Brawijaya University Jln. Veteran, Malang, Jawa Timur 65145, Indonesia

Abstract

The highest security threats and challenges in South-East Asia today is the warming of the South China Sea conflict involving

several countries in ASEAN regional. On the other side, the various conflict in the Middle East that known as the Arab spring,

interesting to observe, the issue of terrorism, sectarian of religion, human rights, democratization and others, is a phenomenon that

can inspire various circles in other countries. Furthermore, terrorist attacks recently in France has become a signal to the whole

world that the upheaval in the Middle East has also become a real threat to all countries in the world, especially Indonesia, which

is the country with the largest Muslim population. Political issues are mixed with religious sentiment is an issue that deserves the

attention of Indonesia in maintaining the integrity of the nation. This paper discusses Indonesian security perceptions, potential

threats, including endeavors to amend and rebalance Indonesia’s relationships with extra-regional potencies. A key priority of the

defense strategy for Indonesia’s to increase the national security capabilities by improving the economic, energy and security

cooperation with strategic allies, bolstering the substructures of strategic cooperation through defense diplomacy and the last is

military must be rapidly modernizes.

Keywords— Indonesia, National security, Militry Diplomacy, Southest Asia, Asia-Pacific

I. INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is a democratic country with a predominantly Islamic and a country with the largest Muslims population in

the world. On the other side, Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia and the world’s largest archipelago

state with the largest marine jurisdiction. Indonesia is also located in the middle of the ‘cross-roads’ between the

Indian and Pacific Oceans and between the Asian and Australian continents. It also controls four of the world’s seven

major maritime checkpoints, including the Malacca Strait. This further suggests that the economic, political and

military lifeline of the Asia-Pacific region depends on the stability, foreign policy and geopolitical of Indonesia

(Rabasa and Chalk, 2001; Laksmana, 2011).

Indonesia, as a sovereign state is part of the international community. In the run life of the nation, society and the

state, in addition to having an international responsibility, Indonesian was also faced with and influenced by the

political constellation and global security. Currently, there are two issues in the spotlight for the whole nation in the

world, namely:

1. The first is increases in political tensions in the South China Sea, the conflict in the sea south china where

there are six countries bordering the waters that lay claim to ownership of the territory and archipelago in the region,

although Indonesian not directly involved in dispute in terms of ownership claim territory in the South China Sea, but

in the presence of a unilateral claim of China published in China in 1992 that China lays out maritime jurisdiction

unilateral until venturing into the Indonesian EEZ are characterized by the presence of nine dotted lines.

2. The second is a change in the political landscape of the Middle East, the recent change of regimes in the

Middle East, known as the Arab Spring, interesting to observe. Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Turkey and several other

countries, including Iraq and Syria being turbulent, generally indicates the resistance of the people against the ruling

mainstream. Various issues that accompany such dissatisfaction to the absolute monarchy, human rights, fight against

the central area, the issue of purification of religion, democratization, terrorism and others is a phenomenon that can

inspire various circles in other countries. Furthermore, terrorist attacks recently in France has become a signal to the

whole world that the upheaval in the Middle East has also become a real threat to all countries in the world, especially

Indonesia which is the country with the largest Muslim population. In the midst of the internal struggle, the other large

countries which have a strategic interest in the form of investment security, energy mastery, strategic allies helped add

Indonesian Security Challenges: Problems and Prospect to

Improve National Security

Paryanto

to the complexity of the problems.

According to the two problems as described above, this paper intends to discuss the dynamics of global

developments related to the influence of the Arab spring and the conflict in the South China Sea and its implications

for Indonesian security.

II. INDONESIAN PERCEPTION IN ASEAN REGIONAL SECURITY

The biggest security threats and challenges in Southeast Asia today is the warming of the South China Sea conflict

involving several countries in ASEAN. Furthermore, Indonesia exact position bordering the South China Sea in the

northwest-north Natuna Islands, the Pacific Islands. The ASEAN countries are in conflict about sovereignty claims in

the South China Sea is Vietnam, the Philippines, Brunei Darussalam, and Malaysia. The highness of China and its

potential geopolitical impact, including its military capabilities have far reaching implication insinuations for Asia

and the world.

Southeast Asia is a region dominated by water than land. Such a situation has implications for the more dominant

political issues and security associated with the maritime domain than other issues. Of the nine strategic choke points

of the world, four of which are located in this region. Thus, it is not an exaggeration to conclude that geopolitical

region will be also related to the maritime domain. Currently, Southeast Asia experts agree that the region is emerging

in significance on the global economic landscape over the last decade. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations

(ASEAN) consisting of Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar,

and Cambodia are now important trading partners with the U.S and China (Broderick, 2015).

Figure 1: Southeast Asia Area Map1

The position of Indonesia has a very important role in Southeast Asia, because two-thirds of Southeast Asia is the

sovereign territory of Indonesia. In addition, two-thirds of Southeast Asian waters is jurisdictional waters of Indonesia.

Starting from these circumstances, Indonesia past, present and future will always play a central and strategic role in

regional security and stability. The relations between ASEAN and China occupy a unique and important position in

the foreign relations of the Asia-Pacific region. China and Southeast Asia's political, strategic and economic

importance in the realm of international relations have been transformed by the region's unprecedented economic

growth, unexpected financial crisis, and turbulent political changes (Laksmana, 2011).

China’s economic growth is dramatically changing its economic and political relations with the world, including

Southeast Asia, an area where the United States has strong economic, political, and strategic interests. A major Spratly

conflict will adversely affect China's economic development which is increasingly dependent on global trade and

which lends a degree of legitimacy to the Chinese ruling party. Although China's external commerce is smaller than

the ASEAN countries and Japan, it is growing rapidly and will play a more important role in the country's future

development. The rise of China gives the signal will be (or was) a change in the balance of a new force in international

relations. Unipolar system that had been commandeered by the United States, especially in Southeast Asia, 'threatened'

by the Chinese presence in the region. While the US pivot to Asia policy that intensified government of US President

Barack Obama gives a signal that Asia is an important region for the US and there is a national interest in the region.

Some experts even discuss the possibility of competition that will end with a war or military conflict in the 21st

century.

Over the last ten years or so, China has consistently demonstrated its ability to sustain economic growth at an

impressive rate. Along with its economic development, China’s military capability has also improved significantly.

Over the past 20 years China has increased its military budget by double digits almost every year. While that rate of

growth appears to be shrinking alongside China's larger economic slowdown, analysts at security watchdog IHS Jane's

predict that Chinese defense budget growth will continue to increase roughly 7 percent annually through the end of

the decade. By 2020, Beijing will be spending $260 billion on its military (compared with $145 billion in 2015). While

the $612 billion 2016 U.S. defense budget working its way through Congress this week dwarfs China's own defense

spending, that sustained growth means China will double its defense spending over the course of this decade (USCC,

2014).

