indus civilization at least 8
TRANSCRIPT
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Indus Civilization At Least 8,000
Years Old, Not 5,500: Scientists
It may be time to rewrite history textbooks. Scientists from IIT-Kharagpur
and Archaeological Survey of India ASI! have uncovered evidence that the
Indus "alley #ivili$ation is at least %&''' years old& and not (&('' years old&
taking root well before the )gyptian *'''+# to ,'''+#! and esopotamian
(''+# to ,/''+#! civili$ations. 0hat1s more& the researchers have found
evidence of a pre-2arappan civili$ation that existed for at least /&''' years
before this.
The discovery& published in the prestigious 34ature1 5ournal on ay 6(& may
force a global rethink on the timelines of the so-called 3cradles of civili$ation1.
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The scientists believe they also know why the civili$ation ended about ,&'''
years ago 7 climate change.
80e have recovered perhaps the oldest pottery from the civili$ation. 0e
used a techni9ue called 3optically stimulated luminescence1 to date pottery
shards of the )arly ature 2arappan time to nearly &''' years ago and the
cultural levels of pre-2arappan 2akra phase as far back as %&''' years&: said
Anindya Sarkar& head of the department of geology and geophysics at IIT-
Kgp.
The team had actually set out to prove that the civili$ation proliferated to
other Indian sites like +hirrana and ;akhigarrhi in 2aryana& apart from the
known locations of 2arappa and ohen5o othal&
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0hile the earlier phases were represented by pastoral and early village
farming communities& the mature 2arappan settlements were highlyurbanised with organised cities& and a much developed material and craft
culture. They also had regular trade with Arabia and esopotamia. The >ate
2arappan phase witnessed large-scale de-urbanisation& drop in population&
abandonment of established settlements& lack of basic amenities& violence
and even the disappearance of the 2arappan script& the researchers say.
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80e analysed the oxygen isotope composition in the bone and tooth
phosphates of these remains to unravel the climate pattern. The oxygen
isotope in mammal bones and teeth preserve the signature of ancient
meteoric water and in turn the intensity of monsoon rainfall. Cur study
shows that the pre-2arappan humans started inhabiting this area along the
@haggar-2akra rivers in a climate that was favourable for human settlement
and agriculture. The monsoon was much stronger between B''' years and
*''' years from now and probably fed these rivers making them mightier
with vast floodplains&: explained
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Indus Valley Evolved Even as Monsoon Declined
They took their dig to an unexplored site& +hirrana 7 and ended up
unearthing something much bigger. The excavation also yielded large
9uantities of animal remains like bones& teeth& horn cores of cow& goat& deer
and antelope& which were put through #arbon /? analysis to decipher
anti9uity and the climatic conditions in which the civili$ation flourished& said
Arati
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The late 2arappan phase witnessed large-scale de-urbanisation& drop in
population& abandonment of established settlements& violence and even the
disappearance of the 2arappan script& the researchers say. The study
revealed that monsoon started weakening *&''' years ago but& surprisingly&
the civili$ation did not disappear.
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The Indus "alley people were very resolute and flexible and continued to
evolve even in the face of declining monsoon. The people shifted their crop
patterns from large-grained cereals like wheat and barley during the early
part of intensified monsoon to drought-resistant species like rice in the latter
part. As the yield diminished& the organised large storage system of the
ature 2arappan period gave way to more individual household-based crop
processing and storage systems that acted as a catalyst for the de-
urbanisation of the civili$ation rather than an abrupt collapse& they say.