industrial textile plant - tdl
TRANSCRIPT
AMERICAN COTTON GROWERS INDUSTRIAL TEXTILE PLANT
Presented to Asst. Prof. Nelson
DIVISION OF ARCHITECTURE TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements of the
Bachelor of Architecture Degree
by John H. Boyd
December 9, 198 2
^ f[/ ^' u-
CONTENTS Illustrations iv
Tables V
Preface vi
Introduction vii
Chapter One Project Statement 10
Chapter Two Background 12
Chapter Three Goals and Objectives 52
Chapter Four Activity Analysis 55
Chapter Five Site ^Analysis 71
Chapter Six Case Studies 84
Chapter Seven Space Summary 108
Chapter Eight Systems Performance Criteria 118
Chapter Nine Cost Analysis 12?
Chapter Ten Detailed Space List 133
Notes l86
Bibliography 201
ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1: Cotton Production in Texas
Fig. 2: Topographic Map
Fig. 3: Drainage, Mitchell County
Fig. 4: Soils Map, Mitchell County
Fig. 5: Natural Resources, Mitchell County
Fig. 6: Street Usage, Colorado City
Fig. 7: Major Roads, Mitchell County
Fig. 8: Vicinity Map
Fig. 9: Site Survey Map
Fig. 10: Site Analysis Map
Fig. 11: Conceptual Layout Map
Fig. 12: Activity Analysis of Southwest Textiles
Fig. 13: Schematic Floor Plan, Southwest Textiles
Fig. 14: Schematic Floor Plan, Postex Plant
Fig. 15: Scenes of Postex Activities
Fig. 16: Schematic Floor Plan, Littlefield
Table 1: Activity Characteristics, Greige Mill Division
Table 2: Activity Characteristics, Administration Division
Table 3: Activity Relationship Matrix
vii Preface
Anyone who takes Arch 4310 Architectural Programming
quickly realizes that the task he has undertaken involves more
than simple inner motivation. To finish the task others must
provide the necessary time, support, encouragement and guidance
The initial preparation of my thesis topic would have been
impossible without the time and guidance provided by Professor
Garvin and Dr. Robert Steadman of the Textile Research Center.
The support given by my family and the citizens of Colorado
City provided much needed confidence and faith in the project.
But none of this would have led to this document without the
encouragement and guidance so freely given by Emerson Tucker
of Plains Cotton Cooperative.
ix Introduction
The original thesis proposal submitted in the Spring of
1982 determined the areas of focus of this architectural
program would be a cotton textile mill and research facility.
However in preparation of this document the project scope was
narrowed to include only a cotton textile mill or plant. From
discussions with my advisor, Mr. Tucker, an industrial cotton
textile mill was specified because American Cotton Growers had
shown interest in developing such a facility in West Texas.
These factors reinforce the selection of Colorado City, Texas
as the site. The region, county and city are analyzed on this
basis. The immediate location of the plant is intensely
analyzed to determine its suitability. Other facilities of
similar scope are presented as Case Studies in an attempt to
determine the critical issues that should be examined in this
program. Subsequently, the plant's activities, systems, costs
and spaces are analyzed and computed.
It is hoped that this architectural program for American
Cotton Growers Industrial Textile Plant records all the per
tinent information and provides useful analyses to the de
signer of this project.
11 Project Statement
The following statements are meant to collectively des
cribe the essence of an industrial cotton textile mill. They
include ststements derived from the client's needs and archi
tectural challenges inherent in the facility.
An industrial cotton textile mill produces an industrial
fabric or toweling for use by industries.
It is industrial by nature stressing function over
aesthetics.
The environment of the workplace reflects on the quality
and quantity of production.
All capital outlays are governed by their financial
feasibility.
The image of the company and the presentation of this
image to the community presents a challenge of economics.
The quality of production is based directly on the flow
and circulation (function) of the plant.
The building systems especially the mechanical system
requires special attention.
The production level is influenced by the quality of the
transportation system.
13 Background
Contents
Project Origin 14
Introduction 15
Justification 15
Critical Issues 18
Client 20
User Group 20
User Needs 21
Financing 22
Physiography 23
History 31
Government 33
Population 3 4
Economy 3 6
Housing 37
Transportation 38
Facilities 42
Utilities 45
Recreation and Open Space 47
City Image 49
Conclusion 50
14 Background
Project Origin
I selected this project because of my intense desire that
through the knowledge I have gained in my past experiences and
architectural education, I might be able to serve my hometown,
Colorado City, Texas. The project evolved from a discussion
between my Father and myself. The conversation centered
around what project would be apparently feasible for the town,
its location, economy, history and people. Given these factors,
I selected a cotton textile mill. Unfortunately, thinking
that a mill was not complex enough, I added a research facility
that I could not logically justify. I have therefore deleted
it.
It is my intent that this project will serve as a culmi
nation of my architectural education as an undergraduate. The
project requires me to examine complex design issues, city
planning, financing, psychology and sociology. While the
project is important in terms of my degree requirements, I am
also viewing this cotton textile mill as an industrial facil
ity that will be built and I am therefore trying to examine
all the appropriate considerations.
15 Background
Introduction
The Background involves the research and investigation of
project oriented issues, the client and user, and local and
environmental resources.
Definition and Purpose
Through the analysis of the Case Studies and additional
research, I have discovered that much of the feasibility of a
cotton textile mill is dependent upon its end product. The
proposed mill will produce industrial toweling, a loose-woven
fabric. The process will begin with raw cotton from a cotton
compress and end with a 24 inch wide all cotton fabric. Event
ually, through other plants and processes this industrial
toweling will become the familiar "red rags" used by indus
tries, garages and mechanics.
Justification
The justification for the mill to be located in Colorado
City is based upon several factors. These were distilled from
the Case Studies which involved similar projects.
First, a primary factor is the suitability of cotton
grown in the region to be used for industrial toweling. Ac
cording to the U.S. Department of Agriculture the composition
by variety of the 1982 cotton crop in Mitchell County is 39%
Tamcot SP-37, 17% Western 44, 16% Tamcot SP-21, 8% Lankart 57
16- Background
and 16% unspecified. All of these varieties specified have
a short staple length suited for industrial toweling. The
developed market was examined by the Department of Agricul
tural Economics in 1971 and they reported that of the West
Texas/ Oklahoma cotton crop 33.3% was used for industrial
toweling.
The second factor is the proximity of the proposed mill
to the regions of cotton production. These areas are the
Rolling Plains and the High Plains (Fig. 1). This will greatly
reduce the cost of shipping and facilitate greater production
as it involves area people in the production and refinement of
a locally originated commodity.
Third, the labor market in West Texas has certain advan
tages over other locations. In 1972 Lockwood Greene esti
mated a 30C per hour advantage in labor costs of West Texas 7
versus other southeastern states. They also found that all
classes of labor necessary to operate a textile mill were 9
readily available in the region. Present estimates by the
city's Chamber of Commerce listed the unemployed labor force
9 within a 40 minute drive at 1357 persons.
The fourth major factor in the location of the plant at
Colorado City is the spirit of the community and their wil
lingness to help the project. The Industrial Team, owners of
the site, have provided complete cooperation. In addition,
17 Background
High Plains
Rolling Plains
Site
Legend
0 and op »o 5,000 Boles
5,000 10,000 Boles
^ ^ ^ 1 0 , 0 0 0 - 15,000 Bolei
Over 15,000 Boles
S o u r c * 0 5 B u r t o u o ( t h « Cmnxur
Fig. 1: Cotton Production in Texas
Source: Atlas of Texas, 1973, p. 31
18 Background
the City National Bank of Colorado City has expressed their
willingness to provide a financial package. Numerous local
12 citizens have also expressed excitement in the proposed mill.
The justification for the plant to be located in Colorado
City seems to be quite solvent. Conclusions from the four
major factors are supportive and demonstrate the potential for
the cotton textile mill.
Critical Issues
The critical issues in designing or programming a cotton
textile mill are economic feasibility, basis of operation, end
product, flow and circulation, form-architecture, building
systems, and the working conditions.
Economic feasibility can be evaluated on a discounted
cash flow and the intended rate of return on investment basis,
this involves comparing the alternative of investing the re
quired capital for the project in an interest bearing invest-
14 ment rather than m the project.
The basis of operation is the method by which the work is
organized including personnel. The shift of work or time
periods should be studied in relation to their impact on the
productivity and workers' health. Undocumented evidence from
the American Cotton Growers plant in Littlefield, Texas
suggests that shifts that provide workers a greater number of
19 Background
days off between periods of work are more productive. On
workers' health Rose Marisette reports, "A 1978 NIOSH study
revealed that workers' physical and mental well-being suffered
as the result of shift work and particularly rotating shift
work."-*-
By determining the end product and its production level
one can set up the requirements for the primary, secondary and
17 support activities and equipment. The end product having
been determined by its feasibility and client's wishes as in
dustrial toweling will now set up the decision making process.
The quantity of production must be determined by the market
for the product. Presently, Mr. I.E. Black, owner of a fin
ishing mill for industrial toweling, has been contacted in an
18 effort to set up a market.
The flow and circulation of the product involving the
least amount of labor are the most efficient. To increase
productivity Abby Rosenthal advocates, "...management's com
mittment to employee relations program. Structure competition,
19 formal recognitition programs for performance..."
The form-architecture component of the mill must be re
solved. The mill may be seen by the client as a symbol of the
corporation of it may be seen only as a utilitarian structure
20 that provides the best possible image or symbolism.
20 Background
Many of the activities require specific temperatures and
humidity, fire protection, lighting and structural conditions
making stringent demands on the building systems. These will
be discussed more fully in the Systems Performance Criteria.
The working conditions or environment influences product
ivity costing money and thereby becoming important in terms
the client understands. The workplace will be examined in
User Group.
Client
The client for this industrial textile plant is American
Cotton Growers, Inc. A more conclusive study of their oper
ations will be presented in the Case Studies which will ex
amine a similar plant in Littlefield. Mr. Emerson Tucker, a
representative of American Cotton Growers, has served as an
advisor on this project.
User Group
The users of the mill in all likelihood will be local
citizens or commuters around Mitchell County. Therefore they
should represent a sampling of the characteristics of the
population of Colorado City. This information is more fully
documented in Population, Economy and City Images.
:i Background
User Group Needs
The users or workers in a cotton textile mill need a
pleasing working environment and health and safety protection.
A pleasing working environment involves satisfying the
user group needs for personal amenities, comfort both physical
and emotional, and stimulation. Simply providing for personal
amenities is not the total answer instead one must examine the
perception involving the placement, entering, using, and
leaving these activities. The details of these analyses will
be found in the Activity Analysis. Physical comfort is deter
mined by the condition of the environment and varies from in
dividual to individual. Emotional comfort of the worker is
not as factual and relates to territoriality and boundaries
within the workplace. Such territoriality involving the per-
sonilization of spaces and equipment was demonstrated at the
21 Littlefield Plant. Stimulation involves providing the
worker with stimuli relating to the senses. To a certain
22 degree this was also accomplished at Littlefield.
The health and safety of the workplace measures the
degree to which a facility has attempted to protect the
worker. Rose Marisette believes, "If any aspect of the
worker's physical environment is distracting--noise, lights,
vibration, movement, temperature, air quality, hazardous
22 Background
conditions—it will also produce stress."^^ The health of a
worker while being strongly related to stress is also directly
affected by occupational health hazards. In 1979 a bill was
passed to provide benefits to those totally disabled by em-
24 ployee-related Brown Lung Disease. In addition OSHA ha s
established cotton dust standards to protect the textile
worker. In 197 9 the U.S. Department of Labor measured the
levels of cotton dust involved with each primary activity.
They found the highest concentration of dust associated with
2 5 spinning and the lowest applicable level in opening. Safety
in a cotton textile mill depends much upon the environment.
The Center for Disease Control in Atlanta reports that 31% of
the the non-motor vehicular accidents are attributed to the
2 fi
environment. The watchdog for safety in the workplace has
been OSHA and its publication 2206 General Industry Standards.
Recently, new safety standards on fire protection were issued 27
in Subpart 'L'. In analyzing safety in the working environ
ment ergonomic data which pertains mainly to the interface be-28 tween people and tool, equipment and transportation is needed.
Financing
In a project of this sort financing is often needed for
land, building and other real estate improvements. In addition
a firm will frequently desire financing for machinery and
23 Background
working capital which is harder to secure.
The sources of funding for the mill may be classified
into several broad categories. They are: commercial banks,
savings and loan organizations, mortagage companies, investor
builders, investment banks, insurance companies and other in
stitutions, U.S. Government, Texas Industrial Commission and
other individuals. These are the most common sources of se-
29 curing financing for the industrial developer.
Physiography
The physiography of an area describes the physical en
vironment. It often reveals a unique community characteristic
The physiography of Texas has always had a profound influence
on its development. The state differs greatly from one area
to another but where its contour of gently undulating terrain
borders the flat plain it is referred to as West-Central
Texas. The cotton textile mill as an element in its environ
ment will be impacted upon but it will also form an interface
with this same environment to one degree or another.
Geographic Setting: Colorado City is located in the up
per eastern portion of Mitchell County in West-Central Texas.
The city's exact location is 32°23' North Latitude and 100 "52'
West Longitude.
Climate: West-Central Texas has a weather pattern that
24 Background
is a blend of the humid climate of Central Texas and the semi-
arid climate of West Texas. In Colorado City the climate is
moderated by the transitional setting.
Temperature: Summers are long and hot and winters are
relatively mild. In summer the average daily maximum temper
ature is 97°F. in both July and August. During an average
August the temperature is 90° or higher. Summer nights are
comfortable with temperatures in the upper 60's or the lower
70's. Winter temperatures vary daily, falling rapidly when
cold polar air sweeps down form the north. Their duration
31 however is usually short.
Precipitation: The average annual precipitation is 23.03
inches. Of this 78% occurs during the warmer months of the
year, April through October. October is the wettest month.
The driest is December. During the spring and summer months,
the precipitation is usually associated with scattered thun
derstorms varying the amount widely from place to place, year
32 to year.
Humidity: The relative humidity varies greatly. Early
morning humidities average 72% at 6:00 a.m. and late afternoon
ratios are 41% at 6:00 p.m. Yearly, the highest humidity
33 occurs in the early morning hours of May and June.
Wind: The prevailing winds are southerly to southwesterly
25 Background
in summer and northerly in winter. Winds are strongest in
late winter and early spring, when centers of low pressure
develop. These storm centers frequently produce severe dust-
storms .
Land Form and Structure
Topography and Drainage: Topographically, Colorado City
is near the southwestern edge of the Osage Plains section of
the Central Texas Lowlands Physiographic Province. Locally,
this area is known as the Low (or Red) Rolling Plains. The
county in most places is nearly level to undulating, but it is
steep with areas of short, rough breaks along the Colorado
River and its major tributaries. The elevation ranges from
35 1,900 to 2,400 feet above sea level (Fig. 2).
The Colorado River which crosses the county in a north
west to southeast direction draining the entire county. Tri
butaries in the eastern part of the county are Lone Wolf Creek,
Champion Creek, and Big Silver Creek. In the western part
3 fi they are Morgan Creek and Beals Creek (Fig. 3).
Soils: The soils in Mitchell County can be classified
into four broad kinds: deep, nearly level to moderately
sloping loamy soils over sandstone; nearly level tOisioping
calcerous clayey and loamy soils over compact red bed clay;
deep, nearly level to undulating, sandy soils; and shallow
26 Background
1000 0 I — I I — - I > — '
1000 2000 — I
3000 I
4000 5000 6000 7000 FEET
Scale North
Fig. 2: Topographic Map, Mitchell County
Source: U.S. Geologic Survey, Topographic map, 7.5 min.