The challenge for Southeast Asian states, including Indonesia, of China’s rise is not so much conceived in terms of

“China’s threat” but more in terms of China’s future role and place in the region, and how it will affect regional

security architecture. While China has consistently demonstrated its commitment to a peaceful rise and played a

positive role for the stability and security of the region, the strategic uncertainty surrounding China’s rise remains a

security challenge for regional states, including Indonesia. In facing those security challenges, Indonesia recognizes

the importance of national security strategy to address them which is partly reflected in national defense policy and

posture. However, it is not easy to determine various influences on defense policy of Indonesia. In theory, defense

policy and posture of Indonesia would reflect, and is influenced by, its threat perceptions, even though “threats have

not been the most important influences on the development of (Southeast Asian) countries’ armed forces: long-term,

non-threat factors have generally been far more significant.” (Sukma, 2012). the following discussion will examine

the extent to which ASEAN current defense policy, force structure, and procurement have been influenced by its

assessments and perceptions of security challenges facing the country.

Southeast Asia geopolitical dynamics are always influenced by the interaction of the countries of Southeast Asia as

well as the role and influence of the extra power of the region. Although the countries of Southeast Asia are now all

being assembled in ASEAN as the dream of the founders of ASEAN on August 6, 1967, but the role and influence of

the extra power of the region such as the USA, Australia, India, Japan and China cannot be ignored anyway. It is

logical to embrace the forces of ASEAN's dialogue partners in the container into the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF).

Indeed, the diminished benefits coming from territorial acquisitions make the use of force less attractive a proposition

in East Asia than in any other place in the world.

Inside the pillars of the political community and the safety of ASEAN, there are three characteristics, namely First,

community-based rule with values and shared norms, second, a region unified, peaceful, and tough with shared

responsibility for comprehensive security; and third, dynamic region and sighted out in a world that is increasingly

integrated and interdependent. Despite all its weaknesses, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has

arguably played a significant role in shaping and contributing to regional security in Southeast Asia and beyond [7].

Politics and Security in the ASEAN region to be taken seriously. Because, if not prevented or anticipated to interfere

with the relationship between inter-regional countries. Therefore, with the ASEAN Political and Security Community

is expected to minimize conflicts that are not widespread and together finish. Some of the challenges ASEAN political

and security today, are:

1. 1. Dispute seizing the Spratly and Paracel Islands in the South China Sea involving several countries such as

the Philippines, Vietnam, and China are not members of ASEAN. It has yet to happen a peace agreement, it

will have an impact on security and stability in the region.

2. Bilateral conflicts, such as Cambodia with Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia, and several other ASEAN

member countries usually occur in the border region. If this conflict is not immediately drown, would greatly

disrupt good relations between the countries in dispute.

3. The problem of democracy in Myanmar, which could disturb the stability of politics.

4. The issue of the coup in Thailand that often occur between the opposition and the Government Pro.

5. The issue of terrorism is still massive in the ASEAN region should be resolved seriously.

6. Weak protection of human rights, women, and children still occur in some ASEAN countries, including

Indonesia.

Several challenges as described above must be given priority in order to create an area of peace and harmony without

prolonged feud. ASEAN is a region of trade and international shipping lines, if political stability and security are not

created, it will be very disturbing world economic activity. Moreover, in the resolution of conflicts in ASEAN has

always emphasized on the process of dialogue and negotiation. It is, judged more effective than a war that actually

lead to widespread conflict. Indonesia as one of the founders of ASEAN and the largest country in the Southeast Asian

region has a vital role in any decision-making. Security issues and politics that makes the challenge must be completed

in accordance platform agreed. Cooperation conflict prevention and sustainable peace is an attempt to create a shady

condition in the region.

A. South China Sea and Potential Triggers of Conflict

Related to the South China Sea conflicts, there are six countries bordering the waters of the China, Taiwan, Vietnam,

the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam are asserted claims to the Spratly and Paracel islands, whether in

whole or in part. Background claim states (claimants) are different from one another, ranging from historical reasons

(China, Taiwan, Vietnam), rights to the invention (the Philippines), and the continental shelf (Malaysia and Brunei)

as well as reasons of security and defense. Applicability of international maritime law (UNCLOS 1982) seems to

provide an opportunity for claimants to strengthen and even certify their guidance potentially resulting in sea disputes

respective national jurisdictions overlap. However, China claims more than 80 percent of the South China Sea and has

constructed artificial islands there for potential development. The defining characteristic of the South China Sea and

a significant source of tensions in the region are the competing legal claims of territorial sovereignty over its islands

(O'Rourke, 2015).

Fig 2: China’s Territorial Claims in the South China Sea – The “9-Dash Line (Hines, 2013)2

Since the 1950s, claims to ownership of the Spratly Islands and the surrounding areas by some countries become more

frequent and crowded as some of the countries surrounding the South China Sea coast have also expressed and

confirmed that they are the owners so that the right to manage the region. This situation is seen by the Chinese from

a political perspective that is an integral part of political policy of the United States that seeks to stem the influence of

China (containment policy) that would spread communism to Southeast Asia.

So far China is seen as the only major country that is most consistent exploit his claim, as evidenced by the political

wisdom of the government that in some instances do not hesitate to use its military power to support its policies. China

attitude shown as showing that China was the only actor in the South China Sea and will oppose any other force

presence in the region. The United States with its global strength has traditionally been present in the South China

Sea, including Southeast Asia, because it has a very great interest in this area, of course, do not want to lose its

supremacy was taken over by China. For example, some time ago the US Navy conduct joint exercises with the

Vietnamese Navy in the waters of the South China Sea and this should be read as a message the United States to

countries in the region that Washington remains concerned to maintain a commitment to its main security and stability

in East Asia and Southeast Asia.

China felt that the policy of the United States is perceived as a threat to the security of the country. Even in the

subsequent political developments since the 1970s, when there was a dramatic change in the relationship between

China and the United States, China claims over the Spratly Islands and adjacent waters has never changed. Threats to

the safety at sea, especially in the South China Sea are increasing when the Soviet Union gained access in Vietnam.

In this same decade the outside world for the first time witnessed the Chinese real step in maintaining hegemony,

when in 1973 they presented a working paper to the Committee of the UN Seabed which contains three main issues,

namely the territorial sea, the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf. This paper can be considered a

declaration that will be applied to all the territory of the China, including the Paracel and Spratly Islands. In 1976

China strongly protested an oil exploration activities carried out by a consortium of oil between Sweden and the

Philippines and in the same year also protesting oil exploration cooperation agreement between the Soviet Union and

Vietnam in South Vietnam continental shelf area.

