infancy to adulthood week 11.1. last term we finished on gender gender refers to the psychological...
TRANSCRIPT
Infancy to Adulthood Week 11.1
Last term we finished on gender
GENDER refers to the psychological meaning of being male or female, which is influenced by learning.
GENDER SCHEMAS are mental representations that associate psychological characteristics with each sex.
GENDER SOCIALISATION refers to how we are shaped by our culture as to the role of male and female gender (reward and punishment by peers).
Text book pages 63 – 64.
Library booked for oral presentations research …
Week 12 + 13
Wednesday2nd lesson of the double
All oral scripts + PowerPoint summaries are due Monday Week 14
This week….
Adolescent development• What the stage
theorists say• Physical development
and consequences• Identity formation
Today’s objectives
• Be able to clearly identify what level of development stage theorists claim adolescents to be operating at.
• To consider conflicting views on adolescents.• To know what physical developments occur
during puberty.• To evaluate advantages/disadvantages of early
onset of puberty.
Adolescent development
What do the stage theorists say?
• Piaget• Kohlberg• Erikson• Freud
Write down where these theorists say adolescents are in terms of their development…..
Adolescent development
What do the stage theorists say?• Piaget– Formal operations: potential for mature moral reasoning.
• Kohlberg– Conventional: upholding social order (some may reach
post-conventional).• Erikson– Identity vs role confusion: developing a sense of self.
• Freud– Genital stage: growing independence from parents and
development of sexuality.
Adolescent DevelopmentPiaget
Of the 50% who do not reach formal operation stage, they tend to:
– Find fault with authority figures– Argue rather than consider an opposing view point– Unable to make simple decisions– Self-consciousness - mistrust of others– Belief in invulnerability – first to experience it, rules don’t
apply, risks/self-destructive behaviors
Adolescent Milestones
13 – entering the “Teens” 16 – Increased responsibility (driving/dating) 18 – Western date for maturity/responsibility 21 – Date of “full” responsibility Uni/work etc. – “Out of the House”
Conflicting views of adolescence
Hall (1904) – time of “storm and stress.”
Write this down…Macfarlane (1964).• Need for peer approval• Sense of life direction in flux• Alienation from parents at its deepest
Conflicting views of adolescence
Write this down…
Coleman (1980)• Vitality without the cares of adulthood• Rewarding friendships• Heightened idealism• The sense of possibilities
Which one do you identify with?
Conflicting views of adolescence
Conflict model:Argues that adolescents need to go through a
period of crisis to separate themselves psychologically from their parents and carve out their own identity.
Studies do show that adolescents experience a wider range of moods over a shorter period of time.
Adulthood sees an increase in diligence, self-control and congeniality.
Conflicting views of adolescence
Continuity model:Argues that adolescence is not a turbulent
period but is essentially continuous with childhood and adulthood.
Supporting research finds that roughly 80% of adolescents show no signs of severe “storm and stress”
Puberty
Write this down…
Definition:The early adolescent period of rapid growth and
sexual maturation.
PubertyPhysical development
Primary sex characteristics• Growth of reproductive
organs (penis and testes)Secondary sex
characteristics• Facial hair• Pubic and underarm hair• Voice deepens• Growth spurt as much as
5 inches a year.
PubertyPhysical development
Primary sex characteristics• Growth of reproductive
organs Secondary sex
characteristics• Pubic and underarm hair• Enlargement of breasts
and hips• Growth spurt as much as
3 inches a year.
Puberty
Average age for girls is 11.
Average age for boys is 13.
Can start as early as 9 or as late as 16.
Consider the psychological consequences of when your development occurs…
Puberty
Is early maturation an advantage or disadvantage?
In terms of advantage or disadvantage, is it the same for boys and girls?
Puberty
BOYS(Jones 1950s)• Advantage– Tend to be more popular– Stronger and athletic– More self-assured and
independent– More sociable then their
less developed peers
GIRLS(Peterson 1987)• Disadvantage– Early development may
bring teasing from peers– Embarrassment could
lower self-confidence– May lead to mixing with
older group of teenagers
Adolescence and increase in gender difference
• Boys tend to overestimate their academic ability
• Girls tend to underestimate their academic ability
• Boys body satisfaction increases at puberty• Girls body satisfaction decreases at puberty in
Western cultures
Difficulties During Adolescence
• Depression and suicide (increasing)• Eating disorders– Anorexia nervosa– Bulimia
• Schizophrenia
Today’s objectives – did we make it?
• Be able to clearly identify what level of development stage theorists claim adolescents to be operating at.
• To consider conflicting views on adolescents.• To know what physical developments occur
during puberty.• To evaluate advantages/disadvantages of early
onset of puberty.