Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Suez CanalSuez Canal

Developments in AsiaDevelopments in Asia

World War IWorld War I

The Great DepressionThe Great Depression

The Industrial Revolution may be defined as the application of power-driven machinery to manufacturing.

In the eighteenth century all of western Europe began to industrialize rapidly, but in England the process was most highly accelerated.

The Industrial Revolution started in England, because that nation had the technological means, government encouragement, and a large and varied trade network.

The first factories appeared in 1740, concentrating on textile production.

Sources : http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/industrialrev.html

http://www.bergen.org/technology/indust1.html

The term INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION originally referred to the developments that transformed Great Britain, between 1750 and 1830, from a largely rural population making a living almost entirely from agriculture to a town-centered society engaged increasingly in factory manufacture.

Other European nations underwent the same process soon thereafter

This was followed by others during the 19th century

And still others (such as Russia and Japan) in the the first half of the 20th century

In some countries this transformation is only now taking place or still lies in the future.

EFFECTS OF IR ON SINGAPOREEFFECTS OF IR ON SINGAPORE

Increase in TradeIncrease in Trade SteamshipsSteamships more European ships sailed to the Eastmore European ships sailed to the East Increase in the number of ships visiting Increase in the number of ships visiting

SingaporeSingapore Singapore became a port of call in the Singapore became a port of call in the

regionregion

EFFECTS OF IR ON SINGAPOREEFFECTS OF IR ON SINGAPORE

Improvement in Improvement in CommunicationsCommunications Letters - 4 to 5 months to reach Singapore Letters - 4 to 5 months to reach Singapore

from Europefrom Europe Steamships - 5 weeks in the 1860sSteamships - 5 weeks in the 1860s Singapore brought into closer contact with Singapore brought into closer contact with

Britain and the rest of the worldBritain and the rest of the world

OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANALOPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL

OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANALOPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL

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Artificial waterway from Port Said to Suez, linking the Mediterranean and Red Seas; 160 km long.

Separates Africa from Asia and provides the shortest eastwards sea route from Europe

Opened in 1869, nationalized in 1956, blocked by Egypt during the Arab-Israeli War in 1967, and not reopened until 1975.

OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANALOPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL

Increase in Trade Savings in distance and time Reduce shipping cost Singapore traders found it faster and cheaper

to get goods from Europe Increased trade for Singapore as a result of

increased speed and volume of ships

EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANALOPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL

EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE THE OLD HARBOURTHE OLD HARBOUR

For many years, ships called at the Old Harbour off the mouth of the Singapore River

Lighters unloaded the goods from the ships and transported them to shore (Boat Quay)

At the quays, the coolies would carry the goods from the lighters to the go-downs and storage houses

At the same time, they would load new goods onto the lighters for them to carry back to the ships in the harbour

However, the Old Harbour faced several problems as it was not equipped to handle the increased traffic in the area as a result of increased business activities

EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE PROBLEMS AT THE OLD HARBOURPROBLEMS AT THE OLD HARBOUR

Overcrowding – there were too many lighters but insufficient space along the banks of the river

Insufficient space for storage of goods, coal etc Insufficient space to build docks for ship repairs In short, insufficient port facilities to cope with

the growth and increase in trade activities

EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE THE NEW HARBOURTHE NEW HARBOUR

In 1852, a New Harbour was built at the strait between the southern coast of Singapore and the 2 islands, Pulau Brani and Pulau Blakang Mati (Sentosa)

Deep and sheltered harbour Could accommodate steamships and large sailing ships Sheltered from strong winds and large waves by the two

island Free of severe silting The New Harbour was renamed Keppel Harbour in 1900

EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE THE NEW HARBOURTHE NEW HARBOUR

Development of Keppel Harbour took the shape of New wharves – provision of deeper berthing Better coaling facilities – coal sheds/depots Improved storage facilities – new storehouses were built Improved ship-repairing facilities – new docks The new port facilities made it easier and faster for ships

to load and unload goods, refuel, re-supply and to make repairs

DEVELOPMENTS IN ASIADEVELOPMENTS IN ASIA

Opening up of China Entrepot trade with China and surrounding

areas Traders’ unfounded fears of opening up

Chinese ports Instead, it increased Singapore’s trade

DEVELOPMENTS IN ASIADEVELOPMENTS IN ASIA

Development of Malaya Spread of British control brought about peace and

order in Malaya Invention of motor-car and tin-canning industry Great demand for rubber and tin