Somewhat surprisingly, when the international convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS 1982) accepted and

ratified by most countries in the maritime world, which contain about as wide territorial sea boundaries 12 miles,

China also signed without any objection. Beijing government measures are quite surprising particularly the countries

of Southeast Asia are the unilateral establishment of a new ocean regime on February 25, 1992, in which the entire

South China Sea area declared a territory and the continental shelf hers. It can be concluded that the Chinese claim to

ownership of the Paracel and Spratly islands, even over the entire South China Sea region, based on the interests of

political, economic and military strategy (Schofield and Storey, (2009).

A failure to peacefully resolve the dispute, especially if it leads to renewed military actions by any one or more of the

claimants, would have much broader regional, if not global economic as well as political/security consequences. The

risk of military conflict among the competing claimants has broader security implications even for non-claimant

countries, including the United States, Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, Singapore, and Australia. One reason is the

sheer volume of trade shipments that use the important maritime routes. For example, a substantial amount of Japan’s

energy resources is shipped along sea lanes that transit the South China Sea. The United States and other countries

also have strong interests in maintaining the principle of freedom of navigation and overflight through the strategically

located waters.

Such activities occasionally result in confrontations. For example, an incident occurred on April 2001 when a Chinese

interceptor collided with a U.S. EP-3 reconnaissance aircraft operating in the South China Sea. The Chinese fighter

crashed, killing the pilot, and the damaged U.S. aircraft made an emergency landing on China’s Hainan Island. The

crew and aircraft were held for several days before finally being released. The unexpected incident caused a short-

lived but intense diplomatic showdown between Beijing and Washington (Schofield and Storey, (2009).

As stakeholders over the South China Sea, ASEAN and China should implement the following three actions to

preserve peace and stability. While tensions in the South China Sea are continuing to evolve, there are several

processes and dialogues underway in an effort to build confidence within the region and establish a common code of

conduct. In 2002, ASEAN and China issued a joint ‘Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea’,

which affirmed the signatories' commitment to international law and the freedom of navigation in the South China

Sea. The Declaration also called for the adoption of a code of conduct for the South China Sea, to be negotiated by

the parties subsequently. It is unclear how the possible negotiation of a code of conduct will be affected by international

legal action that has been taken by the Philippines against China, or how ASEAN will respond to China’s recent

policies in the South China Sea. However, as a basis for a code to be negotiated, confidence between the maritime

powers in the South China Sea will first need to be established (Storey, 2014) Americans by using both soft power

and hard power in spreading its influence has been actively involved in the conflict at South China Sea. U.S has long

tried to run soft power diplomacy in Southeast Asia to establish closer ties with allies and partners such as Australia

and Singapore, and recently in a relationship with Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar.

With the increasing capabilities of China both in economic and military, leading China has the potential to rival the

United States hegemony in the international world. For that, Americans are trying to seek alliances and support of

Asian countries to maintain the stability of its hegemony. To that end, the South China Sea conflict perceived the

United States as the entrance to the region to seek alliance and support from countries of the region, especially

Southeast Asian region has always been a projection of Chinese hegemony. By participating in this conflict, the United

States seeks to counter Chinese hegemony in the region to maintain stability. The South China Sea territorial disputes

do not directly involve the United States, but the disputes do directly involve many of the United States' allies and

partners. The Sea is an important conduit for trade and for the general security of a region that is growing in economic

and strategic importance.

Chinese suspect some ASEAN member states have allowed or even facilitate the wheelbase American policy in Asia

(one of the foreign policy of the Obama administration) and involve the United States in the South China Sea conflict.

In numerous occasions reminded ASEAN to China "takes no position" in the regional power game. ASEAN, on the

other hand, with subtle hegemony intentions expressed concerns over China in the South China Sea are characterized

by the use of military force and the military to change the status quo South China Sea that are already vulnerable.

Declaration of Air Defense Identification Zone (Zone Identification Air Defense, ADIZ) over the East China Sea

conducted by China unilaterally recently and policies on fishing issued by the provincial government of Hainan which

require fishing vessels foreigners operating in two-thirds South China Sea region to ask for permission from the

Chinese government officials to catch fish, have raised doubts over China's ability to align words and actions -

especially over China's assertion that the new government to continue the policy as ASEAN are good neighbors.

Mutual distrust as this may lead to a cycle of action and reaction. For example, the strengthening of the armed forces

or the militarization in the region that may further exacerbate the security situation and undermine the balance of

power in the South China Sea with the consequences of which will lead to instability.

Disputes over the islands and reefs of the South China Sea were a major cause of tension between China and

Southeast Asia in the 1990s. Conflicting claims over islands in the Spratly group led to naval clashes between Vietnam

and China in 1988 that killed 70 Vietnamese naval personnel. In 1995, China seized Mischief Reef which is claimed

by the Philippines. More recently, China has acted in a more cooperative fashion than it did in the 1990s. The ASEAN

Regional Forum played a limited role in trying to defuse the situation in the South China Sea which led to China

signing the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea in 2002.

Fig 3: China-made islands in the Spratly Islands which is being debated (Broderick, 2015)

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which was concluded in 1982 and came into force

in 1994, was meant to establish a series of legal measures and laws on the economic rights of nations based on their

territorial waters and continental baselines. This is encompassed in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), a 200

nautical mile area that extends from the baseline of the coastal nation and gives the nation sole natural resource

exploitation rights within the zone (Sempa, 2002).

Disputes in the South China Sea are essentially due to two things. First, the law of the sea. UNCLOS 1982 roommates

Came into force since 16 November 1994 ratified by several countries around the waters. In 1982 UNCLOS sets of

internal waters, the archipelagic waters, territorial waters, contiguous zone, and the exclusive economic zone (EEZ),

the continental shelf and the open seas. Referring to Reviews These provisions, the countries around the South China

Sea seeks to expand its territory into such waters. Second, overlapping claims. Overlapping claims made by each

country in the South China Sea can be divided into two forms items, namely the discovery of historical claims and

occupation of the region and the expansion of the jurisdiction of the sovereign claim is based on the interpretation of

the provisions of UNCLOS in 1982 China (together with Taiwan) is a primary states good, basing his claim on

historical discovery and occupation, starting from 1947 until today, after which ratified UNCLOS in May 1996, the

country was applying the principle of island states in drawing the baselines around the Paracel Islands, although only

Indonesia and the Philippines in the area around the Mediterranean South China officially holds the status of the island

nation. Vietnam is the next country to establish claims in the South China Sea based on historical reasons discovery

and occupation. While ASEAN founding countries, namely the Philippines and Malaysia plus Brunei tend to base its

claim on international law, including the extension of the continental shelf, in the Spratley Islands. When countries

have their respective claims to territory in the South China Sea, for example the Philippines who claimed most Spratly

Islands, as well as Malaysia and Brunei. While Indonesia that do not take claim territory in the waters began to

"disturbed" by the unilateral claim of China in 1992 when it published a map of the South China Sea unilateral form

of nine dotted lines in the South China Sea also ZEE Indonesia annexed the north of the Natuna Islands. Whereas in

the Indonesian EEZ in these waters contained gas content that is now being exploited by Indonesia with US contractor.

