industrial schools for - eric · bulletin, 1919, no. 52 industrial schools for delinquents 1917-18...
TRANSCRIPT
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORBUREAU OF EDUCATION
BULLETIN, 1919, No. 52
INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FORDELINQUENTS
1917-18
PREPARED BY THE STATIgTICAL DIVISION
OF THE BUREAU OF EDUCATION, UNDERTHE SUPERVISION OF H. R. BONNERCOLLECTOR AND COMPILER OF STATISTICS
[Advance Sheets from the Biennial Survey of Education, 1916-1918]
A
WASHINGTONGOVERNMENT PRINTINC OFFICE
1920
4
ADDITIONAL COPIES
01 THIS PUBLICATIDN MAT HE PROCURED /RUNallE SUPERINTENDENT Or IX/CURE:NIS
GOVERNMENT !TINTING DITICE
AT
10 CENTS PER COPY
a
INDN?STRIAI. SCHOOLS FOR DELFI'sQUENI"S, 1917 -1 S.
C ,NTEN reporting NomenclatureSize of school, 1 n lino Teachers-11'mutate ofIn mat es --111I t erney Valuation of mourn). per In ma t e -Receipt s al Ex pendittii0s En dow:ment funds.
After the statistical report found in Volume II, 1917, Report ofthe Commissioner of Education containing statistics for the ,year1915-16, had been prepared, the ureau of Education adopted theplan of collecting statistics bienni instead of annually, as liad(beendone in preceding years. Consequ tly, in this chapter no historicalstatistics for 1916-17 will appear in t comparative studies. Further,corresponding statistics for the yea 1918-19 will not be solicited.For most purposes biennial statistics will suffice, since fairly accu-rate interpo s cap be made for the years not represented ellthe repo only slight changes appear in thesestatistics from yearto year, a biennial report will answer most inquiries satisfactorily. -
WOOL
140
670
170
SW
MO
90
60
70
60
70
40
70
ao
ao
a
.
. .
A
Ift 1 '.-
filela.ii it. it ii it i 1 ; 1 .. i is. a
no. I.Number of industrial sebools for delinquents, reporting since 1900.
low
3
A.
TA
BLE
1.v-
Sum
mar
y of
sta
tistic
s of
indu
stri
alsc
hool
s fo
r de
linqu
ent.;
fro
m 1
900
to 1
918.
1900
1901
1902
1903
1901
1901
99)=
ficbo
ols
repo
rtin
g
Tea
cher
s:M
enW
omen
..
Tot
al
Ass
ista
nts:
Men
Wom
en
Tot
al
Who
le n
umbe
r of
inm
ates
:B
oys
Tot
al
Tot
al w
hite
ihm
atea
;T
otal
col
ored
inm
ates
Inm
ates
rec
eivi
ng in
stru
ctio
n In
sch
ool c
lass
esIn
mat
es le
arni
ng s
ome
trad
e or
occ
upat
ion
Tot
al c
hild
ren
5 to
18
year
s,in
clus
ive,
In U
nite
d S
tate
sM
ovin
g av
erag
e fo
r te
ache
rsM
ovin
g av
erag
e fo
r to
tal i
nmat
es
8092
9296
95
-71:
-71I
498
624
644
707
1, 5
691,
966
2,03
7.2,
275
2, 1
10
29,8
055,
329
.2,
013
18,9
684,
933
20,0
415,
296
24,9
816,
266
27,6
026,
1.20
31, 1
206,
886
23,9
0125
,237
35,2
4734
,422
26,5
764,
755
31,4
31,4
0121
, 603
22,6
55,6
01 689
33,6
29
33.1
5436
, 006
20,2
782,
996
21, 6
2615
, 946
21,4
88 0
11(&
117
1(26
,457
)
19,1
943,
441
34 ...
560
22,1
3114
,5a4
221
, 897
, 678
1 (6
09)
1 (2
8, 5
82)
29 0
074,
589
29,6
1216
,469
22, 2
81, s
63'6
424
30, 9
01
z1,7
16 004,
133
,871
25, P
3921
,02S
, 74$ 714
36,9
0
23,
30,0
114,
681
36, 1.37
$41
0, 6
M)
772
36,0
95
f19
171
1908
.
9796
92
301
4r40
903
350:
1
824
I'9
)3z
I .00
34 .71
cl
2 2.
323
c1.
tri
29,1
11.<
1 1,
M7
'1,4
0183
176
3
2, 2
56s
2, 2
19
29,2
89 I
27,3
288,
394
7,90
0
37,6
6335
,231
'30
,406
29,7
744,
284
1
3,99
515
,789
17,
151
.10,
111
.3,9
16Z
3, 7
82, n
3 I 2
4,28
2, it
1684
492
1
36,5
92 :
30,1
440
7.79
70
38,9
08
30, 6
38rr
i
,4,
800
1 38
, 514
24,8
9924
613
,761
.99
0tv
43.6
71
Z5 90
N Ye
.00
1:10
J1
'.,10
1')1
119
1.:
Scho
ols
repo
rtin
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Tea
cher
s:M
en.
Wom
en
Tot
al
Ass
ista
nts:
.'S
ten
Wom
en
Tot
al
Who
le n
umbe
r of
inm
ates
:B
oys*
Gir
ls Tot
al
Tot
al w
hite
inm
ates
a
Tot
al c
olor
ed in
mat
esIn
mat
Ps r
ecei
ving
inst
ruct
iorr
in s
choo
l clu
ses
Inm
ates
lear
ning
som
e tr
ade
or o
ccup
atio
nT
otal
chi
ldre
n 5
to 1
8 ye
ars,
incl
usiv
e,in
1-n
ited
Stat
esM
ovin
g av
erag
e fo
r te
aehe
asM
ovin
g av
erag
e fo
r to
tal
inm
ates
10,5
11.;
493
621
1111
7 - -
4581
616
496
597
391
612
1,09
31,
117
1, (
ow;
-AP
107
1
1, 3
'27
1,61
9ijr
301.
I,
1'4.
11
,*.
:1"1
1/4,
76
1. 7
041.
194
2, 3
572
,2.
SO
S
41,1
1010
, 761
43,7
0212
,961
39, 6
0611
,691
41,
51,1
171
56,6
6351
,3`7
:571
)
43, 1
465,
766
39, F
M'
36, 2
6224
, 239
dt.'0
413,
415
45,7
417,
43-
442
, 361
39.3
9124
830.
.), 9
321,
059
49,7
:59
44,5
0:1
6, 5
1440
.61'
234
, 614
24, 7
45,5
621,
070
52, 5
40
2;,
12't7
6
:mil
6 7.
1 !
51' 53
.125
1.11
3
463
112
1
492
4471
5.10
688
1. in
.51
.05
9
1'11
.;
643
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11
1.79
32.
094
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61.
113
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.!
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1,:1
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, IN
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. 791
11. 1
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42, 2
2142
,13
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46, 7
3622
36,
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OW
6, 7
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7. 3
1240
,:301
43.2
'344
, 735
50, 3
2035
, 571
39. 3
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.707
48, 5
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' Ave
ra n
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Est
imat
ed.
.
.11
P$
Num
bers
inpa
rent
hese
sar
ucet
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imat
Ions
.Se
e T
able
2 f
or d
etai
led
met
hod
used
in c
ompu
t int
! th
e t0
0% lu
g ax
era
,...,.
..*T
his
num
beri
s fo
und
by.
ring
the
aver
age
num
ber
from
I90
0 to
190
4, in
clus
ive:
the
follo
win
g nu
mbe
r, ly
usi
ng a
vent
o.ri
iii,1
1).r
!ri
m' v
iol i
,, 19
44,,
ifilt
iAve
, etc
.*
One
sch
ool e
nrol
ling
673
inm
ates
did
not
rep
ort
whi
t© a
nd c
olor
ed, s
epar
atel
y.
-,--
11.
3:_
-
1 93
7-
525
49. 6
6011
. 102
63, 7
62
'
h,47
951
.937
43.4
1027
, 6"6
, 476
3t 1
.121
)3
(12
070)
411
6 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918,
SCHOOLS REPORTING.
As most schools of this type are established by legislative enact-ment, a very large annual increase in the number of schools report-ing is not to be expected. In Table 1 the number of schools reportingeach year since 1900 is shown., These data are shown graphically infigure 1: It will be observed that the number reporting has increasedfrom 80 in 1900 to 135 in 1918, representing ail increase of 69 percent. The curve falls below the regular "line of tendency" in 1908,1913, 1914, and 1913. These drops are probably due to inabilityto secure reports from all schools. In preceding years no recordhas been kept of the number of stitutions not reporting. Thisyear, as will be found. in Table 8, the number of schools not report-ing, as well as the number reporting, has been shown. According
to the records which are revised regularly by the Bureau of Edu-cation, there are 159 public and private industrial schools for delin-
quents in the United States. Of this number, 135 submitted atleast a partiahreport and 24 did not report. These statistics are fairlyrepresentative of the group, intisinuch as almost S5 per cent of suchschools are included. The detailed table includes the nhmes of theschools'not responding as well as the names of those reporting. Thisarrangement is desirable, since no attempt is made annually to in-clude the list irklie Educational Directorypublished. by this bureau.
NOMENCLATURE.
The schools whose reports are included in this chapter have beendesignated heretofore as State industrial schools. They are all,however, reformatory institutions for delinquents receiving inmatescommitted by juvenile or other court decision. The designation"State industrial schools" is a misnomer, since 31 schools listed inthe detailed tallies following are private institutions controlled bycorporations o ociations; but they admit children committed bypublic authority and receive publi'c appropriations to care for ilAsechildren. A small number of city and county industrial schoolsfor &Unguents are cis() included in -.the detailed tables following.It is thought advisable, therefore, to change the title of this chapterfrom that of "State industrial schools" to that of "Industrial schoolaifor delinctuents." The lists of private, county, and city schools aregiven below:
PRIVATE INDUSTRIAL SCHboLs RECEIVING CHILDREN COMATTID BYRUDLIC AUTHORITY.
St. John's School, Deep River, Conn.Connecticut Junior Republic, Litchfield, Conn.Delaware Industrial School, Claymont, Del.Ferris Industrial School, Manshallton, Del.Amanda Smith Industrial school, Chicago. ill.
INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18.
Chicigo Home for Girls, Chicago, Ill.House of ?ite Good Shepherd, Chicago, Ill.l'ark Ridge School, Park Ridge, Ill.Convent of the Good Shepherd, Sioux, Iola.House of the Good Shepherd, Baltimore, Md.House of the the Good Shepherd, Coloml, Baltimore, Md.St. Elizabeth's Home, Baltimore, Md.St. James Home, Baltimore, MdSt. Mary's Industrial School, Baltimore, Md.Plummer Farm School, Salem, Mass.House of the Good Shepherd, Detroit, Mich.Sisters of the Good Shepherd, Detroit, Mkt).Hudson County Catholic Protectory, Arlington, N. J.Hudson County Catholic Protectory, Arlington, N. Y.'glum of Our Ladyof Refuge, Buffalo, N. Y.Berkshire Industrial School, Canaan, N. Y.House of the Good Shepherd; New York. N. VInwood House, New York, N. Y.R. C. House of the Good Shepherd, New York, N. Y.St. Vincent Industrial school, Utica, N. Y.Boys Special School, Cincinnati, Ohio.House of Refuge, Cincinnati, Ohio.Glen Mills Schools, Darling, Pa.Glen Mills Schools, Glen Mills, Pa.Philadelphia Protectory for Boys, Phcenixville, Pa.Wisconsin Home and Farm School, Dousman, Wis.
