influence of an additives and nano additives in biodiesel...

Influence of an additives and nano additives in biodiesel on engine

performance, combustion and emission characteristics

P.Somasekar Babu1 and V.Pandurangadu2 1,2Department of Mechanical Engineering, JNTUA, Ananthapur, A.P., INDIA.

1Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: In this present work, investigating the affect of additives(diethyl ether) and nano additives(cerium

oxide) in the mango seed oil methyl ester (MSME) biodiesel on engine performance, combustion and emission

characteristics of four stroke direct injection diesel engine. The B20 blend of MSME is mixed with 10, 15% of

diethyl ether and 25, 50 ppm of cerium oxide (CeO2) nano particles added, this nano particles is mixed well with

ultrasonicater to form a homogenous mixture. The tests are conducted for above proportions of B20 of MSME with

the engine operating at five different loads (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 %). The brake thermal efficiency (BTHE) is

improved with addition of diethyl ether and cerium oxide. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and exhaust

gas temperatures (EGT) are reduced. There are some reductions of hydro carbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO),

carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions. The cylinder peak pressures and net heat release rate are

lower than that of diesel.

Keywords: nanoparticles, mango seed oil methyl ester, performance, combustion, emissions

I. INTRODUCTION

In recent years there is huge change in the prices of conventional petroleum products. So we need to think

of alternative for fuel crisis. The biodiesel prepared from the vegetable oils, animal fats, and waste oils are

promptly assured alternative for petroleum products. Now a day’s diesel engines are using very efficiently

with the biodiesel directly or blending with diesel. There is some disadvantage with diesel emissions that

is creating some problems to the environment as well as human kind [1]. These diesel emissions enter the

environment in the form of unpleasant smell, gaseous pollutants and particulate matter and these are also

cause the formation of acid rain, destruction of the ozone layer and visibility reduction Aluminum oxide

nanoparticles adding in rocket’s solid fuel can improve combustion efficiency and speed, these are very

active and can be react with water at temperatures from 400-6000C to improve fuel combustion by

generating the hydrogen. Hence fuel additives may play an important role to make up the problems and

meet up various specified standards. Many researchers have used a lot of additives to improve the quality

of biodiesel such as metal based additives (oxides of cerium, aluminum, titanium, zinc, rhodium etc.)[2-4]

oxygenated additives(methyl-t-butyl ether, t-amyl-methyl ether, ethyl-t-butyl ether)[6-8] and their

metabolites (t-amyl alcohol, t-butyl alcohol and ethanol), cetane improver(nitrates, nitroalkanes (2-

ethylhexyl nitrate), nitro carbonates and peroxides), ignition promoter, cold flow improvers(olefin-ester

copolymers, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer and polymethyl acrylate), antioxidants and lubricity

improvers etc.[9-13] .Some of them used diesel engines for testing biodiesels without any

modifications[14-15] karthikeyan et al.[5,16] did experiments on effect of cobalt oxide (Co3O4) and zinc

oxide in the grape seed oil biodiesel with a percentage of 50, 100ppm and found that which improves

combustion, brake thermal efficiency and reduces specific fuel consumption. In emissions, maximum

reduction in hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), smoke opacity and oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) at

full load operation. Jeryrajkumar et al.[17] also investigated the effect of nano additives like cobalt oxide

and titanium oxide on the performance and emission characteristics of Calophyllum innophyllum

International Journal of Scientific Research and Review

Volume 7, Issue 1, 2018

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http://dynamicpublisher.org/235

biodiesel (B100) and it is disclose that considerable improvement in combustion, performance and

characteristics. The HC emissions 80% reduce by cobalt oxide and 70% reduce by titanium oxide in bio

fuel. Racopoulos et al. [18] inspect the effect of combustion heat analysis by addition of n-butanol on

diesel in proportion of 8%, 16% by volume basis and The key results are showed that with the use of bio-

fuels blends and additives, fuel injection pressure diagrams are very slightly displaced (delayed), ignition

delay is increased, maximum cylinder pressures are slightly reduced.

In this research, study the impacts of using additives (alcoholic and metal based nano oxides) in the

biodiesel and its blends on performance, combustion, emissions of engine.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS A) Biodiesel

For this investigation, business diesel was brought from neighborhood oil station, mango seed oil was

brought from oil plant and biodiesel was formed by transesterification process, the different processes of

mango seed to biodiesel are shown in Fig.1 At first, mango seed oil was responded with a monohydric

alcohol (methanol (CH3OH)) within the presence of catalyst (potassium hydroxide (KOH)). The

procedure of transesterification was influenced by the method of response condition, molar proportion of

alcohol to oil, sort of alcohol, sort and measure of catalysts, response time, temperature and virtue of

reactants. After transesterification, water wash was done by refined water took after by warming for

virtue. The diverse advances associated with transesterification process are given underneath

The physical and thermal properties of the Diesel fuel and biodiesel blend B20% are summarized in Table

1. The representative values like fire point, density, flash point, viscosity, cetane index and gross calorific

value are measured for biodiesel and its blends

a b c d e f

g h i

Fig.1 Different stages of mango seed oil methyl ester



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a) Mango fruit wastage from juice factory, b)dry mango seed, c)oil extracting machine, d)mango seed oil,

e)transesterification, f)settling after transesterification, g)water wash after separating the biodiesel, h)

glycerol, i) pure mango seed oil methyl ester.

