indoor air quality mould investigation

NSW DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

PASSFIELD PARK SCHOOLMOULD INVESTIGATION

JULY 2017 CONFIDENTIAL

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CONFIDENTIALOUR REF: 2171251G-PASSFIELDPS-REP-MOULD-FINAL.DOCXJULY 2017

PASSFIELD PARK SCHOOLMOULD INVESTIGATIONNSW DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

WSPLEVEL 27, 680 GEORGE STREETSYDNEY NSW 2000GPO BOX 5394SYDNEY NSW 2001

TEL: +61 2 9272 5100FAX: +61 2 9272 5101WSP.COM

REV DATE DETAILS

A 18/07/2017 First Issue

NAME DATE SIGNATURE

Prepared by: Rachel Jiang 18/07/2017

Reviewed by: Morne De Beer 18/07/2017

PROJECT NO 2171251GPASSFIELD PARK SCHOOLMOULD INVESTIGATIONNSW DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

WSP was engaged by NSW Department of Education (DOE) to undertake testing for potential microbial/mouldcontamination within nominated classroom and staff rooms of Building B of Passfield Park School.

The purpose of our assessment was to investigate the levels of airborne and surface mould in room BR0012, BR1004,BR1021, BR1016 and stairwell BR1026 following concerns raised by school staff.

The scope of this assessment included the following:

— Visual inspection for signs of any mould growth in the occupied areas.

— Air sampling and culturing of airborne mould, yeast and bacteria.

— Surface swabbing of targeted areas to identify bacteria growth.

— Air quality measurements including relative humidity and temperature.

— Moisture testing of surfaces to establish if there were any high levels of moisture present within buildingstructures.

The assessment was conducted by Srijeeta Ratnayake (Senior Occupational Hygiene Consultant) and Rachel Jiang(Occupational Hygiene Consultant) on Wednesday 5th of July 2017.

This report documents the findings of the assessment including sampling methodologies, site observations, ourevaluation criteria, findings, discussion and recommendations.

Based on our results we have concluded and recommended the following:

à Moisture content in all testing areas were considered wet to saturated and deemed to be a high risk;

à Airborne concentration of microbial in room BR1021 was above the evaluation criteria of 1000 CFU/m3 andtherefore considered to be ‘elevated’ mould ecology;

à Airborne concentration of microbial was found to be below the evaluation criteria within the classroom andtherefore considered to be ‘normal’ mould ecology

à Surface swab bacteria results indicated borderline contamination and therefore require housekeeping actions.

à Allow adequate drying of the brick wall in the classrooms to reduce moisture content to acceptable level of 15%.

à Maintain good housekeeping including vacuuming and regularly wiping down of hard internal surfaces of theclassrooms especially in room BR0012, BR1021 and BR1016.


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1 INTRODUCTIONWSP was engaged by NSW Department of Education (DOE) to undertake testing for potential microbial/mouldcontamination within nominated classroom and staff rooms of Building B of Passfield Park School.

The purpose of our assessment was to investigate the levels of airborne and surface mould in room BR0012, BR1004,BR1021, BR1016 and stairwell BR1026 following concerns raised by school staff.

The scope of this assessment included the following:

— Visual inspection for signs of any mould growth in the occupied areas.

— Air sampling and culturing of airborne mould, yeast and bacteria.

— Surface swabbing of targeted areas to identify bacteria growth.

— Air quality measurements including relative humidity and temperature.

— Moisture testing of surfaces to establish if there were any high levels of moisture present within buildingstructures.

The assessment was conducted by Srijeeta Ratnayake (Senior Occupational Hygiene Consultant) and Rachel Jiang(Occupational Hygiene Consultant) on Wednesday 5th of July 2017.

This report documents the findings of the assessment including sampling methodologies, site observations, ourevaluation criteria, findings, discussion and recommendations.


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2 METHODOLOGYIn accordance with the client’s agreed scope of works the following parameters were assessed as part of theinvestigation:

— Airborne microbial sampling including total colony forming units per cubic metre of air for fungi, yeast andbacteria.

— Surface swabbing of targeted areas to identify bacteria surface proliferation.

— Air quality measurements including Relative Humidity (%RH) and Thermal Comfort (°C).

— Moisture levels of internal wall and floor linings.

2.1.1 MICROBIAL SURFACE SAMPLING METHODSurface swab sampling was using Sterile Cotton tip swabs which was supplied from the microbial laboratory. Samplingwas undertaken with approximately 100cm2 of the test surface being wiped and then sealing the swab sample with endcap. The collected sample was placed into a chill environment and transported to the laboratory within 24 hours foranalysis by a microbiologist.

2.1.2 MICROBIAL AIR SAMPLING METHODMicrobial sampling was undertaken using malt extract agar (MEA) plates selective for fungi and yeasts and tryptic soyagar (TSA) plates selective for bacteria. Agar plates were inserted into the Bio-aerosol impactor connected to samplepump calibrated to operate at a flow rate of 28 L per minute for two minutes, collecting 56 L of air.