COUNTY INDUSTRIAL. SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS.
Fulton County Industrial School, Hapeville, Ga.Ilampden County Training School, Feeding Ili Ils, Mass.Essex County Training School, Lawrence, Maass.Middlesex County Training School, South Chelmsford, Mass.Worcester County Training School, Oakdale, Mass.Norfolk, Bristol and Plymouth Union Training School, Walpole, Mass.Luzerne County Industrial School, Kis-Lyn, Pa.Thorn Hill School, Warrendale, Pa.Knox County Industrial School, Knoxville, Tenn.County Girls Home, Salt Lake City, Utah.Parental School, Spokan(, Wash. .
N
CITY INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS.
Chicago Parental School, Chicago, Ill.Louisville Industrial School, Louisville, Ky.St. Louis Industrial School, St. Louis, Mo.Newark City Home, Vetting, N. J.New York Varental School, Flushing, N. Y.
CITY AND COUNTY INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DigaQUENTS,
Chicago and Cook County 'School, Riverside, Ill.Boys Parental School, Seattle, Wash.
SIZE OF SCHOOLS.
It is of interest to compare tliq "size" or enrollment of the 134'industrial schools.for delinquents reporting such data It will be
'8 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918,
found in figure 2 that 17 schools have an enrollment less than 100,and one school has over 2,500. The most conunon size is from 100to 190-25 schools fallidg in this group. About as many schools, 23,'fall in tite,Wt higher group. From an analysis of the data used inthe construction of this graph, it was found that as many schoolshad an enrollment less than 304 as had an enrollment greater thanthis number. The "median" school in the array had, therefore,an enrollment of 304 inmates. Approximately me-fotirth, or 33
3
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VOWDIR OF IMAM.OMR OP Ty182 OCROOLe MOLLS 25631 7112 OPREP,2521 IMAM.
Fto. 2 Distribution of industrial scbools for delinquents according to enrollment.
schools, have an enrollment of 160 or loss, and an equal number havean enrollment of 713 or more. In ottier wovis, about half the in-dustrial schools for delinquelp have an enrollment from 165 to689, inclusive. The average-enrollment for all schools reporting is 493.
INMATES.
The number of inmates has incArsed much more rapidly than 'would be indicated by the increase in the number of schools reporting.As will be-noted in figure 3, the total number of inmates on the roll
-
INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18. 9
of industrial schools for delinquents has increnAed from 23,001 in1900 to 63,762 in 1918, or an increase of 167 per ceilt This very largeincrease of inmates in reformatory institutions would he an exaggera-tion, if a smaller percentage of institutions reported in 1900 than didin 191S. This inference, however, is probably not true, as the curveshows a gradual rise, indicatdd more Clearly by the " moving average"in the figure. The method used in determining the location of this
average" is shown in Table 1. Its use is to eliminate the fluctua-tions in the original curve due to the negligence of a few schools tosubmit a rep It shows a gradual rise from the beginiiing to theend of the p d considerEid. Any decided irregularity in the
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a. Number of ltimut es Iti Industrial schools for delin4uents,190O-191s.
percentage of inmates reported would tend to show a grekter dexia,tion from the moving average than appears in any year. Since tho"average lino" shows remarkable regularity in its incline, it milt boassumed that approximately the same percentage of the total numberof inmates has been reported each year, and consequently' there musthave been the very lago increase of 1Q per cent as shown above.
The "total" cufvo has been "broken up" to show, the number ofboys and girlsinilkidustrial schools for delinquents, These curvesshow in general the same fluctuations as are shown in the total, indi-
. eating that the relative number of boys and girls is.about.the sameeach year.
Asone go z
10 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUOATION, 1918-1918.
TA BiE 2.-- Method okomputing the index numbers and the moving averages us-d infigure 4.
Year.
1
Enrollment.
I
Index num-bers for
(I)
Computing the moving average
Total indicesfor five-year
periods.Average Index.
Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys.
Y1 I 8 4 a 8 9
Idb1909 14,968 4,933 54 53 301 r281 op ! 57
1901 20,011 5,296 57 57 32.0 303 6,5 61
19CQ 2.1,981 6,266 82 67 355 +307 71 61
1903 27,602 6,420 78 73 389 328 78 66
1904 29,405 5,329 84 57 415 361 72
1935 31,120 64886 88 74 410 379 82 76
19081907
29,28927,328
8,3947,903
!LS77
90 414446
390449 89
7890
1908 29.111 7, 797 R2 81 442 514 96 103
1909 41.110 10,761 116 116 511 102 110
1910 43.702 12,961 124 140 550 110 117
1911 31,696 11,691 112 126 882 612 116 122
11112 4,,137 10,830 116 117 544 620 118 124
1913 40,324 10,488 114 113 593 603 119 121
1914. 43,333, 11,465 122 124 620 615 128 122
1910191619r
43,79149,009
11,44312,819
129139
I 1419
123138146
645671
1610
64469$
3713
129134
*138
129117
3 143
1918 .49.660 I 14,102 141 153 702 I 743 1 140 149
vemge 35,334 9,232
I Divide the enrollment for each year by the average enrollmentEstimated.
1 This Is the suni of the index number.; from 1900 to 1904, inclusive, etc.
To show this relativity and divergence more clearly it is necessaryto reduce the enrollment to index numbers. Table 2 shows themethod used in securing the index numbers used in plotting thecurves in figure°4: The average number of boys for the 18 yearsconsidered was 35,334. This average is divided into the number ofboys on the roll each year. The quotients are the indices given incolumn 4 and acre used in locating the curve for boys in. figure 4. Ina similar manner the curve for girls is determined. So great are theirregularities in these two index curves that it Ircornes necessaryto compute a moving average for each. The method of computationis shOwn in Table 2. Consider, for example, the interval between1916 and 1918. The moving average for the girls shows a steeperslope than the one for the boys, indicating that the percentage ofincrease for the girls was greater than that for the boys during thisinterval. In other words, the increase in the number of girls in an"average" institution may have been from 50 to 60, or 20 per cent,while the increase in the number of boys in an "average" institutionmay have bowl from 100 to 105, or 5 per cent, only one-fourth asmuch as in the case of the girls. Because one curve is above anotherdoes not indicate that the upper curve shows 'the greater increase.
.owler Between 1902 and 1903 the upper curve shows a decrease, while thelower one shows an increase. It will be seen, therefore, that therelative slope or steepness of the curves between any two consecutiveintervals indicates the relative rate of change. In genorid, the two
INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1817-18. 1l
moving averages show the same slope until 1915, where a tendencyto diverge is evident, the average for girls rising the more rapidly.Whether the "breaking down" of home life is responsible for theincrease in tilt number of delinquent girls within the past few yearsone can not judge from the curves. In general, a slight tendencyin this direction has been -evident since 1904, but did -not becomepronounced until 1915. It- must be remembered, however, that 7Sper cent of all inmates in 1918 were boys. In other words, therewere more than three times as many boys as girls in reformatoryinstitutions. Consequently, the .apparent tendency noted above neednot bo alarming.
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Fib. 4.-1101911re totes of Increase in the number of boys end girls hi industrial schools for dr.linqueatsmare 1900.
The very largo increase in the total number of children committedfrom soar to year'niay be partly due to anyY ono. of fourt factorsatpndency on the part of courts to constiue the laws more rigidly,tro enactment of more stringent laws or of laws having wider appli-cation, the organization of a more vigilant police force, or,a "breakingdown in the control of -chil,dren in the home and school. In short,either more children are "caught" or our methods of building charac-ter are becoming more ineffective.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AVERAGE ENROLLMINT.
In Table 12 it will be noted that the average enrollment in 1-30schools for the year was 26,721 boys and 9,270 girls, or atotal Of'35,091. .This total is only 5$ per dent of the total ntimbor of inmatA?s
12 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1918-1918.
on the rolls of these same industrial schools for delinquents duringthe year. This percentage seems to indicate that the average childremains in a reformatory institution only 58 per cent of a year; oralmost 212 days. Of course, some inmates remain for a longer periodand others for a shorter period, but the average period is only 212days. The fact that some inmates are counted in the enrollmentfor two consecutive years does not vitiate this dedudtion, since pre-sumably the same ratio would hold for two succes§ive years.
The "average enrollment" also indicates approximately the num-ber found in industrial schools for delinquents at any one time.
INMATES COMMITTED AND DISCHARGED.
During the year 22,498 boys and. 5,525 girls, or 28,023 children,were committed to reformatory institutions, and 20,969 boys and4,714 girls, or 25,683 children, were discharged. Altogether, 134
'schools reported the number committed and 129 the number dis-cborged. Five schools, not reporting the number discharged,reported the number committed as 959. One school reportedneither the number committed nor the number discharged. Deduct-ing these numbers respectively from the total numbers committedand dirharged, i6ls found that 27,064 inmates were committed and25,683 discharged from the 129 institutions reporting this informa-tion. The number committed, therefore, exceeded the number dis-charged by 1,381,_or by 5.4 per cent. This was to be expected inview of the fact that the total numbet of inmates has increasedannuallyas shown above in Table 1 and figure 3. No attempt wasmade to ascertain the number of inmates on parole.
TABLE 3Method of computing index numbers used in figure .5.
., 44,'Tom; Totalpopulation.
1
Inmates.Index
for
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6
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index
lloular totalinxnateal
1 S 4 4
1900 21, 488,011 23,461 83 St
._.
61
1901 21,897,078 25,337 90 57 5.;
1902 22,261,863 35,247 31 79 61
1903.. 22,655,001 34,422 21 77 71
1904 51,028,748 36,134 95 79 T1905.. 23, 410,800 34,006 96 85 81
1906 23,792,723 37,683 97 84 41
1907 . 21,262,936 35,231 99 79 21908 21,613,763 36,908 101 83 ig
1002 21,239,920 51,871 99 110 IN1910 . ; 24,305,932 50,003 100 126 101911 ' 21,745,502 51,387 102 115 11;
1912 1 25,167,445 51,907 103 116 111
19131
I 25,587,331 50,812 105 114 121914 , 28,002,153 54,798 107 123 121916 26,425,100 67,237 108 128 . 121916 28,846,976I 61,838 110 139 131917 112 141 131918 1 77. ea,476 63,702 113 143 14
. Avengte 24,346,673 41,636
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14 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1915.
