SADC TODAY Vol. 16 No 6 October 2014

by Joseph Ngwawi

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT has beenidentified as one of the main drivers of the in-tegration agenda in southern Africa as the re-gion moves away from an economic pathbuilt on consumption and commodity exportsonto a sustainable developmental path basedon value-addition and beneficiation.

SADC Member States acknowledge that in-dustrial development is central to the diversifi-cation of their economies, development ofproductive capacity, and the creation of employ-ment in order to reduce poverty and set theireconomies on a more sustainable growth path.

There is general agreement across the re-gion that industrialization is the essence ofdevelopment. Industrial production createsjob opportunities and facilitates more usefullinkages across the agricultural, mining andservice sectors, between rural and urbaneconomies, and across consumer, intermedi-ate and capital goods industries.

A key challenge for southern Africa is thatthe region has hitherto relied on an economicgrowth path built on consumption and com-modity exports rather than one that placesemphasis on industrialization.

The challenge facing most countries in theSADC region is to transform their economiesfrom being raw resource-dependent to ones

POLICY 3

34TH SADC SUMMIT 4-7

ENERGY 8-9

ENVIRONMENT 10

AGRICULTURE 11

PEACE AND SECURITY 12

ELECTIONS 13

TRADE 14

EVENTS 15

HISTORY TODAY 16

that enjoy beneficiated products and are tech-nology driven, dynamic and diversified.

The structure of production in southernAfrican countries is characteristic of a devel-oping region where large shares of Gross Do-mestic Product (GDP) originate from primaryproduction sectors, mainly agriculture andmining.

According to the SADC Industrial Devel-opment Policy Framework, the contributionof these sectors to GDP is relatively high, av-eraging close to 50 percent of GDP.

Fishing has equally grown to be impor-tant in a number of countries.

However, value addition in these primarysectors remains low, on average remaining at14 percent of GDP in 2011 (See table page 2).

With the exception of South Africa andMauritius, which have sizeable manufactur-ing sectors, the SADC industrial sector re-mains relatively undiversified.

As noted in the table, the manufacturingsector’s contribution to GDP in all SADCMember States is estimated at less than 20 per-cent, and lower than five percent in somecases.

The contribution of manufacturing to GDPhas relatively remained unchanged in the ma-jority of SADC Member States over the lastdecade, despite some fluctuations across coun-tries.

continued on page 2...

IndustrializationTransforming SADC development agenda

2 SOUTHERN AFRICA Today, October 2014

C O N T I N U E D F R O M P A G E 1

Industrialization intensity isvery low in the region, with in-dustrial output heavily concen-trated on low-technologyproducts such as food, bever-ages, textiles, clothing andfootwear.

The low level of industrial-ization prompted SADC Headsof State and Government attheir 34th Ordinary Summit inVictoria Falls, Zimbabwe in Au-gust to direct the Council ofMinisters to revisit the ongoingprocess to review the RegionalIndicative Strategic Develop-ment Plan (RISDP) in order togive prominence to the indus-trialization pillar.

Summit directed that in-dustrialization should takecentre stage in SADC’s re-gional integration agenda.

“To this end, Summit man-dated the Ministerial TaskForce on Regional Integrationto develop a strategy androadmap for industrializationin the region,” read part of thecommuniqué issued at the endof the Summit.

In this respect, the SADCIndustrial Development PolicyFramework is of paramountimportance.

The framework sets outareas of cooperation at re-gional level to build a diversi-fied, innovative and globallycompetitive industrial basethat will contribute to sustain-able growth and employmentcreation in the region.

It provides a referencepoint to guide coordination ofcomplex complementary poli-cies, activities and processesthat will form part of the re-gional industrial developmentframework.

It also aims to communi-cate the region’s industrializa-tion aspirations and providesdirection to the private sector,both within and outside of theregion.

It outlines a regional visionand mission for the industrial

Special industrialization summit planned

economy in SADC as well askey interventions for imple-mentation in the short,medium and longer term tomove towards this vision.

The SADC policy frame-work outlines the followingbroad cross-cutting and sector-specific interventions for imple-mentation at regional level:• Development of and ex-

ploitation of SADC mutu-ally beneficial opportunities;

• Improvement of standards,technical regulations andquality infrastructure;

• Promotion of cooperationon innovation, technologytransfer, and research anddevelopment activities;

• Development of mecha-nisms to improve access tofinance for manufacturingand related sectors;

• Improvement of supportfor small and medium-sized enterprises;

• Integration of infrastruc-ture and services into the

regional industrializationstrategy;

• Attraction of local regionaland foreign direct invest-ment and promoting ex-ports;

• Development of strategiesto exploit opportunitiesemerging from the region’sstrategic cooperation withglobal partners; and

• Promotion of alignment ofthe policy framework withexisting complementarypolicies.The policy framework notes

that an efficient, integrated and

cost-effective infrastructure is aprerequisite for regional indus-trial development, adding thatthe structural transformation ofthe SADC industrial sector con-tinues to be hampered by inad-equate infrastructure andhigh-cost services.

It says that the region isnot coping with current infra-structure requirements, in-cluding those related toexpansion of industrial capac-ity such as energy, transportand logistics services, and in-formation and communicationtechnologies. r

IndustrializationTransforming SADC development agenda

SADC PLANS to hold a spe-cial summit in 2015 to discussindustrialization and approvethe revised Regional IndicativeStrategic Development Plan.

Zimbabwean Industry andCommerce Minister, MikeBimha said the special sum-mit, set for the first quarter of2015, will look at how SADCMember States could improvetheir industrial capacity.

He said the decision to con-vene the extraordinary summitwas reached in order to focusspecifically on the way forwarddue to some differences amongMember States over the priori-ties and timeframe.

“There was more of a stale-mate on the issue of industrial-ization versus market access.There were some countries thatwere keen to see (the) marketaccess strategy being achieved

in a short time,” Bimha toldThe Herald.

Other countries felt that in-dustrialization should comefirst, arguing that it was logi-cal to first build industrial ca-pacity before “we can talkabout market access”.

The 34th SADC Summitheld in Victoria Falls, Zim-babwe in August delayed ap-proval of the revised regionaldevelopment plan, the RISDP,to allow synchronisation of thefour SADC regional integrationpillars, including further workon a programme to promote in-dustrial development in the re-gion.

Summit mandated theMinisterial Task Force on Re-gional Economic Integrationto develop a strategy androadmap for industrializationin the region.

Industrialization is criticalas it enhances production by al-lowing countries to diversifytheir economies and utilizelocal resources through valueaddition.

According to a commu-niqué read at the end of the34th Summit, SADC leadersnoted progress in the reviewof the RISDP but directed thefinalization of an implementa-tion plan for the revised blue-print in order to provideguidance towards the imple-mentation of SADC pro-grammes.

The RISDP is a 15-yearstrategic plan approved bySADC leaders in 2003 as themain blueprint for regionalintegration and develop-ment. The plan has under-gone a review process since2011. r

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Angola 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6Botswana 5 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4DRC 5 5 5 5 6 7 6 6 6 5 NA NALesotho 14 19 23 22 22 20 22 20 19 16 13 12Madagascar 12 12 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 NA NAMalawi 13 12 11 12 10 9 11 10 10 10 NA NAMauritius 23 23 22 22 21 20 20 20 20 19 18 18Mozambique 12 14 14 17 18 15 16 15 14 14 13 13Namibia 13 13 13 15 14 14 16 17 14 15 8 8Seychelles 19 18 18 16 17 13 12 12 12 11 NA NASouth Africa 19 19 19 19 19 18 17 17 17 15 15 13Swaziland 39 42 41 41 40 40 43 44 44 46 42 41Tanzania 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10Zambia 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 11 10 10 9 9Zimbabwe 16 15 13 14 16 17 18 17 17 16 14 11SADC 14.2 14.67 14.67 14.73 15.07 14.4 14.87 14.73 14.33 14.07 14.6 13.9

Source SADC Industrial Development Policy Framework

Contribution of Manufacturing to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) %

SOUTHERN AFRICAN lead-ers have adopted a Protocol onthe SADC Tribunal that definesits role and jurisdiction.

The SADC Summit ofHeads of State and Govern-ment suspended the work ofthe Tribunal in 2010 and or-dered a review of the role andjurisdiction of the regionalcourt.

In 2011, Summit extendedthe suspension of the Tribunal,mandating the Ministers ofJustice/Attorneys General toinitiate a process of draftingthe relevant SADC legal in-struments.

The 32nd SADC Summitheld in Maputo, Mozam-bique in 2012 directed that aProtocol on the SADC Tribu-

SADC Tribunal Protocol approved

P O L I C Y

SOUTHERN AFRICA Today 3

nal and Rules of Procedurethereof be negotiated and thejurisdiction of the Tribunal beconfined to an advisory roleand interpretation of theSADC Treaty and any proto-cols that may be negotiatedamong Member States.

The 34th SADC Summitheld in August in VictoriaFalls, Zimbabwe adopted a

Protocol establishing theSADC Tribunal.

