DESIGN & PLANNINGPRESENTED BY LECTURER SHAYMAA FADHEL ALKUBAISSYURBAN DESIGNER

Industrial Cities

CONTENTS

Introduction What are the industrial cities ? How can we classify the industrial

cities ? Planning Principles for Factories

and its Related Service Buildings Examples of industrial cities

INTRODUCTION

Industrial cities appeared after the full development of industrial capitalism in the core nation-states of the late 18th-century world system.

Their urban cultural role fit well with the capitalist economic order that came to dominate all other social institutions.

Capitalism depended on the production of commodities through wage labor in the interests of capital accumulation.

WHAT ARE THE INDUSTRIAL CITIES?

THE DEFINITIONS OF INDUSTRIAL CITIESWe can define the industrial cities in many

definitions like :-1- an industrial city is a city that builds its economy

and develops on commercial production (buying and selling of goods) and sales of goods.

2- It is an area which has been specially planned for a lot of factories.Some times industrial cities called industrial parks or industrial estate.

3- Industrial parks may contain oil refineries, ports, warehouses, distribution centers, chemical plants, plastics manufacturers, airports, food and beverage processors, and steel manufacturers, to name just a few examples. Some industrial parks offer tax incentives for businesses to locate there, such as tax increment financing.4- Industrial Center a city that is a center of one or several branches of industry, often performing transportation functions as well.of the extractive industry generally have a more restricted Range of activities than centers of the manufacturing industry because the production specialization of the former is conditioned on the use of a limited range of natural resources.

How can we classify the industrial cities ?

We can classified the industrial cities into fife sections according to its manufacturing way :-

1- light Production assembly and its divided into light technology & high technology .2-Batch Production Assembly .3- Mass Production Assembly.4-Process Based Production and its divided into( Centralized Process based production) &(Dispersed Process Based Production)5- Heavy Engineering Production

light Production assembly

Low technology include the manufacture of the simple products then the requirements of Engineering services utility was limited ,and the production operation for this type did not need a spatial requirement in design of its building .Its working as a working cell , for example of these productions like iron railways and iron pipes .

light Production assembly High technology

This type include electronic and scientific devices and other small devices which need spatial development Techniques and because of that we can consider these manufacturing a clean production operations

Batch Production AssemblyThis type of industry includes, cloth industry, Iron works, packing and packaging foods, engineering equipment and electronic works .These industries are generally classified on It's the industries that the production Process is carried out through A unified design for a product manufacturing orManufacturing various parts of the Product using a specific machine, knowing that the machines and devices Used for manufacturing can not be modified mechanically to change In the size or shape of the product. Manufacturing is done through the organization Different machines and devices to produce specific amounts of What parts of the product, and may vary in their design, but are Assembled later integrated product, for example ,Manufacture of clothing using several machines for manufacturing designA particular one-piece outfits.

Design requirements This type of industry requires longitudinal spaces,

Compatible with the production line, and in batches with referring to the possibility of assembling machinery used in the Manufacture of a particular type in a single center and that to ease the movement of Materials.

This type of industries including, automotive industry, Electrical items and consumer goods, durables And others. Products of this industry with similar products Industries in batches( Batch Production) but Differ in terms of the size, speed,This type of operations characterized as serial production ,(Linear industries) Linear Production (a high degree of Accuracy in large quantities, and quickly.

Mass Production Assembly

Design requirements

In general serial industries buildings take Longitudinal Surfaces shape, but it Considered of the deep surfaces Shapes in many factories, so the flexibility achieved by these Surfaces at they require expansions also its require , artificial Lighting and artificial ventilation .

Process- Based Production

Processing productivity industriesThe industries where the product is manufactured in two phases; the basic treatmentAnd secondary treatment, to be divided into two types:1. Productivity central processing industries, where are linked basic processing of the Product directly to treatment secondary, which usually include packaging operationsAnd packaging within the same site.2. Treatment productive industries within different facilities, where it is essential for the central processing a product, while a secondary treatment in different locations.These industries include pharmaceuticals and medicines cosmetic products and petrochemical industries and materials food. Basic treatment is considered spaces storage required for materials used in this typeIndustry of the key elements in the formation of space.