INMATES AND POPULATION.
It is desirable to show whether the rate of increase in the number ofinmates in industrial schools for delinquents has been proportional tothe increase in the total population 5 to 18 years. It is difficult tomake these comparisons graphically, since the quantities to be com-pared are so unequal numerically. In 1918 there were only 24 inmatesin industrial schools for delinquents out of every 10,000 children be-tween 5 and 18 years of age. In other words one curve would beabout 400 times as far from thoUse line es the other. Consequently,the numbers representing the total population and inmates have beenreduced to indices as shown in Table 4, thus facilitating a convenientmethod of showing rates of increase as shown graphically in figure 5.To eliminate irregularities in the curve for inmates, a movino averagehas been applied the computation of which is given in Table 3.Throughout the period under consideration, 1900 to 1918, a more rapidrise is shown for the number of inmates than for the correspondingpopulation. The moving average is steeper throughout the entire in-terval than the index curve for the population. This figure furnishesadditional evidence that a larger and larger proportion of children arecommitted each year to reformatory institutions than would-be indi-cated by the more stable increases in population.
WHITE AND COLORED INMATES.
The number of white and of colored inmates in industrial schoolsfor delinqUents since 1900 is shown in figure 6. The number ofwhite inmates has increased from 20,278 in 1900 to 54,610 in 1918,or an increase of almost 170 per cent, while the number of coloredinmates has increased from 2,695 to 8,479, or 215 per cent in the sank)period. One school, in Indiana, admitting colored youth as well aswhite, enrolling 673 inmates, did not report white and colored Sepa-rately. Consequently, the total number of white and of colored asshown in the graph lacks 673 of making the total of 63,762 enrolledin all institutions. According to the Federal Census of 1910, inIndiana 1.9 per cent of the population was colored. Assuming thatthis ratio-holds for the number of inmates in reform schools, it isestimated that 13 inmates in the Indiana school are colored. Apply-ing this correction to the totals in the graph the estimated numberof white children inveform schools is 55,270 and the number ofcolored, 8,492. Assuming that these figures are essentially correct,it is found that the number of whites has increased 173 per cent andthe number of colored 215 per cent since 1900. These percentagesare. more nearly correct than the corresponding percentages givenabove. It is evident, therefore, that there has been a greater increasein the number of colored than of white inmates in industrial schoolsfor delinquents within the last18 years.
This inequality in relative increases can not be attributed to amore rapid increase in the colored than in the white population: of the
IL'
INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-1S. 15
country, since this condition does not prevail. Between 1900 An:1910 the percentage of increase in the whiteliUpulation was 22.3 andin the colored population only 11.2 per cent. These percentages,therefore, show that the conclusion drawn above is valid.
in 1910 the number of colored children 5 to 19 years, inclusive, inthe United States constituted 12.4 per cent of the population ofcorresponding ages. The estimated number of colored children in
160
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Fro. 7.-- Relative rates of increase in the number, of white and of oolored inmates in industrialachoola fordelinquents, 1900-1918.
industrial schools for delinquents as shown above is 8,492, or 13.3per cent of the total number of inmates. In other words if thepopulation percentage for 1910 holds in 1918, the number of coloredchildren in these schools is over 7 per cent more than would beindicated by the number of colored children in the population.Briefly stated, there is a slightly larger proportion of colored than ofwhite children in reformatory institutions.
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moro 1.1101.011g11 all1)11VSK showing. Om rektive rates of inc,rvaso
of white and colored inmates iii made possible by the index curvesshown ill figure 7. The it-led-nal tr..-3ed ill locating the indox curve is
tile S:11110 11.-3 that used in determining similar curves shown in figuresfind 3. 'rho moving, averages 11110 a.lso computed in tile same
manner ns explained for tho %moving averiuge> in those figt!:.es. Thov\zit, dat a mill 1110 11101hud of securing the data used in the con-struction of fitire 7 are given ill 'rabic) -4. It Nvas necessary tocompute tlio 'moving averages for thb; figure so its to eliminate thoirregularities in tlat index curves duo to variation ill the number ofschooli, report *Inv, each year. Consider, for oxainple, tho intervill from
The moving averago for the whites during this' period'Awali144 to 19()I.shows a mrtt rapid 1'i6e Limn is indicated by the moving averagofor dm coltrol inmates. III other words, tlio eurvo for tho whito issteeper tlian that for 1110 colorctinmates (luring this intoi'val. Thofact that 1110 eurvo for 1110 colorod inmates is suporior to that forviiito inmatos indicates nothilig. Only tho rolativo dopes showrvlative rates Iff inereaso. 1 tho last points for 1918 on oach
indox ourvo 1)0(11 locatod yy numbors ropresenting IL complotodintribution of t.110 totill enrollment botwoon white and color((, thomoving averago for 1%,iiito between 1917 and 1918 wuuld show a
a
INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1:117-18. 17
slightly lovAlp drop than appear3, the :n(tex being IN iiiste:ul of 1 E.
I 11 general, therefore, since 1014 the curco. fur colured inmates hits
risen more rapiklly,than the one for white inmates. This means (A
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inmates has been greater than that for whito inmates. It WM
pointed out above that since 1000 the number of colored inmates
has increased more rapidly than the number of white innut 03.
rciii3 fact, however, need not btu alarming since the moving averagesslaiw-about the same relative slopes througliout. deductions
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rm. 8. tiumber of inmates in industrial sebouli kir delinquents receiving instruct ion in tlio school classes
or learning some trade, compared with the total enrollment.
aro based on the assumption that .the same percentages of white and
colored inmates have been reported annually for the United States.
It should be borne in mind that the "moving average" cloes not
represent actual accurate figures, but only indicates trends, and fcr
this reason is probably more accurate than either index curves or
graphs showing actual figures, since both of these contain fluctuations
duo to variation in tbo.porc tago of schools reporting annually.
INMATES IN SCHOOL CL SSES AND LEARNING SOME TRADE.
Tho total number of infnatos, and the enrollment in schiwl classes
or in trade courses, aro shown in figure 8. Tho statistics for 1907
and 1908 are not comparable with the statistics for other Year , t
130714°-20-3
toCasp
B1 N I.11. S U 1; VEY OF 'EDUCATION, 1916 -1918.
will be noted from tho unusual drop in the curves at these periods.Tho curve for the enrollment in school classes has been rectifiedsince the schools in these years reported "average enrollment in theschool classes." In the case of the other two lines no rectification iswarranted, since the reports do not state that " averages" were askedfor. Undoubtedly, many schools reported only the average, sincethe numbers assumed to be in the school classes during these yearsexceed the actual enrollment. This drop is not-wholly duo, how-evet°,4to inaccurate reports, but also to the failure of many schoolsto report in 1907 and 1908, as.will bt; evident from figure. 1. Tho
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tU.9. Uclativ°rottsof incre,se in the number of ill111111eS lit the SCh011i CiaSSCS or learning somo tradecomp.ired with the toil' enrollment in industrial schools for delinquents, 19U0-191S.
total number of intnatvs has increased 167 per cent, the enrollmentin school classes 140 per cent, and the number learning some trade172 per cent since 1000.
These percentages show that the.relutiye number in school classeshas not kept pace with the increase in total enrollment and that thenumber learning a trade has increased in ,greater proportion thanthe total muuber of inmates. The falling off of tho enrollment intrade classes in 1918 may bo duo to war conditions. The numberin school classes actually increased between 1016 and 1918, in aboutthe same proportion as the corresponding increase in the totalenrollment. 0 .
rINDUSTRIAL SCII00116 FOR DELINQUEN% 1917-1S.
By.means of the index curves showy in,figure 9 the rates of changein enrollment betweeit any two consecutive intervals becomes
readily apparent. For instance, in 1918 the steepest slope is shownfor the " total enrollment" curve, the next steepest slope thecurve representing enrollment in school classes. Tho "reversed"or "negative" slope representing the number learning some tradeindicates an actual decrease. Possibly the decreases in enrollmentin trade courses may bo due to the fact that many mon teacherswere drafted into the Army. The three curves in general showremarkable similarity in slopes throughout the period 1900 to 1918,indicating about the 'same relative increase annually in the numberin the school classes or who are learning some trade. The methodused in constructing these index curves is shown in Table 5.
TAOLE 5.- Method of computing the index numbers used in figure 9.
Years.
1' n rollment . I lodes number; for
I
LearnIng I I
'some ! Classes Trades.trade. I
Total en-rul hunt .
In school
4 1" 5 I 6 7
19001901
1902100319011905190010011908190910101011
19121913.1014191519161917
1918
Average
23,001 21,620 15,940 I 54 57 5225,337 22,131 14,582 , 57 5S 47
35, 2c 29, 612 18, 469 70 79 110
34,422 31,408 21.1351 .77 Kt 7035,134 33,871 25,'439 70 59 8138,000 36,5010 30,378 85 96 9437, li8t.1 3.5,709 30,144 81 04 Ild35,231 37,151 23,9111 70 09 7s38,908 38,514 24,709 83 lul51,871 39,877 36, 262 110 105 11856,563 42,381 39,391 127 112 12881,387 40,840 a 31,616 115 107 11251,067 43,212 33,502 1111 114 10050,812 40,301 35,575 114 106 11564,798 43 2013 30,314 ^123 114 12757, 237 44, 735 40, 707 128 118 1:12
61,825 60,3'10 46,543 139 133 151III 135 116
63,762 51,097 43,410 113 136 141
44,500 37,969 30, 829
It should be remarked that 81 per cent of all inmates reportedin 1918 were enrolled in the school classes, and GS per cent werelearning a trade, as shown in Table 1. Since 1900 the average per-centage enrolled in school classes is 85, and learning some trade 69.The slight falling off from this average in 1918 may be duo to warconditions. Those percentages contain slight errors, as some insti-tutions reporting total enrollment do,not report enrollment in schoolclasses or the number learning some trade.' ,In the summary tablo(111) only those institutions reporting all these data have been in-cluded., It is found that 83 per cent of all imilbtAs are enrolled inschool classes and 75 per cent of all are learning some, trade. Theseare only slightly higher (2 per contAnati-1 per cent, respectively)than the corresponding figures, given above. These differences,'
90 JICENNIAl. :41.1:VEY ()I' EDUCATION, 1916-1918
hov:eve, indicate that approximately the same percentage shouldbo added, respectively, to the averago obtained for the period 1900to 1915. If this is done it is found that on an (.` average" about 87per cent of d1 Inmates are enrolled in school classes and 76 per centate learning a trade in industrial schools for delinquents. Thesepercentages aro essentially correct, since allowance has been madofur institutions not repyrting.
TEACHERS.
By reference to figure 10 it will be noted that the number of teach-ers has inereaset,tfrion 538 in 1900 to 1,1371n 1.914, or en increase of111 per-cent. This increase has not been so marked as the increasein the number of inmates, 167 per cent. A more detailed discussionof. these relative increases will be given below, in connection' withfigure 12. In brief, it may be said that in 18 years the number ofinitiates in industrial schools for delinquents has almost been tripled,while the corresponding number of teachers has been only a littlemete thin doubled. The moving average shows more accurately .tho,general trend than dues the irregular curve representing theabstiuto numbers. The method used in computing this average isshown in Table 1.