The air flow rates were checked against a calibrated field rotameter and the flow rate recorded for each sample. Threereplicate samples were collected for each test location and each type of agar in accordance with NIOSH Method 0800‘Bio-aerosol Sampling for Microbes in Indoor Air’. Each sample was sealed after collection, labelled and placed in an insulatedcontainer on ice for transit to the NATA accredited microbial laboratory.

2.1.3 MICROBIAL SAMPLING LOCATIONSSurface and airborne microbial sampling was undertaken within the following locations at Building B, Passfield ParkSchool:

— Internal Classroom– BR0012

— Internal Classroom– BR1004

— Internal Staff room- BR1021

— Internal Classroom- BR1016

— Internal Stairwell- BR1026

— External reference sample

2.1.4 AIR QUALITY SAMPLING STRATEGYThe following air quality measurements were undertaken in affected areas:

— Relative humidity (%)


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— Temperature (°C)

— Carbon dioxide (ppm)

Sampling devices used to measure indoor air quality during the assessment are shown in the table below.

Table 2.1 Sampling devices and performance characteristics

PARAMETER SAMPLING DEVICE DETECTION RANGE RESOLUTION ACCURACY

Relative humidity TSI Q Trak IAQ Monitor 5 to 95% RH 0.1% RH ±3% of RH reading

Temperature TSI Q Trak IAQ Monitor 0 to 60°C 0.1°C ±0.5°C of temperaturereading

Carbon dioxide TSI Q Trak IAQ Monitor 0 to 5000 ppm 1 ppm ±3% of reading or ±50ppm, whichever isgreater

2.1.5 MOISTURE TESTINGMoisture testing of surfaces was undertaken using an Extech Dual Moisture Meter Pro. The meter has two settingscalibrated for different building materials timber, and all other materials. Before using the meter the settings wereadjusted for dry wall, where the %WME readings in non-conductive solid materials other than wood was measured bypushing the moisture probe pins into the surface moisture content expressed as a percentage was recorded.


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3 LIMITATIONS

This report has been prepared for the benefit of the client and no other party. WSP assumes no responsibility and willnot be liable to any other person or organisation for or in relation to any matter dealt with or conclusions expressed inthe report, or for any loss or damage suffered by any other person or organisation arising from matters dealt with orconclusions expressed in the report (including without limitation matters arising from any negligent act or omissionof WSP or for any loss or damage suffered by any other party relying upon the matters dealt with or conclusionsexpressed in the report). Other parties should not rely upon the report or the accuracy or completeness of anyconclusions and should make their own enquiries and obtain independent advice in relation to such matters.

In accordance with the scope of services, WSP has relied upon the data and has conducted field monitoring and/ortesting in the preparation of the report. The nature and extent of monitoring and/or testing conducted is described inthe report. On all sites, varying degrees of non-uniformity of conditions are encountered. Hence no monitoring,common testing or sampling technique can eliminate the possibility that monitoring or testing results/samples arenot totally representative of actual situations. The conclusions are based upon the data and the field monitoringand/or testing and are therefore merely indicative of the conditions of the site at the time of preparing the report.

It should also be recognised that site conditions, including the extent and concentration of contaminants, can changewith time.

Within the limitations imposed by the scope of services, the monitoring, testing, sampling and preparation of thisreport have been undertaken and performed in a professional manner, in accordance with generally acceptedpractices and using a degree of skill and care ordinarily exercised by reputable Occupational Hygiene consultantsunder similar circumstances. No other warranty, expressed or implied, is made.


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4 EVALUATION CRITERIA

4.1 MICROBIAL AND MOULD SURFACE CONTAMINATIONLEVELS

There are no legislated criteria for surface contamination levels in the office environment or for A/C duct contaminationlevels. However, the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) monthly magazine (2001) published arecommended maximum contamination level of 1,500 CFU/cm2 for fungi/mould on surfaces. Below that concentrationlevel surfaces should be considered to be acceptable or “clean” provided the surfaces are not in the clinical setting orfood preparation setting where a higher level of cleanliness would be expected and more stringent and specificguidelines are available. The use of the guidelines provides a conservative parameter that should protect people whomay touch the surfaces and ingest the concentration of bacteria present from hand to mouth actions.

Table 4.1 Microbial surface contamination assessment criteria

TEST SURFACE MICROBIALPARAMETERS

PERMISSIBLECOUNTVALUES,

REFERENCE SOURCE

General (home/office/commercial/education)

General householdsurfaces excluding foodpreparation surfaces

APC/ACC/TPC (heterotrophicplate count) includingmould/fungi

<1,500 CFU/cm2 Considered normal, AIHA Synergist November2001

Note: Surface mould contaminants AIHA Synergist guidelines (2001), Normal mould levels <1500 CFU/cm2 andProbable contamination: >1500 CFU/cm2.