“Summit received a reportfrom the Committee of Minis-ters of Justice/AttorneysGeneral relating to progresson negotiating a new Protocolon the SADC Tribunal, andadopted the new Protocol onthe SADC Tribunal,” readspart of the communique re-leased at the end of the sum-mit.

According to the new Pro-tocol, the mandate of theSADC Tribunal is confined todealing with inter-state dis-putes and interpretation ofthe SADC Treaty and Proto-cols.

This is different to the previ-ous situation in which individ-uals approached the court withcases against their governmentsbecause the jurisdiction had notbeen defined in an agreed legalinstrument known as a Proto-col.

For the past four years theCommittee of Ministers of Jus-tice/Attorneys-General wastasked with drafting the Proto-col.

One of the main sticking is-sues was the introduction of anew Article 55 on TransitionalProvision.

Among other issues, theArticle suggested that a recon-stituted Tribunal under a newprotocol could take over exist-ing cases of the old Tribunal.

Some Member States op-posed introduction of the Arti-cle, arguing that once the newProtocol entered into force,any actions or cases heard pre-viously would cease to haveeffect.

The new Protocol opts forthe latter, where the Tribunalwill not inherit any actions orcases heard previously.

The SADC Tribunal is basedin Windhoek, Namibia. r

SADC monitors Ebola outbreak in west andcentral AfricaSADC MEMBER States have adopted a com-mon position on how to deal with the recentoutbreak of Ebola – a deadly disease that hasaffected parts of West Africa and DemocraticRepublic of Congo (DRC).

A meeting of SADC Health Ministers heldon 4-5 September in Victoria Falls, Zimbabweagreed on a number of measures to curb thespread of the disease to the region.

“After their deliberations, the ministersadopted a common regional position on travelof persons and trucks/commercial vehiclesfrom Ebola-affected countries,” reads part ofthe statement released by the ministers.

They agreed that people travelling fromEbola-affected countries will be screened andfollowed up for a period of 21 days.

“If it is absolutely essential for them to leavebefore completion of the 21 day period, thenext country should be notified and shouldcontinue with the surveillance for the remain-ing period,” the ministers said.

They also agreed to standardize publichealth interventions to prevent the spread ofEbola into SADC Member States.

The common interventions include procure-ment and prepositioning of personal protectiveequipment, training of health workers, sensiti-zation of stakeholders, the identification andequipping of isolation/treatment centres, lab-oratory diagnosis, and screening of travellersat all critical points of entry or exit.

The ministers noted the pivotal role playedby the media in the dissemination of informationon Ebola, due to the extent of disinformation.

“Therefore, Member States are encouragedto engage the media in as transparent a man-

ner as possible to inform, educate, dispel ru-mours and demystify issues around Ebola,”the ministers said.

The African Union (AU) Executive Councilhas endorsed SADC’s response to Ebola andagreed to screen visitors from affected coun-tries, but expressed reservations on travel bansfor truck drivers saying this has the potentialof fuelling stigma against the affected countriesand victims. After an emergency meeting ofAU member states on Ebola, the Zimbabweanhealth minister, Dr David Parirenyatwa, whochairs the SADC health ministers, said thiswould be reviewed.

Ebola is a virus that spreads in the humanpopulation through direct or indirect contactwith blood and body fluids, and in rare cases,through handling raw bushmeat if infected.

However, a person with the disease is notcontagious until after the symptoms appear, soit is possible to isolate cases and contain thespread if proper medical facilities exist, whichis not the case in some parts of West Africa.Early recognition of Ebola is important for pro-viding appropriate patient care and preventingthe spread of infection.

Some 2,000 people have died from Ebola inGuinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal and SierraLeone since the outbreak started in March.

The Democratic Republic of Congo reportedEbola cases in late August, raising fears thatthe disease could spread to other SADC Mem-ber States. However, medical specialists notethat the strain of Ebola in DRC is different fromthat in West Africa, and has not spread fromthere, but is a separate strain that appeared inthe 1970s. r

WINNERS OF the 2014 SADCMedia Awards and SecondarySchools Essay Competitionwere presented with theirprizes at the SADC summit inAugust.

The media awards were pre-sented in four categories of tel-evision, photo journalism, printand radio. The winners werefrom Namibia, Mozambique,Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Jacqueline Hindjou-Mafwilaof the Namibia BroadcastingCorporation won the award forradio broadcasting while Al-fredo Simango of MozambiqueTelevision was adjudged thebest television reporter in

southern Africa.In other categories, Emelda

Mwitwa from Zambia DailyMail won the print cat-

4 SOUTHERN AFRICA Today, October 2014

ize the process of review of theRISDP.

The task force had a series ofmeetings in 2014 to proposenew priorities; main focal areas;milestones; outputs; targets andtimeframes for the remainderof the implementation period.

It also met to proposestrategies for implementationof the RISDP; recommend anyother strategies and imple-mentation frameworks thatmay enhance its implementa-tion, including an appropriateinstitutional and legal frame-work; and a sustainable re-source mechanism, as well asa monitoring and evaluationmechanism for the remainingperiod of its implementation.

The result of this work is theRevised RISDP (2015-2020) thatwas presented for approval tothe Council of Ministers andheads of state and governmentduring the 34th SADC Summitin Zimbabwe in August.

One of the findings of thereview process has been that,notwithstanding the achieve-

egory while MunyaradziChamalimba of Zimbabwescooped the photo journalismaward.

In the SADC Water MediaAwards, Factmore Dzobofrom Zimbabwe won the printcategory while Felicity Male ofBotswana was adjudged thebest photo journalist,

There were also presenta-tions for the SADC SecondarySchools Essay Competitionwon by Neema Steven from theUnited Republic of Tanzania.

Kudzai Ncube of Zimbabwewon the second prize whileManxoba Msibi from Swazi-land scooped third prize.

ments made in the implemen-tation of the regional integra-tion agenda, the expectationsof the regional blueprint ex-ceeded the capacity of boththe SADC Secretariat andMember States to deliver onall the agreed targets withinthe specified period.

Mugabe called on the SADCregion to leverage its abundantnatural resources by activelypursuing programmes to pro-mote industrialization throughbeneficiation and value addi-tion.

“Our region has abundantresources, which resources, in-

stead of being sold in raw format very low prices, must in-stead be exploited and benefi-ciated in order to add valueand cost to those productswhich we eventually export,”he said.

This process should assistthe region in its efforts toindustrialize and, in turn, in-crease employment opportu-nities.

“SADC should also weanitself from exporting raw ma-terials, but instead seek to cre-ate value chains that lead tothe exportation of finishedgoods,” Mugabe said. r

3 4 T H S A D C S U M M I T

by Joseph Ngwawi

ZIMBABWEAN PRESIDENTRobert Mugabe has called onSADC Member States to un-dertake a “reality check” as theregion reviews its develop-ment blueprint.

In his acceptance speechafter assuming the SADC chairfrom Malawian President PeterMutharika during the 34thSADC Summit in Victoria Falls,Zimbabwe, Mugabe cautionedthat there is need to be realisticwhen setting targets and mile-stones as the region reviews itsRegional Indicative StrategicDevelopment Plan (RISDP).

“We also should not betempted to introduce or em-brace too many programmes,which, in the end, we fail tofund from our own resources,”Mugabe said.

“We therefore feel that thecurrent process underway to re-view the Regional IndicativeStrategic Development Planshould not be a mere academicexercise but a reality checkwhich should redirect us.”

The RISDP is a 15-yearstrategic plan approved bySADC leaders in 2003 as themain blueprint for regional in-tegration and development.

The plan has over the pastfew years undergone a reviewprocess, starting with a desk re-view that was undertaken bythe SADC Secretariat in 2011.

The desk assessmentanalysed SADC’s performanceand identified the challengesencountered as well as the les-sons learnt during implemen-tation of the RISDP from 2005to 2010. The assessmentformed the basis for an inde-pendent mid-term review be-tween 2012 and 2013.

In August 2013, the Councilof Ministers directed theSADC Secretariat to work withMember States in setting up amulti-stakeholder task forcewith the responsibility to final-

SADC chair urges “reality check” as region reviews blueprint

SADC media, essay winners announcedThe essay competition is an

annual event held since 1999.The main objective of the com-petition is to raise awarenessabout SADC activities andprogrammes among the youthin SADC Member States.

This year students wereasked to write an essay on thetopic “Climate is having anadverse effect on socio-eco-nomic development in the re-gion. What should theeducation sector do to miti-gate the impact on youth?” r

President Prof. Peter Mutharika of Malawi handing over the badge of officeto the incoming SADC Chair, President Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe.

SOUTHERN AFRICA Today 5

SADC StatisticalYearbooklaunched

“I thank you for all the sup-port extended to me and mycountry over the years. I askyou to extend the same supportto our successors,” he said.

Guebuza and Pohambahave contributed significantlyto efforts to push the regionalintegration agenda forward,and are firm believers in the no-tion that SADC Member Stateshave a lot to gain from workingtogether.