In comparing the relative numbers of men and women teachers, r/the numbers.fur the years 1907 and 1908 can -not bo considered, sincethey represent only the "average" number of teachers employedduring the year. From 1909 to 1918 there has been only a slightincrease in the teaching face. It will be noted that approximatelythe same relative number of menEand women aro employed from-year to year--the number of women exceeding the number of men:In fact, in 1918, about 5S per cent ofttho teachers were women and-12 per cent were men. The slight decrease in the 'lumber of menteachers may be incident to the draft. This decrease in the maletenhing force in 1918 may cause the decreaie in the number ofinmates learning some trade, as shown in figures 8 and 9, since mosttrades are presuMably taught by men.
On the blank used in collecting. thowstatistics fin. this report the"number of assistants caring for inmates not included as teachers"was secured. igurg 1 t shows the corresprding statistics since1900. Within t iri poriod an increase yf 1,.5 per cent is shown,This percentage is higli than the.corrosponding increase of 111 percent in the number of teachers, but lower than that for total inmates,167 per cent. These percentages indicate that the numjr of per-suns toaciling and caring for inmates in induitrial schools fur delin-quents has not beat increased in proportion to the number of inmatescommitted, Combining tthe figures for teachers and .assistaiii,S, it isfotuol that them lots boon an incroaSe of 121 per.cent since 1900, ascompared with an increase of .167 per cent in the fitiMber of inmates. .
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71)'2, BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1+-1918.
The average number of inmates for each year from. 1900 to 1918 is44,366, and the average number of teachers and assistants combinedis 3,473. Tho average ntunber of inmates under the "entire charge"of each teacher and assistant is 12.8. rim other words the average"load" since 1900' is 12.8. This "load" has increased from 11.3in 1900 to 13.7 in 1018. The actual averago'increase in the load hisbeen 2.1 within this period, or an ,increase of 21 per cent.. To statethis significance clearly in different words, teachers are obligedin 1918 to teach 6 pupils where they instructed only 5 in 1900; andassistants are obliged to care for 13 inmates in 1918 wl,tere theycared for only 5 in 1904 This extra burden thrust upon teachersis even greater than the ratio of 6 to 5 given above indicates, sincetheincrease in number Of teachers has not been so great as that ofassistiints, as shown above. It was thou gilt in arrivingat the deduction made above, to combine the data on teachers andassistants, since it is not always possible for institutions to male anqxact distribution of employees when reporting.
1' uu G.-Method used in securing the index numbers used in figure 12.
Years.
O
Totalinmates.
TelV11-Ora,
A ssIsi..ants.
Index numbers f.r-
Inmates. Teach-eN.
A Sqi,t-
3 4 5 6
1000 23,'1811 5:15 1,50 54 591901 la... :5,337 690 1,9ek 67190 35,247 624 2,857 79 68 8019' 03 31,442 641 275 77 71 891904 35,131 707 2,119 79 77 8311+05 38,00G 771 2,013 85 791'148119071908
37,88235,23130,908
624913
1,023
2,2562,2892,323
847983
100889090
Itin0 61,871 1,993 2,357 116 1211 921910 60,682 1,117 2,783 126 122 1091911 4 61,387 1,011 2,87d 115 110 11211112 If- 51,907 1,074 2,898 116 118 1131913 60,812 1,021 3,150 114 112 12319141915
11,79857,237
1,0521,035
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123128
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1916 61,828 1,161 3,511 139 1371917.... II 141 120 1381918 0,762 1.137 3,525 143 125 138
'A% e 44,500 912 2,559
The index curves given in figare.12 show in detail the xelat we rateof increase in the number of inmates, teachers, and assistants. The'relative slope of the curves between any two consecutive datesindicates the approximate rates of increase. Thus betwat4,01.0 and1918 the: curves, for ikimatss and Assistants shot about the sameslope, und.therefore about^the same rate Of increase. The curve forteaaiers show$;.a:..negative slope, and therefore an actual deciea.se..Tho number_ of teachers increased very rapidly from Ma to 1010,much more rapidly :thaw the .number of assistants, but in generalnot quite so rapidly es.the number of inmates, since the curve repro-
\
INDUSTRIAL 'SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18. 23
suiting the latter begins nt a lower point in 190(1 and ends at a higherpoint in 1910. From )908. to 1910 the, "inmate" curve shows it
i\Tr rapid rise. The method used in det erminint,,, t lie loca tion of theselirves is shown in Table 6, and of course, is the same RA that usedin computing similar graphs used above. By means of index numberscurves are placed near together in such a way as to facilitate readycomparisons.
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no.12:Relative rates of Increase in tho number of inmates, teachers, and assistants in Industrial schoolsfor delinquents since 1000.
.PARENTAGE OF INMATES.
Infigure 13 an analysis has been made of the parentage of inmates,boys and girls. As only 60 schools piado,a complete and accuratedistribution bf their total enrollment under the clavification shownin tho graph and in Table 10, the figure is basertipon the datain Tabro 10 rather than upon. Table 9, which is comparable to thecorresponding statistics 'tabulated in preceding Oars, and whichhas been retained in the report only for this teaSon. It will be notedfrom the graph that 89. 5 per cent of the inmates arc American born
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INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1017-1E. 25
and 10. 5 per cent foreign born. In other words, only one child in-10 in industrialpchools for delinquents is foreign born, Also 59.7per cent of all Amelican-born inruates have both parents American,and 7. p per cent, have one parent. American, and 21.9 per centhave both parents foreign born. Combining the foreign-born inmateswith those American born, having both parents foreign born, it isfound that about 3 children ouC of every 10 in industrial schools fordelinquents are either foreign born or bave'foreign-born parents.
By comparing the number of boys and girls in each group it isfound that for all inmates there are 51 boys to every 10 girls (5.1);for all Amerk:w-born inmates, 50 boys to every 10 girls (5.0); forinmates with beth. parents American-born, 47 boys to every 10 girls(4.7); for all iniaates of mixed parentage, 34 boys to every 10 girls(3,1); for inmates having both parents 17;reign born, 71 boys to every10 girls (7.4); and for all inmates foreign born, 56 boys to every 10girls (5.6). It is noted that the ratio between has and girls ishighest where the foreign -born clement enters and lowest in themixed parentage group. These statistics show that a larger percent-age of American girls of American or mixed parentage get into reformschools than do foreign-born girls with both parents foreign born.Conversely, a higher perAit age of "foreign" boys than "American"boys are committed. This situation is a very difficult one to unravel,and one call only conjecture an explanation. Possibly, "foreigngirls are 'kept under closer home supervision than are lt.merican girls.On the other hand, a lai.ger percentage of "foreign" boys. than of401inetican" boys may spend their time ,,r1 the streets and,he'comesubject to unusual temptations. The "foreign" child does notalways understand our customs and laws, mid, consequently, maymore often meet with friction from peace officers than do Americanchildren. Many means have been provided for the employment,amusement, or recreation of "American" children which aro notopen socially to the "foreign" child. The low ratio shown between'boys and girls of. mixed parentage may not be conclusive, as only7.9 per cent of all children in reformatoryiustitutions in- this group.
The high ratio between boys and girls in the "foreign" groupscan not be attributed wholly to the inequality of boys' and girls inthe- population. From the Federal Census of 1010 it is .found thatthere are only 106 foreign-bOrn boys to ever 100 foreign-born girlsfrom 5 to 19 years, inclusive. 'This slight difference doesqit account.for the high ratio of 6.0 shown in the graph. If the total foreign-born.population is considered, it is found that there are 129 males to 100feniales, but these figures are: not comparable with those for boysand .girls in industrial schools for delinquents. According to thecensus of.10410 the relative number of bogs and girls 5 to 10, inclu-sive, having foreign-born 'parents, was 100 boys to.' 100 girls. Itcan be seen,. therefore, that inequality in the distribution by sexes
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INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTAI 1917-18. .27
does not account for the high ratio of 7.4 shown in the fifth group of
bars. The difference in the ratio, therefore, in the third' column of
figures in the graph can not bo explained on the unequal distributionof the sexes from 5 to 19 years, indlusive.
PARENTAGE OF- INMATES COMPARED WITH THE TOTAL POPULATION5 TO 19 YEARS, INCLUSIVE. JeT
By reference to figure 14 it w 11 be noted that 95.2 per cent dia.children 5 to 19, incluive, in our population arc American-born, andthat 89.5 per cent of the children in 56 reformatory institutions areAmerican-born. These percentages show that not as many American-
born children as would be indicated by tho corresponding populationare in reform schools. In the case of foreign-born children, theyconstitute 4.8 per cent of the population but 10.5 per cent of the totalnumber of inmates in reformatory institutions. These institu-tions have an unusually high percentage of foreign-born children:in fact, more than twice as many us the foreign-born population 5 to19 years, inclusive, in this country would indicate. Co.rtfparing the
bars representing the distribution of American children according toparentage, it is found that reformatory institutions have a very high
percentage of children with foreign-born parents, a relatively lowpercentage of children Ali American-born parents, and about theproportion of children with one parent American as is shown for all in-
mates combiped. The ratios given in the second column of figures in
the graph are secured by dividing the number of inmates by thepopulation 5 to 19, inclusive, in corresponding groups. The average
ratio between the total number of inmates and the total population is
0.00102, found by dividing 28,426 by 27,824,207. The ratio for all"American" children is slightly lower than this average and for all"foreign" children, considerably higher than this. The American-
born children are 6 per cent below this average, and the foreign-born122 per cent above this. An analysis of the American born shows
that children with both parents American born are 16 per cent below
this average; children with one American parent, 6 per cent below;
and children with both parents foreign born, .111fier cent above.
It can Li) seen, therefore, that the foreign clement in our population
makes unusually high contributions to our reformatory institutions.
ILLITERACY.
In Table 11 it will be noted that 10 per cent of the children corn-
mitthed to industrial schools for delinquents can neither read norwrite. Of the number discharged, 10 per cent can neither read nor
write. It appears from the statistics of the 109 schools and 116
schools reporting these facts,,respectively, that industrial schools for
delinquents do not eliminate illiteracy. It should be noted that only
thoso schools are considered which report both Wit% total number com-
mitted and the total number of these who could neither read nor
BIENNIAL SURVEY 01' EDUCATION, 1916 -1918.
write and the total number discharged and the number of these whocould neither read nor write. These percentages, therefore, stbeinconclusive. It should be remarked however, that io expresAion
read and \Visi t " is subject to different interpretat ns by differentschools. Presumably, many schools do not give actual tests to deter-mine the per cent of incoming illiterates. At any rate, the sane testis not given by all schools reporting. The percentage of illetkatesamong drafted men for the Arniy as revealed by the Alpha and,Betatests was nmeli higher than would be .in(licated by replies to theinquiry of Bureau of 11w Census, "can you read and write?"It is possible, therefore, that more stringent tests are held for out-going than for in-comings imnates. if this is true, the perceniages.given above may be questionable.