Fig 4: Maritime claims in the South China Sea (Schofield and Storey, (2009).

Nine imaginary lines that is the one cause of conflict in the region. This claim provokes a number of countries that

also claim to have rights in the region so that world trade lanes. As is known, in addition to China, Malaysia, Vietnam,

Myanmar, Brunei, and the Philippines are the other countries that also claim the South China Sea region. Philippines

even been filed on China's claim to the international court. To that end, China urged the US to immediately halt further

provocations in the South China Sea. "We urge the United States not to take any action that threatens the sovereignty

and security of China," said a spokesman for the Chinese Foreign Ministry, Hua Chunying. According to him, China

will continue to monitor the situation in the South China Sea and be firm on any provocation by the United States.

"We will firmly respond to the deliberate provocation of any country," said Chunying at a regular press conference.

This Chunying statement responding to comments by US Deputy National Security Adviser Ben Rhodes, who claimed

there will be greater movement of the US military in the region in the name of freedom of navigation under the

auspices of international law. Hua said China has always respected and maintaining the freedom of navigation of the

various countries in accordance with international law. However, China strongly opposes any country that uses this

as an excuse to undermine China's sovereignty and security.

China does not dispute sovereignty of any of the Natuna Islands, but a map produced by the Chinese delegation at a

workshop in 1993 showed the country’s “historic waters” overlapping with the Natuna Islands’ EEZ. Indonesia asked

the Chinese government to clarify the claim and two years later was told that Beijing supported a “negotiated

settlement” to the problem. However, Indonesian authorities detained eight Chinese fishing boats inside the Natuna

Islands’ EEZ. China’s Foreign Ministry expressed “strong dissatisfaction” with the arrests and called on the Indonesia

government to release the 75 fishermen who it claimed were working in China’s “traditional fishing grounds. The

incident underscored the unresolved nature of Sino-Indonesian maritime claims in the South China Sea and the

potential for further friction, especially over valuable maritime resources such as fisheries. The incident also

underscores concerns among South China Sea littoral states over the emergence of Chinese “fishing nationalism” and

the potential deployment of fishermen as proxies to back up claims to maritime jurisdiction in the region3.

Responding to China's stance on this claim made by the State territory South China Sea, the Indonesian government

must aggressively assert a claim on the Natuna islands to China, as it is known that the Natuna is one of the excellent

in the South China Sea region. Fish in Natuna waters are often a target of plunder foreign trawlers. Another is the

potential for gas in the exclusive economic zone that has not been fully utilized. Indonesia has labeled Chinese claims

to the hotly disputed South China Sea waters as a "real threat." Vice Admiral Desi Albert Mamahit, who heads

Indonesia's Sea Security Coordinating Agency, told a maritime security focus group that the waters surrounding

several of the country’s islands were in jeopardy from an encroaching Chinese presence4. The Indonesian waters

around the Natuna Islands (Kepri) regency were not actually inside in the disputed territory, but they were very close

to the area and China had not yet clarified whatever claims it would make regarding Indonesia’s exclusive economic

zone (ZEE) around them. This is clearly a real threat for Indonesia. Therefore; Indonesia does not have much choice

but firmly assert a claim of ownership over the Natuna islands.

China is basing its claims on the resource-rich areas based on what they consider to be historical demarcations as

proposed by ancient maps of Asia, despite being thousands of miles from Hainan, China’s southernmost province.

The Philippines has been the most vocal in rebuking China’s claims in the disputed waters recently. The Philippines

Institute of Maritime and Ocean Affairs posted a series of ancient maps refuting claims of China’s “historical

ownership” of the area. At the same time, a number of ASEAN member countries, including Vietnam, Malaysia, the

Philippines and Brunei Darussalam have been claiming ownership over the same territory. This becomes complicated

as there are conflicts between fellow ASEAN member countries and China. It will be difficult to speak in one voice,

although so far ASEAN solidarity has always been maintained. Indonesia would need to be prepared to deal with any

moves made by any party involved in the dispute.

China’s hand in the South China Sea has been strengthened by the rapid modernization of the People’s Liberation

Army Navy (PLAN). Since the mid-1990s the PLAN has brought into service 12 advanced diesel-electric Kilo-class

submarines from Russia, while Chinese shipyards have been engaged in an ambitious program to build four classes

of indigenous submarines: The Jin-class nuclear powered ballistic missile submarine, the Shang-class nuclear powered

attack submarine, and two classes of non-nuclear attack vessels, Yuan and Song. The navy’s surface fleet has also

undergone a major upgrade over the past decade. The PLAN operates four Russian-built Sovremmeny-class destroyers

(designed to disable aircraft carriers), and deployed a total of nine new classes of indigenously built destroyers and

frigates, some of which incorporate stealth-like technology4.

Although Indonesia does not make territorial claims to islands in the Spratlys archipelago and is therefore not generally

regarded as a party to the South China Sea islands disputes, its possession of uncontested sovereignty over islands

located in the southwestern South China Sea, notably the Natuna Islands group, means Indonesia has a role to play in

any future maritime boundary delimitation exercise in the South China Sea.

In the South China Sea conflict, in addition to the tension the caused by the overlapping of inter-State dispute that

claim cannot be stopped until today. In addition, progress is not encouraging, especially regarding the relationship

between the two ASEAN members the Philippines and Vietnam. Philippines for example has been given various

reports of violations committed by the Chinese ships passing through the waters that have been disputed, even occur

Several incidents between Chinese patrol boats with fishing vessels Philippines. Furthermore, China is also Accused

erection of new installations in the disputed territory and intimidate Philippine oil exploration ships. While Vietnam

although it has done at least four times a bilateral meeting with China in early 2011 in order to discuss the differences

between them on the South China Sea. Unfortunately, some Chinese behavior, such as increasing the number and

activity of fishing is done aboard Chinese ships in waters off Vietnam eventually make all the results of the bilateral

meeting between the two be no benefit. Incidents such as cutting the wires in a Vietnamese oil exploration carried out

in the end China is also increasingly worsen the situation and create new initiatives for Vietnam to constantly improve

its military capabilities in the South China Sea. Concerns and fears that eventually evolved both in the Philippines and

in Vietnam ultimately encourage both leaders to gain support from the United States (US).

Therefore, due to increasing stakes and rising tensions in the South China Sea is not inevitable in the South China Sea,

but if present trends continue, sovereignty and resource disputes will be an increasing source of interstate friction with

the potential to spill over into the military confrontation. The possible military confrontation would be caused countries

in regional ASEAN in a position to jeopardize the sovereignty of its surrounding countries, especially Vietnam, the

Philippines and Malaysia including Indonesia.

