l izer 75% RDF

F 2 100 percent of recommended dose of ferti l izer 100% RDF

Note: Applied ferti l izer for rabi maize crop 120:60:00 NPK kg/ha with or without of

Arbuscular mychorrizae 250g/ha which have 70 percent raw materials and 30 % VAM

3000 infected propagates/g and two level of recommended dose of fert il izer for summer

green gram though 20:40:00 NPK kg/ha.

Table-3: Ini t ial propert ies of the rock phosphate enriched compost and bio-compost

Parameters Rock phosphate enriched compost Bio-compost

Propert ies 2015-16 2016-17 2015-16 2016-17pH 7.3 7.1 6.30 6.10EC dS/m 2.11 2.09 0.491 0.501Organic carbon % 26.67 29.05 32.66 33.55Total P % 8.00 8.00 0.34 0.32Available N % 0.49 0.45 2.42 2.12Available K % 0.88 0.90 1.45 1.65

Fe mg/kg 143.9 142.4 0.21 0.32Mn mg/kg 86.00 83.99 98.6 87.5 Zn mg/kg 44.55 33.89 24.4 26.3 Cu mg/kg 18.33 11.33 1.34 1.56

The nitrogen was applied through urea (46% N) whereas phosphorus was applied through

single superphosphate (16% P 2O 5) and rock phosphate was applied as basal on the base

of 8% total phosphorus content for increasing the effectiveness of RP on alkaline soil

the i t was composted with organic matter (Cowden) in 1:15 rat io along with PSB

(Bacil lus megatherium ) for 45 day (Table 3). A common dose of organic manures (bio-

compost at @ 15 t /ha) applied to all t reatments before sowing of rabi maize and evenly

spread and mixed in that part icular bed. The propert ies of the bio-compost and rock

phosphate enriched compost mentioned bellow in the Table.3. The biometric

observations were recorded on five randomly selected plants from net plot . The data on

various variables were analyzed by using stat ist ical procedures as described by Panse

and Sukhatme (1967).

3. Results and desiccation

3.1 Rabi maize

3.1.1 Periodical plant height stems girth, root length and Mycorrhizae colony

percent (MCP) in maize root

Applicat ion of phosphorus fert i l izer through SSP or RP (composted) alone or combined

with AM fungi increased growth attr ibuted parameters of maize. Applicat ion of

phosphorus fert il izer produced taller plant (Fig 1) greater stem girth (mm), root length

(cm), mycorrhizae colony percent in maize roots in (Table.4). It could be seen that the

mean plant height of maize increased with an advancement of crop age during both years

of invest igat ion and reached maximum at harvest . The periodical plant height was

increased at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest with the application of different phosphorus

fert il izer t reatment over control T 2 (Fig.1). At 30 DAS the maximum plant height was

higher under t reatment 75% P as RP+AM T 8 , in year 2015-16. While, in the second year

and in pooled analysis plant height was observed higher in treatment 75% P as SSP+AM

T 1 0 . Similarly plant height at 60 DAS was not significant during the first year, while in

the second year higher plant height was observed in treatment 100 % P as SSP+AM T 1 4 .

In case of pooled analysis treatment 100% P as RP+AM T 1 2 recorded higher plant height.

At harvest higher plant height was observed in treatments 75% P as RP+AM T 8 and 75%

P as SSP+AM T 1 0 , during year 2015-16 while in treatments 75% P as RP+AM T 8 , and

75% P as SSP T 9 in the year 2016-17 and under treatment 75% P as RP+AM T 8 during

pooled analysis. The analysis of data in Table 1, indicated that the treatment 75 %P as

RP+AM (T 8) registered significantly higher stem girth, root length of rabi maize and

higher number of Mychorrizae colony percent in maize root in years 2015-16, 2016-17

and in pooled analysis. The overall improvement in crop growth with phosphorus

applicat ion seems to be on account of i ts pivotal role in early formation of roots, the

extensive root system helps in exploit ing the maximum nutrient and water from the soi l ,

which further increase these growths attr ibutes of maize (Tisdale et al , 1995). The

improvement in growth at tr ibutes of rabi maize with the applicat ion of phosphorus has

also been reported by Sharif et al. (2011), Joshi et al. (2013) and Noor et al. (2013).