THE 34TH SADC Summit inVictoria Falls, Zimbabwe sawthe election of new membersof the Summit Troika and theTroika of the Organ on Poli-tics, Defence and Security Co-operation.

The Summit Troika is madeup of President Robert Mu-gabe of Zimbabwe (SADCchair), President Ian Khama ofBotswana (deputy chair) andPresident Peter Mutharika ofMalawi (immediate pastchair).

The Troika system vests au-thority in this group to takequick decisions on behalf ofSADC that are ordinarilytaken at policy meetingsscheduled at regular intervals,as well as providing policy di-rection to SADC institutions

between regular SADC sum-mits.

This system has been effec-tive since it was established bythe Summit at its annual meet-ing in Maputo, Mozambique inAugust 1999. Other MemberStates may be co-opted into theTroika as and when necessary.

The 34th SADC Summitelected South African Presi-dent Jacob Zuma as chair ofthe Organ on Politics, Defenceand Security Cooperation,deputized by the Prime Minis-ter of Lesotho, Thomas Tha-bane, with NamibianPresident Hifikepunye Po-hamba as the outgoing chair.

The SADC Organ on Poli-tics, Defence and Security Co-operation is managed on aTroika basis and is responsible

Presidents Guebuza, Pohamba bid farewell to SADC

3 4 T H S A D C S U M M I T

has resulted in the recovery ofmany fish stocks that were onthe brink of depletion,” hesaid, adding that cooperationin the energy sector had alsoenabled countries in the re-gion to sell surplus energy toone another.

Guebuza urged SADC torender the same support givento him and Pohamba to theirsuccessors to ensure deeperregional integration.

PRESIDENTS ARMANDOGuebuza of Mozambique andHifikepunye Pohamba ofNamibia bade farewell toSADC in August during the34th Summit of Heads of Stateand Government in VictoriaFalls, Zimbabwe.

Both leaders, who head theirrespective political parties, areserving their second and lastterm as Heads of State as pertheir national constitutions, andwill not contest the nationalelections scheduled for 15 Oc-tober in Mozambique, and No-vember in Namibia.

The 34th SADC Summit wastheir last as Heads of State.

In their farewell addresses,the leaders paid tribute toSADC, saying regional cooper-ation has added value to devel-opment at the national level.

“During my tenure, I haveexperienced the value and im-portance of regional coopera-tion in various sectors,”Pohamba said.

“For example, cooperationin the marine resource sector

For example, Pohamba waskey in promoting peace andstability in the region, particu-larly the return to constitu-tional order in Madagascarand the ongoing efforts toachieve peace in eastern Dem-ocratic Republic of Congo.

The Namibian leaderchaired the SADC Organ onPolitics, Defence and SecurityCooperation between August2013 and August 2014.

Guebuza oversaw the final-ization and eventual launch ofthe SADC Regional Infrastruc-ture Master Plan in 2012 whenhe was SADC chair. The re-gional blueprint guides the de-velopment of key infrastructureprojects in southern Africa. r

for promoting peace and secu-rity in the SADC region.

It is mandated to steer andprovide Member States withdirection regarding mattersthat could threaten peace, se-curity and stability in the re-gion.

The Organ structure, opera-tions and functions are regu-lated by the Protocol onPolitics, Defence and SecurityCooperation. Like the Summitchair, the Organ chair rotateson an annual basis.

The SADC Summit andOrgan Troika Summit are mu-tually exclusive, thus the chairof the Organ cannot simultane-ously hold the chair of SADC.

When the two Troikas meet,it is referred to as the DoubleTroika. r

ACCESS TO accurate andcurrent statistical data is criti-cal to support socio-economicdevelopment in southernAfrica, according to the newSADC chairperson, PresidentRobert Mugabe of Zimbabwe,who spoke at the launch of theSADC Statistical Yearbook2012 during the 34th SADCSummit in Victoria Falls.

“It is imperative for us to beaware, for instance, that in 2013the total population of our re-gion stood at 293.5 million,grew at 3.1 percent per annum,and that the average inflationstood at 8.2 percent,” he said.

“Statistics such as these en-able local and foreign in-vestors to effectively andinformatively map out busi-nesses in the region.”

The statistical yearbookprovides stakeholders with acomprehensive set of reliableand sound information on thesocio-economic profiles anddevelopment of the SADC re-gion and its Member States. r

Presidents Armando Guebuza of Mozambique (left) and HifikepunyePohamba of Namibia bid farewell to SADC.

SADC elects new leadership

6 SOUTHERN AFRICA Today, October 2014

3 4 T H S A D C S U M M I T

THE LIBERATION historypublication is a nine-volume se-ries of books that documents thehistory of the struggle for inde-pendence in southern Africafrom the perspective of the par-ticipants and people of sevencountries.

The publication waslaunched at 34th Summit ofSADC Heads of State and Gov-ernment held in August in Vic-toria Falls, Zimbabwe.

The project was an ambitiousinitiative driven by Brig-GeneralHashim Mbita who was its Pa-tron, and approved by SADCleaders in 2005.

The publication profiles thestories of the liberation strugglein seven southern African coun-tries – Angola, Mozambique,Namibia, South Africa and Zim-babwe as supported by Zambiaand the United Republic of Tan-zania.

The SADC Liberation His-tory Project was initiated in Au-gust 2005, following approval bythe SADC Summit in Gaborone,Botswana, and completed fiveyears later, but remained unpub-lished until now.

The project unit was based inDar es Salaam, Tanzania and thework was conducted by local re-searchers in each of the coun-tries, funded entirely by SADCMember States.

The project research was di-rected by Professor ArnoldTemu of Tanzania as projectmanager and Professor Joel dasNeves Tembe of Mozambique asdeputy project manager.

The primary objective was todocument the history of the lib-eration struggle of the southernAfrican region through the col-lection, cataloguing and compil-ing of oral texts and data inSADC Member States and out-side the region.

Mbita was Executive Secre-tary of the Liberation Committeeof the Organisation of AfricanUnity (OAU) – precursor to theAfrican Union (AU) – for 22years from 1972 until his mis-

sion was accomplished withthe democratic elections inSouth Africa in 1994.

The Liberation Committeewas established at the foundingsummit of the OAU in 1963 tosupport the decolonisationprocess diplomatically and ma-terially, and formally ended inAugust 1994 with a closing con-ference in Arusha, Tanzaniaand a report titled Mission Ac-complished.

Speaking at the launch of thehistory publication in VictoriaFalls, the SADC Chairperson,President Robert Mugabe ofZimbabwe, announced that hiscountry had also decided to con-fer Mbita with the highest hon-our accorded to a foreignnational – the Royal Order ofMunhumutapa.

Previous recipients of the ho-nour are the former ZambianPresident Kenneth Kaunda andthe late founding presidents ofAngola, Botswana, Mozam-bique and Tanzania – DrAgostinho Neto, Sir SeretseKhama, Samora Machel andJulius Nyerere, respectively.

Mbita’s daughter, ShellaHashim Mbita paid tribute toSADC and Zimbabwe for thehonours bestowed on her father.

She said the publication is acritical reference source as itprovides in-depth informationon the history of the region.

“There is no doubt that theHashim Mbita Project publica-tion will provide vital and veryuseful information to studentsand academic institutions ofhigh learning on southernAfrican history, politics and hu-manities,” she said.

“Likewise, the publicationwill benefit tremendously allthose undertaking various re-searches on colonization andde-colonization, African gen-eral public and progressive in-tellectuals worldwide will alsobe interested in reading aboutthe liberation of this part of ourcontinent now and in the fu-ture.”

The publication is made upof nine volumes totalling 5,394pages.

The volumes are structuredinto four parts, covering the his-tory of countries that achievedindependence through armedstruggles, the role of FrontlineStates, role of “extended” Front-line States, and external supportfrom non-SADC or non-Front-line States.

The countries that had to goto war to win their independencewere Angola, Mozambique,Namibia, South Africa and Zim-babwe, while the Frontline Stateswere initially Botswana, Tanza-nia and Zambia.

Countries whose support isdocumented under the section

on “Extended” Frontline Statesare Lesotho, Malawi and Swazi-land.

One volume focuses on thesupport and assistance providedby other countries outside

SADC and the FrontlineStates. These include China,Cuba, Yugoslavia, Soviet Union,East Germany and the Scandina-vian countries of northern Eu-rope.

The publication was pro-duced by Mkuki Na Nyota pub-lishers in Tanzania, and thewell-known publisher, WalterBgoya, was present at thelaunch. The publication of thefirst edition comprises 400 sets ofnine volumes each which arestill being printed.r

Julius NyerereHe carried the torch thatliberated AfricaTANZANIA HOSTED theOAU Liberation Committeefor 30 years from 1964 to 1994,and the Tanzanian peoplecontributed significantly,delaying their own economicdevelopment until the rest ofthe continent was free, underthe visionary leadership ofMwalimu Julius KambarageNyerere.

The Liberation Committee,and Tanzania itself, providedpolitical, material and moralsupport to other Africancountries until majority ruleand independence wereachieved.