B. Arab spring and its implications

As the impact on the Arab Spring that swept most of the Arab world since 2009 and is able to topple dictatorial regimes

such as Ben Ali, Hosni Mubarak and Moammar Gaddafi, Syria get "turn" it to flare up on March 11, 2011 and still

continues today (Roth, 2012), As one of the countries that are in the Fertile Crescent region in particular and the

Middle East in general, Syria becoming a world reference for policy relating to security and stabilization of the world

economy. The political dynamic in the Middle East is transmuting independently of the uprisings in the Arab world

and this is increasing the potential threats in the Southeast Asia region.

There are several issues that are behind the turmoil in Syria at this time, as it is known that countries Arab-led by Arab

Saudi in which the system of government controlled by the Sunni have played a platform that is dominant in the trade

of oil and gas in the regions of the Middle East, while in 2011 Iran, Syria and Iraq where the rule on hold by Shia has

signed a cooperation agreement the construction of oil pipelines and gas towards Lebanon, it is intended that Iran can

sell oil and gas to Europe, it would have a negative impact against strategic economic and political well middle east

region especially Saudi Arabia does not want Iran to the Shia background becomes stronger economically and

politically.

On the issue of security, since the ideological war going on in Syria, Syria turned into a field goal of training and

combat the fundamentalist Islam and fundamentalist Shi'ites that threatens the existence of nearby countries. Islamic

fundamentalists who come from various countries and organizations gathered revivalists in Syria to fight on the basis

of ideology. In addition to the refugee problem, another problem that arises is the border as an entry point for tens of

thousands of militant Jihadists from many countries. Turkey, as a NATO member country that has the second largest

military force in Europe, the most famous border "easy", and has become an entry-exit lane access jihadist from

Europe, Maghreb, America, Australia and some other countries. Turkey impressed provide leeway for anyone who

wants to get into Syria, including the volunteers and journalists illegally. It is then increasingly sparked international

political tension between Turkey, Syria, and Europe. In particular, relations of Turkey and Syria more pointed after

the previous, Assad's regime forces opened fire on civilians in the Turkish-Syrian border were consequently killed six

Turkish nationals. Even the Prime Minister of Turkey, Erdogan considers Bashar al-Assad has violated the country's

sovereignty. In addition to these problems, are now increasingly thorny border issue after the Iraq-Syrian border, has

been ruled by the Islamist fighters of the Islamic State of Iraq (now renamed the Islamic State of Iraq and Sham /

ISIS). Meanwhile, the Jordanian-Syrian border has recently been captured by the Mujahedeen Al-Nusra Front. The

problem is, these two groups, ISIS and Al-Nusra Front is a non-organic military group belonging to the Islamists

affiliated with al-Qaeda and declared in compliance with the orders Tandzim amir al-Qaeda, Dr. Ayman al-Dzawahiri.

In mid-2014, the world was shocked by the existence of an organization that uses violence to achieve its interest's

lines forming an Islamic state, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. This organization is a fraction of Al-Qaeda, a

terrorist group that is well-known after the events of September 11, whose existence is not recognized in Iraq and

Syria for the implementation of Islamic values espoused always use the path of violence and did not hesitate to kill.

Under the leadership of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, ISIS had joined the Al Nusra Front which is an affiliate of Al-Qaeda

in Syria. However, ISIS which is contrary to the mission to be achieved by the Al-Nusra Front to make Abu Kamal,

leader of the Al Nusra Front, an attack to the ISIS. ISIS has aspirations to establish a pure Islamic state to perform a

variety of conquest which has been carried out in Iraq and Syria.

The attitude of the international community who have opposed the existence of ISIS also bring other actions as a

manifestation thereof. The action tends to be done by countries that oppose military is where the violence used as a

way out to destroy ISIS. This was confirmed as the policies of President Barack Obama to send US troops to Iraq and

Syria to storm force after ISIS beheading video released two journalists from the United States. The same is done by

the British to send troops and air strikes led to Iraq after David Haines, the volunteers were reportedly killed by troops

ISIS beheaded while on Syria to work on an international humanitarian agency.

The conflict in Syria and then sometimes a conflict that smelled ideology that is between religious Sects Shia and

Sunni in the which the president Bashar Al-Assad affiliated to the flow of the Shiite Alawi cause various suspicions

and public opinion are Likely to plunge the conflict at the level of religious school as a result of conflict at first

politically oriented transformed into conflicts in religious beliefs between Shiite and Sunni Muslims, but the conflict

in Syria if in view of the main causes of conflict and the root causes actually not conflict nuances of religion but

Because the ruling regime of Bashar al-Assad does not take policy to Dampen the demonstration rallied in various

Cities so that the conflict is utilized by the various parties to Obtain great power with a pattern in religious beliefs

between Shia and Sunni. Roommates Arab countries are members of the Arab League (21 countries), under the

command of Saudi Arabia, have an interest and a special reason. First, ideological interests. Syria's minority Shiites,

Sunnis led since last 50 years and the suspected lot of repression against the majority. Syria became a continuation

Shia Shiite-majority Iran. In terms of ideological clearly not met here with Saudi, giving rise to solidarity against the

Sunni. Second, political interests. In geopolitics, the Arab countries have in common, even make Syria a kind of a

common enemy, particularly since the regime of Bashar Assad in power. When Bashar's father, Hafez Assad, in power,

relatively can be invited Syrian cooperation among Arab countries. However, under the Assad regime, Syria is

increasingly subject and pandering Iran in the Middle East. The inconvenience of this, among other things, why the

Arab League to support a military option.

Geopolitical reasons also make Russia, Iran, and China 'protect' Syria. Geographically, Syria is a small country, with

a population of no more than eight million inhabitants, covering 30 percent of the remaining Shiite Sunni (70 percent).

However, geopolitically very important, at least for Iran to meet in the aspect of ideology and can be used as a stepping

stone 'face' of Israel, while the Russian arms business interests and political ideology, i.e., socialist, whereas the

Chinese perspective to meet the interests of economy and energy. Conflicts that have occurred in Syria today has

become a powerful magnet for transnational jihadists from around the world from Europe, Central Asia and America,

including Indonesian has participated fight as the opposition against the regime of Bashar al-Assad. The mujahedeen

are incorporated into a variety of organizations such as ISIS, Al Qaeda and groups of Islamic militants from various

countries who had participated take a role in the Syrian conflict. Things that concern and worry about the countries of

origin are those that originally was not a combatant, was feared after the war will return to their home country with

the ideological revivalism and acts of terror.

Looking at the problems above, is not the reason that the Middle East countries do not provide sufficient effect on the

sustainability of the massive domestic politics in other region. The problem does not only affect the Middle East region

alone, even in the Middle East problems often affect the condition of political and economic stability in a global world.