In addition to the per cent of persons committed to industrialschools for delinquents who could neither read nor write, another 8pcv....alt_ could read the second reader but could not write. Alto -
getlier, 1 S Per cent of the children committed to'reform schools cannot writ o and per cent can read only in the second reader.
ALUATION OF PROPERTY PER INMATE.
Altogether, 126 schools reported the value of property, but only122. gave both the valuation of propCrty and the number of inmatesin avorage enrollment, as.given in 'fable 13. The valuation of prop-erty per child in "average, enrollment" is shown ill figure 16 forsuch States as had schools, either public or private, reporting bothitems. As the 'average enrollment" represents the average numberof inmates at the institutions and using. the school property, it \vasused in preference to the totzil number of inmates enrolled during theyear. AN'yoming ranks highest `vita an average of $5,060, and:4 1,iiolilti :-.ccond, with ctrl aveage of The only school Hi Utahniporting gave "0" as the valuation of property. The property usedby the school is rented. Possibly some of the States are not fairlyrcpreented in this ..,,raph, :;ince represemative schools did not reportthe Yuluation of property. The average investment foi' the 17nitedSt a tes ,G per child. Only 13 States have a higher averagovalua-tion than this anti :;() States have it lower average. 'tins inequalityof 13 Staies al;ove ul below the average, respectively, is due tothe fact that,a few States litIVC an u 11 liStlally high average illyestinent.
'rite most common 111 vestment is represented by, tho bars extendingbet weer $900 and $1,000, which areP below the avorago. It shouldbe remarked that, the total valuation. of property foi' these 122 schoolsIs S30,660,S01. The average valuation per school, therefore, is$41.1,252. If all schools of this typo, numbering 159, had thisaverage valuation of property, the total value of all property ownedby, influstrial schools for delinvents would bo $66,025,141. Thisat,r,greguto, lioyoer, is only it very rough ostiato and should housed with caution.
3,
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1----------k INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18. 29
0 1000 2000 .3000 4000 5000 6000
WYOMINGARIZONA _
NEWYORKMINNESOTA .
/PENNSYLVANIAIDAHOMONTANACALIFORNIA .
WASHINGTONDIST. OF COLUMBIANEBRASKA
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MISSOURIMAINETENNESSEE .
NEW MEXICOCOLORADOMARYLAND._ .. ..
VERMONT .
MICHIGANIOWAOHIO.OKLAHOMA .
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CONNECTICUTKENTUCKY.. ............
GEORGIA .......
NEVADA
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TEXASUTAH
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: 0 LII.NNI.1I, sIrlz\TY OF EDUcATIoN, 1916-1918.
-7, w U hL noted in Tabloli, 130 schools reported receipts amount-
iniz to I Several of tiles() schools reported only tho total
amo.,nit roceived and did not itetpizo the amounts received either as
to .source" or function," The amount received from State,
v, or city- was $11,699,216, or 85 per cent of tho total amount,
;tonlize,l; fr( 111 private bencfact ions, $315,173, or 2 per cent ; and from
nil other sou: c.c.s, §1 ,61 6, 11, or 13 per cent. In other words practi-
cally all money received by theSe schools comes from public sources.
Tho amount received for permanent equipment was $1 ,S:;9;861,
and f currunt expenses $10,460,166, in so far as the schools itemized
their receipts as to function. In other wc,rds, 15 per cent of the
receipts nr to ho u-:ell for making permanent impv,ovemonts, and
85 per cent f(ir Ineeting current exiwn,:es.
TOTAL EXPENDITURES.
of 1 35 schools reporting, this year, .132 gave a 'statement of
miditures. A.-; will be noted in 'Fable 14, the amount, spent,
lg,s and lasting; improvements in 1017-18 was $1,695,G17,
for ' salaries, books, etc., $2,778,785 ; and for other salaries and
:dl othor Ise, $7,177,708, or a total of 812,401,007. It will ho
wood 't, 1 1 that tlio total amount spent Was not always
b%. ols.. (..onsequently, the total given above exceeds
tlio sum of tliQ eel amounts. '.rho average expenditure of each
ift-litut ion was 1..).(.. If the three schools not reporting expendi-
t.tres incurred the `(Page expense, the total expenditures for
the 1:s5 school,: inithk! hits report would bo $12,682,908. If the
1 ihtlw I illy schidA uents, not reporting, should incur the
V01:( ro c X pt".)-41, nniunt, expended by all such schools
would be 1 i , 937.636. . nt, however, is only a very rough.e;timate. 4" 1NTA NDITURES. a
By reference to Table 1.; it will Lb cl that 127 schools, public
alhl private, reported both th(ir totlit <
)nditures and their aver-
age cnOollinctit. The length ,t;; rizontal bars in figure
16 repr(Hilit this totul per capita ..;t. 20 schools reported
the cot of n-iiintenanvo, as L,liown ill 'rabic) This per capita
co-4, include.; current ex pewies, but does not do outlays forrepresents
ncw lmilding,.4 or grounds. Tho hlarl; portion of tz..nd Of the
the cost of maintenance only. The open bars atblack onN represent; therefore, Ale per capita cost 4: 'IA, V build-
-od onirigs 1111(1 groun(Is during the year. The States lin\ o
the magnitude of the bars representing current expensos of R.ter.-
!lance only, since "outlays" iy subject to great periodical fluct4iz.
and a State, ranking very high in this score in 1918 might fall vAryk,:\
in-.1920. Not so, howovcio. With the cost of maintenance.
Louisiana ranks first, in the 'cost Of maintenance, with an averngo
capita cost of $596, and Texas lust with an average.of $216. .Tho
INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1017-1R. 31
LOUISIANACALIFORNIAMONTANA__ _____
IDAHO__OREGON.__
.
WASHINGTON _
MINNESOTA__NEVADA _____________
NEW YORK
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KANSAS__________
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WISCONSIN__________KENTUCKY_________
WYOMING____________NEW JERSEY_____INDIANA..DELAWARE________
VIRGINIA ____________
COLORADO_________CONNECTICUT__10WA______ _______
NORTH CAROLINA.
WEST VIRGINIA__TENNESSEE ______
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NEW HAMPSHIRE__GEORGIATEXAS
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FIG.16.s tumult spentunnually for odes u tr:ritsgeatteudancein intlastrolschools for aelinqueut,
1
32 . BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1018.
average for the United States is $2S7 for each child in average at tend-
mice at sehoul. This average would be much lower if t ho total 1111111-
bor (111 the roll during the year had boon used in computing it. Since
each child in reformatory institutions, as will be shown below, is on
tho roll only 5S per cent of a year, the' actual per capita cost for eachinmate enrolled would be 58 per cent of $287 or $166. This latternumber should be used with consideration. It means that eachchild committed to .a reform wheel costs the State $166, the
former number means that the cast of keeping an inmate in a raform
school for one year is $2S7.The highest per capita expenditure. made by any State for now
buildings or grounds was in Wyoming, the average being $St I. '1'llo
State ranking second on this score was Nevada, with an average of
563. As would be expected, several States made no expenditures
for outlays. The highest per capita total expenditures ;pad() by any
State was in Wyoming where the average W/1.9 S1;150, and the low-
est. in New Hampshire, where the average was only $103. If anyStates have not been fairly considered in this figiite, it is becai%;e the
N reform schools within their boundaries did not give the facts necessaryfor the computation of these averages or did not report at all. For
most States, however, the list will be representative. It is -(wident
from the graph that a largo,nuniber -of States aremaking small percapita schools. has beennettle, ltowec.r, to determine the mlative efficiency of the schools inthe different States, but uthloubtedly a greater "reformation" canha effected with $500 than with $100.
ENDOWMENT FUNDS.
In Table 7 the names of the industrial schools for delinquentshaving endowment funds are given. It is found that 16 schools -Ehave such funds, and only 3 of these received any endowment duringthe year. Tho aggregate endowmkt reported is $780,378. 'l'hoadditional amount received in 1917 -1 was $10,750.
TA lux 7. I lidastriiil Owols for deli,tri. units huriny vidowinent fun4s.
1p,111,1111n. LocallOn.
IvitIO.of
funds.
A ntr.n t
retrt,
ear.
Junior It..141.11c 1.114:01401, Conti 11-000 0
k4J -. 111.141.414.41s414.iul1144-.414Utual,14u1 16,90U SLOU
Chicago, Ill 100,54.41 0
firm, o11ho du 1,300 0
('uric It I. Ire Sc00.4i Pork 141,1ru, 115,000 2.50
54.110 It,yi smii Mu UM u
F.1,11 S lot 4:414,441, Mass 141,h47 0
Micluvali 51.410 141)40, Coldwater, Mich 4, tki0 4.1
Oirls 1444,14i:41 S41 4;cuiuru, Nair 75,5uU 0
Mrrksldrullidusirita rimuliti, N. 0 10,00U
Now Yurk lurudlo Asyllau Chauncey, N. Y 20,090 0
I100,0 Now York city; N. Y KJ, Ow . 0
Oki' MOW tivisoo13 lien IULI,UU0 0
44441.in 11441110411111 1'arrn'Sc I111.11 Doussioin, Was 2,UUu 0
Wi oi11,111 :41.111) Itvhirjruilory <Irai Huy, Wis 90,1473 0
1V1,0:1,11, 1.141iIiirianc114.41Sillwtsdv, Wil 13, LOU 0.
AA
14
INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOlt DELINQUENTS, 1917-18. 33
TA111 E 4.- Ton hers and inmates in industrial schools for delinquents, 1917-1.
States
4°"Ea
,...
i4
(53
1.6,1-:
&,,
Teachers.Assistantsnot cm ,idoysdteachers;
Whole number ofInmates.
Negro thinaWsincliblod in
preeoding column.