Born on 13 April 1922 inButiama near Lake Victoria,Mwalimu dedicated his life tothe ideals of human dignityand common humanity.

“He is our father, and weare his children”, formerMozambican PresidentJoaquim Chissano said at hisfuneral, a huge and emotionalceremony attended by leaders,

SADC launches liberation history publication

representativesand peoplefrom Africa andother regions of the world tobid farewell to Mwalimu afterhe died 15 years ago on 14October 1999.

“Mwalimu was not onlyable to think and launchslogans on freedom and unitybut he could install them intothe hearts of citizens.”

His African colleagues paidtribute to him as “One of thegreatest leaders and thinkersof the 20th century.... Hecarried the torch that liberatedAfrica.”

The Vice President of Indiasaid Mwalimu worked withIndian leaders “shoulder-to-shoulder against colonialismand apartheid.”

Speaking on behalf of theone billion people of India, hedescribed Nyerere was “thevoice of freedom and unity inAfrica and the developingworld.” r

THE MESSAGE was clearand well received – southernAfrica should do more to hon-our its founding fathers.

On 1 April 1980, the lead-ers of Angola, Botswana,Lesotho, Malawi, Mozam-bique, Swaziland, the UnitedRepublic of Tanzania, Zambiaand the Prime Minister-desig-nate of Zimbabwe met inLusaka, Zambia to establishthe Southern Africa Develop-ment Coordination Confer-ence (SADCC) – precursor toSADC – after a series of con-sultations by the FrontlineStates aimed at forging acloser alliance.

Since its establishment 34years ago, SADC has achieveda number of milestones aimedat advancing political and eco-nomic freedom.

SADC WAS formed through along process of consultationsby the leaders of southernAfrica.

Towards the end of the1970s, it became clear to theleaders of the region that po-litical independence alonewould not lead to improvedeconomies and living stan-dards.

The positive experiencesgained in working together asthe Frontline States to advancethe political struggle for inde-pendence had to be translatedinto broader cooperation inpursuit of economic and socialdevelopment.

From 1977, active consulta-tions were undertaken by theFrontline States, culminating ina meeting of Foreign Ministersin Gaborone, Botswana in May1979, which called for a meet-ing of ministers responsible foreconomic development.

That meeting was con-vened in Arusha, Tanzania, in

SOUTHERN AFRICA Today 7

3 4 T H S A D C S U M M I T

However, littlehas been done topay tribute to theleaders who dedi-cated their lives tothe ideals of attain-ing political free-dom and deepeningregional economicintegration.

In a commu-niqué released atthe end of the 34thSADC Summit heldin Victoria Falls,Zimbabwe, SADCleaders “under-scored the need toappropriately hon-our Founding Leaders whoplayed an outstanding role inthe liberation of Africa, atboth regional and continentallevels.”

the founding fa-thers.

“They are the oneswho formed this or-ganization, a bodyon the strength ofwhose reckonings alot happened, andwhere political free-dom came from,” hesaid, adding, “butwe have not donemuch by way ofpaying tribute to ourfounding fathers.”

H e s a i d t h efounding fathers,particularly the for-mer Tanzanian

President Mwalimu Julius Ny-erere, had to bear the greatestburden of freeing Africa by ac-commodating liberation fight-ers in his country andproviding them with logisticaland military support.

“Help us, help me as thenew SADC chair so that we re-spect Mwalimu at the AfricanUnion,” President Mugabesaid.

The AU has honouredsome of its heroes such as thelate Kwame Nkrumah ofGhana and Nelson Mandela ofSouth Africa by naming partsof its headquarters in AddisAbaba, Ethiopia in their hon-our.

The outgoing NamibianPresident, Hifikepunye Po-hamba, echoed this sentiment,saying another great honourfor the founding fathers is topreserve their ideals for gener-ations to come.

“Thirty-four ago, thefounders of SADC articulateda vision for our people tomarch towards greater unityand integration,” he said.

“I urge the leaders and citi-zens of SADC to continuewalking in the footsteps of theirpredecessors towards universalintegration, unity and harmonyfor our people.” r

July 1979, leading to the birthof the Southern Africa Devel-opment Coordination Confer-ence (SADCC), the forerunnerof SADC, the following year.

SADCC was established on1 April 1980 by nine inde-pendent southern Africanstates who signed a Declara-tion titled “Southern Africa:Towards Economic Libera-tion” – Angola, Botswana,Lesotho, Malawi, Mozam-bique, Swaziland, Tanzania,Zambia and Zimbabwe. Themain objectives were:• to reduce Member States’

dependence, particularly,but not only, on apartheidSouth Africa;

• to implement programmesand projects with nationaland regional impact;

• to mobilise Member States’resources in the quest forcollective self-reliance; and,

• to secure international un-derstanding and supportThe transformation was

achieved in August 1992,when SADCC Heads of Stateand Government met inWindhoek, capital of the re-cently independent Republicof Namibia, where they signeda Declaration and Treaty es-tablishing SADC.

The leaders realised that,although the coordinationconference had served themwell and had demonstratedthe crucial need to cooperatein their development efforts,the time had come to give theorganisation a more formallegal status.

Since its inception, SADChas provided the legal frame-work for cooperation amongMember States, and has incul-cated a sense of regional be-longing as well as a traditionof consultation among thepeoples and governments ofsouthern Africa. r

Transformation of SADCC to SADC

SADC Founding fathers. Lusaka, 1 April 1980. Back from left:Dick Matenje (Malawi), Robert Mugabe PM-DesignateZimbabwe, Rt Hon. Prince Mabandla Dlamini (Swaziland),Hon. Mooki Molapo (Lesotho). Front from left: H.E. JoséEduardo dos Santos (Angola), H.E. Sir Seretse Khama(Botswana), H.E. Dr. Kenneth Kaunda (Zambia), H.E. SamoraMachel, H.E. Mwalimu Julius Nyerere (Tanzania)

SADC to do more to honour Founding Fathers

The new SADC chairper-son, the President R.G. Mu-gabe of Zimbabwe, said theregion would not have beenthe same without the vision of

mission interconnector will, among other things, make it possiblefor NamPower to import power to Namibia directly fromHwange in Zimbabwe. Currently electricity from the HwangePower Station is routed to Namibia through South Africa.

With respect to the CTC in Zimbabwe, the project involves con-struction of power lines to increase the north-south transfer capacityof the Zimbabwean network from 200kV to 600kV.

This corridor is critical for SADC, as most util-ities in the region use the Zimbabwe network fortheir power wheeling.

The project entails the development of trans-mission lines from Alaska to Sherwood, Bindurato Mutorashanga, and Marvel to Insukamini inZimbabwe.

A static compressor will be built at Dema andSherwood substations. The cost for the project isabout US$100 million.

The Mozambique Regional Transmission Back-bone project (STE) will consist of a double trans-mission line from the Tete Province in centralMozambique to the capital Maputo in southernMozambique and the SAPP intercon-nected regional power network.

STE will transport the electricity gen-erated in new hydropower plants fromMphanda Nkuwa (1500 MW) and CahoraBassa (North Bank, 1245 MW) inMozambique to the markets.

The backbone will com-prise a 400kV HVAC line

by Joseph Ngwawi

SADC HAS identified at least nine high-priority energy trans-mission projects in southern Africa valued at more than US$4 bil-lion for promotion and marketing to investors.

The nine projects are at various stages of development and in-clude the flagship ZiZaBoNa Interconnector Project to be imple-mented by Zimbabwe, Zambia, Botswana and Namibia,according to the SADC Secretariat.

Other projects accorded high priority include the CentralTransmission Corridor (CTC), the Mozambique Backbone Project,the Zambia-Tanzania-Kenya Interconnector as well as the pro-posed Namibia-Angola Interconnector that will connect Tanzaniaand Angola to the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP).

Director of Infrastructure and Services, Remmy Makumbe saida joint utility steering committee comprising officials from the Zim-babwe Electricity Authority (ZESA) and ESKOM of South Africahas been formed to steer the CTC project and that draft terms of ref-erence for technical and commercial teams have been developed.

“ZESA, in conjunction with ESKOM, is studying current net-work configuration and capacity, and is reviewing all possibletechnical options available for the CTC project to increase net-work transfer capacity,” he said.

The Southern African Power Pool, which coordinates the plan-ning, generation, transmission and marketing of electricity on be-half of utilities in the region, completed the tendering process forthe ZiZaBoNa project in May 2013 and a number of investors arereported to have expressed interest in developing the electricitytransmission interconnector.

The transmission interconnector project has the capacity to in-crease power trading among participating utilities, as well as pro-viding an alternative route to decongest the existing centraltransmission corridor that passes through Zimbabwe.

The ZiZaBoNa project is an example of regional cooperationand integration, and its completion would go a long way in en-suring that most SADC countries are able to share surplus energy.

Under the ZiZaBoNa agreement signed in 2008, power utilitiesof all four countries are expected to finance parts of the projectthat fall within their national boundaries, that is, ZESA, ZambiaElectricity Supply Corporation, Botswana Power Corporationand Namibia Power Company.