See how America became a figure super dilemma, not daring to go forward, also did not dare to resign suddenly on

the problems in the Middle East in the times today.

For Indonesia, the potential threat to watch is the spread of radical Islam, although the vast majority of Indonesians

rejects terrorism, but many are troubled by a possible perception that the US war on terror is also focused on Muslims.

Indonesia’s strategy for dealing with terrorism is based on “soft power,” because more than 90 percent of the

population is Muslim, and thus a hard-power approach to Islamists is deemed unacceptable.

In terms of the global economy, the civil war that is currently happening in the Middle East will significantly

complicate and negative impacts of the international community in general. Energy security into the sectors most

affected. As the world's largest oil fields, where Saudi Arabia and Gulf countries supply more than 45 percent of the

world's oil, the market will respond negatively to the Middle East war. Clearly affected the stability of the international

security. Indonesia is also not free from the possibility of it, the more we as an oil importer. The subsequent impacts,

national security in many countries is waning and is very vulnerable to the emergence of social unrest. People squeezed

by the high cost of basic necessities have soared as a result of the oil price and the US dollar were to rise, it is easy to

vent his anger. This sort of thing should swiftly be anticipated because of the direct impact will be felt by the country

if war actually broke out. Everyday Indonesian crude oil imports an average of 300-400 thousand barrel / day.

Economic stability, social, security, and energy influenced by the availability of the non-renewable energy.

III. INDONESIA’S SECURITY AND POLICY DIRECTION

Security is a very important thing for a country. Countries striving to improve the strength (power) to create security.

Countries striving to improve the strength to cope with any threat. To achieve the national interest (national interest),

the state act rationally, taking into consideration the strength, particularly the increase in the defense forces.

According to the Act No. 3/2002 on State Defense, the main objective of Indonesia’s defense policy is to “protect and

uphold state sovereignty, maintain territorial integrity of the unitary republic of Indonesia, and ensure the safety of

Indonesian people from all forms of threats and disturbances.” 14 This objective, as specified in the Defense White

Paper issued in February 2008, is to be achieved through the fulfilment of five main strategic goals, namely:

1. To deter all forms of threats to Indonesia and its people;

2. To defeat military aggression by foreign countries;

3. To overcome military threats that undermine the existence and interests of Indonesia;

4. To address non-military threats that might have adverse impacts on Indonesia’s sovereignty, territorial

integrity, and safety of the people; and

5. To contribute to international peace and regional stability.

These five strategic goals of Indonesia’s defense are to be carried out by the Indonesian Defense Force (TNI),

conceived as the main component of state defense, through war operations and military operation other than war. As

part of the international community, Indonesia cannot escape from the relationship with the outside world. Therefore,

the future defense policy, also directed within the framework of relations with other countries, both regionally as well

as a broader scope. Defense cooperation with other countries, placed on the principles of cooperation overseas

Indonesian government, as well as directed for the construction and development of the country's defense sector, as

well as for the purpose of creating regional stability and world security. Physical defense sector involvement is carried

out on a political decision of the government. To implement its defense policy, Indonesia’s defense strategy is still

characterized by government’s insistence to defend and hold on to the total people’s war (hankamrata) doctrine.

National stability is an important issue in building the sustainability of a nation. Build national stability, often

associated as a military problem. This view is not wrong. Because the military is the core strength or a major force in

building and developing the national defense system to realize national stability. Therefore, identifying the security

problem as a military problem, not something new, nor a form of logic errors. The viewing angle is a form of real,

empirical, rational and contextual. In fact, such a view is a form of proportionality thinking about the duties and

functions of a state institution.

Inevitably, military force is one of the important pillars for the sovereignty of the State. In fact in this world country

that has a strong military prop will be raised diplomatic authority and prestige of international politics. Military force

into one barometer of the strength of a country. If the military is strong, assured the country has a strong bargaining

position with other countries. Certainly military force alone will not be enough to make a country survive and thrive,

it also needs to be sustained by a strong economic and political.

Based on two major issues as described above, the Indonesian government must take strategic steps and roles are

generally able to establish Indonesia's defense system more powerful and anticipate arranged in a planned manner in

order to minimize any threats to national security.

A. Soft power diplomacy

In the Asia-Pacific region, Indonesia is no exception, as the third largest democracy, the fourth most populated country

in the world and is among the twenty biggest economies; Indonesia has been trying to attract friends near and far into

its sphere of influence through its soft power. Geopolitics Indonesian archipelago, located between the continents of

Asia and Australia, and the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, leading to national conditions strongly influenced by

developments in the strategic context. Positions like this, implications for the intertwining interests of other countries

with Indonesia's national interests. As stated in the Preamble of the 1945 Constitution, Indonesia's national interest is

to maintain and protect the country's sovereignty, territorial integrity of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia (NKRI),

the safety and honor of the nation, as well as participate actively in efforts for world peace. Departing from the 1945

Constitution, the strategic importance of Indonesia's defense must be able to guarantee the achievement of national

interests. Departing from the essence, it is of strategic importance to the country's defense forward, including

permanent strategic interests, strategic interests that are urgent and international cooperation in the field of defense.

The involvement of the Indonesian state in the management of conflicts in the South China Sea, is something that is

based on the national interest to participate in the maintenance of world peace and awareness of the benefits of the

settlement of the conflict, efforts to find and prevent the causes of conflict, the belief in the capacity available, and

seems right choices regarding conflict resolution mechanisms. The achievement of a resolution to the conflict of the

South China Sea issue will not only benefit economically, but also politically and security. The magnitude of the

economic potential such as cruise lines, natural content such as oil, gas and minerals as well as a wealth of fish if

utilized and managed bias would be very beneficial for each country involved.

First, Indonesia must always be aware of the security situation in the South China Sea Disputes are Often made by

some countries in the region. Conflict in the region will affect security conditions as geographically Indonesia lies

directly adjacent to the countries Involved in the dispute. Also Conflict Affects Economically, Because in addition to

the location of Indonesia are geographically very close to the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone, the area is also

one of the international economic traffic lane, where imports of Indonesian exports pass through the pathway. Second,

Indonesia, which became part of the international community, felt the need and must soon determine the best way for

the settlement of the South China Sea issue. Because this is how Indonesia can show its participation in maintaining

world peace begins with creating peace in the country and in the ASEAN region.

It is inevitable that actually Indonesia also has an interest in this region that ensures the creation of the smooth sailing

and the freedom of navigation, security and national unity, combating lawlessness at sea and protection of the

environment. South China Sea is a regional trade route – commercial shipping of the ships, tankers oil-linking East

Asia to Indonesia and vice versa. These waters are the cruise line trade among ASEAN countries. And international

in scope, these waters linking East Asia with Europe, Africa and the Middle East through the Malacca Strait. As the

largest archipelagic country in the region, Indonesia concerned over security and stability in the region.