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4.2 AIRBORNE MICROBIAL CONCENTRATION LEVELSThere are no regulatory agency standards or guidelines for airborne microbial contamination levels in the home orworkplace. However, the ACGIH publication titled, “Guidelines for the Assessment of Bio-aerosols”, 1989 provides verylimited guidance criteria, including the following:

— 0 to 250 CFU/m3 is satisfactory

— 500 CFU/m3 or indoor to outdoor ratio greater than 10:1 further investigation warranted

— 1000 CFU/m3 potentially hazardous.

The ACGIH criteria is very limited as it gives no regard as to whether microbial counts are attributable to fungi, yeastsor bacteria and little regard to seasonal variation or local variation that can be found between different environments(urban Vs rural). These criteria should be used for reference purposes only and not as defined criteria between safe andunsafe levels of microbial concentrations. As rules of thumb, the ACGIH suggests (1) the comparison of indoor andoutdoor concentrations (in office environments, the ratio should be ≤1) and (2) species composition to distinguishbetween ‘problem’ and ‘non-problem’ environments. The presence of an indicator species (i.e., fungi that indicateexcessive moisture) or potentially pathogenic fungi (fungi that pose a specific health hazard) should be investigated.

Airborne microbial levels should be compared against locally obtained external background levels. Airborne microbialconcentration levels appreciably above external reference levels do not necessarily imply that conditions are hazardousto health but may indicate an air quality or moisture problem requiring further investigation. Where microbial airborneconcentration levels are significantly elevated compared to external background levels, further investigations shouldbe undertaken including further testing for the presence of pathogens and speciation to determine the predominanttypes of microbes present to help identify the underlying origin of the microbes.

Airborne microbial levels may vary considerably over time due to seasonal variation, outside leaf litter, meteorologicalconditions and activities being undertaken nearby (e.g. brewing/cooking activities) which may cause yeast or othermicrobial levels to be elevated. Airborne mould concentration levels taken at the same location may vary as much asfour to five times between replicate samples. Hence, replicate samples must be taken and concentration levels must beaveraged before an assessment can be made. Based on industry best practice, levels of indoor bio-aerosolcontaminants should not exceed more than double that of the external levels. Where indoor concentrations aregreater than double of those of outside air, it would indicate the presence of microbiological growth internally that isseparate to that found at background levels i.e. in outside air.

4.3 AIR QUALITY

4.3.1 RELATIVE HUMIDITYRelative humidity is also very important in relation to the control of microbial growth with high relative humidity levelsbeing favourable to the growth of moulds and feelings of stuffiness.

The optimum relative humidity range should be kept between 35% - 65% in accordance with ISO 7730, to maintainthermal comfort and to minimise the growth of mould causing microbes. This assumes temperature and air movementlevels are also within the acceptable range. Our evaluation criterion is provided in Table 4.3.

4.3.2 TEMPERATUREIn terms of thermal comfort, ASHRAE Standards (2013) recommend that during winter that indoor air temperatures bemaintained between 20-25.5ºC. Warmer atmospheres within buildings will promote microbial growth, in particular


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coupled with probable high relative humidity levels associated with high temperatures in tropical environmentswithout air conditioning.

4.3.3 SUMMARY OF AIR QUALITY DETECTION LIMITSTable 4.2 Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality detection limits

TESTPARAMETER

AIR QUALITY TARGET LEVELS REFERENCE

Relative humidity 35 % to 65% RH ASHRAE 55-2010

ISO 7730

CO2 Not greater than 700 ppm above localoutdoor concentration levels

ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2016, Appendix C.

Temperature Summer: 23°C to 28°C

Winter: 20°C to 25.5°C

ASHRAE 55-2010/ ISO 7730

4.4 MOISTURE LEVELSDespite there being plenty of literature about the strong association of moisture levels in buildings and the occurrenceof mould growth, there is no established literature or guidance material on what moisture content in different types ofmaterials is considered to be acceptable to minimise mould growth other than for relative humidity in humiditycontrolled environments. Moisture levels of walls were tested from locations throughout the property at arm’s lengthfrom the standing height off the Consultant (1.65m).

Guidance for moisture levels are taken from the Extech Dual Moisture Meter Pro user manual provided by themanufacturer. These levels should be used for reference purposes only and not as clear defining lines of the level of riskassociated with the moisture content of building materials.

Table 4.3 Protimeter moisture range

DEEP WALL PROBES MOISTURE % RISK / MEASURE MODE

<8% No Risk

≥ 8% but <17% Low Risk, Dry

≥ 17% but <20% Medium, At Risk

≥ 20% but <28% High Risk, Wet

In the absence of other more suitable criteria, the above criterion have been used as a guide.


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5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

5.1 OBSERVATIONSThe following observations were noted during the assessment:

à Weather conditions on the day were clear with moderate wind, no rainfall at the testing location.

à The school was unoccupied and naturally ventilated during the time of inspection.

à A musty odour was noted in room BR0012, BR1026, BR1021 and BR1016

à Water ingress was observed throughout the wall surface of rooms BR0012, BR1021, B21016 and stairs BR1026.

à Visual mould was observed on the northern wall of BR0012, northern and western wall of BR1026, north-westerncorner of BR1021 and eastern wall of BR1016.

