Industrialization is the development of an economy in which machines produce many of the products people use.

Effects:a. Increases pollution of the air and waterb. Increases the demand for water and other resourcesc. Increases the demand of fossil and nuclear fuel.d. Increases the disposal of wastes

Industrialization

Pollutant: substances that makes environment dirty and unfit for living things.

Causes: Disposal of pesticides, fertilizer, sewage, heavy metals,

chemicals, PCB.

Effects:• It leads to the extinction or endangered of a species• Loss of biodiversity• Disruption of food chains

Water Pollution

PCB:Polychlorinated biphenyl, a synthetic, organic chemical once widely used in electrical equipment, specialized hydraulic systems, heat transfer ...

Sewage and animal wastes act a fertilizer increase the growth of plants, algae, bacteria in aquatic system oxygen levels drop many organisms suffocate Decomposer activity decreases the oxygen supply all organisms may be lost.

River Otter

Bold Eagle

Harbor Seal

Common Loon

Pacific Herring

Whale

1) Identify two species that appear to have been least affected by the oil spill.

2) The oil spilled by the Exxon Valdez tanker is an example of aA) renewable resource and is a fossil fuelB) nonrenewable resource and synthesizes ATPC) renewable resource and is a source of ATPD) nonrenewable resource and is a source of energy

3) The impact that the oil spill made on the environment is still being experienced.State information from the reading passage that supports this statement.

4) Which autotrophic organisms were negatively affected by the oil spill?

A decade after the Exxon Valdez oil tanker spilled millions of gallons of crude oil off Prince William Sound in Alaska, most of the fish and wildlife species that were injured have not fully recovered. OREight species are considered to have made little or no progress toward recovery since the spill, including killer whales, harbor seals, and common loons.ORSeveral other species, including sea otters and Pacific herring, have made significant progress toward recovery but are still not at levels seen before the accident.

Both the river otter and the bald eagle appear to have been least affected by the oil spill.

Tidal plants (or other plants) were the autotrophic organisms negatively affected by the oil spill.

Causes:Many wastes - Organic chemicals, heavy metals, pesticides, solid wastes- dumped into waterways from cities

Effects:1. Can be toxic to the organisms that use

or live in the water.2. Disruption of food chains3. Loss of biodiversity (species become

endangered or extinct)4. Biological magnification

Soil Pollution & Toxic Wastes

.

Ex. DDT, pesticide sprays on crops kill soil decomposer that recycling materials

Biological Magnification:

Toxic materials move through the food chain and damage or kill many kinds of organisms.

The concentration of a toxin increases as it moves through the food chain

Fish-Eating BirdsMagnification ofDDT Concentration

10,000,000

100,000

10,000

1,000,000

1

1000

LargeFish

Small Fish

Zooplankton

Producers

Water

Biological Magnification

What kind of ecological pyramid does the drawing represent?What do the orange dots represent?What does a pyramid of numbers demonstrate about organisms in an ecosystem?How is this illustration of DDT concentration opposite the pyramid of numbers?

Fish-Eating BirdsMagnification ofDDT Concentration

10,000,000

100,000

10,000

1,000,000

1

1000

LargeFish

Small Fish

Zooplankton

Producers

Water

Biological Magnification

The concentration of a pollutant suchas DDT is multiplied as it passes up the food chain from producers to consumers.

By the time it reaches the top-level consumers, shown here as fish-eating birds, the amount of DDT in biological tissues can be magnifiednearly 10 millions.

By what number is the concentration of DDT multiplied at each successive trophic level?

Anopheles Insecticide

2) State one valid conclusion that can be drawn from these data.

3) State one negative impact that the use of these two insecticides might have on the environment.

Malathion insecticide is more effective against A. strephensi

Dieldrin insecticide is more effective against A. culifacies

Malathion and dieldrin may kill beneficial insects.

The malathion and dieldrin may pollute water supplies.

Loss of biodiversity

Disruption of food chains

In a rural area, there is a swamp with a large population of mosquitoes. Nearby residents are concerned because the mosquitoes are always annoying and occasionally carry diseases. The community decides to have an insecticide sprayed from an airplane on the area during the prime mosquito season. Whenever they stop spraying, the mosquito population quickly rebounds to a higher level than existed before the spraying program began. After 10 years, the spraying became much less effective at reducing the mosquito population. Higher doses of insecticide were required to accomplish the same population decreases.

4) State one possible disadvantage of spraying the insecticide from an airplane.

5) (a) State one alternative method of mosquito control that may have a more lasting impact on the mosquito population.

b) Give one positive effect or one negative effect for the alternative method.

The spray may reach other areas (not targeted) and harm people, pets, or other animals in that area. The spray could kill beneficial insects.

Predators (or parasites) of mosquitoes could be released into the area to control them. Swamp areas could be drained to reduce breeding areas.Sterilized male mosquitoes could be released to mate with females to reduce the rate of production.

Positive: No pesticide to harm other species.Negative: Habitat modifications could be detrimental to other species.