Indonesia as one of the countries in Southeast Asia was not directly involved in conflicts over territory in the South

China Sea. However, South-East Asia is a strategic area for Indonesia, which has a number of potential regionality in

ASEAN membership. Thus, if the regional stability in the ASEAN region is threatened by the conflict in the South

China Sea, would be influential for Indonesia. If this conflict is not resolved soon, is expected to pose a mounting

chaos. Thus, although Indonesia is not an actor who is directly involved in the dispute over the region. However,

Indonesia has the potential to become a key actor in order to provide a constructive role in solving the problem of

conflict in the South China Sea peacefully. Therefore, the initiation of Indonesia to take active steps and reactive to

this conflict is certainly supported by the notion that Indonesia is a neutral party. Indonesia be able to understand the

complexity of this conflict due to geographical factors between Indonesia and the South China Sea is not too far away.

Indonesian effort that can be done is through diplomatic channels that later became known as the first step in

preventive diplomacy Indonesia.

The move is in line with that expressed by the Indonesian Foreign Minister of Indonesia, Marty Natalegawa, while

delivering the Annual Press Statement of Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 2014 in Jakarta. According to him, the

Indonesian government has confidence that the power of diplomacy to be a solution in realizing the situation of peace

and harmony in the region. "Included in the resolution of conflicts in the South China Sea". Marty stated that through

the ASEAN forum and other forums, Indonesia will always use the power of diplomacy to contribute to bring peace,

security and prosperity in the international community. Preventive diplomacy mechanism gives a pretty good

influence in the peaceful settlement of the conflict. Relevant countries realize that a military confrontation would only

be bad for all concerned. As a country that initiated the pattern of diplomacy in resolving the conflict in the South

China Sea, the participation of Indonesia is Recognized internationally as the active search for loopholes political

consolidation and calls for the importance of the South China Sea are not only Considered to be significant for the

countries located in the region surrounding it Tus Contribute to the world perceived internationally.

Related to the conflict in Syria, Indonesia's attitude is very clear in the Syrian crisis, rejecting violence against civilians

and supports a peaceful solution that reflects the aspirations of the Syrian people. Indonesia supports the efforts of the

United Nations in finding a peaceful solution and stressed the need to be an inclusive international conference to bring

together the views of the international community in the Syrian issue. Indonesia never pull ambassador in Syria earlier

this year to protest against the ongoing violence in the country. However, the Government of Indonesia re-send the

Indonesian ambassador to Syria following the presence of the military and police personnel who were on duty as a

United Nation (UN) observer team in Syria to ensure their safety and comfort.

Indonesian government chose to play an active role in the process of cessation of violence by being part of a UN

observer team. Indonesia is one of a number of countries requested the UN to send a monitoring team to Syria. The

UN considers Indonesia has competent personnel supervise the ceasefire between the two warring parties in Syria.

Currently there are 16 Indonesian officers either from the police or military who served as observers in Syria. The UN

monitoring team about 300 personnel. Begins with Predecessor team consisting of 30 observers, including 6 personnel

from Indonesia. Then the UN monitoring team in the second stage will be amplified so that amounts to 300 personnel

from different countries. In this second phase of Indonesia was preparing 10 additional personnel.

Indonesia's foreign policy towards the Syrian conflict actually is influenced by factors Islam how not Islam the religion

of the majority in Indonesia which is embraced by most of the political elite in charge of formulating policies have

been constructed by the universal values of Islam in taking the role of conflict resolution in Syria with the discourse

of peace negotiations, the conflict in Syria has caused tremendous empathy for the international community, especially

countries with Muslim population, especially Indonesia with the largest Muslim population in the world. Foreign

policy cannot be separated from politics domestically the country concerned, it is experienced by every country that

is on the surface of the earth without exception Indonesia which is influenced by the majority of the population are

Moslem on issues that discredit Islam or concerning faith in the frame Islam, as evidenced by several cases where

Indonesia cannot be separated from the influence of Islam in its foreign policy was the massacre of Muslim Rohingya

in Myanmar this case is actually the full authority of Myanmar to resolve its internal problems without any interference

from outside the country because it has been set in the charter ASEAN. However, when Muslims Rohingya in Rakhine

Myanmar suffered severe enough, the response of the people of Indonesia are represented by the mass organizations

of Islam and the movement or the student community of Muslim Indonesia to encourage the Indonesian government

immediately contribute to the rescue of Muslims in Rakhine, Myanmar can be accomplished well in accordance with

the interests of Indonesian Muslims who strut by human factors.

In addition to the evidence upon until now can see how foreign policy toward the conflict between Israel and the

Palestinians how Indonesia is very consistent with the “Muslim solidarity” programs and until now Indonesia still

distribute aid material and non-material to the Palestinians that led to the making Palestine as an independent country,

on the other side if in the view of Indonesian foreign policy that is influenced by the factor of Islam is a wide range of

conflicts in the region involving Muslims as occurred in the Philippines between the Philippine government and the

minority Muslim Moro who take shelter in container Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) made Indonesia very

aggressive and was instrumental in the effort returns the rights of Muslims are a minority in this regard Moro in the

Philippines it is seen in the active efforts of Indonesia in the OIC to discuss the conflict both sides soon be overcome.

Indonesia has an important role in resolving the conflict in Syria is proven with impartiality Indonesia from various

blocks that support both sides of the conflict, but Indonesia remained consistent in the bonds of Islamic brotherhood

in its laws as evidenced by Indonesia in Geneva II peace talks to discuss the Syrian conflict. The conflict in Syria

actually involves many actors involved in it both internally and externally who have the interests of each so it can not

only simplify the conflict between the regime and the opposition, but there are various state super power which sustains

in them in opposition there is the United States, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the United Kingdom and France, while in the

stronghold of Bashar al-Assad are China, Russia, and Iran and the role of the international media and NGOs who

participated in the conflict in Syria. Foreign Policy of Indonesia against the Syrian conflict is not only based on the

factor of humanity, but more than the factor of Islam is very strong visible and influence the policy of Indonesia it is

in because of identity inherent in the nation of Indonesia as the largest Muslim country in the world and the strength

of the mass organizations of Islam which has an important position in the Indonesian political system is very likely to

make the Indonesian government in solving the Syrian conflict peacefully in the stretcher by Muhammadiyah and NU

B. Framework of Indonesia’s Defense Diplomacy

Indonesia is inherently susceptible to geopolitical developments due to its geostrategic position. The highness of China

and the U.S. rebalancing strategy have been the dominant themes in Southeast Asia. The Indonesian government

remains aware about the potential impact of increased Sino-U.S. rivalry to regional security. Persisting disputes over

the South China Sea have also become major obstacles to peace and stability within the Association of South East

Asian Nations (ASEAN).