This type of industries includes; paper industries ,Plastics, paints in addition to an other similar Industries.Share this type of construction industries with central manufacturing industries buildings , but it differs in classification because they include industries that can be doneManufactured in two different places, where they are manufactured in the basic stage in a separate building, and so environmental reasons, economic, and then be transferred to The secondary manufacturing centers elsewhere.Similar to the design requirements for this type of industry with the design requirements, Of the central manufacturing.

Heavy Engineering

This type of industries including, counters industry and heavy circuit breakers, heavy manufacturing panels, railway wagons, heavy cables and others.The production take process for this type of industry form a pivotal where the product is in The midst of assembling building (position) and after confirming the readiness and accuracy Made Through certain tests, are done partially dismantle it ,to be transferred / shipped then to the desired location.Design requirements  This type of industry requires heavy equipment hanging (Carnage), leading to the formation Of axes to work within the building, as is the case in Manufacturing industries buildings, Where the cranes in carrying Product that is transferred to the appropriate machine, in Assembly areas, while other parts are grouped in areas side, and then, to be assembled in Subsequent operations.

Planning Principles for Factory and its Related Service Buildings

1- Determination of Labor Requirements and Area2-Principles and Criteria of Factory Layout Planning3-Determining the Elements of the Factory Site4-Regulations and Administrative Systems of Land Use.

1-1 Determination of Labor Requirements and AreaA-Setting the criteria of determining the size of labor force

according tothe industrial activity and the degree of automation.B-Determining Plot Area RequirementsC-Determining plot dimensions (including industrial buildings, back-upservices, offices, and Set Back)D-Determining land use within the factory (factory buildings, road, percentage, utilities, and other services)

E-Determining factory area based on the type of industry (built area, circulation lines, roads for in-factory shipping and loading, parking zones, future expansion, and landscaping)F-Determining covered in-site area (buildings percentage; leavingsufficient space for trucks parking & movement, and storing rawmaterials and other factory products). It is determined depending onthe factory type.G- Optimum distribution of the built area (production, warehouses, offices,employees’ services, and electricity supply services) according to thefactory type.Elements of

site

2 -Principles and Criteria of Factory Layout Planning2-1 .Planning Criteria for Factory Design

A- Plot-surrounding land use.B- Regulations and laws applied in the industrial city.C- Topography and geology of the site, soil qualifications and land drainage.D- Environmental control and lighting (natural and artificial)E-Noise suppression from adjacent buildingsF-Building shapeG-Building area & height (volume)H-Factory building typesI-Potential extension and future expansionJ-Site surrounding roadsK-Places of loading, unloading, commodity circulation, and maneuvering zone.L-Vehicles, trucks, and private car entrances; and parking zones(visitors- staff- trucks)M-Location of utilities and service sourcesN-Safety and security requirements of the factory

Best orientation

2-2 Principles of Factory Site PlanningA-Unity: Designing the site as one integrated unit, so that production flowis accomplished without any stage interference.B- Flexibility: The expected practical flexibility for product changes, verticaland horizontal expansion possibilities, providing sufficient area formeeting current and future needs, and the scheduled stages forreaching the maximum capacity.C- Clarity: by separating circulation types so as not to have flowinterference, and separating production sectors by the movementaxes network.D- Economy: the optimum use of the available land by providing layoutplanning alternatives to accomplish economy.

E-Maintaining product flow: ease of access and connection among the project elements.

F-Orientation: Placing production units and architectural elements to make the optimum circulation of flow.G-Compatibility with surrounding uses: by organizing the relationship among the entrances, the exits, and the outer road network.

H-Accommodating employees and visitors in the factory: to prevent in-site excess and extra movement.I- Providing employees’ comfort: to ensure increasing their productivity by providing services (Masjed, water closets, and clinic), parking zones,pedestrian walks, and landscaping elements.J- Studying factory buildings interrelationship: based on operations sequence; separating irrelevant operations and isolating hazardous ones.K- Designing the appearance and main facades: to make a unique identity for the factory. The design should pay attention to the outer shape and the visual image in the light of the building requirements and the planning principles.