.3
.;
1 ..,r...- -Si
e.'-r... z:
..,.-c,
X ,E14c°°Q.= w(?". ::'
e... 1
fr
,..,...:
C.:
132 8 4 6 S 9 16 11 14
United states 135 24 182 655 1,037 1,589 19,060 14,102 63,762 P9 4,706 1,773
Salamirizonark:111612alifornioolurado011110CliCULlelowio 0tisi rid. of Columbia.lorlds:ourgLilithoillnols'albinoDW11:atticsContucky.outsionolatheloryinndtalSs&IIUSel ISSlchiganhinny...nu . -lissourlJuritonn4obnisk a .4ovadaVow Ilanipshire4ow Jerseygow Mexico n...quw York'forth Ciaolhia'forth Dakota:31doiklahoma:flagonl'eunsylvaniaRhode Islundjouth Carolinasouth DakotaFonnessoenailsUtahVermontVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWpnsiiiW ming
21
32322221
81 3
2I 4
2I
3096341
21
161
161
31
2721
11
2- 1
1
35241
I
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
81
311
21
1
1
3
4819.8l8601
1527
1
2 3940
3944
712
5123119
170
522
181
3467100700042
192
62
201069
lb382
5128
1 1li2
1011
445759252024
941
1050
191
72810364
22040
106
131
34IS
71iti
376
3986
.19102
Ill216 595
6105880173007
9150
_, 9.132
3182
9
177219
25810138b4708
22492531
7
91
50121
194
1940
1616934293 014
2327k
118113
4439690
11782
2714
802
, 8121
18459
103
150
2827472
552142
1,3324114993121051300374'1s9
4,0351,613
73949S
1,278146181
2,2711,8411,799
9721, 211
154399
25223
2,82860
6,086138,
4,084302243
4,5001,020
248130172
1,3810
2S5613
1,402540
1,00061
11336
1stAIU
0113117
650
811,526
30572
3,11168
02S1573512
1,4,5401390
51160
06.5
4891
2,0060
6500
891,299
760
35102
'224148104
07179214344
0
065178
1,511WA)93323 179S305378276
5,6211,976
810878
1,400116462
2,8442,1s63,2.41,4331, 631
23755923
2353,317
519,592
138
5,734302332
5,8501,090
213155274
1,605,1483s9(150
1,581754
1,31481
01
321
1
21
1
1
02 2
1
1 2 3203
43833
3 31
20161
110
30102001101
I 24241
03
S7414540
37690la
1
46212921
2:1131L
01
519024714
327S
3500
45214
5000
1,15202
4901800
48442
025
2033783it3
00
7156t
100u
(I
11(3!
(19:ts
1
;I 2s;
3.31
11
10I
1
1
111
1
21;1
41
I
M
1
0
Ono school includod here did not report enrollment of white and co ored separatoly.One additional school admitting negroos did not report thp number of such Inmates.Includos a school maintained exclusively for Colored youth...All maintained Galuslvely foe Goland youth.
2
31 I;IENNIA1. OF EDUCATION; 1916-1918,
TA tl I. 9.--Parro0tic of inmates in industrial schools for delinquents, 1917- IS.
.kmerieuti born.
States., I
cltort1-.retterrt-
111g.
105
43
21
222I
G
1
'2
21
1
3374322
6
151
21
621
1
1
1
25
4
OIAmericanvaletas.
With oneAmerican
Bothparentsforeignborn.
Total.
InmatesInreignborn.
Percoltfnr-
tit-nborn
13
12
Boys. It: iris.
4
Boys. Birk.1
7
7,119 !1,961
8
lloys. girls, I.oys.
11
irls.
921
1
0
0
1:126
U0
2sU
56SO17210
7.30
40d00U
102
U0U
00
25
1..nit el States
(2.0110NiteolortGb,Conat'et tentDtlmarc168i riet 0112ot:01111MFloridBeurgia
-14
hlianalowKamaNeal y148 I.i ma14.tine
IlaSsxttsol.ts.5191:i;.:11tIllintit,titIf 18,006Net aol.tNet udaNow ier,t'YNew ItexienNew YurkNorth CarolinaOhio.llkLdwmapentit.yleani41114,10 114.1118SOtallTentiett.sea,TexasUtahVermont
W.31'100,81Ww-t V.IrguilWw2Onsin
...
3 U
30,117
Oul3.2Is.)
0643
3721 81
2,11'0
72u408800140
170732
1,2031,108
3140
36123
2,2K048
S 273138
3,570302
3,140015'21817220d
0220213
1,1125344e0
10
20.800 16,370
072-1211160
0621
s".,
307153
1, Ai.:0
G75
330MU135155713382400143
U223
181,291
403,236
1383,0ts3
2,292,010
2302181712060
220:113
1,018530229
11:156
159u
107115
83U
614323.101
12
3s0U0
195180216690
102A526
U271
01,256
U00
616230
1022213)so07300
'203
2,1.0 !
112.I0I20
12al0
2ti100
03
1
1971s4
'200
253
1422
4570
110
.157130
1 0
00
u
1
33
I, 370
12200
2
U
6220
18I000
330
212110
9725
40
2160
5-10000
25022000
22
0hi;
U
GS
9,721 1.116
IN31
10
8005
228
922
0251
250S°1
$ 670
2546
2892U
1,5080
301.1
750
00
1
98
200
04
17n
i
06
312I I59U
0
0
058
1738
1511
U
190
271U
U
0105
0
16
47U
70
0'GI
162
1
25
11.1
6330
26(As
08
108
714321151
0Ill)
2854
1,578U
3703
943511,5
01
0
U
3218
11352
2010
107117
93U
779843115
71
a2,000
280189486t1.88
115325
050S
02, 070
0U
01,061
61U
102224
795007
171U
314
010
2
101
310'2
30
707
14
8
174
15
10U
10b0UU 1
14U
INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18. 35
TABLE Ip. Paren Inge of inmates in industrial sclools for delinquents, 1.917-18 (includingonly tilos( schools making a complete and accurate distribution of their total stroll-meld).
.Stales.
.
Schoolsninon-
tog.M
American born.
Inmatesforeignborn.
Percentf I . r
eirnborn.
.
OfAmericanparents.
With oneA moricnnparent.
Bothparentsforeignborn.
Total.
Boys. Girls.Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girl s
I 2 1 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 1 I 12
451
13
1113,078 2,973 1,746 509 5,493 732: -T
21, 217 4,219 2,T36United States ..AlabamaCaliforniaConnecticut.12Lstrict of Colombia .Florida.GeorgiaIdahoIllinois .. ...IowaKan5as.. .. ...KentuckyMahe 6MarylandMassachusettsMichiganMissouri.. ... ....... ...NevadaNew Jersey..Now MintiestNow York .. .......N or th Carolina(A1110(YklalioinaPennsylvaniaIthodo Isl./lid . ......South CarolinaVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsin
56
0
'
0hao
50624
0209153
1,122676120800155602110400
018
1,25140
1,305138
T,590299
2,091210248993286530
40
11300
145630
61409
0380
00
189218295285
000
636000
11700
07000
0156
71
00
12
1426
0060
133354
03
id2
3710
1160
157130
00
101
2
063121800
1917 433
2d00
160
66 83576 32415 00 20 6540 ti
155 1,1670 0U 370U 3
20 043685
00
1133
0002
, 008
72U0000
2123225
U00
311000
700U
0U0U
055169
6130
200154
1,1;307291201-40170502654
1,1080
232,250
442,903
1:1N
2,0;11302
3,19194524620330753145
11300
11763
077
6600
35000
189486403325
000
1,102000
20700
67000
004
68005
1469
-.0060
28250
02
5602
4750
4053
360750
. I560
0000204
5300000
56752000
22000
. 042000000
r
Iti1
It1
1
I
I1
h
I
2,
1:
I
I:
1
6
0
2
TA
BL
E H
.Edu
catio
n of
imm
erse
iI in
dust
rial
acho
ols
for
(Irl
inim
mts
, 191
7-
.
.
S tA
tPS.
..
-1
,, 1n
m:d
esI
coul
d1
wri
te_
1.4
Scho
ols
repo
rt-
ing.
com
mitt
edne
ither
Boy
,,.
who
read
nor
Inm
ates
coul
dbu
t
Scho
ols
repo
rt-
into
.
com
mitt
edw
hoT
end
soct
itid
read
erw
eld
not w
rite
.
inm
ates
who
am
id r
ead
and
Inm
ates
r.o
eivi
ng in
stru
e-W
1010
whe
n di
s c.
horg
ed.
Dun
iu th
e sc
hool
cla
sses
inm
ate,
t
ols
' re;
..r1-
ir4.
IS 119
lear
ainz
Of
orcu
p..1
1,-1
1.
Boy
s.
.19
5.or
ne 1
r ,
Gir
ls.
Per
cent of
101.
31co
w-
mit-
mea
tsin
theF
ein
sti-
I u-
t ion
_.,.
.
-B
oys.
7
Glil
s.
S
rer
cent of
Lot
:11
com
-
mem
Fin
.
thes
ein
sti.
tt- lions
.
Scho
ols
repo
rt-
" .g
*
10
Boy
s.('I
rk.
. 12
Per
cent of tota
lno
m-
her
rli,-
-CIL
Y-1
5dfr
om !
111-
lions
.
13
Scho
ols
repo
rt-
ing. I
lioy§
.
15
girl
s.
I I
Per
Cen
tor tota
len
roll-
.Sch
erm
ent
in tl,e,
ein
ch-
inct
-C
u-lio
ns.
Gir
ls.
Pe CC
: oflo
t,1.
11r:
met in
the. i,. 111
tioll 21
12
-
34
56
911
'14
1617
'20
Uni
ted
Stat
es
Ala
bam
aA
rizo
naea
lilor
xua
Col
orad
oC
onne
r iC
tIt
Del
awar
e'
Dis
tric
t of
Col
uzob
laFl
orid
aG
eorg
iaId
aho
Illin
ois
Indi
ana
Iow
aIr
e.na
fas
L.1
092 0 3 ''' 2 1 2 2 1 1
.7 1 2 3 1 1 2 4 7
..,.
4
2, 2
2033
710
791,
00:,
163
811
618
,Z14
'4,
732
9012
942
,727
9,21
013
32,2
2S 1
1,10
2
19 74 0 10 0 7.7
400 6 1
166 7 3 S
230 200 59 19 -2
12 U. 3 0 15 3 0 U 0 3 0 0 0 4
: I I 0 35
12 IS 2 ,
13 03,
1, 56 10 1 9 2 2 1 57 32 6I
1 1 4
2 0' 2 1 2 1 1 1
' 11 5 1, 2 2 1 0 .1
,5 6 1
,1 0
10
10
'2.
5 0 0 0 24
...t
152 2 0 0
FO
01.
504 0
210 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 0 3 0 0 0 17
11 0
S 0 0 0 31 0 0 0 39 Z1
13 2 1 0 0 0 0--
81 1 0
2 0 3 2 2 0 2 2 2 1 6 1 2 3 1 1 3 6 3 4
23S
335
194
11 261
100 87 92
2,11
324
124
6 74 351 59 4
1,05
61,
144
653
24
762 0 59 25 0 37 37
3 0 22 Sil 0 0 61 22
ii23
034
0
100 0
100
100
100 0 93 116) 31 100 9S 99 99 100
100 97 96
.9' MO
- 10
0
2...
