industrialists needed – –raw materials – –markets – –places to invest capital (money)...

• Industrialists needed– Raw materials– Markets– Places to invest capital (money)

• Developments in communication and transportation quickened the pace of commerce and diplomacy

1. The Industrial 1. The Industrial RevolutionRevolution

1. The Industrial 1. The Industrial RevolutionRevolution

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

Commercial Commercial and Business and Business

InterestsInterests

Commercial Commercial and Business and Business

InterestsInterests

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests


• Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

– Mahan argued that national greatness and prosperity came from sea power

– Economic development called for a powerful navy, strong merchant marine, foreign trade, colonies and naval bases



• The development of a new STEEL NAVY

• Between 1883-1890 Congress built up the U.S. Navy

• 9 Steel cruisers were completed and construction on the 1st modern battleship THE MAINE had begun!



• The idea of natural selection was an argument for imperialism among nations survival of the fittest; strong survive, weak die out

• Literature stressed the “superior character” of Anglo-Saxon people (Whites)

“The English race was destined to dominate the globe in institutions,

traditions, language and even in the blood of the world’s peoples.”

John Fiske

3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking

3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking

The White Man’sBurden

The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy

of RaceThe Hierarchy

of Race

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

• The end of the frontier signaled the end to a constant growing market and the need to seek markets overseas; an extension of Manifest Destiny but now spead throughout the world

It was time for America to assume its rightful place as a World Power!

5. Closing the American 5. Closing the American FrontierFrontier


““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867March 1867

U.S. purchased Alaska from

Russia for only $7.2 million

March 1867 U.S. purchased

Alaska from Russia for only

$7.2 million

““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

Hawaii• 2,400 miles from California• A United Kingdom since 1795• Many missionaries and planters on the islands• 1850’s sugar becomes the chief industry• Islands served as a fueling station for American

merchant ships• By 1872 Hawaiians were a minority in their own

nation and were outnumbered 2 to 1 by foreigners and contract laborers

• 1875 a trade agreement with the U.S. allowed Hawaiian sugar into the U.S. duty free (no tariffs)

• 1887 trade agreement was renewed and the U.S. gained Pearl Harbor

U. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in Hawaii

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849

by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849

by virtue of economic treaties.

• 1887 American planters on the island force the King to grant a constitutional

government which they dominated (they added a property qualification for voting) Bayonet Constitution

• 1891 King’s sister came to power and began efforts to reclaim power and restore “Hawaii to Hawaiians!”

• Planters staged a revolt and Queen Liliuokalani was imprisoned in her own palace

• The revolt was openly assisted by American troops (Marines) and the U.S. Minister to Hawaii- John Stevens

The Planter The Planter RevoltRevolt

The Planter The Planter RevoltRevolt

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii1875 – 1875 – Reciprocity Reciprocity

Treaty Treaty

1890 – 1890 – McKinley McKinley TariffTariff

1893 – AmericanAmericanbusinessmen backed businessmen backed ananuprising against uprising against Queen Queen Liliuokalani.Liliuokalani.

Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole

proclaims the proclaims the Republic Republic of Hawaii in 1894.of Hawaii in 1894.

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils Hawaiian

Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

The question of annexing Hawaii touched off the first full fledged imperialistic debate in America!

The question of annexing Hawaii touched off the first full fledged imperialistic debate in America!

The Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist Taylor

• 1st Cuban Revolution 1868-1878 led to the end of slavery on the island but not independence

• U.S. investments in Cuban mining and sugar were steadily rising ($50 million)

• U.S. traded more with Cuba than with Spain!• 2nd Cuban Revolution began in February 1895

sparked by unemployment due to a collapse in the sugar market

• Cuban rebels attempted to gain the attention of the U.S. investors by damaging the economic life of the island

• Spain sent General Valeriano Weyler who gathered Cubans in detention camps (1.6 million people) that were unsanitary and resulted in many deaths

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

The American

press called Weyler “The

Butcher”

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

William Randolph Hearst

William Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Hearst to Frederick Remington:Remington: You furnish the You furnish the pictures,pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!