27 Background
0 12
miles North
Fig. 3: Drainage, Mitchell County
Source: Soil Survey, Mitchell County, sh. 1
28 Background
gently sloping to steep loamy soils over claiche. Generally,
the soil is dark loam in the lowlands grading to sandy or red
loam in the uplands (Fig. 4).^^
Parks and Wildlife: Native vegetation includes mesquite
trees, algerita shrubs, and yucca with chinaberry, live oak,
willow, cedar, black walnut, plum, hackberry and pecan found
along the creeks and river. On the red-brown clacerous soil
grows cotton, sorghum, oats, wheat, rye, peanuts, alfalfa,
3 8 hairy vetch and Austrian winter pea.
Wildlife is commonly found on the ranches and in the
cotton fields. Whitetail deer and antelopes are found in the
western and southern parts of the county. Native game birds
include blue quail, bob white quail and mourning dove. Other
indigenous wildlife are fox, coyote, skunk, raccoon and rat-
39 tlesnake.
Natural Resources
In Mitchell County the natural resources are agriculture,
water and minerals (Fig. 5).
Agriculture and ranching: This is the largest industry
in Mitchell County. Cotton the principal crop of the area,
was first grown here around 1900. The amount planted since
then has varied yearly. Recently, 75,400 acres were planted
40 in Mitchell County. An estimated value of $20 million was
29 Background
0 3 12
North 6 miles
' ypes of Soils
1. Deep, nearly level to moderately sloping loamy soils over sandstone.
2. Nearly level to sloping claceroue clayey and loamy soils over compact red bed clay.
3- Sandy soil, Fig. 4: Soils Map, Mitchell County
Source: Soil Survey: Mitchell County, sh. 1.
31 Background
produced through agriculture in 1980. The ranching industry
of which cattle production is a major segment occupies 345,000
acres of rangeland and cultivated pastures. The gross income
from beef cattle production is about $6.5 million on an annual
42 basis. There is also some hog and sheep production within
the county.
Water: Water is an important natural resource in the
semi-arid climate of Mitchell County. Near Colorado City are
two lakes that furnish the water supply for the city. Lake
Colorado City contains 31,480 acre-feet and Lake Champion con-
43 tains 42,500 acre-feet.
Minerals: The primary mineral resources are oil and gas.
In 1979 Mitchell County oil wells produced 5.9 million barrels
of oil and 3.5 mcf of natural gas. This production was valued
at $57.5 million. Out of 202 major oil producing Texas coun-
44 ties, Mitchell ranks 73rd.
Other mineral resources include caliche, sand and gravel,
and salt. All are mined commercially except the salt.
History
The history of a city and its region is significant in
the resulting character of the community. Early settlements
and the emergence of social conventions often have a long-
lasting influence on the area's socio-economic development.
32 Background
Colorado City is located in an area significant in his
tory. Giles E. Bradford reports, "The first positive and tan
gible proof of prehistorics man's existence in North America
(earlier than 2,000 years ago) was discovered on Lone Wolf
Creek inside the city limits." The region known as Mitchell
County was once inhabited by the Comanches and Kiowa Indians
who followed the great herds of buffalo migrating from the
north. It is likely the first outsider to see this county
was Spanish. Between 1629 and 1684 four minor Spanish expe-
46 ditions were made into West Texas. When the Spanish lost
control of Texas and the Indians had been subdued by the an
nihilation of the buffalo and the enforcement of reservation
policies by the army, the region became accessible to the
settlers. The first were traders and cattlemen who esta
blished a unique community while they faced a disagreeable
climate.
Colorado City had its modern-day beginning about 1881
when following the arrival of the Texas and Pacific Railroad,
47 the town was laid out in blocks. As a railhead Colorado,
Texas (the original name) drew large herds of cattle that were
shipped to eastern markets and the city received freight and
supplies for the ranchers. The town quickly grew to an esti
mated population of 6,000 by 1884, but devastation occured
33 Background
when a severe drought gripped West Texas. From 1886 to 1894
drought and blizzards brought ruin to merchants and ranchers.
Colorado was saved by the emergence of farming in the late
1890's. The town rapidly grew to a population of 3,000 in
1906 scarcely half of its former size. A second period of
doom occured in 1917 and 1918 when drought struck again. The
town was saved this time by oil discovered in 1920. A third
cycle occured in the 1950's when drought struck again. The
saving force continued to be oil and in addition two major
industries, the electric plant and the oil refinery. During
the late 60's and 70's the city lost the refinery and has
48 since sought another stabilizing force for the bad times.
Government
In Texas the role of local government has been legislated
by the state to maintain the infastructure and cooperate with
other governmental bodies.
county Government of Mitchell County: The county govern
ment consists of a County Judge, four commissioners, county
treasurer, attorney, justice of the peace and tax assessor-
collector. All are elected officials and serve a two year
49 term.
County Law Enforcement: Assuring the safety of rural
dwellers are the sheriff and his four deputies. Five Texas
34 Background
Department of Public Safety personnel enforce the laws on the
roads and Interstate. The Game Warden patrols the county en-
50 forcing the game laws.
City Government of Colorado City: The city government
consists of a mayor, city council and city manager. The mayor
and the city council are elected officials and serve two year
terms. They receive no salary. The city manager who admin
isters the city government activities is hired by the city and
51 IS salaried. Mr. Bradford writes:
Colorado City has retained the mayor-council form of government to the present time. While many substitutes for this type of government have been proposed, the mayor-council form has retained marked popularity. The people seem to feel that responsibility is better concentrated in the office of the mayor with greater certainity than in the case of any other city executive, and that the mayor more often represents public opinion.52
City Law Enforcement: Thirteen full time personnel
manage the enforcement of the law within the city.
Population
The population study is an important component to the
Background. It reveals the population, demographics, and the
projections.
Population Growth Trends: Colorado City has experienced
a fluctuating population. According to the U.S. Census Bureau
35 Background
the population is 5,045 living in an area of 3,305 acres in
54 1980. Average population density was only 1.53 persons per
acre.
Industrial growth, a stimulant of population growth is
seen in the area directly west of the city as well as along
the Interstate Highway north of the city and on Highway 208
southeast of the city.
Residential growth has occured in the northern section of
the city. Further growth is dependent upon economic con
ditions, industrial developments, utilities, and facilities.
For the present directional growth patterns indicate develop
ments toward the northeast.
Population Composition: According to the 1980 Census,
30% of the population is under 18 while 20% is over 65. About
66% of the population is Anglo, 26% Hispanic and 7% Black.
Population Distribution: The population distribution by
race is Hispanics occupy the west and south portions of the
city. Blacks predominantly live in either the northwest or
southeast parts. Anglos occupy the center, north and north
east sections of the city. Principal division lines are Pine,
2nd, 17th and Austin Streets.
Population Projection: Freese and Nichols, a Lubbock
based engineering firm has projected that the population of
3 6 Background
Colorado City will grow to 5,800 by 2005.
Economy
The economic study of a city and its region is a vital
component in the Background. The feasibility of the textile
plant is dependent upon the economic basis of Colorado City
being favorable.
The economic study of Colorado City must be examined
within the context of Mitchell County. The county's economy
5 8 is based primarily on agriculture, oil, and ranching. According to the U.S. Census, job opportunities are mostly
limited to wholesale, retail, manufacturing and service in-
59 dustries.
Human Resources
Human resources become one of the most important elements
in any economy. The availability of the labor force, educa
tional background, skills, and income of that force are guages
of the economic conditions.
Labor Force: The population between the ages of 18 - 65
60 is 2472 which represent 49% of the total population.
Economic Activity
Economic activity is a measure of the level of goods and
services produced as a result of the utilization of human and
natural resources.
3 7 Background
Industrial Employment: Wholesale and retail trades em
ploy the largest percentages of workers for Mitchell County.
Industrial Developments: At present Mitchell County's
industrial base is not one of the main supports of the economy.
If this base were increased the support services and businesses
would have to expand to meet the need.
Commercial Establishments: Colorado City's economic ac
tivity centers around its wholesale and retail establishments.
There locations comprise the current CBD and the original
townsite as well as each major highway.
Financial Institutions: Both established financial in
stitutions show growth in total assets in the past 15 years.
Colorado City has four banking establishments. They are:
The City National Bank, First State Bank, Colorao City Savings
62 and Loans, and Homestate Savings.
Taxes: Property tax is levied by each county in the
state of Texas on land and improvements. A small portion of
this tax finances the county government with the rest going to
the school system. There is no personal state income tax and
no state corporate tax, only a state sales tax of 4<: with the
city adding a 10 rider.
Housing
Housing is one of the basic needs of man. Its importance
3 8 Background
is readily recognized in that few industries wish to locate
where or to hire someone in a community that cannot provide
adequate housing. Colorado City has the necessary space for
future housing but many of its older housing units are in poor
condition especially in the minority areas. According to the
U.S. Census the number of owner-occupied housing units was
1,525 and the number of rented dwelling units was 455 in
64 1980.
Transportation
The transportation network serving Mitchell County and
Colorado City is important in relation to its implications on
the movement of people and goods necessary to operate a textile
plant.
Existing Street Conditions: Many of the existing streets
in Colorado City lack adequate paving and in many instances
lack paving at all. The main north-south streets are Oak,
Hickory, Austin and Watson. The main east-west thoroughfares
are 2nd, 6th, 10th, and 17th Streets. Hickory is a part of
Highway 208 and 2nd Street is a portion of Highway 80
(Fig. 6) .
Major Highways: Interstate Highway 2 0 is the primary
route of Colorado City's transportation system. This major
east-west highway connects with the city at four streets or
4 0 Background
highways: east Highway 80, south Highway 208, north Highway
208 and west Highway 80. The interstate links Colorado City
to Abilene in the east and Midland-Odessa in the west. High
way 208 is the second most important route. This road leads
to Snyder in the north and San Angelo via Robert Lee in the
south. Highway 163 also links the city to San Angelo but it
goes through Sterling City (Fig. 7 ) .
Air Transportation: The Colorado City Airport is located
about 5*2 miles north of town on FM 1808 just off Highway 208.
This facility was a former Air Force training field and is
therefore capable of handling large jets up to C-130's.
Railroads: The tracks of the Texas and Pacific Railroad
traverse the county from the east to west. The railroad
passes on the south side of Colorado City along 1st Street.
The railroad delivers freight only, east bound on Monday, Wed
nesday and Friday and west bound on Tuesday, Thursday and
o ^ ^ 66 Saturday.
Mass Transit: Colorado City's citizens are served by two
bus lines traveling on Interstate Highway 20. Continental
Trailways operates five east bound and four west bound buses
daily. Greyhound Bus Lines operates four east and four west
6 7 bound each daily.
Motor Freight: The Texas and Pacific Truck Lines serves
4 2 Background
the city twice per week. In addition. Merchants Fast Motor
Lines, an interstate motor freight company, is located in
Colorado City. Daily service is also provided by Roadway, Tex
Pack and UPS.^^
Pedestrian Traffic: It is not a major means of transit
but does occur rather heavily within the central business
district. Most of the city has an excellent system of side
walks .
Facilities
Community facilities are an indicator of a community's
well-being. They are often prime determinants in an industry's
decision to locate.
Courthouse: The present Courthouse contains the admin
istrative facilities and governmental offices of the county.
It is located at 3rd and Oak Streets. The building was built
69 in 1923 replacing two earlier structures.
City Hall: The City Hall as it exists now contains the
city administration and the fire department. It is located at
3rd and Oak Streets. The present structure was built in
1925.'°
Fire Department: The Fire Department is based on a vol
unteer system. Three paid employees and thirty volunteer
firemen comprise the personnel in the department. Colorado
4 3 Background
City's mobile fire fighting equipment totals eight units and
71 one emergency rescue truck.
Police Department: The Sheriff's office is located be
hind the Courthouse on Pine Street. The City's Police De
partment is located on 3rd Street next to the City Hall.
Schools: Colorado City is part of the Colorado Indepen
dent School District. The city has four public shcool facil
ities including: two elementary schools, one middle school,
and one high school. Administrative offices for the District
are located in the old junior high school at 12th and Hickory
72 Streets. The high school was built in 1974.
Higher educational programs including vocational training
are offered at the Wallace Community Education Center. Other
regional higher educational facilities include: Western Texas
College, Snyder; Texas State Technical Institute, Sweetwater;
Angelo State University, San Angelo; Abilene Christian Uni
versity, McMurry College, Hardin Simmons, Abilene; University
of Texas at Permian Basin, Midland-Odessa; and Texas Tech Uni
versity, Lubbock.
Library: The Mitchell County Public Library provides
basic services meeting the needs of a small community. The
book collection totals 38,000 books. It operates six days per
week and averages 1225 patrons per month. It is located at
44 Background
4th and Oak Streets.^^
Post Office: The U.S. Post Office in Colorado City de
livers First Class mail once per day and picks up mail once
per day. It is located at 3rd and Walnut Streets.
Medical Services: The majority of medical services in
Mitchell County are provided by Root Memorial Hospital located
at 17th and Chestnut Streets. The latest addition occured in
1975. Besides the hospital there are two nursing homes Root
Valley Fair Lodge and Kristi Lee Manor. Several medical
doctors have their own private offices and a clinic exists at
5th and Elm Streets. There are two dentist offices and an
ambulance service owned by the City, County and Hospital is
ststioned at the Hospital. A Chiropractic Health Clinic is
found on Highway 208, just beyond the Interstate.
Communications: The most widely read newspaper in
Colorado City is the Colorado City Record. It has been pub
lished since 1905. The Abilene Reporter-News is also quite
^ 7 4 well read.
Mitchell County's major television station originates in
Abilene and is KTXS - ABC. The area also receives clear
transmission from KTAB - CBS, Abilene and KWAB - NBC, Big
Spring. One local cable television serves the area and fea
tures two locally originated channels.
45 Background
One locally owned and operated radio station broadcasts
daily. KVMC - AM, 1320 on the dial, operates with 1000 watts
from 6:00 a.m. to 7:45 p.m. The programming features news,
75 variety and country music.
Churches: There are 3 9 churches in Mitchell County rep
resenting ten different religions and demoninations. At pre
sent 28 churches exist in Colorado City. They include:
Assembly of God, two; Baptist, eleven; Catholic, one; Church
of Christ, three; Christian, one; Episcopal, one; Methodist,
three; Pentecostal, two; Presbyterian, one; and Non-Denom-
7 fi
inational, three.
Utilities
These are necessary elements in the day to day functions
of an industry and to a city as a whole. The sewage and water
system are very important to each. The topography of Colorado
City results in surface drainage which affects other systems.
Sewer system: The existing sewage system, provided by
Colorado City involves a three-step process: collection,
pumping and treatment. Portions of the original system are
still used and date back to 1912. The pumping station is lo
cated on the north side of the Colorado River on Hwy. 163.
The treatment plant is located at Central Ave. and Washington
Streets. It uses a trickling filter process. The maximum
46 Background
daily capacity is 4 million gallons. Presently, the maximum
daily use has been 875,000 gallons.'^'^
Water Supply: The water supply for Colorado City is from
Lake Colorado City and Lake Champion. The distribution system
at present can carry 3.3 million gallons. The size of the
mains range from two to sixteen inches in a looped system;
however, their condition is deteriorating and a new sixteen
inch line in needed along Cherry Street according to Freese 7 8
and Nichols. The pressure at the mains range from 40 to 90
. 79 psi.
The water filtration plant is located on FM 1983 and in
cludes an underground storage tank capable of holding 2 million
gallons. An overhead storage tank is located at the North
8 0 Water Works at 18th Street between Walnut and Chestnut Steets.