5.2 RESULTS

5.2.1 INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND MOISTURE MEASUREMENTSTable 5.1 Mean values for air quality parameters within various rooms at Passfield Park School

AREA /SAMPLE

TEMPC

%RH CO2MOISTURE, % (FOR DETECTION LEVELS REFER TO

TABLE 4.2)

Tolerancelimits

20°C to25.5°C

35% to65%

External level + 700 ppm Material Moisture Level

BR0012 14.2 40.2 472 Brick 41-60%

BR1026 13.0 58.8 467 Brick 25-55%

BR1004 13.6 52.3 541 Brick 31-52%

BR1021 13.7 59.0 567 Brick 34-82%

BR1016 13.6 53.4 449 Brick 25-55%

OutdoorAir

20.3 39.0 361 - -

Note: Elevated results in Bold.


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5.3 AIRBORNE MOULD RESULTSTable 5.2 Mean values of airborne microbial sampling

LOCATION BACTERIA

CFU/M3

MOULD

CFU/M3

YEAST

CFU/M3

TOTAL MICROBIALCONCENTRATION

(CFU/M3)

BR0012 243 530 18 791

BR1016 180 753 18 951

BR1004 390 270 18 678

BR1021 290 1333 18 1641

BR1016 163 247 18 428

External Reference 163 513 18 695

5.4 SURFACE MOULD RESULTSTable 5.3 Results of surface microbial sampling

LOCATION BACTERIA

CFU/M3

MOULD

CFU/M3

YEAST

CFU/M3

TOTALCONCENTRATION

COUNT/CM2

BR0012, South-west corner, On brick wall <10 <10 <10 <30

BR1026, Stairwell, Northern wall, On wall <10 10 <10 <30

BR1004, Western Wall, On wall 40 10 <10 60

BR1016, Eastern Wall, On wall 30 20 <10 60

BR1021, North-west corner, On wall <10 <10 <10 <10

Blank <10 <10 <10 <10

5.5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONThe following findings from our assessment are summarised below:

à Moisture content in all testing areas were considered wet to saturated and deemed to be at high risk;

à Airborne concentration of microbial in room BR1021 was above the evaluation criteria of 1000 CFU/m3 andtherefore considered to be ‘elevated’ mould ecology for an indoor environment;

à Airborne concentration of microbial was found to be below the evaluation criteria within the classroom andtherefore considered to be ‘normal’ mould ecology for an indoor environment;

à Visible mould and Surface swab bacteria results indicated borderline contamination and therefore requirehousekeeping actions such as routine cleaning of surfaces using disinfectants or disinfecting agents, vacuumingof floors, regular air exchanges, vacuuming of furnishing (if possible) etc.


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6 RECOMMENDATIONSBased on the finding s of this assessment, the following recommendation are made:

à Maintain good housekeeping such as routine cleaning of surfaces using disinfectants or disinfecting agents,vacuuming of floors, regular air exchanges, vacuuming of furnishing (if possible) etc. in all areas and class rooms,especially in room BR1002, BR1021 and BR1016.

à Moisture content in all the testing location were wet and saturated and deemed to be at high risk and mayrequire further investigation based on the range of measurements. Further investigation should also aim toidentify the presence of any water ingress to this room.

General mould remediation procedures are provided in Section 7 below. Mould “remediation” (removal of the mouldaffected items/mould) must be undertaken by or under the direction of a competent mould remediation contractorunder controlled conditions including:

— For porous surface (e.g. concrete or brick surface) Remove water with water extraction vacuum, remove visiblemould from scrub and damp wiping with mild detergent in Room BR0012, BR1021, BR1016 and BR1026;

— Reduce ambient humidity levels with dehumidifier fans, and/or heaters in Room BR0012, BR1021, BR1016 andBR1026;

— For non-porous surface (e.g. glass and vinyl) Vacuum or damp wipe with water and mild detergent and allow todry; scrub if necessary.

— For carpet flooring, steam vaccuming the carpet and remove all dust and debris. Reduce ambient humidity levelswith dehumidifier.

— Consider reassess air quality within the above mentioned areas after the cleaning work has completed.


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7 MOULD REMEDIATION NOTES

7.1 MOULD REMEDIATIONOnce the building defects have been addressed and the moisture levels has been reduced (dry out process), the followingmould remediation process is recommended (Chemical treatment of mould alone is not sufficient when treating mould.All viable and non-viable mould must be removed from site to reduce health defects for the occupants):

1. Plan the mould remediation as per below

Figure 1: Key Steps in Mould Remediation. Adopted from EPA (2008), Mould Remediation in Schools andCommercial Buildings, Indoor Air Quality (IAQ).

Recommended remediation methods are as follows depending on Mould Growth on walls and ceiling:

Plan Remediation See table7.1

Clean and dry


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Table 7.1 Water Damage – Clean up and Mould Prevention Adopted from Table 1: EPA (2008), MouldRemediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings, Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

Guidelines for Response to Clean Water Damage within 24 – 48 Hours to Prevent Mould Growth*

WATER-DAMAGED MATERIAL† ACTIONS

Books and papers * For non-valuable items, discard books and papers.