• William Randolph Heart of the NY Journal and Joseph Pulitzer of the NY World entered in a monumental newspaper circulation war

• The new sensationalism was called “yellow journalism”(Used large headlines; exaggerated stories, etc)

• These newspapers created public sympathy for the rebel cause prompting Congressional concern

The Circulation WarThe Circulation WarThe Circulation WarThe Circulation War

America had attempted to maintain neutrality before 1896- that changed once McKinley was elected President

Early in 1898 events moved quickly to change public opinion against Spain

1. February 9th Hearst’s Journal released the text of a letter from the Spanish Minister that was stolen from the post office by a Cuban spy

The Spanish-American WarThe Spanish-American WarThe Spanish-American WarThe Spanish-American War

De Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme Letter

Duputy de Lôme, Duputy de Lôme, SpanishSpanishAmbassador to the Ambassador to the U.S.U.S.

Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as weak and weak and aabidder for the bidder for the admirationadmirationof the crowd, besidesof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be being a would-be politicianpoliticianwho tries to leave a who tries to leave a doordooropen behind himself open behind himself whilewhilekeeping on good termskeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hiswith the jingoes of hisparty.party.

2. February 15th the U.S. battleship MAINE exploded in Havana Harbor. 260 men were killed. Spain was blamed.

New York World: "New York World: "MAINEMAINE EXPLOSION CAUSED BY EXPLOSION CAUSED BY BOMB OR TORPEDO?" BOMB OR TORPEDO?"

New York Journal:New York Journal: "THE "THE DESTRUCTION OF THE DESTRUCTION OF THE WAR SHIP WAR SHIP MAINE MAINE WAS WAS THE WORK OF AN THE WORK OF AN

ENEMY." ENEMY."

Explosion of the MaineExplosion of the MaineExplosion of the MaineExplosion of the Maine

Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Assistant Assistant Secretary of the Secretary of the Navy in the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration.administration.

Imperialist and Imperialist and American American nationalist.nationalist.

Criticized Criticized PresidentPresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having the having the backbone of a backbone of a chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!

Resigns his Resigns his position to fight in position to fight in Cuba.Cuba.

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”



How prepared was the US for war?

How prepared was the US for war?

•April 25th U.S. declared war on Spain to protect American property and trade in Cuba

U.S. said it had no claims on any Cuban territory and would turn it over to its people





Dewey took Manila Bay in Dewey took Manila Bay in the Philippines and the Philippines and destroyed or captured the destroyed or captured the entire Spanish fleet entire Spanish fleet without a fightwithout a fight

Dewey did NOT have an Dewey did NOT have an occupational force but occupational force but was promised was promised reinforcementsreinforcements

With the help of Filipino With the help of Filipino rebels under Emilio rebels under Emilio Aguinaldo, Dewey’s forced Aguinaldo, Dewey’s forced entered Manila on August entered Manila on August 13th13th

Spanish American war was short- 5 monthsSpanish American war was short- 5 months

It ended Spain’s once great New World It ended Spain’s once great New World empireempire

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.

Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofisland ofGuam.Guam.

The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for thePhilippines.Philippines.

The U. S. becomesThe U. S. becomesan imperial power!an imperial power!

Teller Amendment Teller Amendment (1898)(1898)

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903) (1903)

1.1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its foreign powers that would endanger its independence.independence.

2.2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.govt.

3.3. Cuba must lease Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. for to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.naval and coaling station.

4.4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Senator Orville Platt

Senator Orville Platt

Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?U.S./Philippine U.S./Philippine War: a war of War: a war of conquest Feb 1899 conquest Feb 1899 to 1901to 1901

Philippine people Philippine people assumed they’d be assumed they’d be given immediate given immediate independenceindependence

Fighting was Fighting was vicious and savage vicious and savage with massacres with massacres and torture on and torture on both sidesboth sides

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.

“ “ The Philippines are ours forever. The Philippines are ours forever. And just beyond the Philippines And just beyond the Philippines are China’s illimitable markets. are China’s illimitable markets.

We will not retreat from either….. We will not retreat from either….. The power that rules the Pacific is The power that rules the Pacific is the power that rules the world…… the power that rules the world……

that power will forever be the that power will forever be the American republic”American republic”

Senator Albert Beveridge 1900Senator Albert Beveridge 1900

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

•July 4, 1901 military government ended

•Taft became a civil governor and was a great administrator

The most The most important important

contribution to contribution to by the U.S. was by the U.S. was

establishing establishing schools!schools!