Some alternatives to locate the offices of the factory

3-Determining the Elements of the Factory Site3-1 Determining Site ElementsA-Administration: office buildings and guard’s room.B-Employees’ facilities: employees’ services inside the factory.

Location of administrative units: (top management, production serviceadministrative units, marketing administrative units, financialadministrative units, and social administrative units). In determiningtheir relationship to the factory site, all these units must meet twoconditions:• Achieving direct connection among units.• Achieving connection with the site and the outside.

The location of engineering services

C- Supporting engineering services: electrical power units, water supplying, sanitation and waste establishments, civil defense requirements, safety & security, ventilation, and fire alarming.

D-Research & labs: Labs, research centers and training centers.F- Manufacturing: primary and secondary production units.

G- Warehouses: production warehouse (interfering with production lines),operation warehouses (not interfering, such as spare parts warehouses),general warehouses (for equipment and waste) and raw materialwarehouses, provided that the in-site permanent warehouses havesufficient stock for one-month production..

H-Entrances and gates: car entrance, staff entrance, the disabled entrance, and access gates.I- Loading zones: raw material loading zones, and product loading zones

Example for the zone of loading

Principles of Determining Factory Site Elements

1-Location of production operations (product planning – process planning); is identified according to the production line flow, and the type of connection network between site elements.This is based on the following:• Allocating buildings of the same type in one production zone.• Arranging production zones according to production flow.• Accomplishing in-site production flow using circulation axes network(road network).• Taking into consideration the implementation stages, type ofextension, and future horizontal expansion.2- Location of administrative units: (top management, production service administrative units, marketing administrative units, financialadministrative units, and social administrative units). In determiningtheir relationship to the factory site, all these units must meet two conditions:• Achieving direct connection among units.• Achieving connection with the site and the outside.

3-All administrative units are to be gathered in one building (general administration) that is directly connected with the road network and the site.4-Employees’ facilities should be located near the work zone. It should be separated efficiently from the noise and appearance of the work zone,with a beautiful out view.Regulations and Administrative Systems of

Land Use1- Sticking to the industrial activity land use according to zone specificationsin the industrial city.2- Sticking to limitations and provisions of the selling/lease contract:to make sure that the owner/leaseholder maintains the building and thecity attraction. These provisions are concerned with:• Land uses (authorized, or forbidden) in the industrial city.• Improvements of land use (provisions for developing the plot, such as:land occupancy, heights, built areas, walls, ads, etc).• Supplementary uses (allocating parking lots for employees’ vehicles andtrucks, a place for loading and unloading, workers’ place, landscapedzone around the factory, etc).

1-For industrial uses, 45-50% of the plot area is built on.2- Circulations, routes, Set Back, parking areas, landscaped area, and loading & unloading are to occupy 15-30% of the plot area.3- The area of future extension is not to be more than 25% of the area.4- Warehouses (raw materials & final product) are not to exceed 30% of the area.5- Office buildings and facilities are not to exceed 10% of the area.

Regulations of Buildings within the Industrial City

Land Occupation

6-Percentages might be modified according to specific factory requirements, so that the minimum level of industrial use should not be less than 45% of the area.7- Floor Area Ratio (built area to plot area ratio) must not exceed 2.8- MODON may approve increasing the ratio, based on a documented proposal from the investor; proving the need of his factory.-2- Set BackA-The front Set Back (to the street) is not to be less than 12m. Side and back Side should not be less than 5m (or the Set Back should allow truck circulation-especially at turns- without hitting existing buildings).B- No establishments are to be in the Set Back. Exceptions are the electricity room, the main switchgears of the reserve generator, the guard’s room, parking areas, and gas & fuel tanks (to be placed in the front Set Back)

C-In case the side streets are 20m or 30m wide, a 3m trim should be madefrom each side, with an angle of 45D- The front Set Back may be utilized as a private car, or bus parking area (length is not to exceed 6m perpendicular to the fence); or as open green areas.

Examples of industrial cities

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