Surface Drainage: Colorado City relies upon a small net
work of storm sewers to handle water run-off in certain sec
tions of town but for the most part the streets are utilized
to drain the rain into either the River or Lone Wolf Creek.
Primary streets used in this manner are 10th and 3rd Streets.
The natural topography assists the flow-
Sanitary Waste: The Sanitary Landfill which is full is
located northwest of the town. They are searching for a new
site.
Electrical Service: Electricity in Colorado City and
47 Background
Mitchell County is provided by Texas Electric Service Company
and Lone Wolf Rural Electric Cooperative. Texas Electric's
power is produced partially by its oil and gas generator plant
located at Lake Colorado City which is their largest facil-
ity."
Gas Service: Natural gas is provided by the Lone Star
Gas Company. The line servicing the city are six, eitht, and
ten inches in diameter with a pressure of 400 psig. The dis
tribution pressure is 20 psig. The BTU rating per cubic foot
is 1,040.^^
Telephone Service: The telephone service is provided by
Southwestern Bell Telephone Company a division of the Bell
System.
Recreation and Open Spaces
Recreation facilities are an important factor in the de
cision of a company to locate within that community because
these facilities and areas provide families and individuals
enjoyment and relaxation.
Parks: The park facilities in Mitchell County are pro
vided by the state, city and corporate bodies. The activities
include: boating, swimming, water skiing, fishing, camping,
sight seeing, field sports, and just plain relaxation.
Lake Colorado City State Park, Fisher Park, Ruddick Park,
48 Background
Hertenberger Field, Barber Park and the parks associated with
the schools comprise the park system.
Sports
Football: As an organized activity which is played at
the Lone Wolf Stadium at 10th and Pine Streets football is an
important activity. Other sports include: baseball, softball,
tennis, swimming, golf and jogging.
Cultural
Facilities: Colorado City has a wide variety of cultural
activities and events. These include the Museum, Railhead
Arts and Crafts Fair, Colorado City Playhouse, Mitchell County
Fair, July 4th Fly-In, and the A.J.R.A. Rodeo.
Civic Organizations: The number of civic organizations
is numerous and includes: Evening and Noon Day Lions, Jaycees,
Kiawanais, Optimists, Business and Professional Women, Shrine
Club, Masonic Lodge and the Order of the Eastern Star. Youth
organizations are: Boys Club, Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts and the
4-H Club. The two local business groups are the Chamber of
Commerce and Colorado City Industrial Team. Other organiza
tions include: Home Demonstration Club, Garden Club, American
Legion, Veterans of Foreign Wars, Brush and Palette Club,
Dance Club and the A.A.R.P.
It is these recreational areas and open spaces that give
49 Background
Colorado City its unique character. The facilities become the
backdrop and stage for the drama of man's existence with
nature.
City Images
Several factors comprise the city images. These factors
form the physical environment and interact with the social ac
tivities of the community. Important in the overall image is
the spirit and values of the citizens.
Industries often locate in regions and cities that have
images they associate with their product or company. Often
these images become the corporate image and are used to promote
their product.
The overall image of Colorado City and this region stems
partly from its earliest beginnings when a large number of
English immigrants settled in the area. They were Episcopa
lians and believed in God and hard work. These values are
still firmly established and represented in the high morals
and work ethic the citizens possess. The rural farmers and
most urban dwellers tend to be conservatively minded. Such
images have made the city a prime location for individuals as
a retirement community.
Entry Image: From the Interstate the city appears to be
two residential areas split by an area of strip commercial
50 Background
along Hickory Street. The dark green tree-lined steeets stand
in sharp contrast to the sparsely wooded landscape of mesquite
trees and cotton fields surrounding the city. If one enters
via Highway 80 there is a sense of entry. It is gained when
one begins to descend down in the river valley and crosses
either the creek bridge on the east or the river bridge on the
west.
Conclusions
The cotton textile mill will be impacted upon and by the
environment. The climatic conditions around Colorado City
specifically the semi-arid weather forces the designer to con
sider heat gain and heat loss. Because agriculture is the
largest industry in Mitchell County of which most of it deals
with cotton production, an industrial cotton textile plant
would probably enjoy a favorable position in the community.
The History of Mitchell County is important because it reveals
the intense desire of the community to have an established in
dustry. The Population Growth Trends show the city is growing
toward the northeast and therefore will not be seriously im
pacted by the plant. The Population Projection and general
data give evidence of the potential labor force available.
The Housing information indicates that the employees if drawn
form outside the community will probably have a hard time
51 Background
finding a place to live. The transportation network appears
very strong and in good condition posing no problems for ship
ping and receiving. The facilities are adequate and show the
strength of the community and its possible provisions for new
citizens. The utilities are also strong and show much promise
for the plant. The city images reaffirm the potential of the
site for the plant.
The components of the Background analyses seem to indicate
that the selection of Mitchell County and Colorado City as the
site of the proposed industrial textile plant justifies its
development. Other analyses will of course have to be com
pleted before complete justification can be rendered.
53 Goals and Objectives
Introduction
The Goals and Objectives are sets of simple statements
that describe the proposed outcome and means by which they
will be achieved for the American Cotton Growers Industrial
Textile Plant. The Goals are general qualitative statements
that describe broad issues to be achieved. The Objectives are
more specific and represent quantitative, performance-oriented
ways of achieving the goals.
Goals
Provide an efficient indus-rial textile plant
Develop a product layout
Provide a financialy feasible industrial textile plant
Provide a stimulating and safe working environment
Objectives
Utilize a basis of operation that increases workers' productivity
Maximize production using highly automated machinery
Provide a balanced flow of materials to the activities
Provide simple clear circulation paths
Utilize available West Texas cotton
Use labor-saving machinery and processes
Develop a dependable market for the industrial toweling
Utilize sensory stimuli in the workplace
Provide safety features as required by OSHA and local Building Codes
54 Goals and Objectives
Goals
Present a corporate image
Develop a facility that responds to its physical environment
Objectives
Utilize materials and design features such as proportion, scale and rhythm to achieve the desired effect
Utilize the site analysis and principles of site planning
Recognize the historic past of the site
Recognize the visually powerful natural site features
56 Activity Analysis
Contents
Introduction 57
Griege Mill Division 58
Administration Division 61
Activity Characteristics 64
Activity Relationships 69
57 Activity Analysis
Introduction
The Activity Analysis is a listing of identifiable activ
ities that occur at an industrial textile plant. For the pur
poses of this program the activities have been divided into
primary, secondary and support groups along divisional lines.
The divisions are the Griege Mill and Administration.
The Activity Analysis also includes a tabular listing of
the activity characteristics. It identifies the activity and
its ideals, goals, objectives, tasks, activities, participants
and performance requirements.
The final component of the Activity Analysis is matrix
which demonstrates the relationships between individual activ
ities of the textile plant.
58 Activity Analysis
Greige Mill Division
Primary Activities
Raw Product Storage
Waste Bailing
Opening
Carding
Spinning
Warping
Slashing
Weaving
Inspection
Packaging
Warehousing
Shipping
59 Activity Analysis
Greige Mill Division
Secondary Activities
Unloading
Forklifting
Unwrapping
Cutting Ties
Waste Bailing
Feeding
Removing Lint
Movement of Card Cans
Movement of Drawing Cans
Spinning Yarn
Warp Filling
Winding Yarn onto Beam
Supplying Beams
Preparing Loom Beams
Storing Loom Beams
Hoisting
Producing Fabric Rolls
Inspecting Fabric
Cutting Fabric
Wrapping
Loading
60 Activity Analysis
Greige Mill Division
Support Activities
Eating
Relaxing
Storage
Personal Hygiene
Supervision
Maintenance
Air Washing/Conditioning
Lint Removal
Quality Control
Testing
Training
Monitoring
61 Activity Analysis
Administration Division
Primary Activities
Reception
Plant Management
Personnel Management
Purchasing
Sales
Plant Engineering
Public Relations
Production/Industrial Engineering
62 Activity Analysis
Administration Division
Secondary Activities
Greeting
Taking Calls and Messages
Arranging Appointments
Production Control
Overseeing Staff
Interviewing Prospective Employees
Public Relations
Touring the Plant
Clerical Storage
Payroll Maintenance
Accounting
Buying
Selling
Client Relations
Assuring Plant Operations
Machinery Inspection
Building Systems Inpection
63 Activity Analysis
Administration Division
Support Activities
Private Discussions
Storage
Personal Hygiene
Conditioning
Filing
Maintenance
64 Activity Analysis
Activity Characteristics
For each division and for each of the primary activities
of the Greige Mill; the ideals, goals, objectives, tasks, ac
tivities, participants and performance requirements are pre
sented. The table provides the necessary linkage between the
primary, secondary and support activities (Table 1 and 2).
65 Activity Analysis
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66 Activity Analysis
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67 Activity Analysis
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68 Activity Analysis
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69 Activity Analysis
Activity Relationships
The relationships between the activities of the Greige
Mill while complicated in process are very simple in struc
turing. Each of the activities is preceded and followed by
the activity with which it has the strongest relationship.
This results form the production line quality of the textile
plant.
In the following half matrix the activities both primary
and secondary of the entire plant have been listed showing the
kind of relationships that exist between the activities. The
kinds of relationships listed are strong, weak, none and neg
ative (Table 3).
70 Activity Analysis
TABLE 3: ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS
Raw Product Storage
Waste Bailing
Opening
Carding
Spinning
Warping
Slashing
Weaving
Inspection
Packaging
Warehousing
Shipping
Reception
Plant Manag.
Personnel
Purchasing
Sales
Plant Eng.
Public Relations
Production
legend
Strong relat.
Weak relat.
None and/or negative
72 Site Analysis
Contents
Introduction 73
Sub-Surface Characteristics 73
Surface Characteristics 74
Man-Made Characteristics 76
73 Site Analysis
Introduction
The site analysis is dependent upon the existing site and
the purpose to which it will be put. This site analysis is
comprised of many elements—above, below, and at the ground--
that are interelated when the land is viewed as the site of the
proposed American Cotton Growers Industrial Textile Plant.
Subsurface Conditions
The subsurface conditions are those relating to the soils,
the foundation material and the water table. These become im
portant factors in the cost of excavation and construction.
Soils: The site is covered with rough broken land and ac
cumulations of Lotum soil on the surface. This soil is brown,
crumbly, calcerous sandy loam with many waterworn pebbles and
8 3 sandstone fragments on and in the surface layer.
Foundation Material: Below the shallow surface soil are
beds of red clay, shale and sandstone. These date from the
84 Triassic geologic period. In the past during each heavy
rain geologic erosions occured yielding accumulations of Latom
8 5 soils and underming the shale and sandstone of the escarpment.
Water Table: There are no on-site water bodies. The
water table is exceedingly deep posing no problems with con
struction or foundations.
74 Site Analysis
Surface Characteristics
Surface Characteristics refer to the topography, com
manding views, microclimate and gound cover. These factors
have particular implications for site development.
Topography: The site is a rectangle with a long east-
west axis and curved northwestern end. There is a small rise
in the center of the site. The elevations of the site are
2080 ft. at the railroad tracks, 2075 ft. at the western end,
2070 ft. along the rise in the center and 2060 ft. at the o c
eastern end. The resulting slopes are bisected at the cen
ter and range from 1 to 5%.
Commanding views: The views from the site are exciting
and horizontal in format when looking north and east, and ver
tical looking west and south. To the east lies the river and
city—downtown emerges with its multi-storied buildings,
churches rimming the downtown, the tree-lined streets rising
into the residential area and the Interstate looming on the
horizon. When one looks south the land stretches out to the
river and beyond to the Interstate. On the western horizon
the eye follows Highway 8 0 up the escarpment. The northern
view is the most striking with slopes up to 100% the sandstone
escarpment looms above the railroad tracks. Large sandstone
boulders at the top of the escarpment are supported by
75 Site Analysis
curving walls of red earth.^^
Microclimate: All of the regional climatic data has been
presented in the Background Analysis. An examination of the
microclimate may yield ways of moderating the existing climate
to approximate more optimum conditions for human beings and
the textile plant.
The existing topography with the escarpment rising to the
south of the site is likely to cause winds from the northeast
to form a cold air pool. The occurs because the cold winter
winds are impeded by the escarpment; they sink and collect to
form the pool.
The northern slope of the land at approximately 3% slope
will cause the site to have a slightly later spring or at
89 least colder spring. The topography also has an effect on
wind and precipitation. The wind will be affected in summer
due to its south-southwest direction. As the wind reaches the
hill turbelence will be created on the windward side and the
calmer condition will occur at the bottom of the hill on the
90 lee side—the site of the mill. The topographic effect on
precipation is probably the most minimal because the escarpment
only rises about 100 ft. above the site. The effect is pro
duced when waterladen wind or storms from the northeast are
91 forced to rise. This causes unequal distribution of rainfall.
The site being mostly barren reflects approximately 10 to 25%
76 Site Analysis
92 of the solar radiation.
Ground Cover: The site is completely void of trees and
shrubs. Most of the ground is barren covered with small rocks
and pebbles. However, there are some native grasses and weeds
growing around the fringes of the site.
Man-Made Characteristics
The man-made characteristics include past damage, man-
made structures, utilities, intangible features and external
facilities.
Past Damage: Past users of the site have heavily damaged
the soil. The eastern and southwestern portions of the site
are oil soaked and contaminated. The eastern soil is littered
with concrete, pipes, barrels, and broken bricks. Though part
of the southwestern soil is contaminated, the rest is rela
tively undisturbed and suitable for construction. At the
center on the southern edge is an area that recently was cov
ered with fine gravel. It appears to be also suited for con
struction. The narrow northern edge of the site is undis-
93 turbed but within the railroad right of way.
Man-Made Structures: In the center of the site on the
northern edge is a one story office building containing ap
proximately 1000 sq. ft. It is the only intact structure, but
numerous concrete platforms each over 50 ft. in diameter still
77 Site Analysis
exist. Other concrete structures in various states of demo
lition are strewn around the site. Two dirt roads emerge from
the north gates in the chain link fence that surrounds the
north and west sides. The Texas and Pacific Railroad forms
the southern boundary of the site. It consists of one track
running east and west and a spur that leads to the Cotton QA
Compress. The spur forms the western border of the site.
Utilities: A 16 inch water main is located along the
north side of the site by Highway 80. The electrical supply
also enters from the north and is presently located at the
office building. Since the site is outside of the city limits
no provisions have been made for sewer or storm drains. Tele
phone and local cable television service is available along 95 Highway 80.
Intangible Features: The intangible features of the site
are past uses, zoning and easements, behavioral influences,
and site images.
Historically, the site was the location of the Col-Tex
Oil Refinery which began operation in 1925 and closed in 1969.
In 1978 a construction company used the site to store gravel
and equipment. The company went out of business and the site
96 has been vacant since.
Presently, the Industrial Foundation owns the site and
78 Site Analysis
has zoned it for industry or an industrial park. The founda
tion has set a 25 ft. setback along the northern edge. The
railroad has its right of way. The site consists of 17.5
97 acres.
The principal behaviorial influence is the occurence or
daily routine of Hispanics of all ages that walk by the site
going to and from downtown.
The site will probably always have certain images and
significant meanings associated with it. The primary past as
sociation is with the old refinery. Its lingering influence
lies in the economic impact the refinery closing had on the
city. The refinery had been a source of great pride; its in
ception was seen as the economic rebirth of the city and its
closing diminished part of the city's dreams.
External Facilities: To the east are three large, black
oil storage tanks. The two eastern most tanks have 100 ft.
diameters and the third has a 75 ft. diameter. They are pre
sently used for the storage of asphalt. Beyond these tanks
lies the Colorado River, On the northern side are several
industries. Beginning with the eastern most facility one sees
Browne Bros., Inc. and their residences; the Bus Station;
Foam-Tex, Inc.; Bassinger Bait House and residence; and the
Cotton Compress. To the west lies a Mexican-American resi
dential neighborhood consisting of delapidated and deteriorated
79 Site Analysis
housing. This is separated from the site by the railroad spur.