The initial capacity of the transmission interconnector will be300 megawatts (MW), which will be increased later to 600MW.

The project is to be implemented in two phases. The first phasewill cover the construction of a 120 kilometre, 330 kilovolt (kV)line from Hwange Power Station to Victoria Falls where a switch-ing station will be built on the Zimbabwe side. The line will ex-tend to a substation at Livingstone in Zambia.

The second phase will involve the construction of a 300km,330kV line from Livingstone to Katima Mulilo inNamibia, through Pandamatenga in Botswana. The Zim-babwe-Zambia interconnector will be built as a highvoltage line with a transmission capacity of 430kV.

However, it will operate as a 330kV line during thefirst phase. When fully operational, the ZiZaBoNa trans-

SADC works to improve electriciTHE SADC region has intensified efforts to build capaefficiency. This issue of Southern Africa Today highlights sosupply and energy efficiency in the region.

SADC targets US$4 billion high-priority energy projects

8 SOUTHERN AFRICA Today, October 2014

As part of the DSM programme, at least four initiatives havebeen identified to ensure that the region is able to manage its ex-isting energy load.

These are the introduction of Compact Florescent Lamps(CFLs), Commercial Lighting (CL), Hot Water Load Control(HWLC) and Solar Water Heaters (SWH).

For example, switching from traditional light bulbs to CFLsand CL have been effective in most SADC countries as they havesignificantly reduced energy use at home and prevented green-house gas emissions that contribute to climate change.

Research shows that residential lighting accounts for about 20percent of the average domestic electricity bill in the SADC re-gion.

However, compared to incandescent bulbs, CFLs have beenshown to save up to 80 percent of the electricity consumption.

SWHs also have the capacity to ensure the availability of en-ergy in the region, as the use of solar will conserve other forms ofpower such hydro and thermal, which are commonly used in theregion.

Available data shows that most of the power used in residen-tial areas is consumed by water heaters, placing a huge strain ontraditional power sources.

Similarly, the HWLC programme being pursued by SAPP hasenabled consumers to install load control switches that automat-ically turn off power during peak periods or when appliancessuch as geysers have reached its maximum demand.

South Africa’s Eskom and Botswana Power Corporation havereported savings of 130 megawatts (MW) and 40MW, respec-tively, from the HWLC programme.

According to the 34th SADC Summit Brochure, southernAfrica has made cumulative savings of about 4,561MW fromDSM programmes between 2009 and 2013.

The bulk of the savings, totaling about 3,461MW, emanatedfrom the CFLs programme. The commercial lighting programmecontributed savings of 700MW.

It is envisaged that the SADC region will save more than6,000MW by 2018 if such initiatives are implemented accordingto plan.

It is envisaged that the DSM pro-gramme will include a public educa-tion campaign whose primaryobjective will be to increase aware-ness about energy efficiency.

Other measures being consideredinclude the use of cost-reflective tar-iffs, time of use tariffs, renewable en-ergy feed-in tariffs as well asintroduction of penalties for ineffi-ciency use of energy by customers.

Cost-reflective tariffs encouragepeople to move their electricity con-sumption from peak times to off-peak periods by adjusting the pricecharged at certain times of each day.

The time-of-use pricing concept iswhereby electricity prices are set fora specific time period on an advanceor forward basis, usually not chang-ing more than twice a year. r

by Kizito Sikuka

THE CURRENT energy shortages being experienced bymost countries in southern Africa could be addressed bya variety of measures including building new power gen-eration stations.

However, another critical measure that SADC is activelypursuing to halt the power shortages that date as far backas 2006 is to reduce the demand for energy in the regionby managing the existing energy load.

This option commonly referred to as Demand Side Man-agement (DSM) could effectively allow

SADC to address its energy chal-lenges in the short-term, while mo-bilizing resources to develop new

power generation projects that willadd more energy on the regional grid.

In this regard, the 34th SADC Summiturged Member States to “provide the necessary policy

support to implement the Demand Side Management pro-gramme, including banning of incandescent light bulbs.”

The DSM programme was initiated a few years ago by theSouthern African Power Pool (SAPP) to ensure that the region isable to manage its energy situation.

and an 800 kV line to supply the major consumption zones withinMozambique and link with the South African market. Its esti-mated cost is US$2.8 billion.

Makumbe said negotiations of a joint development agreementare underway between Mozambican power utility and third par-ties.A special purpose vehicle is being established, with negotia-

tions taking place on the shareholding. r

ity supply and energy efficiencyacity to generate more electricity and encourage energyome of the initiatives being pursued to improve electricity

SADC energy challengeDemand management key toaddressing shortages

SOUTHERN AFRICA Today 9

E N V I R O N M E N T

Environmental Management for Sustainable DevelopmentSADC approves Protocol on

10 SOUTHERN AFRICA Today, October 2014

by Admire Ndhlovu

APPROVAL OF the Protocolon Environmental Manage-ment for Sustainable Develop-ment represents a major steptowards promotion of sustain-able use and management ofthe environment in southernAfrica.

The Protocol was approvedby the 34th Summit of SADCHeads of State and Govern-ment held in August in Victo-ria Falls, Zimbabwe, and aimsto harmonize existing instru-ments that deal with environ-mental issues.

SADC has until now hadseveral protocols dealing withvarious aspects of the environ-ment. Most of these were sec-toral in nature and did not takea holistic approach towards thesustainable use and manage-ment of the environment.

These include the Protocolon Wildlife Conservation andLaw Enforcement approved in1999, Revised Protocol onShared Watercourses (2000), aswell as the Protocol on Mining(1997) and the Protocol on En-ergy (1996).

Therefore, the adoption ofthe Protocol on EnvironmentalManagement for SustainableDevelopment is an importantstep in the process of harmo-nizing the laws that deal withenvironmental issues.

The objectives of the proto-col are to enhance the protec-tion of the environment inorder to contribute to humanhealth, wellbeing and povertyalleviation, and promote equi-table and sustainable utilisationof natural and cultural re-sources for the benefit of thepresent and future generations.

In addition, it seeks to pro-mote the shared managementof transboundary environ-ment and natural resources.

Another objective is to pro-mote effective management

port, the Southern Africa Envi-ronment Outlook, was launchedin 2009.

Other measures to be im-plemented include promotingmanagement and control ofthe spread of invasive alienspecies and transboundarymanagement of wastes andhazardous substances.

Specific provisions to ad-dress issues pertaining to airquality, waste and pollution,chemicals management, biodi-versity and natural heritage,cultural heritage, sustainableland management, marineand inland water resourcesand climate change are made.

According to the protocol,implementation will essentiallybe at national level. However,in the case of shared resourcesand issues of regional nature,member countries shall co-op-erate with one another to en-sure that the “objectives of thisProtocol are achieved.”

Institutions established forthe implementation of the pro-

tocol are the Committee ofMinisters Responsible for theEnvironment, Committee ofSenior Officials Responsiblefor the Environment, Techni-cal Committee on Environ-mental Management, as wellas other Specialist Committeesand Working Groups.

Efforts towards an environ-mental protocol in the SADCregion can be tracked back tothe period after the Rio Sum-mit of 1992, when SADC Min-isters of Environment agreedat their meeting in Cape Town,South Africa in1999 to adopt aProtocol on Environment.

They directed the thenSADC Environment and LandManagement Sector (ELMS) todevelop a regional environ-mental protocol.

This was in realisation thatmost of countries in SADCrely heavily on the exploita-tion of natural resources andthe environment for their eco-nomic development.

In this regard, there wasneed for the region to put inplace measures and strategiesthat promote sustainable man-agement and exploitation ofnatural resources, which areshared by a number of coun-tries.

The protocol is also criticalin that it would help integrateand mainstream environmen-tal management in economicdevelopment.

Previously, instrumentsgoverning socio-economic de-velopment process havetended to overlook environ-mental issues, resulting in en-vironmental degradation,pollution as well as disruptionof vital ecosystems such aswetlands.

The new protocol, there-fore, aims to strengthen theprotection of the environmentwhile contributing to humanhealth, wellbeing and povertyalleviation. r

and response to impacts of cli-mate change and variability.

To meet these objectives,State Parties are to cooperateby contributing towards sus-tainable development throughthe adoption of sound envi-ronmental management prin-ciples and procedures,facilitating value addition andbeneficiation of the region’snatural resources to maximisebenefits, and promoting tradein environmental goods andservices for the developmentof their economies.

SADC Member States areexpected to harmonise theirlaws, policies, plans and pro-grammes on environmentalmanagement.

There is also need for mem-ber countries to harmonisestandards, processes and proce-dures with particular referenceto regional and transboundaryenvironmental management.

The Protocol recognise theneed to continuously keepunder review the state of theregion’s environment.

As such, countries shallcontribute to the production ofsuch regular state of the envi-ronment reports and developappropriate environmental in-dicators for monitoring of keyenvironmental trends for theSADC region.