1 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 1/
7 2 2 3 1 1
.3
'5 I4
i5
552 4.;
1,01
.:45
.199
3
121
431
200
37.5
119
3,35
01,
359
723
.318 27
5
140
'Ist
2.27
11,
3;0
1,51
5
113
ISI
200 0 SS 147 65 0 37 478 0 28
3.40 0 0
193
2;s
542
932
WO 649
100
100
R9
100 75 99 56 78 54 93 79 30 100 51 90 100
71
2 1 3 2 3 2 2 1 2 1 7 2 2 .3 1 1 G S 4
212 96
911
310
113
121
1'31 10
033 16
9
2,16
153
063
132
2.,
860 0
I . R
O2
1, 2
:01,
3;5
113
ISI
210 0 SS 147 0 0 81
1,43
33'
S 71 360 0
12.3
51-3
.535
927
, 1 1
lican
uisa
yL
odsL
ina
Min
eIf
arr
LIn
dA
fari
achu
setts
AL
ichi
gan_
.1e
,
lc 1 11-
It
.'
to"1
", r::
.< .71
75:S
49 t,6 79-
II 59 U0
- -
33 9(9
) 69.9
('47
041 0 55
INDUSTRIAL, SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUEN'tti.) 1017-18. 37
82.222 71729e" S8''CC? 2.474-
VRIO p72°
_RmcmXEE° A'5eir ?..V4Td
a ,s
ayaN. MaMZN aaaNa
RE7. 2S2S8 24
.2c50,-0 o2r,,EA a4c,i...A 2 2vN *
Ma0I-N aaaNa am,,Nv a
R9252 g.'222?, 222;;2 se3:2
onEz..0 g.4....o0 0.4,cri.. 2=L-40 o4
spg% 2=° A211E-A 2
NmaNa MaNON *Ma aaOMM
Canova, ONOMO NOCrC MCI-O 040a7 0a a.
ON000 000OO 00000 00.
000N OMOMO g0'020 ,,,CDR:0 0000A:/..1
N.-ON. OMOMO aaOVa - 0- a
MP.MV.S1 0%2%0 WOOMOa a r?..4".39:74 °R'".$N
000a0 0.0aa MOOCaCo
V 0M07.0 0
!....12M1M OFILINg
Cl
1Maa W o 00022 o
0.4aO MaahN aaa0a aMMNM 0
.11 1
... ... ..
lAdICCIC
...
If3.5 14 t
I
0
BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 191-1918.
12. -Items relating to enrolltnekt in industrial schools for delinquents, 1917-18.
States.
Average enrollment forthe year.
Commit-.IllS u
ing the year.
Inmates Ells-chat ged durtag t hi) year.
Acerago enrollment int hp school classes.
<I
8.... ,
- : I
?
L.,
..; ,,,
- u
_ c:n ,.:' a'C'
-.ii -T6a
y.
oPC
.1le,
P.3
EiatF..E
i8 r'0
P3
,A.-.
r5
6 a A,..
tl>,,A37.
Yad = 00,r, ... S.....S.1
.° 1..i F.
Elg-,7).,. .-1.
10 II 12 13I
'" 3 1 5
.
55
! 0 7
5,525
8
122 18,247 1,161 002
10019
992043
10071Le
17
51
71111
6/41
1087:10
91
441
51
101
91
1
' 1
1
.1
1
1
1
.
20,00 1,7141:::i:,..1 States I.11 120,721 9,270 22.495
AAlabamaA r 400th(111foriaCovh r.,.lotuto!,te utI h. i..,,,,re111.1104 of Colure,..vFloridGeorgia1,1316Illtnots 111611.1n3IowaKau, AsKentucky.Lon!. bob.181,9061br.1.0e131.,-....1.11.,,ett5St IL 1,1,..,061 otir.,..a.tDlisouriblontunuNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew 51exieoNew YorkNorth Carol ulaOhio01.1..6tri13Oregon1'enusylvaniafilial° Island!Joel C.vrolln.v809th 1)..kotoTennesseuTexasHIM,VermontVirginiaA1'.,111,ineton%Vest VirginiaNV iscons in.1Vy6tuuig
--2I
32322221
'722321
35tt5'3
41
21
*I%6
1
151
31
27
21
1.2I
1
35141
___
-^354
119615275623
SI3,7250210nit.
1,1155'.07232,0793
502.
1,15.1,131
840719751
85221
10123
1,40145
3,544100
2,679158
- .1272, .31
137172
13i973
0181450675333673
40
G1
126I3U
U
...V
57100
491,109
30155
311142
01723 :10310955275357
20101
038
3370
1,592.. 0
42111
46710
- 420
72224
417748
11U115'232
0
04Si40626372505066564570967361554305825699654457765657585172546252612969U
748728tid7343596700
-231
N)361137330
116
Ins120154
622,034
333200451454
4366
1,011I , 162
754.11111
1,21193
148Id
102952
333,225
422,467
144187
1,960705Ilk/
5164
5000
932,125302181
445di
44
57710
7247650
3 V
772117
31240
440
652119
157'546132234
35450
24194
1
1,0980
3000
411
400Id0
154240
14828220
79100
0
23840
335191445
48202100261)92
2,143213249
74495
815
1,0731,173
670492674106
42099
1,20210
3,31732
2,421148153
1,224774
325039
4850
34230618109301
33
21
76200
Gt250
37613
522288480
03727230355
0185
21170
3346
1
1,1460
2500
10538
1
01525459810.-'4078695
. 0
21
3281
1
21
I7324II2585
.331
1
I1
51
151
312721
1,
21
1
25241
32011943.
271122
03"7200
1617
1,159556273272725
800
1,183779642195506
85218
1999
37440
1,925110
1,871155127
2,7792I5172
130828
0150200540333228
211
30
91130
0350509
53731025
314U
010011U340604275332000
333410
3250
4210
46437
420
722212565'4535
1150U
I Number of schools reporting, 131.I Number of schools rcpurting,
Computed only for such schools as repotted both "average earollnlent fur the year" and "averageenrollment tp school classes."
INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18. 39
TABLE 13.-Indusirial scrools for delinquents-Property, per capita value, etc.
.
States.library.
Value of property. Investment per child In average_
enrullment.
'Vol-UMW
in Schoolsreport.
tug,
But IdInttand .
grounds.'
Scientificapparatus,furniture,machinery,
etc:
report-School:1
lugaverngenroll.meritand
prop.arty.
A verveenroll-ruent.
.
.. ro, ue %). .
roertP p y.
.
Porcapitain% est.mum.
-91 2 8 4 6 6 7
30,806
8
United States
AlabamaArizonaCaliforniaColoradoConnecticut...DelawareDistrict of ColumbiaFloridaGeorgiaIdaho ,.
IllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaManeMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMissouri..MontanaNebraskaNevadaNow liampshire
. New JerseyNow MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaOhlaOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaIlltode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexas ,U tabVermolttVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaIVLconsinWyoming
130,915 126 815,669,604 ,86,414,286 122 1 640,801 21,61;
723,0:
A 1,51.93Ga
1, Is1:51,41
421.981.701,16
801,06
51
94
91
1,6gf
2,41l,01,91,7:
1,1:1,51
92,41,1
7
76
2,0
92
9
41,91.21,15,C
7191,7003,4961,2003,2001,441
1102
780KV560
21,65216,9473,457
12,8002,924
3001,748
12,5573,892
16,3888,3994,2501,000
90U500
2,0)05,018
20021,693
4006,235
354437
18,8504300
1,2000
2,999100
1,0001,1007,0501,2800,200
350
21
3232
. 1
121
82242I3g88341
21
1
S1
IS1
31
2700
.11201
3.52
. ..... 41
, -
291,675310,00
1,201,453319,700400,41.8)190,001155, OW3.50.18)91,695
2.53,6474,161,04
858,430801,379735,839429,502125, OIX348,775
1,532,8121,2304)51,299,0202,255,174
922,380135,370446,420
70,1XX)181,070
2,397,53240, OCO
11,422,077130,000
2,360,53998,00080,000
5,873,84800
152,500200,003337,5000.200,0401117,1100
1;237,053450,000
1,348,415191,800
19,19525,500
215,36339,01105,00u
10,9500,0111)3 , Outr
14,00148,209
1,063,782152,216322,41725,000b$,756
49,368146,441
229,812322,278
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INDUSTRIAI, S(111001;S POR DELINQUINTS, 1!111-18. . 41
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42 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF,EDUCATION, 1916-1918.
TABLE 15.-Indiatrial sehooh for delinquents-Per capita cost based on average enroll-, )neat. .
'States.
U nited States
Expenditures for all purposes. I Expenditures for current expense,.
Schoolsreport-
ing.
127'
AlabamaArizonaCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutI /ellw areDistrict of Columbia....FloridaGeorgiaIdahoIllinoisIndiana.IowaRamoKentuckyLouisianaMaineMaryland .MassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampehlreNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaTennesseeTexasUtahVerxriontVirginia
We=a1V
WisconsinWyoming
21
323221
2
72232
359534
21
1
51
151
31
2
2
2
2524
Averageenroll-
ment Inthese
schools.
A mount. 1'ercapita.
Schoolsreport-
ing.
6
Avengeenroll.
mem Inthese
schools.
't mount Percapita.
2 4
35,9791$11,
721,114 $326 170 33,225 $9, 537, 095 $287
425 72,963 172 2 425 71,067 167119 55,000 362 1 119 35,000 294741 446,469 603 3 711 415,503 501405623
100,13s174,461
247280
22
405162
68,86635,520
220za,21981.
184 57,663 313 2 1st 45,024 245474 149,035 314 2 474 149,035 311250 100,000 400 1 2:0 75,000 300249 38,484 155 L. 150 15,000 100152 74,320 409 1 152 71,320 401
2,504 1,032, i67 432 7 2,504 911 '162 324911 271,323 297 2 911 225,905 24777/1 166,720 214 2 776 157,659 203644 188,164 2,3 3 644 179,5,9 271)935 246,452 261 2 935 241,960 25990 51,841 640 1 60 47,669 591
403 144,069 357 2 231 60,5;0 2891,518 280,955 185 5 1,518 259,091 1711,474 568,569 380 8 I , 025 343, M I 3351,828 519,971 241 5 I , 82s 495,029 271
994 509,590 513 3 994 3,19,090 3911,111 448,39s 404 4 1,111 306,898 278
105 77,292 738 1 105 54,482 518332 152,237 459 2 332 139,229
19 18,000 947 1 19 7,300 384101 16,519 103 1 101 16,519 103
1,758 470,815 288 5 1,758 444,915 25345 28,129 625 I 45 16,718 372
5,136 2,086,160 408 15 5,136 1,917,767 373100 20,132 201 1 100 21,132 201
3,100 528,49.1 171 2 1,942 315,707 171158 49,742 315 1 158 43,542 276173 77,000 445 2 173 73,86$ 427
3,544 1,095,013' 306 7 3,514 1,090,045 292299 105,433 351 2 299 101.113 339172 75,500 439 I 172 48,00u 279203 34,339 172 I 203 31.109 172
1,197 257,974 216 2 1,197 91,274 7941 5,600 I37 0
258 92,101 357 I 25$ 81,312 32729N 69,783, 231 2 298 55,725 221655 294,360 430 4 411 181,849 401448 88,882 199 2 448 . 82,182 183
. 905 292,185 321 4 a; 251,224 26340 46,000 1,150 1 40 10, 223 254
TA
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6. I
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inoi
s S
tate
Ref
oren
atco
yC
hica
go a
nd C
ook
Cou
nty
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ool.