Mala and Thongchai (1995) Laxminarayana (2005) reported that i ncrease in soil

phosphorus increased MCP % both non-AM and AM inoculated plants, maximum AM

colonizat ion in the maize roots were observed in those plants inoculated with AM.

3.1.2 Grain and straw yield (q/ha)

The data in Fig.2 and Fig.3, resulted that the applicat ion of SSP, RP alone or

along with AM increased grain and straw yield over control T 2 . Significantly higher

grain yield was recorded with the applicat ion of 75% P as RP (composted) +AM (T 8 ,

33.7, 51.5 and 42.6 q/ha) and (40.1, 55.0 and 47.6 q/ha), respectively. The grain yield

increased (157.25, 115.48 and 130.27 %) and straw yield increased (105.64, 75.16 and

86.7 %) over control T 2 during both the years and in pooled analysis respectively.

Similarly among the treatments, conjunctive use of phosphorus fert il izer SSP, RP alone

or along with AM recorded higher grain and straw yield compared to control probably

because of optimum supply of phosphorus at r ight t ime of crop requirement and maize

responds well to fert il izer applicat ion as a result of i ts well developed root system, crop

absorbed required nutrients from soil for effective dry matter production and

translocation of photosynthates from leaves to the sink for bet ter development of grains

(Cheng and Tu, 2000). On the other hand yield is dependent on complementary

interact ion between vegetative and reproductive growth of the crop. I t was noticed that a

magnitude of variation in the grain yield proportional to the variation in the yield

attribute parameters to the availabil i ty of nutrients in soi l as indicated by significant and

posit ive correlat ion observed between grain yield and inorganic phosphorus ferti l izer . A

similar increase in grain and straw yield by applicat ion of phosphorus was also reported

by Sharif et al. (2013) in maize, Amjad et al. (2014) in berseem and maize cropping

sequence and Naseer and Dost, (2014) in wheat-maize cropping sequence.

3.2 Summer green gram

3.2.1 Periodical plant height, Number of branches/plant, number of nodule and

fresh weight of nodules

The residual effect of phosphorus applied to preceding rabi maize recorded significantly

higher growth at tributes viz., periodical plant height (Fig.4), number of branches/plant

(Fig.5), number of nodule and fresh weight of nodule Fig.6, This could be ascribed to

residual soi l phosphorus by applicat ion of different phosphorus fert il izer SSP, RP

(composted) alone or along with AM to preceding crop. This might have modified and

improved the overal l nutri t ional environment of the soi l conducive for the growth and

development of green gram crop. Applicat ion of phosphorus ferti l izer through SSP, RP

alone or SSP and RP (composted) along with AM fungi to preceding rabi maize crop

increased these growth parameters than control (T 2). Treatment 75%P as RP+AM (T 8) to

preceding rabi maize crop increased periodical plant height at 30, 60 DAS and at

harvest , number of branches/plant, number of nodule pre plant and fresh weight of

nodule, during the both years and in pooled analysis, respectively. This due to the higher

nutrient available from preceding rabi maize and beneficial effect of the adequate level

of RP (composted) and combined with AM which was further effect to extension the

root growth which might have increased al l the vital physiological processes, which in

turn facil i tated translocation of photosynthates to the growing meristematic tissues. I t is

well documented fact that applicat ion of phosphorus assists in absorption of metaboli tes,

water and i ts further t ransformation for the growth of plant in terms of these growth

parameters. From other side the beneficial effect of phosphorus fert i l izat ion which was

more pronounced on root nodules which enhance the f ixat ion of nutrients which was

reflected in increasing the growth and yield contributing characters. Similar result was

also observed by Raundal et al . (1999), Rajkhowa et al . (2002) Patel (2012) and Meena

et al, (2017).

