inequalities of gender and age copyright © 2011 pearson education, inc. all rights reserved. this...

Inequalities of Gender and AgeCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Essentials ofEssentials of

SociologySociology

99thth Edition Edition

Chapter 10: Gender and AgeChapter 10: Gender and Age


Chapter OverviewChapter Overview Issues of Sex and

Gender How Females Became a

Minority Group Gender Inequality in

the United States The Changing Face of

Politics Aging in Global

Perspective

The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

The Functionalist Perspective

The Conflict Perspective

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“Unequal Access to Power, Prestige, and

Property on the Basis of Sex.”

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What’s Gender Stratification?What’s Gender Stratification?


Sex – refers to biological characteristics

Gender – refers to social characteristics –”Male and Female”

Each culture has its own definitions of gender

We inherit our sex and learn our gender

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Sex and GenderSex and Gender


Gender Differences in Behavior: Gender Differences in Behavior: Biology or Culture?Biology or Culture?

Most sociologists believe that if biology was the compelling factor in human behavior males and females would act the same around the world

Opening the Door to Biology:

A Medical Accident

The Vietnam Veterans Study

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Gender Inequality in Global Gender Inequality in Global PerspectivePerspective

Every society sorts men and women into separate groups and gives them different access to property, power, and prestige. These divisions always favor men-as-a-group.

Females are therefore classified as a minority group

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Early On, Life was Short Females Limited by Childbearing Men Became Dominant as Hunters and Warriors Weapons, Trade, and Knowledge gained from

Contact with Others Gave Men Power Ideology developed that women were less dominant

than men

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The Origins of PatriarchyThe Origins of Patriarchy


Feminism – the belief that biology is not destiny and that stratification according to gender is wrong

1st Feminist movement – 1920s- Trying to win the right to vote for women

2nd Feminist movement – 1960s- Trying to earn equal pay for women

3rd Feminist movement-happening today-includes a greater focus on the plight of women in the Least Industrialized Nations

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The Three Feminist MovementsThe Three Feminist Movements


Gender Inequality in Education – Gender tracking is evident

Gender Inequality in Health Care

Gender Inequality in Politics

Gender Inequality in the Work Place

The Pay Gap

The Glass Ceiling

The Glass Escalator

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Gender Inequality Gender Inequality in the U.S.in the U.S.

Inequalities of Gender and AgeCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 10

Figure 10.2 Changes in College Enrollment, by Sex*This sharp drop in female enrollment occurred when large numbers of male soldiers returned from World War II and attended college under the new GI Bill of Rights.**Projection by U.S. Department of Education 2008.Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 1938:Table 114; 1959:Table 158; 1991:Table 261; 2010:Table 272.


Figure 10.5 Women’s and Men’s Proportion of the U.S. Labor ForceNote: Pre-1940 totals include women 14 and over: totals for 1940 and after are for women 16 and over. Broken lines are projections by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.Sources: By the author. Based on Handbook on Women Workers, 1969:10; Manpower Report to the President 1971:203, 205; Mills and Palumbo 1980:6, 45; Statistical Abstract of the United States 2010:Table 575.


Violence Against WomenViolence Against WomenF

orcible Rape-1 out of 1,000 U.S. girls and women between the ages of 12 and 50 is raped each year. Most victims know their attackers

Date Rape-Many victims are college women and it is often not reported

Murder-men are more likely than women to be killers

Violence in the Home

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S

tructural Barriers Coming Down

A

bandoning Stereotypes

N

ew Consciousness

C

hange in Relationships

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Glimpsing the Glimpsing the Future With HopeFuture With Hope


S

ocial Construction of Aging Tiwi vs. Abkhasians

Every society treats the elderly in different ways

G

raying of America – the growing elderly population in the U.S.

L

ife expectancy has increased with industrialization

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million more elderly than teenagers today in the U.S.

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Aging in The Global Aging in The Global PerspectivePerspective


Figure 10.11 U.S. Life Expectancy by Year of BirthSources: By the author. Based on Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial Edition, Part 1, Series B, 107–115; Statistical Abstract of the United States 2010:Table 102.


Figure 10.14 As Florida Goes, So Goes the NationSource: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 2009:Table 17. Projections to 2015.


Ageism – Discrimination based on ones age

The “meaning” of growing old has changed through the years

In the U.S. the elderly used to be seen as an asset, today they are seen more as a liability

Why has this occurred?

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Symbolic Interactionist Symbolic Interactionist PerspectivePerspective


Disengagement Theory – There needs to be a smooth transition between those leaving their jobs and those entering the workplace

Activity Theory – the more informal and formal activities the elderly engage in the more they find life fulfilling

Continuity Theory – The more roles one continues to possess in retirement the more fulfilling life will be

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Functionalist Functionalist PerspectivePerspective


The conflict perspective looks at the rising costs of the elderly and how money is being taken away from other age cohorts

Looks at how the Dependency Ratio is affecting Social Security

The ratio of workers paying into Social Security vs. those who are collecting Social Security

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Conflict PerspectiveConflict Perspective


Figure 10.16 Health Care Costs for the Elderly and DisabledNote: Medicare is intended for the elderly and disabled. Medicaid for the poor. About 22 percent of Medicaid payments ($58 billion) go to the elderly (Statistical Abstract 2010:Table 144). Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States various years, and 2010:Tables 137, 144. Broken lines indicate the author’s projections.

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