* Photocopy valuable/important items, discard originals.

* Freeze (in frost-free freezer or meat locker) or freeze-dry.

Carpet and backing – dry within 24 – 48 hours§ * Remove water with water extraction vacuum.

* Reduce ambient humidity levels with dehumidifier.

* Accelerate drying process with fans.

Ceiling tiles * Discard and replace.

Cellulose insulation * Discard and replace.

Concrete or cinder block surfaces * Remove water with water extraction vacuum.

* Accelerate drying process with dehumidifiers, fans, and/or heaters.

Fiberglass insulation * Discard and replace.

Hard surface, porous flooring§ (Linoleum, ceramictile, vinyl)

* Vacuum or damp wipe with water and mild detergent and allow to dry; scrub ifnecessary.

* Check to make sure under flooring is dry; dry under flooring if necessary.

Non-porous, hard surfaces (Plastics, metals) * Vacuum or damp wipe with water and mild detergent and allow to dry; scrub ifnecessary.

Upholstered furniture * Remove water with water extraction vacuum.

* Accelerate drying process with dehumidifiers, fans, and/or heaters.

* May be difficult to completely dry within 48 hours. If the piece is valuable, youmay wish to consult a restoration/water damage professional who specializes infurniture.

Wallboard (Drywall and gypsum board) * May be dried in place if there is no obvious swelling and the seams are intact. Ifnot, remove, discard, and replace.

* Ventilate the wall cavity, if possible.

Window drapes * Follow laundering or cleaning instructions recommended by the manufacturer.

Wood surfaces * Remove moisture immediately and use dehumidifiers, gentle heat, and fans fordrying. (Use caution when applying heat to hardwood floors.)

* Treated or finished wood surfaces may be cleaned with mild detergent and cleanwater and allowed to dry.

* Wet panelling should be pried away from wall for drying.

*If mould growth has occurred or materials have been wet for more than 48 hours, consult Table 7.2 guidelines. Even if materials aredried within 48 hours, mould growth may have occurred. Items may be tested by professionals if there is doubt. Note that mould growthwill not always occur after 48 hours; this is only a guideline.

These guidelines are for damage caused by clean water. If you know or suspect that the water source is contaminated with sewage, orchemical or biological pollutants, then Personal Protective Equipment and containment are required by the Occupational Safety andHealth Administration (OSHA). An experienced professional should be consulted if you and/or your remediators do not have expertiseremediating in contaminated water situations. Do not use fans before determining that the water is clean or sanitary.

† If a particular item(s) has high monetary or sentimental value, you may wish to consult a restoration/water damage specialist.

§ The subfloor under the carpet or other flooring material must also be cleaned and dried. See the appropriate section of this table forrecommended actions depending on the composition of the subfloor.


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Table 7.2 Guidelines for Remediating Building Materials with Mould Growth, Adopted from Table 2:EPA (2008), Mould Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings, Indoor Air Quality(IAQ)

Material or FurnishingAffected

Clean-upMethods

Personal ProtectiveEquipment

Containment

LARGE – Total Surface Area Affected Greater Than 30 (m2) or Potential forIncreased Occupant or Remediators Exposure During Remediation Estimated to be Significant

Books and papers 3 Half-face respirator with HEPA filter,disposable overalls, goggles/eyeprotection

Use polyethylene sheeting ceiling tofloor around affected area with a slitentry and covering flap; maintain areaunder negative pressure with HEPA-filtered fan unit if practicable. Blocksupply and return air vents withincontainment area.

Carpet and backing 1,3,4 Half-face respirator with HEPA filter,disposable overalls, goggles/eyeprotection

As above

Hard surface, porous flooring(Linoleum, ceramic tile, vinyl)

1,3 Half-face respirator with HEPA filter,disposable overalls, goggles/eyeprotection

As above

Non-porous, hard surfaces (Plastics,metals)

1,2,3,4 Half-face respirator with HEPA filter,disposable overalls, goggles/eyeprotection

As above

Upholstered furniture & drapes 1,2,3 Half-face respirator with HEPA filter,disposable overalls, goggles/eyeprotection

As above

Upholstered furniture & drapes 1,3,4 Half-face respirator with HEPA filter,disposable overalls, goggles/eyeprotection

As above

Wallboard (Drywall and gypsumboard)

3,4 Half-face respirator with HEPA filter,disposable overalls, goggles/eyeprotection

As above

Wood surfaces 1,2,3,4 Half-face respirator with HEPA filter,disposable overalls, goggles/eyeprotection

As above

METHOD 1: WET VACUUM

Wet vacuums are vacuum cleaners designed to collect water. They can be used to remove water from floors, carpets,and hard surfaces where water has accumulated. They should not be used to vacuum porous materials, such as gypsumboard. They should be used only when materials are still wet—wet vacuums may spread spores if sufficient liquid is notpresent. The tanks, hoses, and attachments of these vacuums should be thoroughly cleaned and dried after use sincemould and mould spores may stick to the surfaces.