3.2.2 Seed yield

Significantly higher seeds yield was recorded with the applicat ion of 75% P as

RP+AM (T 8) t reatment (10.59, 13.10 and 11.84 q/ha) during years 2015-16, 2016-17 and

as well as in pooled analysis respectively and i t was found at par with rabi fal low (T 1 ,

7.24 q/ha), 50 % P as RP +AM (T 4 , 9.15 q/ha), 50 % P as SSP (T 5 , 8.45 q/ha), 50 % P as

SSP+AM (T 6 , 9.79 q/ha), 75 % P as RP (T 7 , 9.61 q/ha), 75% P as SSP (T 9 , 9.27 q/ha), 75

% P as SSP+AM (T 1 0 , 9.77 q/ha), 100%P as RP (T 1 1 , 7.68 q/ha), 100%P as RP+AM (T 1 2 ,

9.88 q/ha), 100%P as SSP (T 1 3 , 8.03 q/ha) and 100% P as SSP+AM (T 1 4 , 10.33 q/ha).

Similarly in 2016-17, the treatment 75%P as RP (composted)+AM (T 8), was at par with

50% P as SSP (T 5 , 9.83 q/ha), 75% P as RP (T 7 , 10.62 q/ha), 75% P as SSP+AM (T 1 0 ,

11.58 q/ha), 100% P as RP (T 1 1 , 10.14 q/ha), 100% P as RP+AM (T 1 2 , 9.47 q/ha), 100% P

as SSP (T 1 3 , 12.19 q/ha) and 100 % P as SSP+AM (T 1 4 , 10.48 q/ha) t reatments. While the

treatment 75% P as RP+AM T 8 was stat ist ical ly at par with 50% P as SSP+AM (T 6 , 9.42

q/ha) 75% P as RP (T 7 , 10.11 q/ha), 75% P as SSP+AM (T 1 0 , 10.68 q/ha), 100% P as

RP+AM (T 1 2 , 9.68 q/ha), 100% P as SSP (T 1 3 , 10.11 q/ha) and 100 % P as SSP+AM (T 1 4 ,

10.40 q/ha) t reatments in pooled result . The significantly lowest seed yield of green

gram was recorded in absolute control T 2 (3.29, 5.45 and 4.37 q/ha) during 2015-16,

2016-17 and in pooled analysis, respectively (Table.5). This could be at tr ibuted to

overal l improvement in crop yield as reflected by growth attributes (plant height ,

number of branches/plant and root nodules) . Moreover, phosphorus plays a key role in

the root development, energy transformation and metabolic processes of plant , resulting

in more translocation of photosynthates towards the sink development . Rao and Sharma

(2000) observed that rate of phosphatic fertil izers had more pronounced residual

effects and increased level of application lead to a greater increase in a available

P status of soil which was further affected growth attributed and finally higher

seed and stover yield . Same results were also reported by Jamwal (2006).

3.2.3 Stover yield

Significantly higher stover yield 15.87 q/ha was noted under 100% P as RP

(composted)+AM (T 1 2) t reated plots during 2015-16 and which was found at par with

75% P as RP+AM (T 8 , 15.59 q/ha), 75% P as SSP (T 9 , 14.38 q/ha), 75% P as SSP+AM

(T 1 0 , 14.43 q/ha), 100% P as RP+AM (T 1 2 , 15.87 q/ha), 100% P as SSP (T 1 3 , 15.11 q/ha)

and 100 % P as SSP+AM (T 1 4 , 14.21 q/ha) t reatments. Significantly higher value of the

stover yield was recorded under treatment 75% P as RP+AM (T 8 , 16.49 and 16.04 q/ha)

in the years 2016-17 and in pooled analysis respectively, which was at par with 75% P as

SSP (T 9 , 15.08 q/ha), 100% P as RP+AM (T 1 2 , 16.17 q/ha) and 100% P as SSP (T 1 3 , 15.41

q/ha) treatments during year 2016-17. The result of pooled analysis indicated that the

stover yield of green gram in treatment 75% P as RP+AM T 8 s tatistical ly at par with

100% P as RP+AM (T 1 2 , 16.02 q/ha) and 100% P as SSP (T 1 3 , 15.26 q/ha) t reatments. The

significantly lowest stover yield of green gram was recorded (6.18, 8.23 and 7.20 q/ha)

in control T 2 during 2015-16, 2016-17 and in pooled analysis respectively (Table.5).