Atop the escarpment at the south rests an oil tank farm many
of which are leased by Texas Electric Service Company to store
9 8
oil for the Morgan Creek Plant at Lake Colorado City.
In the following illustrations the site analysis is ex
amined graphically reinforcing the principles presented earli
er (Fig. 8, 9, 10 and 11).
All of the components of the site analysis—the conditions
below the ground, the surface characteristics, the man-made
characteristics--demonstrate the nature of the site.
85 Case Studies
Contents
Introduction 86
Southwest Textiles, Inc. 87
Burlington Domestics, Postex Plant 91
American Cotton Growers Textile Plant 98'
Comparitive Analysis 103
Critical Issues 107
86 Case Studies
Introduction
Within this chapter three cotton textile mills are exa
mined. The mills that were selected range from small, pri
vately owned plants to very large, corporately owned busi
nesses. Factors influencing their selection include: end
product, relative size, ownership, site characteristics, and
regional location. The mills selected are: Southwest Textiles,
Inc., Abernathy, Texas; Burlington Domestics, Postex Plant,
Post, Texas; and American Cotton Growers Textile Plant, Little
field, Texas.
It is the purpose of this report to examine each plant in
terms of its context, function, form, building systems, site,
and cost. The contextual issues concern the reasons for cre
ating the facility in relation to the social, economic, cul
tural and political factors within the community. Under func
tion an activity analysis identifying the primary, secondary,
and support activities will be listed. Form deals with the
physical creation and its surroundings. A building systems
analysis examines the mechanical, electrical, utility, life
safety, and structural systems interface with the function,
climate, and site. The site analysis examines specific site
conditions and their relationship to the design. The cost
analysis is based upon an unit area that takes into consider
ation construction date and place. A comprehensive analysis
87 Case Studies
between the plants is included in an effort to reveal the
current theory of design, future trends and critical issues.
Southwest Textiles, Inc.
This plant was built in 1967. The plant is located in a
small town of 400, approximately 20 miles to the north of
Lubbock. The plant is centered in a region of prime cotton
production. It produces 100% cotton yarn that is packaged and
sold nationwide to a variety of clients. The plant represents
a privately owned business venture that resulted from a group
of local people who researched the feasibility and then devel
oped a finance package and built the plant.
The Abernathy plant operates on a 24 hour basis, five
days per week. There are three salary positions and 2 7 wage
jobs. The workday for the salaried employees is 8:00 a.m. to
5:00 p.m. Wage employees are divided into three shifts that
operate from 8 to 4, 4 to 12, and 12 to 8. Each shift is
allowed 30 minutes for lunch resulting in a 37*5 hours per week,
Interestingly, The current system resulted after complaints
concerning the lack of time to eat occured in 1976.
The primary activities at the sales yarn plant are:
opening, picking, carding, drawing, spinning, winding, con
ditioning, packaging, loading, and administration. The sec
ondary activities include lunch and balestorage. The support
88 Case Studies
activities are parking, air conditioning and vacuuming
(Fig. 12).
There is a linear circulation pattern flowing from the
north to the south of the facility in the manufacturing areas
and a simple sequence in the office building. Boundaries are
established by wall, rolling doors, structural columns and
movement equipment. Territoriality is obvious throughout the
plant in which people personalize their work space. Bale-
storage and loading have physical access to the environment.
A list of major equipment includes: two pickers; five
feeder hoppers; 18 high speed cards; four drawing frames; 816
rotors (open-end) and three winders. This equipment is housed
in a 70,000 sq. ft. metal building.
Southwest Textiles consists of two distince parts, the
office and the manufacturing buildings. The office building
is constructed of red brick and it includes a vestibule en
trance with asbestos tile flooring and a suspended tile ceil
ing. Windows are vertically oriented and placed only within
the major areas. The production facility is a windowless
steel manufactured building centrally situated behind the
office sharing a common wall. There are two main openings
one to the east at the north end and the other to the west on
the south end (Fig. 13).
At the plant the mechanical system is the most important
89 Case Studies
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Fig. 12: Activity Analysis of Southwest Textiles
90 Case Studies
r
p M j i - s ^ i ' e e If2j6.kii«4tfj
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Fig. 13: Schematic Floor Plan, Southwest Textiles
91 Case Studies
component of all the building systems. With the exception of
the offices the plant operates at 75* F. with 55% relative
humidity. The conditioning room is kept at 100% r.h. The e-
lectricai s ystem consists of the standard power distribution
system and placement of outlets. The lighting is industrial
flourescent fixtures and is supplemented with natural light in
the warehouse area. There are no special water supply or
treatment facilities. In the area of life safety, the plant
complies with OSHA regulations by providing fire hoses and
alarms. The structural systems of the two divisions within
the plant differ greatly. The office utilizes loadbearing
walls of brick and block with light-weight steel bar joists;
while the manufacturing portion utilizes pre-manufactured
steel beams and columns to create the typical pitched roofed
steel building.
The plant is located on the eastern side of Interstate
27 on a gently sloping site. There is an obvious zoning of
the site in which the parking is divided between employees,
wage and salary, and visitor areas. Other zones include bale
delivery, loading and waste disposal. Because of the enor
mous requirements of the mechanical system and the climatic,
this plant has a special roof insulation in addition to a
double roof deck to prevent excessive heat loss and heat gain.
Unfortunately, the owner of this plant decided not to
92 Case Studies
release any cost data, therefore no unit area cost could be
determined.
Burlington Domestics, Postex Plant
The Postex Plant began production in 1955 when Burlington
Industries bought the idle facility. Portions of the original
plant date to 1912 when under the management of C.W. Post it
produced all cotton sheets. Presently, under Burlington Do
mestics division the plant produces a cotton/polyester blend
102 fabric that is sewn into sheets and pillowcases.
The plant at Post operates on a 24 hour basis, 5 day per
week. There are 400 people employed which is roughly equally
divided between sexes. There are 31 salaried positions and
their work day is from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Wage employees are
divided into three shifts that work form 7 to 3, 3 to 11, and
11 to 7. The company provides profit sharing, group insurance
^ ,_ A=-A- 1 0 3 and retirement benefits.
Plant production is based upon taking raw cotton and
polyester to a finished product (sheets and pillowcases). The
postex Plant has four basic divisions: greige mill, finishing
and bleaching, fabricating, and distribution.
In the greige mill the primary activities are: opening,
carding, spinning, spooling, warping, slashing, weaving and
cloth inspection. The secondary activities are: quality
93 Case Studies
control lab, pickers, feeder hoppers, drawing, and roving.
The support activities in the greige mill include: waste
storage, vacuuming, waste bailing, air conditioning, training,
and storage.
In finishing and blerichi.ng the primary activities are:
singeing, cloth washing, bleaching, starching, and drying.
The secondary activity is bleach storage and the support ac
tivities are air compression, motor housing, electricity gen
eration, steam generating, warehousing and storage.
In fabrication the primary activities are: hemming, cut
ting, sewing, folding and packaging. In distribution the
primary activities include: warehousing, forklifting, and
trucking. Secondary activities for both fabrication and dis
tribution are storage and docking. Support activities for the
entire plant include: management, supervision, nursing,
maintenance, and air circulation and conditioning.
The circulation of the products basically U-shaped be
cause Burlington has had to work with old buildings readapted
to modern machinery (Fig. 14).
A list of major equipment includes: five feeder hoppers,
five weigh hoppers, 24 cards, 12 drawing frames, eight roving
frames, 81 ring spinning frames, one spooler, one warper, one
slasher, 430 looms, and three cloth inspection tables. This
equipment is housed in a 120,000 sq. ft. complex of buildings.
94 Case S t u d i e s
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Fig. 14: Schematic Floor Plan, Postex Plant
95 Case Studies
Following are illustrations provided by Burlington showing
their equipment and explaining the processes involved at Post
(Fig. 15).
The form of the present Postex Plant represents numerous
additions and revisions to the plan. Overall the shape is
very rectangular with projecting and receding planes. Almost
all of the buildings share concrete pilasters and the oldest
structure has concrete walls with concrete joists, beams and
slab roof. The floors are all concrete and some have been
steel hardened. On the exterior all buildings share the same
color of paint, a light creamy yellow- To set off the offices
an earth red paint stripe colors the wall. There is also a
large graphic display of Burlington's trademark and name in
blue on the southern wall facing Hwy. 84. There are no win
dows in the newer additions but the older buildings have large
clerestory windows. The warehouses have large skylights.
The mechanical system at the Postex Plant plays an im
portant role and is quite complex. Because the plant produces
a 65/35 blend fabric the requirements differ from all-cotton
facilities but they are just as critical. In the opening room
a temperature of 80" F. and 50 to 55% r.h. is optimum. In
carding, 80° F. and 40%; spinning, 88° and 32%; weaving, 82°
and 74%; fabrication, 72^ because of the high concentration
of workers; due, to these requirements all walls have moisture
96 Case Studies
C A R D I N G — The process of separating and cleaning cotton f ibers to prepare them for spinning.
W E A V I N G — Inter lac ing two sets of ya rn , one running lengthwise in the loom and te rmed " w a r p " and the other running cross-wise in the loom and called "f i l l ing."
SPINNING — The process of mak ing yarn f rom f ibers by drawing out and twist ing the f ibers into a thin s ' rand.
CLOTH INSPECTION — Checking of the areiqe clotn for defects, d i r - , and orh,3i e~.^i;i;;nce of i n r " - i r ; r merchanci^"-;-
Fig. 15: Scenes of Postex Activities
97 Case Studies
barriers and the roof has a special insulation. In the fin
ishing range even the ceiling must by air conditioned to avoid
104 moisture condensation that would stain the fabric.
The electrical requirements are stringent. Two sub-sta
tions are in use; one for the greige mill and the other for
the rest of the plant. In addition there are generators in
the event of power failure. There are special air compressors
due to oil-free air requirements. Boiler water must be deion-
ized. Three pools handle the waste effluent from the plant
as well as that from the city.
The life safety equipment includes sprinkler systems,
firewalls existing between opening and carding, spooling and
slashing, and slashing and weaving.
The Postex Plant is located on the eastern side of old
Hwy. 84, now Ave. F in Post, Texas which is 38 miles south of
Lubbock. The original site zoning included a mill town de
velopment. Today few of the houses remain and the immediate
site zones include: ball parks lined with elm trees, parking,
waste disposal, trucking, rail deliveries, and water treatment,
Some surface drainage problems have occured at this sloping
site but grates and drainage ditches have remedied the pro
blems.
Absolutely no cost information could be released by
98 Case Studies
by Burlington due to company policy which protects the cor
poration and its investors against competition.
American Cotton Growers Textile Plant
This plant built in 1975 is located in Littlefield, Texas
which is 35 miles northwest of Lubbock. It produces first
quality 100% cotton denim fabric for Levi Strauss.
The plant resulted from a 1974 feasibility study pre
pared by the Plains Cotton Cooperative inspired by the 1973
Rural Development Act. Under the original plant operation
there were 26 cotton gins, 3000 cotton producers, capital from
the Central and Texas Bank for Cooperatives, and a $33 million
Rural Development Loan participating in the venture.
Four possible locations for the mill were proposed with
Littlefield being chosen due to its: labor market, waste water
treatment facilities, water treatment facilities, proximity to
cotton production, the spirit of the community, site donation,
tax breaks, rail siting, adjacency to major highways, the
natural gas supply, and the electrical supply. The resulting
plant design was influenced by equipment, research, the South
ern Building Code, OSHA, and Factory Mutual Insurance.
The plant operates on a 24 hour basis, 7 days per week.
There are 60 salary and 535 wage employees. The salary em
ployees except the shift superintendents work from 8 a.m. to
99 Case Studies
5 p.m. The wage employees and their superintendents work on
one of four shifts: "A","B","C", or "D." "A" and "C" are day
shifts that work from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.; conversely, "B" and
"D" are night shifts that work from 7 to 7. The current com
presses work schedule has been used since the plant began pro-
, . . 107 duction.
The plant may be divided into five divisions: yarn man
ufacturing, dyeing, weaving, finishing, and administration.
The primary actvities in yarn manufacturing are: bale storage,
opening, cleaning, carding, drawing, spinning and ball warping.
The secondary activities include supervision and waste bailing.
In dyeing the primary activities are: indigo dyeing, long
chain beaming, and slashing. Secondary activities are: su
pervision and storage. In weaving the primary activity is
shuttleless loom weaving. The secondary activities are: su
pervision, loom beam storage, and filler supply. In finishing
the primary activities are: compressive shrinkage, cloth in
spection, cutting, packaging, and storage. The secondary ac
tivities are: supervision, shading and forklifting. In ad
ministration the primary activities are management, reception,
quality control, purchasing, sales, plant engineering, indus
trial engineering, payroll and clerical. Common to all di
visions are the support activities: air conditioning, dust
100 Case Studies
removal, steam generation, quality control, electrical distri
bution, training, maintenance, hygiene, breaks, conferences
and storage.
There is a linear progression to the circulation path of
the product from the north to the south of the facility. Boun
daries of the activities are established by rolling doors,
hanging curtains and wide aisles. Employee territoriality has
been established by usage of possessive language, adopting
machines and personalizing work spaces.
The Littlefield plant's form consists of two highly dis
tinctive parts, the administration and the manufacturing'
buildings connected by a narrow hall. The whole complex is
constructed of a tan brick but the administration building is
dwarfed by the shear physical size of the manufacturing build
ing. While the manufacturing area is rectangular and boxy in
character, the administration area is basically a rectangle
that has been notched on three sides to create an angular
facade with deep overhangs over the windows. The only pen
etrations to the manufacturing building are for exits, loading
and unloading, and curiously the service bays along each
longitudinal side have large fins at each air washer (Fig. 16)
At Littlefield the whole plant is air conditioned with
each division requiring specific temperatures and relative
humidities. To maintain the proper conditions each division
1 0 1 C a s e S t u d i e s
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Fig. 16: Schematic Floor Plan, Littlefield Plant
102 Case Studies
has an automatic monitor that controls the air washers. These
are equiped with deionizers to control static build-up. In
the dyeing division special duct insulation is moisture con
densation. Special insulation is used on the roof and walls.
The supply ducts are overhead and the return air is in con
crete head-high tunnels under the floor.-"" ^
The plant is will lit by flourescent fixtures. A back-up
generator is provided in case of power failure or disruption.
In addition, there are battery powered emergency lighting pro
visions for exits.
The life safety systems within the plant include a
sprinkler system, fire hose stations, and a four hour fire-
rated wall dividing the plant in half. Each division has its
own first aid station with one station run by a registered
nurse.
The structural system of the manufacturing building is
heavy steel framing with steel decking except in dyeing where
concrete roofing is provided due to corrosion. All walls are
concrete block and the floors are steel hardened concrete.
The plant is located on Hwy. 54 just outside the city
limits and just off the Clovis Rd. from Lubbock. The plant
is aligned on a north-south axis with the approach running
parallel to the plant. The site is zoned- The building was
placed roughly in the middle of the site, behind it is wage
103 Case Studies
employee parking, delivery, loading, servicing, and waste dis
posal. Directly in front is salary and visitor parking. The
expanse beyond the plant is well landscaped.
The site is rather flat sloping to the west. A railroad
spur is located at the plant.
The unit area cost of the Littlefield Plant was $42 per
sq. ft. in 1975. The total cost of the 600,000 sq. ft.
structure including equipment is $42 million.