At regional level the laststate of the environment re-

SOUTHERN AFRICA is ex-pected to receive good rainfallfor the 2014/15 agriculturalseason.

This forecast was made bythe 18th Southern Africa Cli-mate Outlook Forum (SAR-COF-18) that met in Windhoek,Namibia in late August to pres-ent a consensus seasonal cli-mate outlook for the 2014/2015rainfall season in the region.

According to the forecast,most parts of southern Africashould receive favourable (nor-mal to above-normal) rainfall.

This is sufficient for mostcrops to reach maturity stageby end of season, implying thatSADC may again record agood harvest.

Above normal rainfall is de-fined as lying within thewettest third of averagerecorded rainfall amounts dur-ing the 30-year period between1971 and 2000, while belownormal is lying within the dri-est third of rainfall amounts,and normal is the middle third.

The climate experts dividedthe rainfall season into fouroverlapping three-month peri-ods.

These are October-Decem-ber 2014 (OND), November2014-January 2015 (NDJ), De-cember 2014-February 2015(DJF), and January-March 2015(JFM).

Areas with increasedchances of receiving normal toabove-normal rainfall in theOND period include Mozam-bique, south-western andnorth-eastern Tanzania, andmost of Malawi.

Other areas include the bulkof DRC and Angola, and mostof Zimbabwe, Zambia,Botswana, South Africa, Swazi-land, as well as southern Mada-gascar.

However, farmers in areaslikely to receive good rains arestilled expected to balancecrops between late maturingseed varieties and early matur-ing ones to cater for uncertain-ties in the weather patterns.

Planting of both early andlate maturing varieties help-farmers to achieve a fair harvestin the event of a deficit in theamount of rainfall.

Increased chances of heavy(above-normal to normal) rain-fall are expected in the north-eastern half of Tanzania, extremesouth-western Angola and west-ern coastal areas of Namibia,South Africa and Seychelles.

However, the northern mostDRC, northern Madagascar andMauritius are more likely to re-ceive inadequate (normal tobelow-normal) rainfall duringthis period.

In such areas, early maturingseed varieties are the most idealsince the seeds usually take ashorter time period to mature.

In the NDJ period, the bulkof the region is likely to receive

normal to above-normal rain-fall, while the greater part ofDRC and northern most partsof Angola are likely to receivenormal to below-normal rain-fall.

Most parts of SADC and theisland states are likely to receivenormal to above-normal rainfallduring the DJF period.

For the period JFM, the bulkof SADC is expected to receivenormal to above-normal rainfall.

However, the greater part ofDRC, northern most Angola andMauritius are likely to receivenormal to below-normal rain-fall.

Farmers and other users havebeen urged to continue gettingsupport and updates from theiragricultural extension officerson local conditions, and the na-tional meteorological services.

October-November-December 2014 November-December 2014-January 2015

Climate information and resilience developmentSADC expected to receive good rainfall

A G R I C U L T U R E

SOUTHERN AFRICA Today 11

In addition, farmers in areaslikely to receive insufficientrains should practice conserva-tion agriculture which involvesminimal disturbance of the soilin order to keep the availablemoisture for a longer period oftime.

SARDCOF-18 also took intoaccount El Niño Southern Os-cillation (ENSO), which is cur-rently in the neutral phase, andis projected to be fluctuating.

Conditions for El Niño de-velop as warm waters of thetropical Pacific spread east-wards in concert with shiftingpatterns of atmospheric pres-sure.

In previous years, El Niñoevents have been associatedwith drought conditions pre-vailing in most parts of south-ern Africa. r

December 2014-January-February 2015 January-February-March 2015

The numbers for each zone indicate the probabilities of rainfall in each of the three categories, below-normal, normal and above-normal. The top number indicates the probability of rainfall occurring in theabove-normal category, the middle number is for normal and the bottom number is for below-normal.

12 SOUTHERN AFRICA Today, October 2014

SADC HAS appointed a facil-itator to the Kingdom ofLesotho to work with thecountry’s coalition govern-ment as it implements aroadmap to restore politicalstability in the country.

Lesotho’s coalition govern-ment led by Prime MinisterThomas Thabane has been fac-ing some challenges since itsformation in 2012, and the sit-uation worsened in the wakeof an alleged coup plot byLesotho’s military on 30 Au-gust.

Meeting on 15 Septemberin Pretoria, South Africa to

Carajos and the ChagosArchipelago, includingDiego Garcia and anyother island comprised inthe State of Mauritius.

Meeting at their 34thSummit in Victoria Falls,Zimbabwe in August,SADC leaders pledgedfull support for Mauri-tius in its legal battleagainst the UK.

“Summit did callupon all Member States tofully support the Legiti-mate Claim of the Repub-lic of Mauritius for therestoration of its sover-

eignty over Chagos Archipel-ago without which the fulldecolonisation of Africa is notcomplete,” the SADC leaderssaid in a communique.

Mauritius launched itslegal challenge more thanthree years ago and believes aruling in its favour could leadto the unravelling of Britain'scolonial-era claim and theeventual return of hundreds ofexiled islanders who havebeen forced to leave the archi-pelago. Many now live inBritain or Mauritius. r

SADC HAS rallied be-hind Mauritius in itsstruggle to reclaim sover-eignty over the ChagosArchipelago which hasbeen at the centre ofa dispute with theUnited Kingdom.

In 1965, beforegranting independ-ence to Mauritius,the UK split theChagos Archipelagofrom Mauritius andtook the islands ofAldabra, Farquhar andDesroches from Sey-chelles to form the BritishIndian Ocean Territory.

The islands were formallyestablished as an overseas ter-ritory of the UK on 8 Novem-ber 1965.

Aldabra, Farquhar andDesroches were returned toSeychelles in June 1976 follow-ing its independence.

The Mauritian governmenthas stated that it does notrecognise the British IndianOcean Territory, which the UKcreated by excising the ChagosArchipelago prior to inde-pendence, and insists that the

discuss and consider the situ-ation in Lesotho, the SADCDouble Troika Summit man-dated South African DeputyPresident Cyril Ramaphosa toact as SADC facilitator toLesotho.

Ramaphosa will be sup-ported by the SADC Secre-tariat and a team of expertsfrom Troika Member Statestofacilitate the restoration of po-litical and security stability inLesotho, in the short and longterm.

Troika members are Zim-babwe (SADC chairperson),Botswana (deputy chairper-

P E A C E & S E C U R I T Y

Support for Mauritius claim over Chagos Archipelago

the statement released by theDouble Troika.

“To this effect the CoalitionGovernment will work to-gether with the Facilitator inaddressing all political and se-curity challenges in prepara-tion for the brought forwardelections.”

The coalition leaders haveagreed to bring forward thedate of the elections from 2017to the date to be agreed uponafter consultations with otherpolitical stakeholders.

The latest political crisis inLesotho was allegedly set offwhen Thabane, facing a voteof no confidence, suspendedParliament in June.

Another reason cited forthe latest conflict is the deci-sion by Thabane to dismissLesotho Defence Force com-mander Kennedy TlaliKamoli, replacing him withMaaparankoe Mahao.

Lesotho has a long historyof internal confrontation, dat-ing back to independence inOctober 1966 when the coun-try was an island surroundedby a sea of apartheid SouthAfrica.

Many of the conflicts haverequired regional interventionby SADC, and the DoubleTroika Summit has “com-mended all Member Statesthat have deployed or pledgedto deploy officers in Lesotho,”to contain the current situa-tion.

The Double Troika Summitwas also attended by theDemocratic Republic of Congoand United Republic of Tanza-nia, as well as the SADCExecutive Secretary, Dr Ster-gomena Lawrence Tax. r

son) and Malawi(immediatepast chairperson). The othersare South Africa (chairpersonof the Organon Politics, De-fence and Security Coopera-tion), Lesotho (deputy) andNamibia (outgoing chair).

“Summit urged the leadersof the Coalition Governmentto work together to implementthe Windhoek and Pretoriadeclarations as a matter of ur-gency in particular the liftingof Parliament prorogationwithin the agreed time, duringwhich focus should be placedin preparing the brought for-ward elections,” read part of

archipelago, including DiegoGarcia, forms an integral partof the territory of Mauritiusunder both Mauritian law andinternational law.

There is a strong body of in-ternational law and opinionthat supports this position, butthe UK regards Diego Garciaas strategic for shipping andsecurity, and leases part of theisland to the United States mil-itary.

The Constitution of Mauri-tius states that the islands ofMauritius include Mauritius,Rodrigues, Agaléga, Cargados,

SADC mediates in Lesotho political conflict

E L E C T I O N S

PRESIDENT ARMANDOGuebuza of Mozambique hassigned an agreement with Re-namo leader AfonsoDhlakama signalling the endof two-year hostilities by Ren-amo in the centre of the coun-try.

The peace accord was signedon 5 September in the capitalMaputo at a ceremony wit-nessed by government minis-ters, members of the NationalAssembly including those fromthe political parties Frelimo andRenamo, and diplomats accred-ited to Mozambique.