Thus, the overal l bet ter growth performance and higher values of the yield at tr ibutes

reflected into higher seed and stover yields under this t reatment. Residual effect of

75%P as RP (composted)+AM (T 8) t reatment superior phosphorus management might

have reflected in the bet ter growth and yield parameters of green gram with 75% RDF

(F 1) was the best recommended dose for summer green gram as comported to 100%RDF

(F 2) since save 25 % more fert il izer and protect environment. The results were in close

conformity with those reported Sutaria et al. ( 2010 ) in legume crops (green gram,

black gram and cowpea) 50 % RDF and 100 % RDF for respective crops. The interact ion

between different phosphorus fert il izer to preceding rabi maize crop and fert il izer levels

to green gram (summer) did not exert any significant effect on seed, stover yield and

harvest index (%) during both the years and in pooled analysis. Meena (2017) from

greengram (Vigna radiata ) to rock phosphate enriched compost in Inceptisol . These

findings corroborate the observations of Jat et al . (2012).

4. Conclusion

From the discussion of this experiment, we found that the application of

phosphorus ferti lizer SSP and RP (composted) along with AM fungi could fit well

with the observed higher yield of maize as well as green gram data of all

treatments over control. The soils treated with 75% P as RP (composted)+AM

increased significantly growth attributes of the both crops as well as yield and

yields attributes.

Fig. 2: Grain yield of rabi maize as influenced by different treatments

Fig. 3: Straw yield of rabi maize as influenced by different treatments

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2015-162016-17PooledTreatments

Stra

w y

ield

(q/h

a)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2015-162016-17PooledTreatments

Gra

in y

ield

(q/h

a)

T2 T4 T6 T8T10 T12 T14

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2015-16 2016-17 Pooled

A

Treatment

Plan

t hei

ght

(cm

)

T2 T4 T6 T8T10 T12 T14

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2015-16 2016-17 Pooled

B

Treatment

T2 T4 T6 T8T10 T12 T14

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

C

2015-16 2016-17 Pooled

Treatment

Fig 1 : Periodical plant height of rabi maize

(A) At 30 DAS, (B) At 60 DAS, (C) At harvest

Fig 4 : Periodical plant height of summer green gram

(A) At 30 DAS, (B) At 60 DAS, (C) At harvest

T1 T3 T5 T7 T9T11 T13

0

10

20

30

40

50 A

2015-16 2016-17 Pooled

Treatments

Plan

t hei

ght

(cm

)

T1 T3 T5 T7 T9T11 T13

0

10

20

30

40

50 B

2015-16 2016-17 Pooled

Treatments

T1 T3 T5 T7 T9T11 T13

0

10

20

30

40

50C

2015-16 2016-17 Pooled

Treatments

Fig 5 : Periodical number of branches/plant of green gram

(A) At 30 DAS, (B) At 60 DAS, (C) At harvest

T1 T3 T5 T7 T9T11 T13

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7B

2015-16 2016-17 Pooled

Treatments T1 T3 T5 T7 T9

T11 T130

1

2

3

4

5

6

7 C

2015-16 2016-17 Pooled

Treatments T1 T3 T5 T7 T9

T11 T130

1

2

3

4

5

6

7A

2015-16 2016-17  Pooled

Treatments

Num

ber o

f br

anch

es/p

lant

Fig 6:

Number of root nodules/plant and fresh weight of nodules /plant of summer green gram (A) Number of root nodules/plant at 40 DAS , (B) Fresh weight of root nodules/plant

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T140

10

20

30

40

50

2015-16 2016-17  Pooled

Treatments

Num

ber o

f roo

t nod

ules

at 4

0 DA

SA

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T140.000

0.050

0.100

0.150

0.200

0.250

0.300

0.350

2015-16 2016-17 Pooled

B

Fres

h w

eigh

t of n

odul

es/g

Table.4: Stem girth, root length and Mycorrhizae colony percent (MCP) in maize root