METHOD 2: DAMP WIPE

Whether dead or alive, mould is allergenic, and some moulds may be toxic. Mould can generally be removed from non-porous (hard) surfaces by wiping or scrubbing with water, or water and detergent. It is important to dry these surfacesquickly and thoroughly to discourage further mould growth. Instructions for cleaning surfaces, as listed on productlabels, should always be read and followed. Porous materials that are wet and have mould growing on them may haveto be discarded. Since moulds will infiltrate porous substances and grow on or fill in empty spaces or crevices, the mouldcan be difficult or impossible to remove completely.

METHOD 3: HEPA VACUUM


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HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Air) vacuums are recommended for final clean-up of remediation areas after materialshave been thoroughly dried and contaminated materials removed. HEPA vacuums are also recommended for clean-upof dust that may have settled on surfaces outside the remediation area. Care must be taken to ensure that the filter isproperly seated in the vacuum so that all the air must pass through the filter. When changing the vacuum filter,remediators should wear PPE to prevent exposure to the mould that has been captured. The filter and contents of theHEPA vacuum must be disposed of in well-sealed plastic bags.

METHOD 4: DISCARD – REMOVE DAMAGED MATERIALS AND SEAL IN PLASTIC BAGS

Building materials and furnishings that are contaminated with mould growth and are not salvageable should be double-bagged using 6-mil polyethylene sheeting. These materials can then usually be discarded as general waste. It isimportant to package mould-contaminated materials in sealed bags before removal from the containment area tominimize the dispersion of mould spores throughout the building. Large items that have heavy mould growth should becovered with polyethylene sheeting and sealed with duct tape before they are removed from the containment area. 1

1 EPA (2008), Mould Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings, Indoor Air Quality (IAQ).


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8 BIBLIOGRAPHYAmerican Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 1999. Bio-aerosols: assessment and control.\

ASHRAE Standard 55, 2010, ‘Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy’.

ASHRAE Standard 62, 2004, ‘Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality’.

Bureau of Meteriology (2015). Sydney, New South Wales November 2015 Daily Weather Observations. Retrieved from :http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/dwo/IDCJDW2124.latest.shtml

Environmental Protection (Air) Policy 2008, (Qld Government).

Hargreaves, M., Parappukkaran, S., Morawska, L., Hitchins, J., He, C., & Gilbert, D. 2003. A pilot investigation intoassociations between indoor airborne fungal and non-biological particle concentrations in residential houses inBrisbane, Australia. The Science of the Total Environment, 312(1-3), pp. 89-101.

ISO 7730-2005, Ergonomics of the thermal environment – Analytical determination and interpretation of thermalcomfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria.

Ellis, D. and Kidd, S. (2015). National Mycology Reference Centre. University of Adelaide. Retrieved from;http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/

National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) ‘Goals for maximum permissible levels of pollutants inambient air’, (rescinded in 2002).

Stuttard, E. 2010. Testing for IAQ Microbial Indicators- Outlining strategies for measuring micro-organisms and theinterpretation of microbial test results. Unpublished paper. EML Consulting Services Qld Pty Ltd.

Standards Australia. 1668.2. 2012. ‘The use of ventilation and air conditioning in buildings – Part 2: Mechanicalventilation in buildings’.

U.S. Department of Labour, occupational safety and health administration, directorate of technical support andemergency management, office of science and technology assessment. (2013). A brief guide to mould in the workplace.(OSHA, 2013). Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/dts/shib/shib101003.html.

Western Wood Products Association (2002). Fast Facts: Mold and Wood Products. (WWPA, 2002). Retrieved fromhttp://www.wwpa.org/Portals/9/docs/PDF/FF-Mold%201.pdf

WHO-2005, ‘Air Quality Guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide’.

CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS

SYDNEY LABORATORY


Unit C2, 391 Park Road

Page 1 of 502 8718 6888 Fax 02 8718 6899

Regents Park, NSW 2143

Regents Park, NSW

Sydney, NSW

Location of Test: (except where noted)

SYD-51033490-0

Warren Lal

COPY TO:

WSP Environment & Energy

Level 27, 680 George StreetSYDNEY, NSW 2000

Charlotte Bondoc

ORIGINAL TO:

Team AdministratorWSP Environment & Energy


SYD-51032368

Received From:

11/07/2017

Supersedes:

Received Date:

COA Date:

COA No:SILLIKER AUSTRALIA

05/07/2017

Analytical Results

Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR0012 - B1

Date Sampled: 05/07/2017

Time Sampled: 2 Minutes

454039677

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:

Desc. 4: Volume Sampled: 28.3L Date Started::

5/07/2017

Analyte Result Units Method Reference Result Date Loc.