B) Diethyl ether ((C2H5)2O)

Diethyl ether (DEE) is also called as Ether, Ethyl ether, Ethyl oxide, and sulfuric ether, it is a byproduct

of the vapor-phase hydration of ethylene to make ethanol. However it has different properties like colour

less, clear, very mobile liquid, with a characteristic odour, very volatile and flammable. Because of its

high Cetane index, it is used as ignition improver in CI engines. The different properties of DEE are

tabulate in table.1

C) Cerium Oxide (CeO2)

Cerium oxide with various valence states and different crystalline structures has been investigated for

different applications for example, electrical, electronic, synergist, adsorption, optical, electrochemical,

batteries, functional materials, vitality capacity, attractive information stockpiling and detecting

properties. Be that as it may, to upgrade different properties of nanomaterials to meet the expanding

requirements for various applications, it is expected to decrease the molecule size and increment the

dynamic surface zone of nanomaterials. Ceria (CeO2) is a cubic fluorite-type organized earthenware

material that does not appear any known crystallographic change from room temperature upto its meting

point (27000C). The size of nanoparticles is less than 100 nm.

TABLE 1

Fuel properties of diesel and biodiesel blends

Properties

Diesel

(D100)

B20 Biodiesel

(B100)

Diethyl ether

(C2H5)2O

Flash point in 0 C 60 78 160 - 40

Fire point in 0 C 63 82 170 34

Density kg/m3 830 849 929 713

Kinematic viscosity in cst

at 400C

3.26 3.51 4.66 0.23

Calorific value in kJ/kg 42500 41888 39442 36830

Cetane number 51 ---- 48 125

III. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

A 5HP (3.5 kW) 4-Stroke direct injection research diesel engine was chosen to investigate the

performance and combustion characteristics (shown in Fig.2). The air flow rate into the engine was

measured by mass flow sensor and the fuel consumption was measured by burette method. Loading was

applied on the engine with the help of eddy current dynamometer. The experiment was carried at different

loads (0, 25, 50, 75% and full load). Various sensors were utilized during the experiment to collect, store

and analyze the data by computerized data acquisition system(IC enginesoft). An exhaust gas analyzer

(AIRREX HG-540, 4Gas analyzer) was employed to measure HC, CO, CO2 and NOX emissions. The

performance, combustion and emission results obtained were tabulated. The specifications of Research

engine are shown in Table 2.



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TABLE 2

Specifications of the Research engine

Engine parameters Specifications

Make Kirloskar

Model/Type TV1/Four stroke

Number of cylinders Single

Bore/Stroke 87.5 mm/110 mm

Rated power 5 HP(3.5 kW) @ 1500 rpm

Capacity(cc) 661

Type of cooling Water cooled

Compression Ratio range 12–18

Injection timing range 0- 250 BTDC

Loading Eddy current dynamometer

Data acquisition device NI USB-6210, 16-bit, 250kS/s.

Temperature sensors Type RTD, PT100 and Thermocouple, K-Type

Load sensor Load cell, type strain gauge, range 0-50 Kg

Fuel flow transmitter DP transmitter, Range 0-500 mm WC

Air flow transmitter Pressure transmitter, Range (-) 250 mm WC

Software “Engine soft” Engine performance analysis software

Rotameter Engine cooling 40-400 LPH; Calorimeter 25-250 LPH

Fig.2 Experimental setup

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

A. Performance Characteristics

The major performance parameters such as Brake power (BP), Brake thermal efficiency (BTHE), BSFC,

exhaust gas temperature are evaluated for B20 of MSME and different combinations of diethyl ether and

cerium oxide nano particles.

1) Brake power and Brake thermal efficiency: Fig.3a shows the variation of BTHE with BP for

MSME at various combinations of additives and nano additives comparing with diesel. The BTHE is

gradually increasing with BP. BTHE of the engine is improved by adding the diethyl ether and cerium

oxide nano particles (CONP) compare with B20 of MSME. B20+ 50ppm cerium oxide (31.62%) shows

higher BTHE than neat diesel (31.43%) at full load. The oxides of metal nano particles present in the

biodiesel blend promote the complete combustion, while compared to the individual biodiesel blend.



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Cerium oxide nano particles do something as an oxygen barrier and thus improve the BTHE. It is also

observed that the development in the BTHE increases with the dosage level of nano particles. A

maximum increase of 3.5% in the BTHE was attaining while dosage level of nano particles is 50ppm.

Whereas adding of diethyl ether in the blend improves BTHE but dosage level increases it is decreases

[19].