The accord consists of fourdocuments, covering an agree-ment on the cessation of hos-

tilities between Renamo andgovernment forces; a memo-randum of understanding be-tween Renamo and thegovernment; a documenthighlighting the terms of refer-

ences for international ob-servers who will monitor thecessation of hostilities; and theintegration of Renamo com-batants into the police forceand army.

humility for your mandate tolead this belloved nation for asecond term,” Khama said in aforeword to the BDP mani-festo.

“Your confidence in theBotswana Democratic Partyhas not wavered in the lastfive decades and for that weare all grateful to you.”

The run-up to the electionswas marred by the death of anopposition leader when Go-molemo Motswaledi of theBotswana Movement forDemocracy (BMD) died in acar accident in August in whatthe opposition claimed wassuspicious circumstances.

However, the police haveruled out foul play, saying the“investigations reveal thatMotswaledi's death was theresult of a road accident unin-duced by any foul play.”

Botswana uses a single con-stituency electoral system ofFirst Past the Post for the elec-tion of Members of Parlia-ment. Elected MPs then act asan electoral college to choosethe President.

SOUTHERN AFRICA Today 13

A total of 824,073 votershave registered to vote againstan estimated population of 1.4million eligible voters.

Of these, 389,870 (almost 50percent) are youth, meaningthat young people will have amajor say in who will emergeas the eventual winner.

A number of political par-ties and independent candi-dates are expected toparticipate. In the last electionsheld in 2009, seven parties and15 independent candidatestook part in the elections,which saw the BDP win 45 ofthe 57 elected seats.

The Botswana Parliamenthas 63 seats, of which 57 arefilled through direct votes.There are four seats reservedfor the majority party in Par-liament, while the Presidentand Attorney General are ex-officio members. r

“With the signing of the ac-cord, it brings about legitimatehopes for Mozambicans to havethe best life. Our people expectall political actors to respect theConstitution, and also hope thatall the liberties and progressthey have enjoyed in the pastwill continue,” Guebuza said atthe signing ceremony.

Dhlakama, who returned toMaputo on 4 September afterliving at a Renamo base in cen-tral Mozambique for morethan a year, said he was happyto have signed the agreement,which will enable him to par-ticipate in the forthcomingelections set for 15 October.

The election campaign, inwhich he is a presidential candi-date, has already started. Gue-buza is not contesting thiselection as he is completing hissecond five-year term as Presi-dent in line with the Constitu-tion.

“The agreement signedtoday covers all Renamo’s keydemands, which include theelectoral law. It assures trans-parency in electoral processesfrom voting day to the an-nouncement of results,”Dhlakama said.

Bringing Dhlakama to Ma-puto and arranging a meetingwith the Mozambican Presidentwas an international effort, andhe was accompanied on the air-craft by the Ambassadors ofItaly, Portugal, United States, aswell as High Commissionersfrom Botswana and Britain.

The Frelimo party, of whichGuebuza remains president,will be represented by FilipeNyussi as their presidentialcandidate. Nyussi is currentlythe defence minister.

Another contestant in theelections is the MozambiqueDemocratic Movement led bythe mayor of Beira, DavisSimango, who broke awayfrom Renamo in 2009. r

Peace agreement ahead of Mozambique elections

Botswana elections set for 24 October

President Armando Guebuza and Renamo leader Afonso Dhlakama signthe recent Mozambique peace treaty.

PRESIDENT IAN Khama hasset 24 October as the date fornational elections, which are ex-pected to be closely contested.

A number of oppositionparties have formed an al-liance under the Umbrella forDemocratic Change led byDuma Boko.

According to analysts, thisis by far the most powerfulcoalition to take part in thecountry’s elections since inde-pendence in 1966.

However, the rulingBotswana Democratic Party(BDP) led by Khama is confi-dent that it will once againemerge victorious.

“Still the only party,” and“Still the biggest party inBotswana” are some of thecatchy phrases being used bythe BDP on its website.

Khama is also encouragedby the support his party hasreceived in the last few years,hence his decision to stand forre-election.

“Fellow comrades andcompatriots, once again Icome before you to ask in kind

14 SOUTHERN AFRICA Today, October 2014

T R A D E

INTRA-SADC TRADE is on the in-crease and was estimated to haverisen to more than US$58 billion as of2012 from about US$13.8 billion in2000, according to the SADC Secre-tariat.

However, these figures only relateto the 12 countries that belong to theSADC Free Trade Area. Angola, Dem-ocratic Republic of Congo and Sey-chelles are not yet members of theFTA.

When all the 15 SADC MemberStates are included, the figures showthat intra-regional trade increasedmore than four-fold from about US$14

billion in 2000 to more than US$66 bil-lion in 2012.

South Africa is the largest tradingpartner in the SADC region. For ex-ample, its exports to the region are es-timated at 40 percent of totalintra-regional trade. Other major ex-porting countries include Angola,Zambia and Zimbabwe.

In terms of imports, Botswana isthe leading regional importer, to-gether with other three smaller mem-bers of the Southern African CustomsUnion (SACU) – Lesotho, Namibiaand Swaziland. South Africa is thefifth and largest member of SACU. r

If this happens, intra-regionaltrade is expected to increase sharplyand to deepen regional integrationthrough improved investment flowsand enhanced competition.

In fact, this arrangement will cre-ate a combined population of some600 million people covering half ofthe member states of the AfricanUnion (AU), and a Gross DomesticProduct of about US$1 trillion.

SADC Director of Trade, Industry,Finance and Investment, BoitumeloGofhamodimo said during the 34thSADC Heads of State and Govern-ment Summit held in August in Vic-toria Falls, Zimbabwe that the regionis ready for the establishment of thetripartite FTA.

“Apart from offering a bigger mar-ket, the tripartite trade arrangementis very important as it allows coun-tries in eastern and southern Africa toharmonize their trade policies,” shesaid.

“We expect to conclude the negoti-ations by end of the year,”Gofhamodimo said, adding that thetalks had been delayed by a combina-tion of factors, including limited fi-nancial resources.

“As SADC, I believe we are readyfor the tripartite arrangement. It isone arrangement which is very im-portant in boosting trade and deepen-ing integration.”

The ongoing negotiations arebeing followed keenly by the AU asother regional economic communitieson the continent want to learn fromthis experience.

Africa’s longstanding vision since1963 at the formation of the Organiza-tion of African Unity (OAU) – precur-sor to the AU – has been to have aunited and integrated continent.

Under the African Economic Com-munity Treaty signed in 1991, Africaaims to establish a continent-wide FTAand the proposed COMESA-EAC-SADC trade agreement is regarded asone of the building blocks for the con-tinental target.

Therefore, once operational, theproposed Tripartite FTA will be used asa benchmark for deeper regional andcontinental integration in Africa.

According to a roadmap adopted inJune 2011, negotiations for the Tripar-tite FTA would be conducted in threedifferent phases.

To date, the Tripartite Trade Negoti-ation Forum (TTNF) has completed thepreparatory phase which involved theexchange of relevant information, in-cluding applied national tariffs andtrade data and measures.

This phase was aimed at ensuringthe adoption of the terms of referenceand rules of procedure for the estab-lishment of the TTNF.

The tripartite negotiators are nowconcluding phase one, which coverscore FTA issues such as tariff liberaliza-tion, rules of origin, customs proce-dures and simplification of customsdocumentation, transit procedures,non-tariff barriers, trade remedies andother technical barriers to trade anddispute resolution.

Facilitating movement of businesspersons within the region is being ne-gotiated in parallel with the first phase.

Phase two, the last stage of the ne-gotiations, is expected to start soon andwill cover trade in services and trade-related issues such as intellectual prop-erty rights, competition policy andtrade development and competitive-ness.

According to the roadmap, all nego-tiations should be completed within 36months. Thereafter, COMESA-EAC-SADC are expected launch a singleFTA by 2016, building on the FTAs thatare already in place.

The ultimate launch of the enlargedFTA will result in the three sub-regionscoalescing into a single FTA with thegoal of establishing a single CustomsUnion in the near future. r

SADC ready to establish Africa’s largest integrated market

Intra-SADC trade on the increase

SADCCOMESAEAC

by Kizito Sikuka

SOUTHERN AFRICA is committed tofinalizing negotiations to establish aTripartite Free Trade Area that willcover 26 countries in eastern andsouthern Africa.

The proposed Tripartite Free TradeArea, known as the Grand FTA, in-volves three regional economic com-munities - the Common Market forEastern and Southern Africa(COMESA), East African Community(EAC), and SADC.

According to a roadmap developedby COMESA-EAC-SADC, the GrandFTA is expected to come into force by2016.

SOUTHERN AFRICA Today 15

October-December 2014

October 8-10, Namibia 3rd Global Large Marine Ecosystems Conference

Bringing together international leaders in ecosystem-based man-agement, the conference aims to provide a platform for countriesto share experiences in mitigation and adaptation policies, par-ticularly for ecosystems under stress from climate change

15, General ElectionsMozambique Mozambicans will go to the polls to choose new government

leaders including a president and members of the national as-sembly for the next five years, using an electoral system of pro-portional representation based on party lists. IncumbentPresident Armando Guebuza is not taking part in the electionsafter serving his second and last term.