TreatmentStem girth (mm) Root length (cm) MCP (%)

2015-16 2016-17 Pooled 2015-16 2016-17 Pooled 2015-16 2016-17 PooledT2 54.9 60.7 57.4 11.5 15.3 13.4 30.3 23.3 26.8T3 84.8 132.7 131.6 17.3 25.0 21.1 43.0 43.0 43.0T4 90.0 147.9 142.9 18.1 23.0 20.6 56.7 61.7 59.2T5 80.4 155.5 147.6 18.1 23.0 20.6 35.7 35.7 35.7T6 90.0 159.0 144.8 19.3 21.7 20.5 56.7 56.7 56.7T7 82.6 151.1 140.0 18.2 23.0 20.6 33.7 33.7 33.7T8 92.4 192.7 182.2 19.9 28.7 24.3 72.0 72.0 72.0T9 87.0 152.3 145.3 17.6 25.0 21.3 37.0 37.0 37.0T10 86.3 160.9 148.9 19.5 23.0 21.3 66.7 66.7 66.7T11 83.7 155.7 155.2 16.9 20.0 18.4 38.7 38.7 38.7T12 92.3 158.8 148.7 18.9 24.0 21.5 53.3 62.0 57.7T13 86.8 182.8 156.6 17.9 21.0 19.5 39.7 40.3 40.0T14 92.1 189.1 160.1 19.7 28.0 23.9 71.3 55.7 63.5S.Em.± 3.6 11.3 8.6 0.9 2.1 1.1 5.1 3.9 3.2C.D. at 5 % 10.6 33 24.3 2.5 6.0 3.2 14.9 11.3 9.1YXT S.Em.± — — 9.5 — — 1.6 — — 4.5C.D. at 5 % — — NS — — NS — — NSC.V. % 7.3 12.7 14.6 8.3 10.4 9.3 8.1 10.9 9.2General mean 84.9 153.8 143.2 17.9 23.1 20.5 48.8 48.2 48.5

Table. 5 Seeds and stover yield of summer green gram

TreatmentSeed yield (q/ha) Stover yield( q/ha)

2015-16 2016-17 Pooled 2015-16 2016-17 PooledT1 7.24 7.38 7.31 8.37 10.57 9.47T2 3.29 5.45 4.37 6.18 8.23 7.20T3 7.02 9.15 8.08 10.34 11.42 10.88T4 9.15 9.09 9.12 12.21 12.71 12.46T5 8.45 9.83 9.14 13.76 14.26 14.01T6 9.79 9.04 9.42 13.16 14.36 13.76T7 9.61 10.62 10.11 12.83 13.33 13.08T8 10.59 13.10 11.84 15.59 16.49 16.04T9 9.27 9.26 9.27 14.38 15.08 14.73T10 9.77 11.58 10.68 14.43 14.63 14.53T11 7.68 10.14 8.91 13.22 14.42 13.82T12 9.88 9.47 9.68 15.87 16.17 16.02T13 8.03 12.19 10.11 15.11 15.41 15.26T14 10.33 10.48 10.40 14.21 14.51 14.36S.Em.± 1.20 1.80 0.88 0.61 0.63 0.44C.D. at 5 % 3.50 3.74 2.51 1.78 1.83 1.25C.V. % 6.2 6.5 9.3 10.2 11.2 11.4F 1 8.66 9.62 9.14 12.93 13.81 13.37F 2 8.50 9.92 9.21 12.73 13.56 13.14S.Em.± 0.21 0.38 0.31 0.17 0.17 0.61C.D. at 5 % NS NS NS NS NS NST×F S.Em.± 0.81 1.44 1.17 0.64 0.65 0.64C.D. at 5 % NS NS NS NS NS NSC.V. % 3.6 4.2 5.6 8.3 8.2 8.4General mean 8.58 9.77 9.17 12.83 13.69 13.26

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