Philippine IndependencePhilippine IndependencePhilippine IndependencePhilippine Independence

1902 Philippines declared an unorganized 1902 Philippines declared an unorganized territoryterritory

1916 Jones Act allowed elections and 1916 Jones Act allowed elections and affirmed U.S. intentions to make the affirmed U.S. intentions to make the Philippines independentPhilippines independent

1934 Tydings-McDuffie Act offered 1934 Tydings-McDuffie Act offered independence after a 10 year period as a independence after a 10 year period as a commonwealthcommonwealth

September 17, 1934 1September 17, 1934 1stst President is elected President is elected

July 4, 1946: Philippine independenceJuly 4, 1946: Philippine independence

Why didn’t the Philippines gain their Why didn’t the Philippines gain their independence in 1944 as scheduled?independence in 1944 as scheduled?

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981900 - Foraker ActForaker Act..

• PR became an “unincorporated PR became an “unincorporated territory.”territory.”

• Citizens of PR, not of the US.Citizens of PR, not of the US.

• Import duties on PR goodsImport duties on PR goods

1901-1903 1901-1903 the the Insular CasesInsular Cases..

• Constitutional rights were not Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial automatically extended to territorial possessions.possessions.

• Congress had the power to decide these Congress had the power to decide these rights.rights.

• Import duties laid down by the Foraker Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!Act were legal!

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981917 – 1917 – Jones ActJones Act..

• Gave full territorial status to PR.Gave full territorial status to PR.

• Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US.into the US.

• PRs elected theirPRs elected theirown legislators &own legislators &governor to enforcegovernor to enforcelocal laws.local laws.

• PRs could NOT votePRs could NOT votein US presidentialin US presidentialelections.elections.

• A resident commissioner was sent to A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the House.Washington to vote for PR in the House.

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist

League League

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist

League LeagueFounded in 1899.Founded in 1899.

Mark Twain, Mark Twain, Andrew Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan Jennings Bryan amongamongthe leaders.the leaders.

Campaigned Campaigned against the against the annexation of theannexation of thePhilippines and Philippines and otherotheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.

Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”

Panama: Time linePanama: Time linePanama: Time linePanama: Time line1850-1901 U.S. singed various treaties 1850-1901 U.S. singed various treaties securing rights to build a canal (most securing rights to build a canal (most with GB)with GB)

1903 U.S. attempted to negotiate the 1903 U.S. attempted to negotiate the rights to build the canal with Columbia rights to build the canal with Columbia but it fell through (Panama was a but it fell through (Panama was a province of Columbia)province of Columbia)

1903 Panamanians Revolted and secured 1903 Panamanians Revolted and secured independence aided by TR and the U.S.independence aided by TR and the U.S.

U.S. signs the U.S. signs the Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty

10 wide canal zone, $10 million, and $250,000 annual fee

Construction 1904-1914Construction 1904-1914

Panama: Panama: The King’s The King’s

CrownCrown

Panama: Panama: The King’s The King’s

CrownCrown

Panama CanalPanama CanalPanama CanalPanama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

Panama CanalPanama CanalPanama CanalPanama Canal

The Roosevelt Corollary to The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905the Monroe Doctrine: 1905The Roosevelt Corollary to The Roosevelt Corollary to

the Monroe Doctrine: 1905the Monroe Doctrine: 1905Chronic wrongdoing… Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately elsewhere, ultimately require intervention require intervention by some civilized by some civilized nation, and in the nation, and in the Western Hemisphere Western Hemisphere the adherence of the the adherence of the United States to the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may Monroe Doctrine may force the United force the United States, however States, however reluctantly, in flagrant reluctantly, in flagrant cases of suchcases of such wrongdoing or wrongdoing or impotence, to the impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international police international police powerpower .

Monroe Monroe Doctrine Doctrine

1824 1824

““Thou shall Thou shall not not

intervene!”intervene!”

Monroe Doctrine vs. Monroe Doctrine vs. CorollaryCorollary

Monroe Doctrine vs. Monroe Doctrine vs. CorollaryCorollary

Roosevelt Roosevelt Corollary to the Corollary to the

Monroe Monroe Doctrine 1905 Doctrine 1905

““We shall We shall intervene to intervene to prevent you prevent you

from from intervening!”intervening!”

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily

The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily

Constable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the World

The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”

Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”

industrialists needed – –raw materials – –markets – –places to invest capital (money)...

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