Comparitive Analysis
The following is a brief comparative analysis which uti
lizes the same topics for discussion: context, function, form,
building systems, site and cost.
Each plant originally shared the common goal of producing
some kind of 100% cotton product whether it became sheets and
pillowcases or denim fabric but that is where the similarity
ends. Two of the three, Littlefield and Post produce on a
contractual basis only. The decision to build differs among
the three. Southwest Textiles represents a local concern,
American Cotton Growers decided only after completing a com
petitive and thorough examination of a 15 county area, and
Postex resulted in Burlington's discovery of an existing but
inoperative plant. Of course each represents a profit seeking
venture and each is located in an area of high cotton
104 Case Studies
production.
Labor statistics indicate roughly equal employment of men
and women. However, the major concentration of women tend to
be in weaving, winding, or sewing with all other activities
being male dominated. Supervisory and salary positions tended
to be held by men with women serving in clerical and staff
jobs .
The extent of the primary activities differs from plant
to plant mainly in relation th size. The Post and Littlefield
facilities are remarkably alike. They differ in spinning, dye
ing, and finishing. The Abernathy Plant by its end product is
more abbreviated. The secondary and support activities for all
three are very similar.
Each mill has attempted to make the flow or path of cir
culation as simple as possible. The more efficient the flow
the least handling is involved resulting in less labor costs
and better utilization of building space. The best example
coincides with the newest plant. Littlefield boasts a very
simple flow and highly automated machinery. The Postex plant
being the oldest and utilizing a variety of buildings and
additions has the worst flow.
Boundaries were established at each plant usually by walls
and rolling doors but at Littlefield color coding, plastic
105 Case Studies
curtains and space was used. The extent of territoriality
varied from plant to plant. At American Cotton Growers Plant
people exhibited the most noticeable signs. They personalized
their work spaces heavily using familiar drinking cups, stick
ers, and cushions. They also used possessive pronouns to i-
dentify the machines they were responsible for at the plant.
All three demonstrated characteristics of the typical
cotton textile mills. Those form determinants are one level
construction, windowless arrangements, and single building
usage. Each plant is built with very durable and economic ma
terials. At Post Burlington uses the walls for advertisement
quite successfully. The Postex Plant also illustrates com
plete unity between manufacturing and administration while
Littlefield shows a dicotomy.
In each plant the most significant building system is the
mechanical system. The required working conditions vary but
almost all of the process require air conditioning. The
Littlefield system seem to the best because while supplying
fresh air through overhead ducts, lint filled air is being
sucked into the return air duct grilles located near the
machinery. Plants with dyeing ranges must contend with cor
rosion and condensation.
Each plant met complex electrical supply and distribution
106 Case Studies
problems. At the Postex Plant two sub-stations are required
while at Littlefield only one is needed. Both of these plants
have their own generators in the event of power failure. Post
even has its own power plant complete with boilers and smoke
stack though it is not used.
Abernathy and Littlefield use the city-owned water treat
ment facilities but Post has its own waste effluent ponds
which the city uses. The mix of city to factory effluent
serves to dilute chemical concentrations allowing easier treat
ment. All three plants use city water. The Postex Plant
however does have its own water treatment plant and reservoir.
All three plants have life safety systems that include
fire hoses, alarms and sprinklers. Post and Littlefield go
much further and provide rolling fire doors and rated fire
walls. Only Littlefield provides a tornado shelter.
Each site is relatively similar. All are flat to gently
sloping with good surface drainage. Each plant has direct
access to major highways and rail sidings. The site zoning
at Post includes numerous amenities. Only Abernathy is re
strictive in the site's zoning and aesthetic possibilities.
The cost analysis must unfortunately rely on only one
figure, $42/sq.ft. at the Littlefield Plant in 1975. Aber
nathy and Post company policies prevented attaining a unit
area cost of construction.
107 Case Studies
Critical Issues
Summarizing the analysis one finds these critical issues
common to all the plants:
Financial feasibility
Basis of operation
End product requirements for primary, secondary and
support activities
Flow and circulation paths
Form, aesthetics versus practically
Stringent building system requirements
Good site drainage, rail siting, and transportation
Unit area costs, payback period, net profit after taxes
and depreciation schedule
109 Space Summary
Contents
Introduction 110
Manufacturing Division 111
Administration Division 114
Service Areas 115
External Facilities 117
110 Space Summary
Introduction
The space summary lists each space grouped functionally
and by cost of construction. The assignable square footage
and the manner in which it was determined is provided for each
space. Then subtotals, total net area, net to gross ratio,
and the total building area are derived. For the cotton tex
tile mill the spaces have been divided into three sections:
manufacturing, service and administration.
Ill Space Summary
A. Manufacturing Division
1. Raw Product Storage
1. Unloading 600 sq.ft,
3 bays (docking) (a 200 sq.ft. ea."''"'"
2. Bale Storage 2162 sq.ft,
470 bales @ 4.6 sq.ft. ea."'•-'••'•
Subtotal 2762 sq.ft,
2. Waste Bailing 640 sq.ft.
1 waste bailer (§ 640 sq.f t. "'""'"
3. Opening
1. Cutting Bale Straps 200 sq.ft.
113 1 "strap-zapper" @ 200 sq.ft.
2. Unwrapping the Bale 200 sq.ft.
114 1 work area @ 200 sq.ft.
3. Feeding the Bale 960 sq.ft.
1 bale plucker (a 960 sq.f t. "'""'"
Subtotal 1360 sq.ft.
4. Carding
1. Feeding the Cotton to the Cards 50 sq.ft.
116 100 ft. of conveying duct (3 0.5 sq.ft.
2. Card Production of Slivers 1650 sq.ft.
6 cards @ 275 sq.ft. ea.-"--"-
3. Movement of Card Cans 972 sq.ft.
118 6 can changers @ 162 sq.ft. ea.
112 Space Summary
Subtotal 2672 sq.ft.
5. Drawing
1. Sliver Refinement 1900 sq.ft.
119 2 drawing frames @ 950 sq.ft.
2. Movement of Drawing Cans 324 sq.ft.
120 2 can changers (a 162 sq.ft.
Subtotal 2224 sq.ft.
6. Spinning
360 rotors @ 11.8 sq.ft." - 4248 sq.ft.
7. Warping
1 warper @ 2667 sq.ft.-"- ^ 2667 sq.ft.
8. Slashing
1 slasher (§ 4000 sq.ft."'' • 4000 sq.ft.
9. Weaving
34 looms (a 157 sq.ft." " 5338 sq.ft.
10. Finishing
125 1 finishing range @ 12,288 sq.ft.
1. Cloth Inspection 2288 sq.ft.
2. Cutting 2000 sq.ft.
3. Packaging 4000 sq.ft.
4. Shipping 4000 sq.ft.
Subtotal 12288 sq.ft.
113 Space Summary
Manufacturing Division Subtotal 38199 sq.ft.
net to gross ratio 85% 5730 sq.ft.
Manufacturing Division Gross Subtotal. 43929 sq.ft
114 Space Summary
B. Administration Division
1. Reception Room and Lobby 200 sq.ft.
1 @ 200 sq.ft.-^^^
2. President's Office 300 sq.ft.
1 @ 300 sq.ft.-'- '
3. Personnel Management Office 150 sq.ft.
1 (a 150 sq.ft.-^^^
4. Supervisor Offices 160 sq.ft.
2 @ 80 sq.ft.^^^
5. Industrial Engineer's Office 150 sq.ft.
130 1 @ 150 sq.ft.-^-^^
6. Purchasing and Sales Office 130 sq.ft.
1 (a 130 sq.ft.-"- -
Administration Dividsion Subtotal 1090 sq.ft.
net to gross ratio 75% 273 sq.ft.
Administration Division Gross Subtotal 1363 sq.ft.
115 Space Summary
C. Service Areas
1. Canteen 500 sq.ft.
56 people (max.) (a 8.9 sq.ft."""" ^
2. Men and Women's Toilets
1. Men's Toilet - Yarn Manufacturing 66 sq.ft.
3 fixtures (a 22 sq.ft.""""^^
2. Women's Toilet - Yarn Manufacturing 44 sq.ft.
2 fixtures (a 22 sq.ft.
3. Men's Toilet - Weaving and Finishing 88 sq.ft.
4 fixtures (§ 22 sq.ft.
4. Women's Toilet - Weaving and Finishing 88 sq.ft.
4 fixtures @ 22 sq.ft.
5. Men's Toilet - Administration 44 sq.ft.
2 fixtures @ 22 sq.ft.
6. Women's Toilet - Administration 44 sq.ft.
2 fixtures @ 22 sq.ft.
Subtotal 374 sq.ft.
3. First Aid Station 100 sq.ft.
134 1 (a 100 sq.ft.
4. Quality Control Laboratory 200 sq.ft.
1 (3 200 sq.ft.-^^^
5. Storage 382 sq.ft.
13 6 1% of the production area
116 Space Summary
6. Mechanical 3820 sq.ft.
137 10% of the production area
Service Areas Subtotals 5376 sq.ft,
net to gross ratio 65% 1882 sq.ft.
Service Areas Gross Subtotals 7258 sq.ft.
Total Building Area
Manufacturing Division
Administration Division
Service Division
Total Building Gross Area
43929
1363
7258
52550
sq.
sq.
sq.
sq.
,ft.
,ft.
,ft.
.ft.
117 Space Summary
D. External Facilities
1. Parking 18600 sq.ft.
13 8 62 autos (a 0.3 autos/thousands sq. ft.
2. Service Roads 3720 sq.ft.
139 20% of the parking area
3. Plazas 5255 sq.ft.
140 10% of the building area
External Facilities Gross Subtotal 27575 sq.ft.
119 Systems Performance Criteria
Contents
Introduction 120
Structural Issues 121
Enclosure Issues 122
Mechanical Issues 123
Electrical Issues 124
Transportation Issues 125
Health Hazards/Life Safety Issues 126
120 Systems Performance Criteria
Introduction
The systems performance criteria presents in performance
language and performance outcomes those issues which are im
portant to the design of the industrial cotton textile plant.
Those issues presented are: structural, enclosure, mechanical,
electrical, transportation, and health hazards/life safety.
121 Systems Performance Criteria
Structural Issues
1. Provide a structure resistant to tornado force winds.
One capable of withstanding 120 mph winds.
2. Provide a roofing system not easily damaged by hail
storms. One capable of withstanding 30 psi impact.
3. Provide a floor system capable of withstanding large
concentrated loads. Allow for live loads of up to 125
141 pounds per square foot.
4. Provide a structural system capable from which overhead
lifts and cranes could be used.
5. Provide contingency plans for expansion to the structural
system.
6. Provide a roofing system that allows natural light with
out adding to the heat gain. The source of the illumin
ation should be indirect light such as a northern expo
sure.
7. Provide a roofing system that reduces the accumulation
of dust.
8. Provide an open-concept plan for yarn manufacturing di
vision except where noted.
9. Provide a roof/ceiling clearance of the height of 142
machinery plus 150%.
10. Provide a foundation system capable of supporting build
ing loads despite that some of the soil is non-bearing.
122 Systems Performance Criteria
Enclosure Issues
1. Provide work spaces that are stimulating, comfortable
143 and durable.
2. Provide floors that lessen worker's foot fatigue.
3. Provide an enclosure that is resistant to impacts, sound
absorbing, attractive to the eye (stimulating), odorless
and sanitary, and economically feasible.
4. Provide an enclosure capable of minimizing temperature
and relative humidity extremes.
123 Systems Performance Criteria
Mechanical Issues
1. Provide a system capable of supplying the proper tem
perature and relative humidities to the various areas
as specified in the Case Studies.
2. Provide a thermostatic monitor for the mechanical system
in each of the spaces.
3. Provide a system of filters capable of removing large
amounts of dust from the air.
4. Provide a system of air grilles that draws the dust and
lint into the return air ducts.
5. Provide a system capable of handling temperature fluctu
ations, - 50° F.
6. Provide roof and wall insulation to minimize the mechan
ical load. Use R-19 or greater value insulation.
7. Provide a system capable of being maintained and serviced.
124 Systems Performance Criteria
Electrical Issues
1. Provide voltage of 110, 220 and 480; and the necessary
distribution system.
2. Place all electrical outlets in the floor or 4 foot 6
inches above the floor.
3. Lessen the visual impact where possible of the electrical
utilities.
4. Provide a 250 kw DC generator and batteries for periods
of power failure or disruption.
5. Provide a lighting system that minimizes heat gain and
loss while providing the illumination levels specified
in the Detailed Space List.
125 Systems Performance Criteria
Transportation Issues
1. Segregate the parking facilities between visitors and
salaried personnel and wage personnel.
2. Segregate truck deliveries, rail deliveries, and wage
employee parking.
3. Provide proper clearances and heights for truck and rail
platforms as specified in the Detailed Space List.
4. In developing the site minimize the visual impact by
providing landscaping.
5. Provide clearances for forklifts and can dollies as
specified in the Detailed Space List.
6. Provide sidewalks from the parking areas.
7. Provide clear access from Hwy. 80 to the plant.
8. Provide floor-level operation for the warehouse.
9. Provide a clear division between the shipping and re
ceiving areas.
10. Provide protective canopies if the docks are located on
the south, east, or west sides.
11. Provide a means of security for the parking areas of
employees.
12. Use natural grades to facilitate site drainage.
13. Provide a paving surface that is durable and maintenance
free.
126 Systems Performance Criteria
Health Hazards/Life Safety Issues
1. Provide isolation of dangerous chemicals such as caustic
starches, acids, oil and waxes.
2. Provide safety from high voltage sources such as the
transformers, power lines and circuit breakers.
3. Provide protective surgical masks for workers.
4. Provide protective hearing equipment such as ear plugs
or ear phones.
5. Provide battery powered emergency exit lighting system,
exit lights, passage lights and safety lights.
6. Provide a tornado shelter for 100 people.
128 Cost Analysis
Contents
Introduction 129
Cost Estimate Analysis 130
Project Development and Construction Schedule 132
129 Cost Analysis
Introduction
The Cost Analysis is focused on future prices and is
provided for the client's use. The Cost Analysis (estimate)
is derived from Pena's Problem Seeking. It involves: Building
Cost, Fixed Equipment, Site Development, Total Construction
Cost, Site Acquisition, Movable Equipment, Professional Fees,
Contingencies, Administrative Costs, Permanent Financing Costs,
Interin Financing Cost and Total Budget Required. The chapter
144 also includes a project development and construction schedule.
130 Cost Analysis
Cost Estimate Analysis
A. Building Cost $2,294,858.50
formula - Future Value = (1 + interest rate/period)^ x ($ sum invested (a n = 0)145
$22.00 / sq.ft. (excellent quality of construction) in 1977
1985 mid-point of construction
i = 3% / year for the first 3 years
1 = 1 % / month for the last 5 years
1980 value = (1 -f .03/yr.)^ ^^" ($22 . 00/sq.f t.)
1980 value = $24-039 / sq.ft.
1985 value = (1 + .01/mon.)^° ™°^'($24.039/sq.ft.)
1985 value = $43,671 / sq.ft.