Predators or parasites released could harm other species or spread disease.

Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)

PCBs belong to a broad family of man-made organic chemicals known as chlorinated hydrocarbons.

PCBs were domestically manufactured from 1929 until their manufacture was banned in 1979.

They have a range of toxicity and vary in consistency from thin, light-colored liquids to yellow or black waxy solids.

•Due to their non-flammability, chemical stability, high boiling point, and electrical insulating properties, PCBs were used in hundreds of industrial and commercial applications including •electrical, heat transfer, •hydraulic equipment; •plasticizers in paints, •plastics, •rubber products; •pigments, •dyes, •and carbonless copy paper; •and many other industrial applications

Health EffectsPCBs have been demonstrated to cause cancer, as well as a variety of other adverse health effects on the immune system, reproductive system, nervous system, and endocrine system

Commercial Use of PCBsAlthough no longer commercially produced in the United States, PCBs may be present in products and materials produced before the 1979 PCB ban. Products that may contain PCBs include:

•Transformers and capacitors •Other electrical equipment including voltage regulators, switches, reclosers, bushings, and electromagnets •Oil used in motors and hydraulic systems •Old electrical devices or appliances containing PCB capacitors •Fluorescent light ballasts •Cable insulation •Thermal insulation material including fiberglass, felt, foam, and cork •Adhesives and tapes •Oil-based paint •Caulking •Plastics •Carbonless copy

1. What are PCB´s?

2. How did PCB´s get into the Hudson?

3. How did the eagle get PCB´s?

4. Make a food web with the underlined organisms.

5. Is there a danger for humans? Explain

6. Use your knowledge of food pyramids to explain how an eagle could have more PCB´s than the fish it eats.

PCB’s (Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls) are toxic industrial chemicals or oily compounds used to insulate electrical equipment

General Electric factories were the source of most of the PCB’s in the river

Bold eagle got PCB’s through biomagnification. PCB’s were taken by aquatic insects and fish, and passed up to bold eagle

Aquatic insects - fish - bold eagle

It is reported PCB’s may cause cancer in humans and reproductive problems in wildlife

The concentration of a pollutant such as PCB’s is multiplied as it passes up the food chain from insects to fish to bold eagle

Thermal PollutionCauses:

Warm water from power plants and industries are released into a river or lake.Warm water cannot hold as much oxygen as cold water.

Effect:Some species may suffocate as a result of thermal pollution.Loss of biodiversityEndanger and extinction of species

Thermal Pollution

TroutBlack bass

(1) The power plant will increase the temperature of the river water

(2) The dissolved oxygen content of the river will decrease.;

(3) The population of trout (and/or bass) may decrease. The carp population may increase. If the oxygen level decreases below 2 ppm, no fish survive. Some species may increase in number while others may decrease.

2) Explain how a new power plant built on the banks of the Rocky River could have an environmental impact on the Rocky River ecosystem downstream from the plant. Your explanation must include the effects of the power plant on: (1) water temperature (2) dissolved oxygen (3) fish species

1) State one effect of temperature change on the oxygen content of fresh water. [Support your answer using specific information from the data table.]

As the temperature increases, the oxygen content decreases.

As the temperature decreases, the oxygen content increases.

As the temperature increases from 15 C to 20 C the oxygen decreases by 0.99 ppm.

OBSERVATIONData table

Temperatura (ºC)

Breathing rate per minute

15 25

20 35

Control (23) 40

25 45

30 55

OBSERVATIONLine graph

Temperature

Fossil fuels burn, produce nitrogen an sulfur, they combine with moisture in the atmosphere. When rain falls to the Earth has a low pH level -more

much acidic.

Acid Precipitation

Causes:Industry producing air pollution (sulfides, nitrates, etc)Cars exhaust and burning of fossil fuels.

Effects:

Actions

Remove the chemicals from the exhaust before it leaves the factory

1. Destruction of limestone and marble monuments

2. Lowers pH of certain lakes which kills some algae and fish. Then food chains in the ecosystem disrupt.

3.Destruction of life in lakes, marshes, ponds due to acidification

4. Damage forests and other plants

Smog is a mixture of chemicals that occurs as a gray-brown haze in the atmosphere

Causes:Air pollutants produced by automobiles, central heating, air

conditioner, industrial emissions,… released to atmosphere.

Effects:It threatens the health of people with asthma and other respiratory

conditions

Smog

Describe the problem of acid rain and state one way to reduce it. In your answer be sure to:

a) state how humans have caused acid rain

b) describe one specific effect that acid rain will have on the ecosystem

c) state one specific action humans could take to reduce acid rain

Industry producing air pollution (sulfides, nitrates, etc)Cars exhaust and burning of fossil fuels.

Remove the chemicals from the exhaust before it leaves the factory

1. Destruction of limestone and marble monuments

2. Lowers pH of certain lakes which kills some algae and fish. Then food chains in the ecosystem disrupt.

3.Destruction of life in lakes, marshes, ponds due to acidification

4. Damage forests and other plants