St.
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rles'
Sch
ool.
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ana
Girl
s' S
choo
l
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Ref
orm
ator
yIn
dian
a B
oys
Sch
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low
s In
dust
rial S
choo
lIn
dust
rial S
choo
l f o
r G
irls
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Con
vent
of t
he G
ood
She
pher
dG
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Indu
stria
l Sch
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sas
Sta
te In
dust
rial R
e-fo
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stor
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tern
U a
Lver
rity
and
Sta
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dust
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men
t.B
oys'
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of R
efor
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Hallowell, Me. Skowhegan, MeSouth Port/and, Me... -Baltimore, Md
Do
Do..Do...
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Lancaster, MassLawrence, MassNorth Chelmsforcl,Maas
Oakdale, Mass
Salem Masss
WShiri,eMasal
, Mass
Westboro, MassAdrian, Mich
Coldwater MichDetroit. Mt.Grand Rairidt,
114114ntg, Minn
St. Cloud, MimiSauk Center, MinnColumns, UlmBamevxlo, Mo
St. eko..1140%TiL°InagoMike City, Mont.Geneva, NebrKearney, NebrMilford, NebrElko, NevManchester, N.
State School for Girls I.State Reformatory for Women.State School for Boy,House of the Good Shepherd..House of the Good Shepherd,
Colored.Industrial HOMO for Colored
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School.
000
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A.
0
ri
di
dede
tP
Loc
atio
n.
0
'a
TA
BL
E le
lInd
ustr
ial s
choo
ls f
or d
elin
quen
ts T
each
ers,
ass
isiA
nts,
and
inm
ates
, 191
7-18
- C
ontin
ued.
Inst
itutio
n.
Tea
ch-
ers.
Arl
ingt
on, N
. J
Chi
lton,
N. I
.ku
nesb
ut&
Nlia
hway
eN.
Tie
nton
, _N
....
..V
eron
a, N
. JSp
ring
erN
. Mar
eA
lb1c
m, N
. YB
edfo
rd H
ills,
N. Y
Buf
felg
il. Y
....
Elm
ira.
isC
onan
, N4:
17-
N. Y
(!".
irre
Men
, N. Y
Hud
son,
N. Y
Ibdu
stry
, N. Y
Nap
anoc
h, N
. Y
New
Yor
k C
ity, N
. Y.,
Hop
kins
on A
ve.
New
Yor
k C
ity, N
. YN
ew Y
ork,
N. Y
., E
.90t
h
Hud
son
Cou
nty
Cat
holic
Pro
-te
ctor
y.R
efor
mat
ory
for
Wom
enN
ew Y
erse
y,St
ate
Hom
eN
ew J
erse
y R
efor
mat
ory.
.., _
New
Jer
sey
Stat
e H
ome,
....
New
ark
City
Hom
e--
-
New
Mex
ico
&do
rm S
choo
l...
Wes
terr
aio
of R
efug
e ...
..N
ew Y
ork
Stat
e R
efor
mat
ory.
Asy
lum
of
our
Lad
y of
Ref
uge.
Ber
kshi
re I
ndus
tria
l Far
mN
ow Y
ork
Juve
nile
Asy
lum
...N
ew Y
ork
Stat
e R
efor
mat
ory.
New
Yor
k Pa
rent
al S
choo
lSt
ate
Indu
stri
al F
arm
Col
ony.
New
Yor
k St
ate
Trr
nini
ngSc
hool
.St
ate
Agr
icul
tura
l and
Ind
us-
tria
l Sch
ool.
Eas
tern
New
Yor
k R
efor
ma-
to.
Hou
seryof
the
Goo
d Sh
eper
d....
Inw
ood
Hou
seR
oman
( a
thol
ir H
ouse
of
the
St.
Goo
d Sh
ephe
rd.
a
Ass
ist.
ants
not
teac
h-er
s.
§ 41
6
Tot
allo
aves
in in
sti-
tutio
n.
II
Whi
te,
Neg
roin
-in
-m
ates
.m
ates
.
Am
eri-
can
born
of
Aw
ed-
can
pare
nts.
Am
er!
Am
eri-
can
can
born
born
with
with
one
,bot
hA
mer
f- p
aren
tsC
anfo
reig
npa
rent
.bo
rn.
.0, o
So
in
.;
78
9-10
11
50
5'4
201
200
Ot
0.8
10
103
00'
1037
20 1
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938
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073
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80
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51
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O71
0
Inm
ates
fore
ign
born
.
Ave
rage
enro
lm
en t
for
the
year
.
Num
ber
Cou
ldC
ould
ofne
ither
read
pers
ons
feed
seco
ndco
rn-
nor
read
erm
ilted
wri
tebu
tdu
ring
whe
nco
uld
the
ad.
not
year
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ilted
,w
rite
.
*;
G 3 V
Ho
1920
21
513
010
7
222*
2425
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oi 2728
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300
623
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102
015
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3
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1
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344
21
9731
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206
399 72
86
103
41 4
21
251
1a
0 013
0
0 O62
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0 0 0 0 0 0
4....
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O29
0
New
Yor
k C
ity, N
. Y...
Itan
cial
is I
slan
d.U
tica,
N.Y
.Y
cckt
own
Hei
gh t
a,N
.Y.
.C
ud, N
.C.
Man
dan.
, N. D
ak ..
.C
inci
nnat
i, O
hio
Do
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awar
e, O
hio
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cast
er, O
hio.
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ansf
ield
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ille,
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o.O
klah
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inl,V
i11.
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reg.
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arlin
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, Pa
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Yor
k H
ouse
of
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uge.
.. . 2
0
k. V
ince
nt I
ndus
tria
l Sch
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k St
ate
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gSc
hool
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kson
Man
ual
2T
rain
ing
and
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stri
alSc
hool
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ate
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inT
hg S
choo
lB
oys'
Spe
cial
Sch
ool
Hou
se o
f R
efug
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' ind
ustr
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choo
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oys'
Ind
ustr
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choo
l
715
1,1
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74
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o St
ate
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orm
ator
y81
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102
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' Ind
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ial S
choo
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l Sch
ool .
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e T
raIn
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Scho
ol1,
121
230
230
210
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n St
ate
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hoc.
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1,9
824
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101
210
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gon
Stat
elnd
ustr
ial S
choo
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6....
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890
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s Sc
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30
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084
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219
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0 10
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1,06
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0 16
40
1fO
rmat
or V
.L
uzer
ne C
ount
y In
dust
rial
22;
88
00
00,
Mor
gans
's, P
aPe
nnsy
lvan
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sini
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hool
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540
302.
4952
1 22
345
Scho
ol.
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delp
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010
101
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994
90
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rend
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i Sch
ool
16
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101
540
1
How
ard,
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n Sc
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N76
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:8:
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anoT
tet S
choo
l9
1814
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oren
ce, S
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Smith
Car
ol/p
aIn
dust
rial
13
134
248
02
00
Plan
king
tos.
S. D
ak...
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th D
isko
taT
rain
Ing
Scho
ol.
58
351
330
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hool
.
Bar
tlett,
Ten
nIn
dust
rial
and
Tra
inin
g Sc
hool
F.as
t Cha
ttano
oga.
Ter
m D
onny
Oak
s Sc
hool
Kno
xvill
e, R
. F. D
. 7,
Kno
xC
oant
y.In
detr
ial
45
110
212
4 10
148
iT
enn.
Scho
ol.
I:
I
Nas
hvill
e, T
enn
Ten
ness
ee in
dukr
ial S
choo
l..C
orsi
cana
, Tex
Stat
e O
rpha
n H
ome
Gai
new
Itie
l Tex
Tra
inin
g Sc
heel
for
Gl-
isG
ales
ville
, Tex
Stat
eiuv
enlle
Tra
lnln
gSch
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4321
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gden
, Uta
hSt
ate
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stri
al S
choo
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lt L
ake
City
, Uta
h ...
Cou
nty
Gir
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ome
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s, V
tV
erm
ont I
ndus
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l Sch
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.
Han
over
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The
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over
Sch
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cer
Neg
ro
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or N
egro
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Peak
s T
urno
ut, V
sIn
dust
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e Sc
hool
for
Bic
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l01
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V..
Scho
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ol, v
s:Pr
ison
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of V
irgi
nia.
O35
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TA
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! 16
.Ind
ustr
ial s
choo
lsfo
r de
linqu
ent,
Tea
cher
s,as
sist
ants
, and
inm
ates
, 191
7-7
18C
ontin
ued.
Cbe
hall.
._N
Was
hO
rand
Mou
nd, W
ash
tair
oe,W
ash
Seat
tle, W
ash
Do
. . .
.1I
eow
a, W
ash
Gra
ttan,
R.F
.D.,
W. V
a
Indl
idda
l, W
. Vs
Don
sman
, Win
Gre
en B
ay, W
is=
wan
ks. W
isaf
lpuf
a,W
fi
Wan
kteh
a,W
etla
nd, W
yo.,
4
Inst
itutio
n.
Tea
ch-
ers.
2
4
Stat
e-T
rain
ing
Scho
or. !
!.do
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ashi
ngto
n St
ate
Ref
orm
a-tto
rPar
enta
l Sch
ool
ilysy
ls' P
aren
tal S
choo
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rent
al S
choo
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oys'
Par
enta
l Sch
ool.
Wes
tV
irgi
nia
Indu
stri
alSc
hool
.W
est
Vir
gini
a,In
dust
rial
Hom
e.W
isco
nsin
Hom
e an
dFa
rmSc
hool
.W
bcon
sin
Stat
eR
efor
mat
ory.
Wis
cons
in I
ndus
tria
l Sch
ool..
.St
ate
Publ
ic S
choo
l for
Neg
-le
cted
and
Dep
ende
nt C
hil-
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nW
L ic
n. s
in I
ndus
tria
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hool
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yom
ing
Ind
ute
Ass
ist-
ants
not
teac
h-er
s.
0 pa-
46
6
-2
15.0
%,
41
0
13
111
2.3
013
o111
1 70
123
26t
21
7
Tot
alin
mat
esin
inst
i-tu
tion.
: 0
23 24j 2;
78
Whi
tein
-m
ates
.
9
312
0:30
8O
i 617
9i0
800
0177
11
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52
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17
Neg
ro
mat
es.
o 1112
jA m
eri-
A m
eri-
nca
nrn
born
of
with
A m
eri-
one
can
A m
eri-
pare
nt*.
can
pare
nt.
O 1814
O28
111
03e
0 52
1I
I
O52
4.4
830 6
21 617
02
020
31
530,
.. .
. .
.. .
40
'Am
eri-
can
born
with
both
pare
nis
fore
ign
born
.
Inm
ates
fore
ign
bort
'
.=.i
tr;
Av;
.;.4
..;P.
.o q
t.:.!
=c,
,,al
c..:
1616
17
1819
20
nk01
110
547
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S
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1 2 $0
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Ave
rge
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17
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