23-24, Solar IndabaSouth Africa The conference will provide information on the financial mech-

anisms necessary for solar energy to offer an extensive solutionto current energy shortages in Africa and the infrastructure de-velopment needed to support an effective supply chain betweenindependent providers and national/regional grids.

24, Botswana Botswana General ElectionsMembers of parliament and local government representativeswill be elected on 24 October, using the single constituency or“first-past-the-post” electoral system. The elected parliament thensits as an electoral college to choose a president who will holdoffice for five years. The House of Chiefs, the Ntlo ya Dikgosi, isan advisory body to parliament.

31, Angola SAPP Executive Committee MeetingThe Southern African Power Poll (SAPP) will discuss the generalenergy situation in the region at the 37th meeting of its executivecommittee. SAPP is a regional body that coordinates the plan-ning, generation, transmission and marketing of electricity onbehalf of SADC Member State utilities.

November 1-3, African Economic Conference 2014Côte d’Ivoire The conference will provide a unique opportunity for re-

searchers, policy-makers and development practitioners fromAfrica and elsewhere, to explore Africa’s existing knowledgegeneration approaches and frameworks, the efficacy of itsknowledge and innovation institutions in developing neededskills, technology and innovation capacities. The theme is“Knowledge and Innovation for Africa’s Transformation”.

17-19, Ethiopia Africa Climate Resilient Infrastructure SummitThe summit aims at introducing to the representatives of memberstates of the African Union practical solutions and technical co-operation from the private sector, technology providers, consul-tancies and service providers. These can help the continent toprepare to face the challenges of climate change impacts on in-frastructure in the areas of energy, ICT, building infrastructure,water, and agriculture and food security.

29, Namibia General ElectionsNamibians go to the polls on 29 November to choose govern-ment leaders including a president, members of parliament andlocal government representatives for the next five years. Incum-bent President Hifikepunye Pohamba is not taking part in theelections after serving his second and last term.

December1-12, Peru COP 20

The 20th Conference of Parties (COP 20) to the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change will meet in Peruto continue negotiations toward a global consensus on ad-dressing the impacts of climate change. While significantprogress has been made towards a binding agreement, deepdivisions remain on the way forward, particularly on such is-sues as carbon emissions levels, climate finance, technology,and capacity for adaptation and risk management.

E V E N T S

SADC TODAY Vol 16 No 6 October 2014

SOUTHERN AFRICA TODAYis produced as a reference source of

activities and opportunities in the Southern African Development Community, and a guide for

decision-makers at all levels of national and regional development.

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SOUTHERN AFRICA TODAY is published six times a year by the Southern AfricanResearch and Documentation Centre (SARDC) for the SADC Secretariat in Gaborone,Botswana, as a reliable knowledge source on regional development. Articles may bereproduced freely in the media and elsewhere, with attribution.

EDITORMunetsi Madakufamba

EDITORIAL COMMITTEEJoseph Ngwawi, Kizito Sikuka, Egline Tauya, Admire Ndhlovu,Phyllis Johnson, Danai Majaha, Anisha Madanhi, Anesu Ngadya

EDITORIAL ADVISOR

SOUTHERN AFRICA TODAY is supported by the Austrian Development Agency, insupport of the SADC Energy Thematic Group of International Cooperating Partners,which is co-chaired by Austria.

© SADC, SARDC, 2014

SOUTHERN AFRICA TODAY welcomes contributions from individuals and or-ganizations within the SADC region in form of articles, photographs, news items andcomments, and also relevant articles from outside the region. The publishers reservethe right to select or reject items, and to edit to fit the space available. The contentsdo not necessarily reflect the official positions or opinions of SADC or SARDC.

SOUTHERN AFRICA TODAY is published in English, Portuguese and French, andis available electronically at www.sardc.net Knowledge for Development, linkedto www.sadc.int

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www.sardc.net Knowledge for Development

THE KINGDOM of Lesotho is a small,landlocked mountain kingdom, completelysurrounded by South Africa, that reclaimedits independence on 4 October 1966. Knownas the Kingdom in the Sky or the Roof ofAfrica, it is the only independent state in theworld that is entirely above 1,000 metreselevation, with most of the country lyingabove 1,800 metres. This was the fortress of thevisionary leader, warrior king and diplomat,Moshoeshoe I (1786-1870), who made allianceswith clans and chiefdoms of southern Sothopeople who were displaced from a large

catchment area by the expanding Zulu kingdomand sought refuge in the mountains.Moshoeshoe I offered refuge, moving with hispeople to a place later called Thaba Bosiu,"mountain of the night" because it was believedto grow during the night and shrink during theday. It proved to be an impassable strongholdagainst enemies, and his power and influencegrew as he offered land to defeated enemies tocultivate crops and forged disparate groups intoa nation. The king appealed to the British forprotection against the Dutch farmers (Boers) andthe area was placed under British protection inMarch 1868. When he died in 1870 theprotectorate was annexed to the Cape Colony,and so began the long Basotho struggle to regaintheir independence, achieved in 1966 underConstantine Bereng Seeiso, who bore hisancestor’s name as King Moshoeshoe II.

PUBLIC HOLIDAYS IN SADCOctober-December 2014

A shared future within a regional community

ZAMBIA WILL celebrate 50 yearsof independence, an eventful halfcentury characterised by selflessdedication to the liberation ofsouthern Africa. The struggle for Zambia’sindependence began in the 1940swhen African workers, angered by the refusal of the colonialgovernment to grant them the right to belong to trade unions and instead consigningthem to “welfare societies”, decided to form the Federation of Welfare Societies. The federation was turned into a political party, the Northern RhodesiaCongress, which was changed in 1951 to the Northern Rhodesia African NationalCongress (ANC) led by Harry Nkumbula. The birth of a breakaway group, led by a school teacher named Kenneth DavidKaunda, raised the political temperature in the British colony. The Congress was banned in 1959 and Kaunda was thrown in jail. On hisrelease the same year, his supporters formed the United National IndependenceParty (UNIP), installing Kaunda as their leader. UNIP took a leading role in opposing the Federation of Rhodesia andNyasaland, which had been formed in 1953 through the amalgamation ofNorthern Rhodesia (now Zambia), Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) andNyasaland (now Malawi). Protracted protests against the Federation forced the British government tointroduce a constitution for Northern Rhodesia, allowing an African majority inthe legislature. The Federation was dissolved in December 1963, much to the delight of theAfrican majority in all three countries. UNIP participated in the elections that followed in January 1964, winning 55seats against 10 for the Northern Rhodesia ANC. The National Progressive Partywon all the 10 seats reserved for whites. Zambia attained Independence on 24 October 1964, with Kaunda elected asPrime Minister, and later the same year as President when the country became aRepublic. At independence, despite its considerable mineral wealth, Zambia faced majorchallenges, as the economy was largely dependent on foreign expertise. However, even more significant was the challenge that most of Zambia'sneighbours were still colonies or under white minority rule. As a result, the Zambian government supported liberation movements fromMozambique, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe, providing rear bases, shelterand support. The UNIP government took a particularly strong stand against the settler-ledgovernment in Southern Rhodesia, which declared unilateral and illegalindependence from Britain in 1965. Dr Kenneth Kaunda was among the leaders honoured by SADC for theirimmense contribution to the liberation of the country and the region. Kaunda, the only leader among the five who is still alive, was later honoured byZimbabwe for his “exceptional strength of resolve, selfless dedication, revolutionaryleadership and outstanding contribution during Zimbabwe’s long and arduousstruggle for equality, justice and self-determination.” r

1 October Public Holiday Botswana4 October Peace and National Mozambique

Reconciliation Day4 October Independence Day Lesotho14 October Mwalimu Julius Nyerere Day Tanzania15 October Mother’s Day Malawi15 October General Elections Mozambique24 October General Elections Botswana24 October Independence Day Zambia

1 November All Saints Day Madagascar, Mauritius,Seychelles

2 November Remembrance Day Angola11 November National Independence Day Angola29 November General Elections Namibia

1 December Incwala Day Swaziland8 December Immaculate Conception Seychelles9 December Independence Day Tanzania10 December International Human Rights Day Namibia16 December Day of Reconciliation South Africa22 December National Unity Day Zimbabwe25 December Christmas All SADC except

Angola and MozambiqueFamily Day Angola, Mozambique

26 December Day of Goodwill South AfricaFamily Day Namibia Boxing Day Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland

Tanzania, Zimbabwe

H I S T O R Y T O D A Y

1964 - 2014

King Moshoeshoe II, leaderof Basotho nation atindependencein 1966

King Moshoeshoe I,founder of the BasothoNation 1860s

Golden JubileeZambia celebrates

Founding Presidents of Tanzania and Zambia, MwalimuJulius Nyerere (left) and Dr. Kenneth Kaunda (right)