2) Brake power and Brake specific fuel consumption: Fig.3b shows the variation of BSFC with BP for

B20 of MSME and modified biodiesel with different dosage level of additives and nano additives

comparing with diesel. Corresponding to BP, BSFC is decreasing while increasing the BP. At full load,

BSFC is higher for B20 (0.3 kg/kWh) than adding additives and nano particles but it attains 10% lower

value for B20+50ppm CONP and diesel (0.27kg/kWh). CONP, oxidize the carbon deposits in the engine

cylinder to reduced fuel consumption.

3) Brake power and exhaust gas temperature: The exhaust gas temperature (EGT) for all blends of

MSME with respect to BP as shown in Fig.3c It is observed that the EGT for B20 blend having diethyl

ether and CONP is lower than that of B20 of MSME and neat diesel. The maximum EGT obtained for

diesel and B20 of MSME are 3670C, 3610C where as adding diethyl ether and CONP, the maximum

values are ranging from 283-2860C approximately 20% reduction in the EGT. This may happen due to the

complete combustion of the fuel and reduced the heat loss during the combustion by adding diethyl ether

and CONP.

4) Brake power and mechanical efficiency: Fig.3d shows the variation of mechanical efficiency with

BP for B20 of MSME and modified biodiesel with different dosage level of additives and nano additives

comparing with diesel. Mechanical efficiency is greatly improved by adding diethyl ether and CONP in

blend B20 of MSME. This may be reducing the loss of energy in transmission.



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Fig.3 Variation of BTHE, BSFC, EGT, ME with Brake power

B. Combustion Characteristics: The major parameters that influence the combustion inside the cylinder

are ignition delay, cylinder pressure, and heat release rate.

1) Cylinder pressure (CP): Fig.4a demonstrate the variation of cylinder pressure with crank angle for

B20 blend and modified biodiesel blend with different dosing levels of the diethyl ether and CONP at

different engine load conditions. Peak pressures attain for diesel (80.82 bar) and B20 blend (76.4 bar)

when compare to B20 adding additives. This may be addition of CONP tends to reduce the ignition delay

and enhances the combustion

2) Net heat release rate (NHRR):Fig.4b shows the variation of net heat release rate with crank angle for

B20 blend and modified blends at different engine operating conditions .NHRR is increased the addition

of nanoparticles because of increases higher carbon combustion activation and hence promotes the

complete combustion.



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3) Cumulative heat release (CHR):Fig.4c reveal that the variation of cumulative heat release rate with

crank angle. It is clearly shows the CHR is higher values for diesel (1.4kJ) and blend B20 (1.2kJ) than

other blends having additives (0.95kJ).

B. Emission Characteristics: The major emissions of engine are unburned hydro carbons (HC), carbon

monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter from internal

combustion engines. The effects of additives and nano additives on emissions of B20 blend of MSME are

discussed here.

1) Hydro carbons (HC): The Fig.5a shows the variation of HC with BP for B20 blend and modified

blends of B20. The HC increases with BP for all the blends. However, HC emissions are found to be

considerably reduced with the addition of diethyl ether and nano particles than the neat diesel and

biodiesel blend [20]. Fundamentally, the oxygen content of fuel is the main reason for hydro carbon

emissions reduction. May be addition of CONP improves the combustion by excess oxygen.

2) Carbon monoxide (CO): fig.5b shows the influence of additives to biodiesel on carbon monoxide

emissions. CO emissions are decreasing while increasing the BP for all the blends. Hence CO emissions

shows lower values for B20 blend adding diethyl ether than CONP additives .This may be combustion

improvement due to adding diethyl ether. Because of incomplete combustion causes CO emissions.

3) Carbon dioxide (CO2): Fig.5c shows the variation of carbon dioxide with BP for different

combinations of B20 blend and diesel. It is clearly disclose that conventional diesel having higher CO2

emissions than biodiesel blends. Hence the addition of nano particles decreases CO2 emissions.

4) Nitrogen oxides (NOx): Fig.5d illustrates the variation of nitrogen oxides with brake power for

different blends of biodiesel and diesel. Nitrogen oxides are mainly formed due to high temperatures.

NOX is increasing with brake power however diesel values are higher than B20 blend having nano

particles. B20 with dosage of 25ppm cerium oxide shows lower values.



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Fig.4 Variation of CP, NHRR, CHR with Crank angle



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Fig.5 Variation of HC, CO, CO2, and NOX with Brake power

V. CONCLUSION

The effect of diethyl ether and cerium oxide nano particles on performance, combustion and emission

characteristics of a four stroke direct injection research diesel engine is investigated for mango seed oil

methyl ester (MSME) biodiesel blend B20 at different proportions of additives. It is concluded that BTHE

and ME is improved, BSFC and EGT is reduced by adding diethyl ether and cerium oxide nano particles.

There is considerable reduction in the HC, CO, CO2, and NOX emissions.

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influence of an additives and nano additives in biodiesel...

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