CFU/m3140Total Bacterial Count M34 11/07/2017

Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR0012 - B2



454039678

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017



Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR0012 - B3



454039679

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017



Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR1026 - B1



454039680

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017



NATA Corporate Accreditation Number: 2020 Melbourne Microbiology Site No: 2013. Sydney Microbiology Site No: 2759, Chemistry Site No: 2135Perth Microbiology Site No: 10635Brisbane Microbiology Site No: 15147Accredited for compliance with ISO/IEC 17025. This document shall not be reproduced except in full.

The data pertains solely to the analytical and sampling procedure(s) used and the condition and homogeneity of the sample(s) as received. The data therefore may not be representative of the lot or batch or other samples. Consequently the data may not necessarily justify the acceptance or rejection of a lot or batch, a product recall or support legal proceedings. It is the responsibility of the client to provide all information relevant to the analysis requested. The report does not imply that Silliker Australia has been engaged to consult upon the consequences of the analysis and for any action that should be taken as a result of the analysis. This report shall not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of the laboratory.

AU-COA-33TGA Licence No: MI-04072005-LI-000664-2

SYDNEY LABORATORY



Page 2 of 502 8718 6888 Fax 02 8718 6899


Regents Park, NSW

Sydney, NSW


SYD-51033490-0

Warren Lal

COPY TO:



Charlotte Bondoc

ORIGINAL TO:



SYD-51032368

Received From:

11/07/2017

Supersedes:

Received Date:

COA Date:


05/07/2017

Analytical Results

Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR1026 - B2



454039682

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017



Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR1026 - B3



454039683

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017



Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR1004 - B1



454039684

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017



Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR1004 - B2



454039685

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017






SYDNEY LABORATORY



Page 3 of 502 8718 6888 Fax 02 8718 6899


Regents Park, NSW

Sydney, NSW


SYD-51033490-0

Warren Lal

COPY TO:



Charlotte Bondoc

ORIGINAL TO:



SYD-51032368

Received From:

11/07/2017

Supersedes:

Received Date:

COA Date:


05/07/2017

Analytical Results

Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR1004 - B3



454039686

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017



Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR1021 - B1



454039688

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017



Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR1021 - B2



454039689

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017



Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR1021 - B3



454039690

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017






SYDNEY LABORATORY



Page 4 of 502 8718 6888 Fax 02 8718 6899


Regents Park, NSW

Sydney, NSW


SYD-51033490-0

Warren Lal

COPY TO:



Charlotte Bondoc

ORIGINAL TO:



SYD-51032368

Received From:

11/07/2017

Supersedes:

Received Date:

COA Date:


05/07/2017

Analytical Results

Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR1016 - B1



454039691

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017



Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR1016 - B2



454039692

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017



Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR1016 - B3



454039693

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017



Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

Outside - B1



454039694

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017






SYDNEY LABORATORY



Page 5 of 502 8718 6888 Fax 02 8718 6899


Regents Park, NSW

Sydney, NSW


SYD-51033490-0

Warren Lal

COPY TO:



Charlotte Bondoc

ORIGINAL TO:



SYD-51032368

Received From:

11/07/2017

Supersedes:

Received Date:

COA Date:


05/07/2017

Analytical Results

Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

Outside - B2



454039695

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017



Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

Outside - B3



454039699

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017



MAREE DUNNSTATE OPERATIONS MANAGER NORTH - NSW & QLD




SYDNEY LABORATORY



Page 1 of 502 8718 6888 Fax 02 8718 6899


Regents Park, NSW

Sydney, NSW


SYD-51033491-0

Warren Lal

COPY TO:



Charlotte Bondoc

ORIGINAL TO:



None

Received From:

11/07/2017

Supersedes:

Received Date:

COA Date:


05/07/2017

Analytical Results

Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR0012 - M1



454039703

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017


CFU/m3500Total Mould Count M34 11/07/2017

CFU/m318Total Yeast Count M34 11/07/2017

Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR0012 - M2



454039704

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017



CFU/m3<18Total Yeast Count M34 11/07/2017

Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR0012 - M3



454039705

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017




Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR1026 - M1



454039707

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017







SYDNEY LABORATORY



Page 2 of 502 8718 6888 Fax 02 8718 6899


Regents Park, NSW

Sydney, NSW


SYD-51033491-0

Warren Lal

COPY TO:



Charlotte Bondoc

ORIGINAL TO:



None

Received From:

11/07/2017

Supersedes:

Received Date:

COA Date:


05/07/2017

Analytical Results

Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR1026 - M2



454039708

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017




Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR1026 - M3



454039709

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017




Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR1004 - M1



454039713

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017




Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR1004 - M2



454039714

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017



CFU/m318Total Yeast Count M34 11/07/2017




SYDNEY LABORATORY



Page 3 of 502 8718 6888 Fax 02 8718 6899


Regents Park, NSW

Sydney, NSW


SYD-51033491-0

Warren Lal

COPY TO:



Charlotte Bondoc

ORIGINAL TO:



None

Received From:

11/07/2017

Supersedes:

Received Date:

COA Date:


05/07/2017

Analytical Results

Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR1004 - M3



454039715

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017




Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR1021 - M1



454039716

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017




Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR1021 - M2



454039717

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017




Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR1021 - M3



454039718

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017







SYDNEY LABORATORY



Page 4 of 502 8718 6888 Fax 02 8718 6899


Regents Park, NSW

Sydney, NSW


SYD-51033491-0

Warren Lal

COPY TO:



Charlotte Bondoc

ORIGINAL TO:



None

Received From:

11/07/2017

Supersedes:

Received Date:

COA Date:


05/07/2017

Analytical Results

Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR1016 - M1



454039720

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017




Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR1016 - M2



454039722

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017




Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

BR1016 - M3



454039723

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017




Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

Outdoor - M1



454039728

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017







SYDNEY LABORATORY



Page 5 of 502 8718 6888 Fax 02 8718 6899


Regents Park, NSW

Sydney, NSW


SYD-51033491-0

Warren Lal

COPY TO:



Charlotte Bondoc

ORIGINAL TO:



None

Received From:

11/07/2017

Supersedes:

Received Date:

COA Date:


05/07/2017

Analytical Results

Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

Outdoor - M2



454039729

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017




Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Desc. 3:

Outdoor - M3



454039730

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:


5/07/2017








SYDNEY LABORATORY



Page 1 of 202 8718 6888 Fax 02 8718 6899


Regents Park, NSW

Sydney, NSW


SYD-51033492-0

Warren Lal

COPY TO:



Charlotte Bondoc

ORIGINAL TO:



None

Received From:

11/07/2017

Supersedes:

Received Date:

COA Date:


05/07/2017

Analytical Results

Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

BR0012 - Swab


454039743

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:

Date Started::

5/07/2017


CFU/swab<10Total Bacterial Count M17.2 08/07/2017

CFU/swab<10Total Mould Count M17.2 10/07/2017

CFU/swab<10Total Yeast Count M17.2 10/07/2017

Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

BR1026 - Swab


454039745

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:

Date Started::

5/07/2017



CFU/swab10 est.Total Mould Count M17.2 10/07/2017


Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

BR1004 - Swab


454039746

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:

Date Started::

5/07/2017


CFU/swab40 est.Total Bacterial Count M17.2 08/07/2017






SYDNEY LABORATORY



Page 2 of 202 8718 6888 Fax 02 8718 6899


Regents Park, NSW

Sydney, NSW


SYD-51033492-0

Warren Lal

COPY TO:



Charlotte Bondoc

ORIGINAL TO:



None

Received From:

11/07/2017

Supersedes:

Received Date:

COA Date:


05/07/2017

Analytical Results

Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

BR1016 - Swab


454039747

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:

Date Started::

5/07/2017


CFU/swab30 est.Total Bacterial Count M17.2 08/07/2017



Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

Outdoor - Swab (Blank)


454039749

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:

Date Started::

5/07/2017





Desc. 1:

Desc. 2:

BR1021 - Swab


454039750

NORMAL

17

Condition Rec'd:

Temp Rec'd (°C):

Sample Number:

Date Started::

5/07/2017









PHOTOGRAPHS


WSPJULY 2017

PAGE 2

Photo 1, Overview of room BR0012, elevated moisture measured in thisarea.

Photo 2, Close look of wall of BR0012, water ingress observed on brickwall.

Photo 3, Overview of stairwell BR1026, elevated moisture measurementwas found on the brick wall and concrete slab.

Photo 4, Overview of BR1021, visual water ingress was observed on thetop North-western corner.

Photo 5, Overview of BR1016, elevated moisture measurement and wateringress was found on the brick wall.

Photo 6, Overview of BR1004, no water ingress was found on the surfaceof wall.

LIMITATIONS

1 LIMITATIONSThis report has been prepared for the benefit of the client and no other party. WSP assumes no responsibility and will not beliable to any other person or organisation for or in relation to any matter dealt with or conclusions expressed in the report, orfor any loss or damage suffered by any other person or organisation arising from matters dealt with or conclusions expressedin the report (including without limitation matters arising from any negligent act or omission of WSP or for any loss or damagesuffered by any other party relying upon the matters dealt with or conclusions expressed in the report). Other parties shouldnot rely upon the report or the accuracy or completeness of any conclusions and should make their own enquiries and obtainindependent advice in relation to such matters.

In accordance with the scope of services, WSP has relied upon the data and has conducted field monitoring and/or testing inthe preparation of the report. The nature and extent of monitoring and/or testing conducted is described in the report. On allsites, varying degrees of non-uniformity of conditions are encountered. Hence no monitoring, common testing or samplingtechnique can eliminate the possibility that monitoring or testing results/samples are not totally representative of actualsituations. The conclusions are based upon the data and the field monitoring and/or testing and are therefore merelyindicative of the conditions of the site at the time of preparing the report.

It should also be recognised that site conditions, including the extent and concentration of contaminants, can change withtime.

Within the limitations imposed by the scope of services, the monitoring, testing, sampling and preparation of this report havebeen undertaken and performed in a professional manner, in accordance with generally accepted practices and using a degreeof skill and care ordinarily exercised by reputable Occupational Hygiene consultants under similar circumstances. No otherwarranty, expressed or implied, is made.

indoor air quality mould investigation

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