52,550 sq.ft. (3 $43.67 = Building Cost
B. Fixed Equipment $ 688,457.55
147 30% of A""
(specially high percentage due to nature of plant)
C. Site Development $ 688,457.55
30% of A 1 4 8
(specially high percentage due to nature of site)
D. Total Construction Cost $3,671,773.60
Sum of A -f B + cX^^
131 Cost Analysis
E. Site Acquisition $
149 free - donated by the Industrial Foundation
F. Movable Equipment $ 458,971.70
20% of A-'- ^
(high due to nature of the plant)
G. Professional Fees $ 293,741.89
151 8% of D
H. Contingencies $ 367,177.36
152 10% of D^
(medium percentage due to nature of site and plant)
J. Administration Costs $ 73,435.47
2% of D 1 "
J(A). Permanent Financing Costs
Investment Banker Fee $ 194,604.00
a. 4% of K
construction Loan Fee $ 97,302.00
155 b. 2% of K "
j(B). Interim Financing Cost $1,174,967.55
156 16% of D X 2 yr.-^
K. Total Budget Required $4,865,100.02
157 D + E + F + G + H + J = K
132 Cost Analysis
Project Development and Construction Schedule
The project development schedule is a complicated process
involving several dates of construction. The construction
schedule is a listing of important dates during the construct
ion process. This schedule is modeled after one in Construct-
158 ion Management. The schedule is:
December 1983
April 1984
September
March 1985
July
December
Febuary 1986
Bid Date
Site Clearing
Grading and Foundation Work
Building Structure
Mechanical
Plumbing
Electrical
Interior Finishes
Substantial Completion
Beneficial Occupancy
134 Detailed Space List
Contents
A. Manufacturing Division
l.Raw Product Storage
1. Unloading
2. Bale Storage
2. Waste Bailing
3. Opening
1. Cutting Bale Straps
2. Unwrapping the Bale
3. Feeding the Bale
4. Carding
1. Feeding the Cotton to the Cards
2. Card Production of Slivers
3. Movement of Card Cans
5. Drawing
1. Sliver Refinement
2. Movement of Drawing Cans
6. Spinning
7. Warping
8. Slashing
9. Weaving
10. Finishing
1. Cloth Inspection
2. Cutting
135 Detailed Space List
3. Packaging
4. Shipping
B. Administration Division
1. Reception Room and Lobby
2. President's Office
3. Personnel Management Office
4. Supervisors' Offices
1. Yarn Manufacturing Supervisor Office
2. Weaving and Finishing Supervisor Office
5. Industrial Engineer's Office
6. Purchasing and Sales Office
C. Service Areas
1. Canteen
2. Men's and Women's Toilets
1. Men's Toilet - Yarn Manufacturing
2. Women's Toilet - Yarn Manufacturing
3. Men's Toilet - Weaving and Finishing
4. Women's Toilet - Weaving and Finishing
5. Men's Toilet - Administration
6. Women's Toilet - Administration
3. First-Aid Station
4. Quality Control Laboratory
136 Detailed Space List
5. Storage Areas
1. Storage Area - Yarn Manufacturing
2. Storage Area - Weaving and Finishing
3. Storage Area - Administration
6. Mechanical Room / Air Washers
137 Detailed Space List
Introduction
The Detailed Space List presents the scope of each space
in a standard format. This format includes: facility number,
descriptive title, floor area, functional description, number
of occupants, environmental requirements and furnishings or
equipment. Every space of this industrial cotton textile
plant will comprise a separate sheet.
138 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: A.
Descriptive Title: Manufacturing Division
Assignable Floor Area: 38,199 sq.ft.
Functional Description: The manufacturing division is that
part of the plant responsible for the production of fabric
(industrial toweling) from raw cotton. It involves: A.l Raw
Product Storage, A.2 Waste Baling, A.3 Opening, A.4 Carding,
A.5 Drawing, A.6 Spinning, A.7 Warping, A.8 Slashing, A.9 Weav
ing, and A.10 Finishing.
Expected Number of Occupants: 49 workers
Environmental Requirements: Provide environmentally controlled
6 159 atmosphere of 70 - 75 F. and 55% r.h. Provide an illumin-
16 0 ation of at least 50 footcandles. Provide acoustical
treatment in all spaces. Provide hearing protection equipment 1 c -|
in all spaces where the soond intensity level exceeds 70 db.
Provide insulation (roof and wall) to lessen the heat gain and
loss. Provide fire protection equipment—sprinkler systems,
standpipes, hoses, alarms. Provide emergency lighting systems.
Provide durable maintenance-free surfaces. Provide automatic
cleaning systems.
Equipment: Provide as specified in each section.
139 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: A.1
Descriptive Title: Raw Product Storage
Assignable Floor Area: 2762 sq.ft.
Functional Description: Raw Product Storage involves unloading
the compressed bales with fork lifts from trucks or railroad
cars and placing them within a storage area. This activity
involves 1.1 Unloading and 1.2 Bale Storage.
Expected Number of Occupants: 2 fork lift drivers
Environmental Requirements: This space requires special clear
ances for the trucks, railroad cars and fork lifts. These di
mensions will be given in the following section. Due to ex
posure to the outside environment during unloading the space
should not be environmentally controlled. Provide natural
lighting where possible. All surfaces should be durable and
maintenance-free. All electrical outlets should be at least
four feet above the floor.
Equipment: All equipment and furnishings will be examined in
the following sections.
140 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: A.1.1
Descriptive Title: Unloading
Assignable Floor Area: 600 sq.ft.
Functional Description: During Unloading trucks will back up
to the dock then fork lifts will remove the bales in preparation
for Bale Storage.
Number of Occupants: 1 fork lift driver
Environmental Requirements:
Required Dimensions—
a. Semi-trailer and truck: 55' 1. x 8' w. x 13'-6" h.""" ^
b. Dock (truck platform) height: 4'-4"l:^^3
c. Railroad Box Car: 41'-9" 1. x 10'-8" w. x 14'-1" h."*" "
d. Dock (railroad Platform) height: 3'-8" to 3'-10J5"' ^
e. Fork Lift: 8' x 4' 6' h.""- ^
f. Dock (platform area): 10' w. x 60' 1. "
Provide building protection devices at corners and at
walls. Provide weather canopies that shield the docking area.
Provide adequate ventilation to alleviate fumes.
Equipment: 1 fork lift
141 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: A.1.2
Descriptive Title: Bale Storage
Assignable Floor Area: 2162 sq.ft.
Functional description: This space involves the storing of
compressed cotton bales stacked 3 high and in units according
to the bale type and grade. The operation is by fork lift.
Number of Occupants: 1 fork lift driver
Environmental Requirements:
Required Dimensions--
16 8
a. Compressed cotton bale: 22" x 30" x 55" h.
occupying 4.6 sq.ft./bale
b. Fork Lift Aisle: 10' w-"*- ^
Fire protection devices must be provided in this area of
the building.
Equipment: 1 fork lift
142 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: A.2
Descriptive Title: Waste Baling
Assignable Floor Area: 640 sq.ft.
Functional Description: This space is the cleaning area of
the first three stages of production. It involves the collect
ion of the bits and pieces of cotton by mechanical and/or man
ual means and their subsequent processing to produce a wasts
bale which is often sold as a by-product of the plant.
Expected Number of Occupants: 1 operator
Environmental Requirements: Special air filtration systems
and lint collection hoppers should be provided. This space
should be zoned or separated from other spaces due to the level
170 of dust produced. Utilize natural lighting where possible.
171 Equipment: Temafa Gmbh Waste Baler
143 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: A. 3
Descriptive Title: Opening
Assignable Floor Area: 1360 sq.ft.
Functional Description: The opening stage of a cotton textile
plant begins with the bale being brought from the storage area.
Using the fork lift the bale straps are cut by a special ma
chine. Then workers unwrap the bale and place it in a line so
that another machine can suck up portions of the bale into a
conveying duct for cleaning and processing. This space involves
A.3.1 Cutting Bale Straps, A.3.2 Unwrapping the Bale and A.3.3
Feeding the Bale.
Expected Number of Occupants: 1 fork lift driver and 1 operator
Environmental Requirements: This space must be environmentally
controlled and maintained at 70 - 75° F. with 55% r.h.
173 Provide an illumination level of 50 footcandles (min.).
Equipment: Provide as specified in the following sections
144 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: A.3.1
Descriptive Title: Cutting Bale Straps
Assignable Floor Area: 200 sq.ft.
Functional Description: The fork lift driver having gotten the
bale with the fork lift presses it against the "strap-zapper"
cutting the metal band which binds the wrapped cotton bale.
Expected Number of Occupants: 1 fork lift driver
Environmental Requirements: (see Manufacturing Division)
174 Equipment: 1 "Strap-Zapper" by Batson Co. (§ $15,400-00 ea.
145 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: A.3.2
Descriptive Title: Unwrapping the Bale
Assignable Floor Area: 200 sq.ft.
Functional Description: Once the metal bands have been cut a
worker manually unqraps the bale. The covering may be burlap
or plastic. Having removed it the bale is manuvered to the
feeding lines behind the "Bale-Plucker."
Expected Number of Occupants: 1 fork lift driver and 1 worker
Environmental Requirements: (see Manufacturing Division)
Equipment: 1 fork lift
146 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: A.3.3
Descriptive Title: Feeding the Bale
Assignable Floor Area: 960 sq.ft.
Functional Description: After the bales have been unwrapped
they are lined up behind and under the moveable arm of the
"Bale-Plucker." At this unit moves across the bales it sucks
up layers of cotton from two bales at the same time. As the
machine processes the cotton it is opened to a uniform degree,
preparing the cotton for conveyance to the cards.
Expected Number of Occupants: 1 operator
Environmental Requirements: (see Manufacturing Division)
Equipment: "Pivoting Automatic Bale Plucker" by Marzoli @
$15,000.00 ea.-^^^
147 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: A.4
Descriptive Title: Carding
Assignable Floor Area: 2672 sq.ft.
Functional Description: Carding is the process of separating
and cleaning the cotton fibers preparing them for spinning.
The cotton begins the carding process by being conveyed from
the opening stage through overhead ducts. The cotton is in
troduced to the carding machines where it is processed into
slivers for transportation and in preparation for drawing. The
carding process involves A.4.1 Feeding the Cotton to the Cards,
A. 4.2 Card Production of Slivers and A.4.3 Movement of Card
Cans.
Expected Number of Occupants: 1 operator
Environmental Requirements: This space should be air condi
tioned with the temperature between 70 and 75" with a relative
humidity of 55%. The illumination level should be at least
17 6
50 footcandles. The source of lighting should be flour
escent lighting.
Equipment: Provide as listed in the foiling sections.
148 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: A.4.1
Descriptive Title: Feeding the Cotton to the Cards
Assignable Floor Area; 50 sq.ft.
Functional Description: Once the cotton has been opened and
parially cleaned it is fed into the cards by means of a pneu-
177 matic overhead duct system.
Environmental Requirements; (see Manufacturing Division)
Equipment: Marzoli Conveying Duct approximately 100 ft. (a
$1055.00/meter = $32,156.40.
149 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: A.4.2
Descriptive Title: Card Production of Slivers
Assignable Floor Area: 1650 sq.ft.
Functional Description: The opened cotton that has been pre
viously separated is fed into the card by means of the con
veying duct emerges as a sliver of cotton. A sliver is a
loosely twisted rope of cotton fiber which has been partially
aligned.
Expected Number of Occupants: 1 operator
Environmental Requirements: Provide a dust removal system to
prevent the accumulation of dust.
Equipment: Gunter and Cooke Super Card II, 6 units.
150 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: A.4.3
Descriptive Title: Movement of Card Cans
Assignable Floor Area: 972 sq.ft.
Functional Description: As the cards produce the slivers it
is wound inside a card can in preparation for the drawing pro
cess. The movement of the cans is automatic within each pro
cess but is manual between them.
Environmental Requirements:
Required Dimensions—
a. Each unit is 82" x 238" or 6'-10" x 19'-10" resulting
in 162 sq.ft./unit.
Equipment: The Automatic Can Changer by Todoya, Model DY2P,
6 units.
151 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: A.5
Descriptive Title: Drawing
Assignable Floor Area: 2224 sq.ft.
Functional Description: In drawing the slivers produced in the
carding process are refined. During the refinement process the
fibers are more perfectly aligned. As the slivers emerge they
are wound in preparation for spinning. The drawing process in
volves A.5.1 Sliver Refinement and A.5.2 Movement of Drawing
Cans.
Expected Number of Occupants: 2 operators
Environmental Requirements: (see Manufacturing Division)
Equipment: Provide as listed in the following sections
152 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: A.5.1
Descriptive Title: Sliver Refinement
Assignable Floor Area: 1900 sq.ft.
Functional Description: After the card can has been filled
and manually wheeled on a dolly to the drawing frames, eight
card slivers are fed into the machine. They emerge as one
sliver larger, cleaner—more refined. This sliver is then
wound in drawing cans.
Expected Number of Occupants: 1 operator
Environmental Requirements:
Required Dimensions--
a. Provide an aisle with at least 10' clearance for the
dollies.
Equipment: Drawing Frames by Todoya, 2 units
153 Detailed Space List
Facility Number; A.5.2
Descriptive Title: Movement of Drawing Cans
Assignable Floor Area: 324 sq.ft.
Functional Description: As the drawing frame produces the
sliver it is wound into drawing cans in preparation for the
spinning process. The movement of the cans is automatic with
in the process but it is manual between processes, accomplished
by means of a dolly.
Environmental Requirements:
Required Dimensions—
a. Each unit is 6'-10" x 19'-10" resulting in 162 sq.ft.
• 179 per unit.
Equipment: The Automatic Can Changer by Todoya, model DY2P,
2 units.
154 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: A.6
Descriptive Title: Spinning
Assignable Floor Area: 4248 sq.ft.
Functional Description: Spinning is the process of producing
yarn from the drawing sliver. The open-end rotor spinning
machine by centrifugal action pulls out fibers twisting them
into a thin strand. Spinning involves producing the yarn and
transferring the yarn to the warping process.
Expected Number of Occupants: 1 operator
Environmental Requirements: (see Manufacturing Division)
Equipment; The Fully Automated Open-End Spinning Machine by
Todoya, model AS (a $1350.00/rotor. "''^ Since 360 rotors, 3
spinning frames, are needed the total cost is $486,000.00.
155 Detailed Space List
Facility Number; A.7
Descriptive Title; Warping
Assignable Floor Area; 2667 sq.ft.
Functional Description: Warping is the process of winding the
yarn produced in spinning onto a beam or very large spool in
preparation for slashing. The fully automatic Toyoda spinning
frame transports the warp yarn directly to the warping frame.
It is then placed on a metal framework and automatically fed
into the machine.
Expected Number of Occupants: 1 operator
Environmental Requirements: Due to the size of the yarn a
181 high illumination level of 500 footcandles.
156 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: A. 8
Descriptive Title; Slashing
Assignable Floor Area: 4000 sq.ft.
Functional Description: Slashing involves conditioning the
yarn on the beams in preparation for the weaving looms. The
process involves applying wax or starch to the yarn, drying
it, and rewinding it on a large loom beam.
Expected Number of Occupants: 1 operator
Environmental Requirements: Provide overhead hydraualic move
ment systems that serve warping, slashing, and weaving in the
movement of the beams.
Equipment: Hydraulic Lifting Equipment by Batson Yarn & Fabrics
Machine Group Inc.
157 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: A.9
Descriptive Title; Weaving
Assignable Floor Area; 5338 sq.ft.
Functional Description; Weaving involves interlacing two sets
of yarn, one running lengthwise in the loom, the warp, and the
other running crosswise in the loom, the filler. The product
ion of fabric results from placing a loom beam beneath each
loom, the operation of the machine, and the removal of the
fabric roll.
Expected Number of Occupants; 34 operators
Environmental Requirements: Provide a controlled atmosphere
182 of 76 to 80' F. with 60 to 65% r.h. in the weaving area.
18 3 Provide an illumination of 500 footcandles.
Equipment: Provide 34, Jakob Muller Ltd. Narrow Fabric Looms
158 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: A.10
Descriptive Title: Finishing
Assignable Floor Area: 12,288 sq.ft.
