inflorescences spring 2012. what is an inflorescence? simpson = an aggregate of one or more flowers,...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Inflorescences
Spring 2012
![Page 2: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is an inflorescence?
• Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the presence of vegetative leaves below
• Judd et al. 2008 = The shoot system which serves for the formation of flowers and which is modified accordingly
![Page 3: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Look for the flowering zone!
(from Judd et al. 2008)
![Page 4: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Inflorescence development
Determinate: the apical meristem of the primary inflorescence axis terminates in a flower, which usually matures first with overall maturation from the apex to the base
Indeterminate: the apical meristem of the primary inflorescence axis does not terminate in a flower,with maturation going from the base to the apex
![Page 5: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Determinate inflorescencesFig. 9.35
![Page 6: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
cyme
scorpioid cyme
headhelicoid cyme
terminal &solitary
![Page 7: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Indeterminate inflorescences
Fig. 9.36
![Page 8: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
spadixheadpanicle
raceme
spike
![Page 9: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Determinate or indeterminate types
Fig. 9.37
Also heads can be either.
![Page 10: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Secondary or compound inflorescence types
Fig. 9.38
![Page 11: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Specialized inflorescence types
Fig. 9.39
![Page 12: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Fruits
Spring 2012
![Page 13: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Maturation
• An inflorescence matures into an infructescence.
• An ovary (simple or compound) matures into the fruit (but may include additional structures (e.g., hypanthium).
• A fertilized ovule matures into a seed.
![Page 14: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Ovary wall becomes the pericarp:
• ENDOCARP – innermost layer
• MESOCARP - middle layer
• EXOCARP - outermost layer
Each can be modified independently of the others (e.g., the endocarp can be stony, the mesocarp fleshy, and the exocarp leathery)
pericarp
![Page 15: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Avocado (Persea, Lauraceae)
seedseed
endocarpendocarp
mesocarpmesocarp
exocarpexocarp
![Page 16: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Three main fruit types
• Simple fruit = a fruit that develops from a single flower
• Aggregate fruit = develops from multiple separate carpels of a single flower
• Multiple fruit = a fruit derived from the gynoecia of several closely clustered flowers
![Page 17: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Simple fruits
• Simple fruits = fruits developing from a single carpel or a compound ovary (2 or more fused carpels) (e.g., apple); can be dry or fleshy
![Page 18: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Dry Simple Fruits
• Dry at maturity
• Does fruit open (dehisce) or not?
(Dehiscent versus indehiscent)
• Number of carpels? Number of seeds?
• Are any wings present?
![Page 19: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Indehiscent Dry Fruits
Fig. 9.40
![Page 20: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Achene: single-seeded, seed coat not fused to pericarp
![Page 21: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Utricle – achene with the pericarp much larger than the seed
![Page 22: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Caryopsis: “Grains”; singled-seeded, seed coat fused to pericarp; unique to grasses
Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Maize (Zea mays)
![Page 23: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Samara
Ulmus (Ulmaceae)
![Page 24: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Dry Indehiscent Fruits: Nuts
hard-shelled,one-seeded
![Page 25: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Dehiscent Dry FruitsFig. 9.41
![Page 26: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Follicle: one suture opens
Asclepias (Milkweed, Apocynaceae)
![Page 27: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Legume: opens along 2 sutures
Bean Family Fabaceae(Leguminosae)
![Page 28: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Cruciferous Dry Fruits
Silique Silicle
Mustard Family (Brassicaceae)2-carpellate, outer rim (replum), persistent partition (false septum)
![Page 29: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Capsule: a fruit formed from 2 or more united carpels and dehiscing at maturity to release the seeds
![Page 30: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Loculicidal Capsule
![Page 31: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Septicidal Capsule
![Page 32: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Poricidal Capsule
Papaver (Poppy, Papaveraceae)
![Page 33: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Schizocarp of mericarps
samaroid mericarpsAcer (Sapindaceae)
Dill (Apiaceae)
![Page 34: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Fleshy Simple Fruits
One or more layers of the pericarp
become fleshy—which one(s)?
Number of carpels? Number of seeds?
From a superior or inferior ovary?
![Page 35: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Fleshy Simple Fruits
• Berry – Entire pericarp fleshy or exocarp may be leathery, one to many seeds
• Drupe - Exocarp & mesocarp fleshy, endocarp hard (single-seeded)
• Pome – Fleshy mesocarp; exocarp fused to hypanthium/receptacle (Rosaceae)
![Page 36: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Drupe
![Page 37: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Drupe - Coconut
Cocos nucifera (Arecaceae)
![Page 38: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Berry
Capsicum (Solanaceae)
![Page 39: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Berry (Pepo)
Found in the Cucumber Family (Cucurbitaceae):parietal placentation,leathery exocarp
![Page 40: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Berry(hesperidium)
Found in the citrus family (Rutaceae):Leathery exocarp, fleshy modified trichomes (juice sacs)
![Page 41: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Pome
Rose family (Rosaceae): inferior ovary, cartilaginous endocarp, fleshy hypanthial tissue
![Page 42: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Three main fruit types
• Simple fruit = a fruit that develops from a single flower
• Aggregate fruit = develops from multiple separate carpels of a single flower
• Multiple fruit = a fruit derived from the gynoecia of several closely clustered flowers
![Page 43: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Aggregate Fruit
Rubus(Rosaceae)
![Page 44: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Aggregate of Achenes
![Page 45: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Three main fruit types
• Simple fruit = a fruit that develops from a single flower
• Aggregate fruit = develops from multiple separate carpels of a single flower
• Multiple fruit = a fruit derived from the gynoecia of several closely clustered flowers
![Page 46: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Multiple fruit of achenes
A. Laurent
Platanus (sycamore)
![Page 47: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Multiple Fruit - Pineapple
Ananas (Bromeliaceae)
![Page 48: Inflorescences Spring 2012. What is an inflorescence? Simpson = An aggregate of one or more flowers, the boundaries of which generally occur with the](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ef05503460f94c00adf/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Multiple Fruit: Syconium (Fig)
Ficus (Moraceae)