Industrialism

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Europe- 16th Century

Europe- 18th Century

Enclosure Laws

Enclosure Laws in England: Laws that closed off commonly held land, and gave it to landed, upper class interests. Those who had relied on it, found that the only way to survive was to go into the towns and cities.

The deeper the colour the more intense in acerage the Enclosures undertaken.

England- 19th Century

The darker the colour, the greater the concentration of people and industry.

Percentage Distribution of the World's Manufacturing Production, 1870 and 1913 (percentage of world total)

USA 23.3 35.8

Germany 13.2 15.7

U.K. 31.8 14.0

France 10.3 6.4

Russia 3.7 5.5

Italy 2.4 2.7

Canada 1.0 2.3

Belgium 2.9 2.1

Sweden 0.4 1.0

Japan | 1.2

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/indrevtabs1.html

1870 1913

The Rate of Industrial Growth in Five Selected Countries Indices of Industrial Production (Base Figures - 1905-13 = 100)

1781-90 3.8 10.9 - - - 1801-14 7.1 12.3 - - - 1825-34 18.8 21.5 - - - 1845-54 27.5 33.7 11.7 - - 1865-74 49.2 49.8 24.2 13.5 42.9 1885-94 70.5 68.2 45.3 38.7 54.6 1905-13 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 % of world industrial production in

1913 14.0 6.4 17.7 5.5 2.7

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/indrevtabs1.html

UK France Germany Russia Italy

Railways

Miles of Railway track laid down between 1840 and 1900http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/indrev6.html

Population- Estimated in Millions*

1750/1 1800/1 1850/1 1990

Great Britain 7.4 10.5 20.8 57.1

France 21 27.3 35.8 56.1Germany | 34.0 79.0|-[Germ+Aust] 18 23Austria | 17.5 7.6Hungary 3.5 5.0 13.2 10.5Belgium 2.2 3.1 4.3 9.9Italy 16.0 19.0 24.4 57.6Netherlands 1.6 2.1 3.1 14.9Portugal 2.3 2.9 3.5 10.5Russia 28 40.0 68.5 146.4Spain 8.2 10.5 15.0 39.6Sweden 1.8 2.3 3.5 8.4EUROPE (approx)

132.0 190.0 260.0 775.0

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/indrevtabs1.html

What does all this mean?

There are more and more people being born,

They are coming into the cities.

Production is increasing which will increase standards of living over time;

There are plenty of workers for the capitalists to use;

And, you don’t have to pay them much, since there are so many of them ..

Wages According to Porter (176), in the mid-1860s workers in London received the following wages for a 10-hour day and six-day week:•common laborers 3s. 9d. (approx 55 pounds per year)•excavators wearing their own "long water boots" 4s. 6d. •bricklayers, carpenters, masons, smiths 6s. 6d. •engineers 7/6 (= £110 pounds/year) •Mail Coach Guard ... 10/0 + tips •Female telegraph clerk ... 8/0 •London artisans ... 36/0 •London laborers ... 20/0 •Farm hands ... 14/0 •Sailors ... 15/0 •Seaman on steamers ... 16/4Note: Real wages did increase over time.

http://landow.stg.brown.edu/victorian/economics/wages2.html

What does that all mean?16/ = 16 shillings (which equals 4/5 of a pound sterling), and a pound (£) was worth about $11.00 for much of the period. Before the recent introduction of decimal currency, British money was written in the following order: pounds/shilling/pence (or £/s/d). Prices less than one pound generally appeared as shilling/pence (e.g., 10/6).Two things in particular about British money drove foreigners crazy, the first being that twelve pence (or pennies) made up a shilling, but twenty shillings made up a pound.

One pound (around 1860) = approx $100 today

http://landow.stg.brown.edu/victorian/economics/wages.html

Cost of Living- Senior ClerkRent 25/0/0

Taxes 5/0/0

Maid 7/0/0

Coal 5 tons 6/5/0

Candles and Wood 2/0/0

Tea 7/16/6

Sugar 6/14/2

Butter & Eggs 9/12/0

Meat 18/6/0

Fish 2/0/0

Vegetables 5/0/0

Beer 6/10/0

Washing womansoap and her meals

6/13/0

Ironing and mangling

1/0/0

Clothing 23/6/0

Church and charity 3/10/0

Doctor 5/0/0

Misc. 1/8/0

Amusements 1/19/4

Savings 6/0/0

Total £150/0/0

http://landow.stg.brown.edu/victorian/economics/wages2.html

Conditions

In a word, poor. Initially, wages were little better than subsistence. It was common for all members of a household to work. Over time, real wages did rise to better levels that could sustain a “living wage.” Still, the absence of labour laws allowed abuses to occur.

Hours

We have never worked more than seventy-one hours a week before Sir JOHN HOBHOUSE'S Act was passed. We then came down to sixty-nine; and since Lord ALTHORP's Act was passed, in 1833, we have reduced the time of adults to sixty-seven and a half hours a week, and that of children under thirteen years of age to forty-eight hours in the week …

A Cotton Manufacturer on Hours of Labor, [John Fielden, M.P., The Curse of the Factory System. London, 1836,pp. 34-35.], http://applebutter.freeservers.com/worker/

ChildrenNo. 14--Isabella Read, 12 years old, coal-bearer.Works on mother's account, as father has been dead two years. Mother bides at home, she is troubled with bad breath, and is sair weak in her body from early labour. I am wrought with sister and brother, it is very sore work; cannot say how many rakes or journeys I make from pit's bottom to wall face and back, thinks about 30 or 25 on the average; the distance varies from 100 to 250 fathom. I carry about 1cwt and a quarter on my back; have to stoop much and creep through water, which is frequently up to the calves of my legs. When first down fell frequently asleep while waiting for coal from heat and fatigue. I do not like the work, nor do the lassies, but they are made to like it.

cwt = hundredweight was actually 112 pounds. The the load she carried was 140 pounds over a distance of 100 to 250 fathom or 600 to 1500 feet.

http://applebutter.freeservers.com/worker/index2.html

So, What Will Happen

We have increasing industrial production

And,

We have bad conditions for workers.

What will happen?

There is a Spectre

Haunting Europe