Functional Description: In finishing, the fabric roll is
transported to the finishing area. The roll is either stored
or inspected. Following inspection the material is cut in
lengths acceptable to the buyer, then rolled and wrapped for
shipment. The process involves: A.10.1 Cloth Inspection,
A.10.2 Cutting, A.10.3 Packaging and A.10.4 Shipment.
Expected Number of Occupants: 4 operators
Environmental Requirements: Provide an illumination level of
500 footcandles in all spaces except Inspection.
Equipment: Provide as listed in the following sections.
159 Detailed Space List
Facility Number; A.10.1
Descriptive Title: Cloth Inspection
Assignable Floor Area; 2288 sq.ft.
Functional Description; After the fabric roll is moved to the
finishing area, it is placed within the machine and the woven
cloth moves over an inspection frame with workers examining
the cloth. Afterwards the cloth is rewound and moved to the
next operation, A.10.2 Cutting.
Expected Number of Occupants; 1 operator
Environmental Requirements; Provide an illumination level of
of 2000 footcandles. "
Equipment;
160 Detailed Space List
Facility Number; A.10.2
Descriptive Title; Cutting
Assignable Floor Area: 2000 sq.ft.
Functional Description; The fabric roll having been inspected
is unrolled mechanically cutting the fabric in the desired
lengths. It is then packaged.
Expected Number of Occupants: 1 operator
Environmental Requirements: Provide an illumination level of
185 300 footcandles.
Equipment; (Client has not selected it yet)
161 Detailed Space List
Facility Number; A.10.3
Descriptive Title: Packaging
Assignable Floor Area: 4000 sq.ft.
Functional Description; Once the fabric has been cut, it is
rolled and wrapped for shipment. This is a manual operation.
The wrapping is a heavy burlap fabric secured with rope which
encircles or encases the spool or fabric roll.
Expected Number of Occupants; 1 operator
Environmental Requirements: Provide an illumination level of
18 6 at least 50 footcandles.
Equipment; Burlap wraps and rope
162 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: A.10.4
Descriptive Title; Shipping
Assignable Floor Area: 4000 sq.ft.
Functional Description: After the fabric rolls have been
wrapped and packaged for shipment, they are moved to a ware
housing area until they are loaded by fork lift into a truck
or railroad car.
Expected Number of Occupants: 1 driver
Environmental Requirements:
Required Dimensions—
(see A.1.1 Unloading)
Equipment: Fabric roll storage units and one fork lift
163 Detailed Space List
Facility Number; B.
Descriptive Title: Administration Division
Assignable Floor Area: 1090 sq.ft.
Functional Description; The administration division houses
the paperwork. Official records and files are maintained.
Those offices included are; B.l Reception Room and Lobby, B.2
President's Office, B.3 Personnel Management Office, B.4 Yarn
Manufacturing Supervisor's Office, B.4.2 Weaving and Finishing
Supervisor Office, B.5 Industrial Engineer's Office, and B.6
Purchasing and Sales Office.
Expected Number of Occupants: 13 people
Environmental Requirements: Provide an environmentally con
trolled work space with the temperature at 72° in the winter
18 7 and 78" in summer with 30% r.h. Provide specially effective
roof and wall insulation to lessen heat gain and loss. Provide
glazing and other suitable means to give indoor-outdoor rela
tionship. Provide acoustical ceilings and partitions. Provide
general illumination of 70 footcandles in work spaces and 20
18 8 footcandles in access areas. Provide natural daylighting
where possible. Provide durable and low maintenance floor and
wall surfaces. Provide acoustical barriers between Manufac
turing and Administration. Provide dust barriers also. Pro
vide an image that is quality-minded and appropriate for the
164 Detailed Space List
corporation, through the selection of materials and form.
Provide a pleasing working condition. Provide life safety
devices.
Equipment: Provide as specified
165 Detailed Space Lists
Facility Number: B.l
Descriptive Title: Reception Room and Lobby
Assignable Floor Area: 200 sq.ft.
Functional Description: The reception room serves as a greet
ing and waiting space for the plant. Controlling the admit
tance and allowing for the structured flow of visitors, the
receptionist must also take calls and messages.
Expected Number of Occupants: 1 receptionist and 6 people
waiting (max.)
Environmental Requirements: Provide an space with 72" in
-6 189 winter and 78 in summer with 30% r.h. Provide an illu-
190 mination level of 100 footcandles.
Equipment: 1 desk and chair, 6 chairs
166 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: B.2
Descriptive Title: President's Office
Assignable Floor Area: 300 sq.ft.
Functional Description: The President's Office is a private
workspace for the President of the plant.
Expected Number of Occupants; 1
Environmental Requirements: Provide an illumination level of
191 70 footcandles.
Furnishings: Provide one confe.rence table and eight chairs,
one desk and chair, two side chairs, one small table, and one
storage cabinet.
167 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: B.3
Descriptive Title: Personnel Management Office
Assignable Floor Area: 150 sq.ft.
Functional Description: This office houses the personnel
manager who is in charge of employee hiring, management and
firing.
Expected Number of Occupants: 1
Environmental Requirements: Provide an illumination level of
192 100 footcandles.
Furnishings: 1 desk and chair, 3 file cabinets, and 2 side
chairs.
168 Detailed Space List
Facility Number; B.4
Descriptive Title: Supervisor Offices
Assignable Floor Area; 2 (a 80 sq.ft."*" "
Function Description: The supervisor offices house the men in
charge of overseeing the general workers. The offices include
B.4.1 Yarn Manufacturing Supervisor Office and B.4.2 Weaving
and Finishing Supervisor Office.
Expected Number of Occupants; 1 supervisor each
Environmental Requirements: These offices must have direct
access or adjency to the areas involved.
Furnishings: Provide one desk and 2 chairs for each office.
169 Detailed Space List
Facility Number; B.4.1
Descriptive Title; Yarn Manufacturing Supervisor Office
Assignable Floor Area; 80 sq.ft.
Functional Description: The Supervisor is in charge of mon
itoring all activities up to weaving. He is also responsible
for writing reports and keeping production records.
Expected Number of Occupants; 1
Environmental Requirements; Provide an acoustical barrier
between the Manufacturing space and the supervisor's office.
Furnishings; Provide as specified.
170 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: B.4.2
Descriptive Title: Weaving and Finishing Supervisor Office
Assignable Floor Area: 80 sq.ft.
Functional Description: This supervisor is in charge of all
activities from weaving to shipping.
Expected Number of Occupants: 1
Environmental Requirements; Provide an acoustical barrier
between the Manufacturing and office spaces.
Furnishings: Provide as specified.
171 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: B.5
Descriptive Title: Industrial Engineer's Office
Assignable Floor Area: 150 sq.ft.
Functional Description: The industrial engineer is responsible
for maintaining and improving the production levels of the
plant.
Expected Number of Occupants: 1
Environmental Requirements: Provide an acoustical barrier
between the manufacturing and office spaces.
Furnishings; Provide 1 desk and 2 chairs.
172 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: B.6
Descriptive Title: Purchasing and Sales Office
Assignable Floor Area: 130 sq.ft.
Functional Description: The purchasing and sales representa
tive for the plant arranges buying orders, contracts, and
fabric sales.
Expected Number of Occupants: 1
Furnishings: Provide 1 desk and 3 chairs, 2 filing cabinets,
and 1 table.
173 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: C.
Descriptive Title: Service Areas
Assignable Floor Area: 5376 sq.ft.
Functional Description; The service areas represent the sup
port activities vital to the entire project but collectively
grouped together. They include: C.l Canteen, C.2 Men and
Women's Toilets, C.3 First-Aid Station, C.4 Quality Control
Laboratory, C.5 Storage and C.6 Mechanical.
Expected Number of Occupants: In all the areas there are no
permanent occupants.
Environmental Requirements: Provide as listed.
Furnishings: Provide as listed.
174 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: C.1
Descriptive Title: Canteen
Assignable Floor Area: 500 sq.ft.
Functional Description; The canteen is a place to which
workers can go to eat during their breaks and during lunch.
It will provide vending machines and seating within an en
joyable atmosphere.
Expected Number of Occupants: 49 workers and 7 administration
workers totals 56 people (max.).
Environmental Requirements: Provide an environmentally con
trolled space with 72^ in winter and 78° in summer with 30%
19 4 r.h. Provide visual stimuli.
Required Dimensions--
Vending machines:
a. (ave.) 2'-6" w. x 5'-6" h. x 2'-6" d.^^^
b. fixed seating— 4'-0" w. x 5'-0" d. x 4'-0" h.^^^
Equipment: Provide 14 tables with fixed seating. Provide
8 vending machines and 2 microwave ovens, and 2 refuse col-
197 lectors.
175 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: C.2
Descriptive Title; Men and Women's Toilets
Assignable Floor Area; 374 sq.ft.
Functional Description: These facilities are provided for
personal hygiene. They include C.2.1 Yarn Manufacturing Men's
Toilet, C.2.2 Yarn Manufacturing Women's Toilet, C.2.3 Weaving
and Finishing Men's Toilet, C.2.4 Weaving and Finishing Women's
Toilet, C.2.5 Administration Men's Toilet, and C.2.6 Admini
stration Women's Toilet.
Expected Number of Occupants: (see the following sections)
Environmental Requirements; Provide clean sanitary spaces.
•^ -, • u u 198
Provide 1 air change per hour. Equipment: Provide as listed in the following sections.
176 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: C.2.1
Descriptive Title: Men's Toilet--Yarn Manufacturing
Assignable Floor Area: 66 sq.ft.
Functional Description: Provided for personal hygiene.
Equipment; Based on 10 - 15 users; 1 water closet, 1 urinal,
199 and 1 sink.
177 Detailed Space List
Facility Number; C.2.2
Descriptive Title: Women's Toilet—Yarn Manufacturing
Assignable Floor Area; 44 sq.ft.
Functional Description: Provides personal hygiene space.
Equipment: Based on 1 - 15 users; 1 water closet and 1 sink.
178 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: C.2.3
Descriptive Title: Men's Toilet—Weaving and Finishing
Assignable Floor Area: 88 sq.ft.
Functional Description: Provided for personal hygiene.
Equipment: Based on 16 - 40 users; 2 water closets, 1 urinal,
^ o • 1 201 and 2 sinks.
179 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: C.2.4
Descriptive Title; Women's Toilte—Weaving and Finishing
Assignable Floor Area; 88 sq.ft.
Functional Description: Provided for personal hygiene.
Equipment; Based on 16 - 35 users; 2 water closets and 2
. , 202 sinks.
180 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: C.2.5
Descriptive Title: Men's Toilet—Administration
Assignable Floor Area: 44 sq.ft.
Functional Description: Provided for personal hygiene.
203 Equipment: Based on 1 - 9 users; 1 water closet and 1 sink.
I8l Detailed Space List
Facility Number: C.2.6
Descriptive Title: Women's Toilet--Administration
Assignable Floor Area: 44 sq.ft.
Functional Description: Provided for personal hygiene.
204 Equipment: Based on 1 - 15 users; 1 water closet and 1 sink.
182 Detailed Space List
Facility Number; C.3
Descriptive Title; First-Aid Station
Assignable Floor Area: 100 sq.ft.
Functional Description: The station provides treatment for
minor injuries or accidents and in the event of emergencies
it could give initial treatment until other facilities arrived.
The station would be stocked with medicine and some small
pieces of life-saving equipment.
Expected Number of Occupants: (none - permanently)
Environmental Requirements: Provide a security system to this
area and the medicine cabinets. Provide a clean sanitary space
Equipment: Provide 3 storage cabinets and 1 desk and chair.
183 Detailed Space List
Facility Number; C.4
Descriptive Title; Quality Control Laboratory
Assignable Floor Area: 200 sq.ft.
Functional Description: The laboratory monitors the production
process by testing the cotton at various times checking the
quality.
Expected Number of Occupants; (none - permanently)
Environmental Requirements: Provide an isolated space from
the dust and noise of the yarn manufacturing process.
Equipment: Provide the necessary machines to test the cotton.
18/|. Detailed Space List
Facility Number: C.5
Descriptive Title; Storage
Assignable Floor Area: 382 sq.ft.
Functional Description: The storage areas are used to hold
large quantities of chemicals or products for future use.
Expected Number of Occupants: (none - permanently)
Environmental Requirements: (general)
Equipment: From storage tanks to sacks (varies).
-185 Detailed Space List
Facility Number: C.6
Descriptive Title: Mechanical
Assignable Floor Area: 3820 sq.ft,
Functional Description; The air washers remove the dust and
lint from the air while chilling it to the proper temperature
and humidity.
Expected Number of Occupants: (none)
Environmental Requirements: Provide under slab clear access
tunnels for return air and dust collection. Provide overhead
duct distribution. Provide adjacency to the exterior.
Equipment; (The Client has not selected the specific kind)
187 Notes
Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, American Cotton Growers Representative, 16 September 1982.
2 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 16 September
1982.
3 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 16 Sept. 1982.
4 U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Marketing Service,
Cotton Division, Cotton Varieties Planted: 1982 Crop (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1982), p. 4.
5 Texas State, Agricultural Extension Service, Character
istics of Cotton Varieties Grown in Texas (College Station, Texas: A & M Univ. Press, 1982), pp. 23-100.
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Dept. of Agricultural Economics, S.C. Agricultural Experimental Station, Trends in Usage of Cotton and Competing Fibers (Clemson: Clemson Univ. Press, 1972), p. 2.
" Lockwood Greene Engineers, Inc., "Engineering and Feasibility Study," for American Cotton Growers, 1974, p. 11.
Lockwood Greene Engineers, p. 12.
^ Colorado City Industrial Team, Inc., "Colorado City Fact Book," 1981, n. pag.
^^ Personal Interview with J.C. Britton, 9 Oct. 1982.
Colorado City Industrial Team, n. pag.
- ^ Personal interview with Eddie Piland, 10 April 1982.
188 Notes
Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 16 Sept. 1982
Lockwood Greene Engineers, p. 19.
15 Personal interview with Danny Davis, 20 Sept. 1982.
1 6 Rose Marisette, "Stress," Navy Lifeline, Jan.-Feb. 1982,
p. 3 .
17 Personal interview with Carlos Martinez, 20 Sept. 1982.
18 Personal interview with I.E. Black, 27 Oct. 1982.
19 Abby Rosenthal, "Productivity Comes from People, Not
from Machines," The Air Force Comptroller, July 1981, p. 40-
20 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 October 1982.
21 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982.
22 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982.
23 Marisette, p. 3.
24 U.S. Cong., Senate, Committee on Labor and Human Re
sources, Hearings, 96th Cong., 2nd sess., S. Rept. 2847 (Washington, D.C.; GPO, 1980), p. 70.
U.S. Cong., House, Committee on Education and Labor, Subcommittee on Labor Standard, Hearings, 97th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1981), p. 14.
Richard Rush, "Body Insults from Buildings," Progressive Architecture, July 1981, p. 122.
189 Notes
27 Rush, p. 125.
^^ Rush, p. 127.
29 Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag.
30 U.S. Geological Survey, Topographic Map, 7.5 min.
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey: Mitchell County, Texas (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1969), p. 45.
32 Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag.
3 3
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, SCS, p. 45.
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, SCS, p. 45.
^^ U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, SCS, p. 45.
^^ U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, SCS, p. 46.
37 38
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, SCS, pp. 2-6.
Lore and Legend, Colorado City Record (Colorado City, Texas: Mac McKinnon, 1976), p. 29.
^^ U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, SCS, p. 46
^^ U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, SCS, p. 45
Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag.
190 Notes
42 Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag.
43 Colorado City Chamber of Commerce, "Lakes: Colorado
City and Champion," n. pag.
44 Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag.