Manufacture tin plates and tin cans Tyres, soles of shoes

Singapore became the chief port for trade in tin and rubber

http://shopping.corbis.com/search/enlarge.asp?imageid=10109123

DEVELOPMENTS IN ASIADEVELOPMENTS IN ASIA

Countries are interdependent Singapore is affected by external events

WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I Arms race in Europe Britain, because of IR, one of the

strongest powers by 20th C Other countries tried to match Britain’s

military strength Countries in Europe became very

suspicious of each other Formed themselves into two opposing

groups

WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I Central Powers : Germany, Italy, Austria-

Hungary The Allies : Britain, France and Russia Situation in Europe very tense WWI sparked off by an assassination

WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I

Effects on Singapore Rush for food Trade threatened by the Emden Indian (Sepoy) Mutiny

ASSASSINATIOASSASSINATION AT SARAJEVON AT SARAJEVO

2 bullets and a wrong turn

started the most destructive and terrible war that

Man has ever known until then

ASSASSINATIOASSASSINATION AT SARAJEVON AT SARAJEVO

2 bullets and a wrong turn

started the most destructive and terrible war that

Man has ever known until then

June 28 1914

Archduke Francis Ferdinand & his wife Sophie

Teenage assassin : Gavrilo Princip

WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I HOW IT ALL STARTED

WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I STATISTICS

4 years

4 months

8.5 million killed

21 million wounded

WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I STATISTICS

Nation

Total Number of servicemen engaged in the war.

Number of deaths.

Number of soldiers wounded.

Number of men taken prisoner or reported missing.

Austria 7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000

Britain 8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652

France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000

Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800

Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000

Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000

Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000

United States 4,355,000 126,000 234,300 4,500

TOTAL 60,934,467 8,040,871 20,723,570 7,435,952

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WORLD WAR I WORLD WAR I EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE

Locals were complacent prior to the outbreak of WWI

Surrounded by neutral or friendly countries Went about their local business Slight panic when war broke out in Europe Things returned to normal after a few weeks ………until the Emden incident

WORLD WAR I WORLD WAR I THE EMDEN

•Arrived in the East in Sep 1914

•Sank many Allied ships in the Indian Ocean

• Locals feared that Singapore and the surrounding shipping and trade routes would be her next target

• Struck home the reality of war in Europe

•Destroyed by an Australian warship in Nov 1914

WORLD WAR I WORLD WAR I EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE

British ordered the Indian (sepoy) regiment stationed in Singapore to depart for HK where they night be needed

Rumour that the sepoys will be sent to fight against Turkey where the Sultan of Turkey had declared a “jihad”

Mutiny started on 15 February 1915 - eve of their departure

Which other relevant event occurred on 15 Feb ?

WORLD WAR I WORLD WAR I EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE

Seized Alexandra Barracks, released German prisoners

Formed small groups to roam the town, killing any Europeans they met

Mutiny lasted 10 days Caused anxiety in Singapore but gathered no

support

WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I

Plaque found in St Andrew’s Cathedral

THE GREAT DEPRESSIONTHE GREAT DEPRESSION The Great Depression took place from 1930 to 1939,

starting with the US and spreading to the rest of the world

During this time the prices of stock in the US fell 40%. 9,000 banks went out of business and 9 million savings accounts were wiped out.

86,000 businesses failed, and wages were decreased by an average of 60%. The unemployment rate went from 9% all the way to 25%, about 15 million jobless people.

THE GREAT DEPRESSIONTHE GREAT DEPRESSION

Christmas dinner in the home of Earl Pauley near Smithland, Iowa. (Circa 1935)http://history1900s.about.com/library/photos/blygd50.htm

Depression : Unemployed: Typical picture capturing the number of people who were unemployed and looking for a job. (Circa 1935)http://history1900s.about.com/library/photos/blygd7.htm

EFFECTS OF GD ON SINGAPOREEFFECTS OF GD ON SINGAPORE

Trade and BusinessTrade and Business America and Europe were the biggest buyers

of tin and rubber Businesses trading in these commodities

were badly affected; many closed down

EFFECTS OF GD ON SINGAPOREEFFECTS OF GD ON SINGAPORE

Unemployment and HardshipUnemployment and Hardship many people suffered Government had to retrench workers and

many suffered pay cuts By 1931, one third of the population was out

of job

EFFECTS OF GD ON SINGAPOREEFFECTS OF GD ON SINGAPORE

Government’s Response Passed a law in 1930 to restrict and reduce

the number of immigrants coming to Singapore

Arranged for large numbers of Indian and Chinese to return home