45 Lore and Legend, p. 27.
46 Lore and Legend, p. 32.
47 Colorado City Chamber of Commerce, "City With A Past:
Map of Colorado City and Mitchell County," 1981.
48 Lore and Legend, pp. 181-184.
49 Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag.
50 Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag.
^^ Colorado City Chamber of Commerce, "Items of Information for Individuals & Industry," n. pag.
52 Lore and Legend, p. 47.
^^ Colo. City Chamber of Commerce, "Items of Information," n. pag.
^^ U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1980 Census Data (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1981), n. pag.
^^ "Census Count Released," Colorado City Record, lo Oct. 1992, Sec. 1, p. 1, col. 8.
191 Notes
56 Personal observations, 16 Oct. 1982.
57 „ Water Problems D i s c u s s e d , " Colorado Ci ty Record, 7
October 1982, Sec . 1, p . 1, c o l . 3 -8 :
5 8 Colorado City Chamber of Commerce, "Agriculture and
Oil," n. pag.
59
U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1980 Census Data, n. pag.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, n. pag.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, n. pag.
Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag.
Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag.
64 U.S. Bureau of the Census, n. pag.
65 Colorado City Chamber of Commerce, "Annual AJRA Rodeo
and Fly-In," n. pag.
Colo. City Chamber of Commerce, "Items of Information," n. pag.
Colo. City Chamber of Commerce, "Items of Information."
68 Colo. City Chamber of Commerce, "Items of Information."
69 Lore and Legend, p. 46.
192 Notes
70 Lore and Legend, p. 47.
71 Colo. City Chamber of Commerce, "Items of Information."
72 Colo. City Chamber of Commerce, "Items of Information."
73 Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag.
74 Lore and Legend, p. 261.
7 5 Colo. City Chamber of Commerce, "Items of Information."
"^ Colo, City Chamber of Commerce, "Items of Information."
77
"Water Problems Descussed," col. 3-8.
"Water Problems Discussed," col. 3-8.
"^ Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag. 80 "Water Problems Discussed," col. 3-8
" Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag.
^^ Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag.
^ Personal observations, 16 Oct. 1982.
^^ U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, SCS, p. 6
^^ U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, SCS, p. 6
193 Notes
8 6 U.S. Geological Survey, n. pag.
8 7 Personal observations, 16 Oct. 1982.
p p Victor Olgyay, Design With Climate: Bioclimatic Approach
to Architecture Regionalism (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1973), p. 44.
^^ Olgyay, pp. 48-49.
Olgyay, p. 50.
91 Olgyay, p. 51.
92 Olgyay, p. 33.
Q -D
Personal observation, 16 Oct. 1982.
94 Personal observation.
95
Personal observation.
Personal observation.
Colo, city Ind. Team, n. pag. Q p
Personal observation.
^ Personal interview with Joe Thom.pon, 15 Sept. 1982.
100 Personal observation at Littlefield, 15 Sept. 1982.
19^ Notes
101 ^ Personal interview with Joe Thompon, 15 Sept. 1982.
102 Personal interview with Walter Didway, 21 Sept. 1982.
103 „ 1 • . Personal interview with Walter Didway, 21 Sept. 1982.
104 „ Personal interview with Dan Wiggers, 21 Sept. 1982.
Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982.
10 6 Personal interview v/ith Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982.
107 Personal interview with Danny Davis, 20 Sept. 1982.
10 8 Personal observation at Littlefield, 20 Sept. 1982.
109 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 16 Oct. 1982.
Personal calculations based on Littlefield's allotment of space, 8 Nov. 1982.
Personal calculations.
112
Personal calculations.
-'-•'•• "The Strap-Zapper," Louis P. Batson Co., 1982.
Personal calculations.
J.J.-- "Pivoting Automatic Bale Plucker," Marzoli, 1982.
195 Notes
116 "Pivoting Automatic Bale Plucker," Marzoli, 1982.
1 1 7 T. 1 1 1 .
Personal calculations.
118 "Automatic Can Changer," Toyoda, 19 82.
119 Personal calculations.
120 "Automatic Can Changer," Toyoda, 1982.
121 Personal calculations.
122 Personal calculations.
123 Personal calculations.
Personal calculations.
125 Personal calculations.
12 6 Personal calculations.
Joseph de Chiara and John Hancock Callendar, eds., Time-Saver Standards for Building Types (New York: McGraw-Hill, IWOTT P- 1015.
^^^ Chiara, p. 1015.
129 L-hiara, p. 1015
1^° Chiara, p. 1015
196 Notes
131 ^^. Chiara, p. 1015.
132 „ Personal calculations.
133 ^ Joseph N. Boaz, ed., Architectural Graphic Standards
(New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1970), p. 18.
134 „ Boaz, p. 18.
135 „ 1 1 1 . Personal calculations.
136 „ T 1 1 ^ . Personal calculations.
137 Personal calculations.
^^^ Chiara, p. 1049-
139 „ T 1 1 .-• Personal calculations.
140 „ T 1 1 ^ -Personal calculations.
141 Harry Parker, Simplified Engineering for Architects and
Builders (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1975), p. 134.
^^^ Chiara, p. 1022.
•^^^ Chiara, p. 1016.
William Pena, Problem Seeking; An Architectural Pro-aramiTiing Primer (Boston; Cahners Books International, 1977) , ^£^"•79-116.
197 Notes
145 Samuel M. Shelby, ed., Standard Mathematical Tables
(Cleveland: Chemical Rubber Co., 1972) , p. 634.
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
Pena, p. 111.
Pena
Pena
Pena
Pena
Pena
Pena
Pena
Pena
Pena
Pena
Pena
p. 104
p. 105
p. 105
p. 105
p. 105
p. 105.
p. 105
p. 106
p. 106
p. 106.
p. 105.
1 c p
Thom.as C. Kavanah, et at.. Construction Management: A Professional Approach (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978), pp. 314-315
159 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982.
198 Notes
160 ,,. , T . William J. McGuinness, et al., Mechanical and Electrical
Equipment for Buildings (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1980) , p. 732.
161 McGuinness, p. 1167.
162 „ Boaz, p. 40.
163 ^ Boaz, p. 41.
164 ^, . , , .-Chiara, p. 1025.
165 Chiara, p. 1025.
166 ^ Boaz, p. 41.
167 ^ ., Boaz, p. 41.
16 8 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982.
169 Boaz, p. 41.
170 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982.
1 71 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982.
1 72 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982.
-'-'' McGuinness, p. 732.
174 iir[i]-e Strap-Zapper," n. pag,
199 Notes
175 "Pivoting Automatic Bale Plucker," n. pag.
17 6 McGuinness, p. 732.
177 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982.
17 8 "Automatic Can Changer," n. pag.
179 "Automatic Can Changer," n. pag.
18 0 "Model AS Fully Automated Open-End Spinning Machine,"
n. pag.
181 McGuinness, p. 732.
1 8 2 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982.
1 8 3 McGuinness, p. 732.
184 McGuinness, p. 732.
1 8 5 McGuinness, p. 732.
1 s f\ McGuinness, p. 732.
187 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982,
^^ McGuinness, p- 732.
1^^ Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982
200 Notes
190 ,, . McGuinness, p. 732
191 .. . McGuinness, p. 732
192 McGuinness, p. 732
193 ^, . Chiara, p. 1015.
194 McGuinness, p. 12
195 „ Boaz, p. 31
196 ^ Boaz, p. 30
197 Boaz, p. 31
198 ,, ^ . McGuinness, p. 134
199 Chiara, p. 1016.
200 ^, . ,„,^ Chiara, p. 1016.
201 Chiara, p. 1016
202 Chiara, p. 1016
^^^ Chiara, p. 1016
904 ^^^ Chiara, p. 1016,
202 Bibliography
Books
Boaz, Joseph N., ed. Architectural Graphic Standards. 6th ed. New York: John Wiley t. tions, 1970.
Chiara, Joseph de, and John Hancock Callendar, eds. Time-Saver Standards for Building Types. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 198U. "
Colorado City, Texas. By the Backroads Graphics Co. No. 1. El Paso, Tx.: Guynes Printing Co., 1976.
Kavanagh, Thomas C , et al. Construction Management: A Professional Approach. New York; McGraw-Hill, 1978.
Lore and Legend. By the Colorado City Record. Colorado City, Texas; Mac McKinnon, 1976.
Lynch, Kevin. Site Planning. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1962.
McGuinness, William J., et al. xMechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings. 6th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1980.
McKinney, Patrice, ed. The Mitchell County Centennial Commemorative Book. Colorado City, Tx.: Bob Dennis Printing Co., 1981.
Olgyay, Victor. Design With Climate: Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural Regionalism. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1973.
Parker, Harry. Simplified Engineering for Architects and Builders. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1975.
Pena, William. Problem Seeking: An Architectural Programming Primer. Boston: Cahners Books International, 1977.
Shelby, Samuel M., ed. Standard Mathematical Tables. Cleveland: Chemical Rubber Co., 1972.
Texas Almanac and State Industrial Guide 1982-1983. By the A.H. Belo Corp. Dallas: A.H. Belo, 1981.
203 Bibliography
Government Documents
Texas, State of. Texas Agricultural Extension Service. Characteristics of Cotton Varieties Grown in Texas. College Station: Texas A & M Univ. Press, 1982.
Texas, State of. Texas Dept. of Community Affairs. Economic Opportunity Division. The Texas Front: In the Nation's Struggle Against Poverty^ 1978. ~
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1980 Census Data. Washington, D.C. GPO, 1981.
U.S. Cong. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Subcommittee on Labor Standards. Hearings. 97th Cong., 1st sess. Washington, D.C: GPO, 1981.
U.S. Cong. -Senate. Committee on Labor and Human Resources. Hearings. 96th Cong., 2nd sess. S. Rept. 2847. VJash-mgton, D.C: GPO, 1980.
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Agricultural Marketing Service, Cotton Division. Cotton Varieties Planted: 1982 Crop. Washington, D.C: GPO, 1982.
U.S. Dept of Agriculture. Dept. of Agricultural Economics. S.C. Agricultural Experimental Station. Trends in Usage of Cotton and Competing Fibers, 1971. Clemson: Clemson Univ. Press, 1972.
U.S. Dept of Agriculture. Soil Conservation Service. Soil Survey; Mitchell County, Texas. Washington, D.C: GPO, 1969.
U.S. Geological Survey. Topographic Map. 7.5 min.
Peridicals
"Census Count Released." Colorado City Record, 10 Oct. 1982, vol. 77, no. 81, Sec. 1, p. 1, col. 8.
Marisette, Rose. "Stress." Navy Lifeline, Jan.-Feb. 1982, vol. 11, no. 1. pp. 2-4.
Rosenthal, Abby. "Productivity Comes From People, Not From Machines." The Air Force Comptroller, July 1981, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 40-44.
204- Bibliography
Rush, Richard. "Body Insults From Buildings." Progressive Architecture, July 1981, pp. 122-129.
Textile Industries: Buyers Guide, June 1980. vol. 144, no. 6.
"Water Problems Discussed." Colorado City Record, 7 Oct. 1982, vol. 77, no. 80, Sec. 1, p. 1, col. 3-8.
Unpublished Documents
"Agriculture and Oil." By Colorado City Chamber of Comjnerce, 1981.
"Annual AJRA Rodeo and Fly-In." By Colorado City Chamber of Commerce, 1981.
"Automatic Can Changer." By Toyoda Automatic Loom Works Ltd., 1982.
"City With A Past." By Colorado City Chamber of Commerce, map, 1981.
"Colorado City Fact Book." By Colorado City Industrial Team, Inc., 1981.
"Items of Information for Individuals and Industry." By Colorado City Chamber of Commerce, 19 81.
"Lakes: Colorado City and Champion." By Colorado City Chamber of Commerce, 1981.
Lockwood Greene Engineers. "Engineering and Feasibility Study," 1974.
Lockwood Greene Engineers. Plans and specifications for American Cotton Growers Textile Plant, Littlefield Texas.
"Mitchell County Fair and Rail Head Arts and Crafts Fair." By Colorado City Chamber of Commerce, 1981.
"Model AS Fully Automatic Open-End Spinning Machine." By Toyoda Automatic Loom Works Ltd., 1982.
"Museum and Playhouse." By Colorado City Chamber of Commerce, 1981.
205 Notes
"Pivoting Automatic Bale Plucker." By Marzoli, 1982
"Strap-Zapper." By Louis P. Batson Co., 1982.
"Super Card Fiber Processing System." By Gunter and Cooke, 1982.
"Super Card, Super Card II." Gunter and Cooke, 1982.
Personal Interviews
Black, I.E. President, Industrial Textile Mills. Cleburne, Texas. Personal interview. 27 Oct. 1982.
Britton, J.C. Colorado City Industrial Foundation. Team member. Personal interview. 10 April 1982.
Crowley, Rick. City Manager, Colorado City. Personal interview. 10 April 1982.
Davis, Danny. Personnel Manager, American Cotton Growers Textile Plant. Personal interview. 20 Sept. 1982.
Didway, Walker. Personnel Manager, Postex Plant. Personal interview- 21 Sept. 1982.
Martinez, Carlos. Industrial Engineer, American Cotton Growers Textile Plant. 20 Sept. 1982.
Piland, Eddie. Colorado City Industrial Foundation. Team member. Personal interview. 10 April 1982.
Steadman, Robert. Professor, Textile Research Center, Texas Tech Univ. Personal inverview. 12 April 1982.
Steadman, Robert. Personal interview. 10 Sept. 1982.
Thompson, Joe. President, Southwest Textiles, Inc. Personal interview. 15 Sept. 1982.
Tucker, Emerson. Representative, American Cotton Growers. Personal interview. 10 Sept. 1982.
Tucker, Emerson. Personal interview. 27 Oct. 1982.
Wigge^S' Dan. Industrial Engineer. Postex Plant. 21 Sept. 1982
•.•••Itf * ! • - * » * - • * • J".
DOCUMENTATION
The cotton textile plant I designed was based upon
several form determinants. They came from two basic
sources: the site analysis and the process analysis.
Form the site analysis I determined that the optimum
location for the plant would be along the south side of the
site. Several reasons reinforced this location. First,
the land was higher in elevation avouding the 100 year
flood plain of the Colorado River. Second, the land
there had fewer obstructions to construction due to its
lack of concrete oil storage tank platforms and founda
tions. Third, the land was suitable for construction
unlike other parts of the site which were oil-soaked.
Fourth, the close proximity of the Texas and Pacific
Railroad would lesson the length of my spur development.
Fifth, the proximity of the natural escarpment with its
curving walls of red clay topped with a horizontal lay
ering of greenish-white sandstone covered by a thin
topsoil supporting scrubby mesquite and cedar trees in
fluenced the design.
The analysis of the process describing the volume
of space, the technological conditions, the machinery,
the number of workers and an explanation of the process
are found on the following pages.
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In addition to analyzing the parts of the process, I
also exajnined the process as a whole. Ihe results yeilded
•the idea that this process could by accomplished in clusters.
Three primary clusters emerged: one, unloading, bale storage,
opening and waste baling; two, carding, drawing, spinning,
warping, weaving and cloth inspection; three, cutting,
packaging, cloth storage and shipping. The connections
between these clusters became very important and an expression
of the technology that connects them. It was these con
nections that symbolized the plant was a whole to the
workers from both tke inside and out.
The building form arose from several concepts. The
building was elevated following a classical concept of
separating the building from its environment. This also
met the functional requirement of a raised dock for un
loading and shipping. The building also met a formal
axial concept in which the building axis was in opposition
to the mechanical and landscaping axis. The mechanical
and stair towers were in opposition' to the horizontality
of the main building. The building also relied upon
structural expressionism and an honesty of materials,
as well as being designed in both plan and elevation upon
a four foot grid.