The notion that the military plays an important role in international affairs is hardly new. Traditionally, it has been a

means for achieving a government’s foreign and security policy either through the threatened or actual use of coercion

in diplomacy. Coercive diplomacy” had been evident during the formative history of Indonesia. The country’s military

campaigns against Dutch and British forces in West Papua and the Federation of Malaya were instrumental for

President Sukarno anti-imperialist foreign policy. During the New Order authoritarian regime, Indonesian invasion of

East Timor was part of President Suharto anti-communist policy stand and strategic orientation to the United States

(Schofield and Storey, 2009).

The term of “defense diplomacy” became fashionable only after the end of the Cold War. Over the past two decades,

a new form of defense interactions, which involve the peacetime cooperative use of military forces and related

infrastructures to serve broad foreign policy objectives, has grown in significance (Huxley, 1994). Threats faced by

Indonesia is estimated that more than likely come from non-traditional threats, both cross country and that emerged

in the country. Therefore, the Indonesian defense strategic policy directed to face and cope with non-traditional threats

is a priority and urgent. In the execution of the military prioritize the use of Military Operations other than War

(MOOTW). TNI implement MOOTW together with all components of other nations in an alignment of business

according to the level of escalation threat. Against any threats and security problems, TNI will always prioritize

prevention as the best way to avoid casualties and others greater impact.

The use of the defense forces, in addition to face the tasks of addressing security issues in the country, also for

international duties. Defense cooperation is one of the strategic policy of defense are very important. Proper

international cooperation would contribute in no small means for the successful use and development of the defense

force. Defense cooperation implemented as an integral part of Indonesia's foreign policy. Defense cooperation

implemented as an integral part of Indonesia's foreign policy.

Build a defense force does not always focus on defense equipment alone, but also includes efforts to cultivate the

spirit to defend the nation from all the people of Indonesia "Man behind the gun". Components of defending the

country are the capital of Indonesia to continue to stand up in the face of all forms of threats. "The force is determined

by human resources. Joint military forces and reserve components are ready to be moved at any time if the sovereignty

of Indonesia threatened it had been the main strength of Indonesia in the face of outside threats.

In the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 3 of 2002 on national defense stated that the country's defense starts on

philosophy and way of life of the Indonesian nation to ensure and keep NKRI based on Pancasila and the 1945

Constitution Act states that "Any attempt to defend the country's sovereignty, territorial integrity of the State Unitary

Republic of Indonesia, and the safety of the entire nation from threats and harassment against the integrity of the

nation." From the statement, the three things that should be maintained is the state sovereignty, territorial integrity of

the Republic of Indonesia and the safety of the nation. When it is a vital interest for Indonesia. To carry out the defense,

Indonesia is set to use a strategy of deterrence.

Lawrence Friedman in his book deterrence explain the main principles of deterrence, that deterrence is actually a

strategy of using force (coercive strategy). Coercive defined by Freedman as: "the potential or actual application of

force to influence the action of a voluntary agent". The concept of deterrence that was developed in the defense strategy

to prevent war is a strategy of deterrence by way of denial (denial) and deterrence by way of retaliation (Retaliation).

Deterrence by denial is basically a deterrent power generated by the defense forces which have prevented deterrent

effect so that the other party to cancel his intention to invade Indonesia. The defense force with the ability to prevent

by way of rejection is the level of capability that is able to convince opponents or potential opponents that if aggression

or attack Indonesia, will be experienced failure before entering into the Indonesian jurisdiction so that the

consideration of the potential opponent will cancel his intention to invade Indonesia.

Meanwhile, the strategy of deterrence by way of retaliation is essentially deterrent power generated by the defense

forces which have prevented deterrent effect on the intention of the opposition who want to attack Indonesia because

Indonesia countered great ability. Even if the opponent feel confident to strike, a great ability to reply Indonesia

resulted in the opposing party are increasingly recognizing that if the occupying Indonesia will eventually suffer a

great loss. Ability retaliation Indonesia the main thing is the ability to implement protracted war that spread throughout

Indonesia, through guerrilla units are very agile and militant.

Indonesia itself has established a policy that defense diplomacy is an element that cannot be separated from total

government diplomacy. There are several factors that Affect defense diplomacy items, namely: "Defense policy and

organizational structure". Defense diplomacy is a tool and a way to achieve the goals that have been outlined by

defense policies in the field of international defense cooperation. For example the countries roommates are priorities

roommates need to encourage cooperation in the fields of defense on a bilateral basis, the scope of activities that need

to be done in each of cooperation and the degree of the depth of cooperation, the role of Indonesia in the Organizations

of multilateral security as well as the resources that would be allocated bilateral or multilateral international

cooperation base. Foreign policy. Foreign policy is the main reference of the government in Determining the strategy

and way of doing foreign cooperation in all fields, including defense.

Indonesia's defense diplomacy conducted bilaterally or multilaterally. There are three types of military diplomacy

bilateral cooperation for Indonesia: First, diplomacy, defense as confidence building measures (CBM). Second,

defense diplomacy to improve defense capabilities. Third, defense diplomacy for the development of the defense

industry. CBMs be developed in the form of strengthening cooperation through state visits, dialogues and

consultations, exchange of information, strategic partnerships, exchange of officers / staff and joint training. While

defense diplomacy to increase the capabilities conducted through military aid, weapons procurement, and so on.

Defense diplomacy in the development of the defense industry is done through technology transfer, collaborative

research and development, investment in joint ventures, etc.

C. Framework of Indonesia’s economic strengthening

Economic Security for Indonesia is defined as a dynamic state of the economic life of the nation which contains

tenacity and toughness national strength in the face and overcome all challenges, threats, obstacles and distractions

that come from the outside and from the inside, directly or indirectly, to ensure the economic survival of the nation

and the State.

Strategic geographical position: Strategic geographical position and island flanked by the Pacific Ocean and the

Indian Ocean and are among the Asian continent and Australia became the basic reason for the establishment of

Indonesia as the Axis World Maritime such a discourse by the government recently. Maritime shaft could be a way

out of the impasse national competitiveness has begun to pose a short-term complications. Investors are starting to see

an inability to compete our products become acute burden for the current transaction so that the level of their

confidence in the future of Indonesia's economy also began to decline. by utilizing the position of Indonesia as an

archipelagic country that has four strategic points through which 40% of ships of world trade, the Strait of Malacca,

Sunda Strait, the Strait of Lombok and Makassar Strait can provide great opportunities to facilitate Indonesia became

an industrial center of trade and maritime shipping world, it is also supported by the geographical location of Indonesia

is an archipelago with two-thirds of the oceans is greater than the mainland. This can be seen by the shoreline in almost

every island in Indonesia (± 81,000 km), which makes Indonesia ranks second after Canada as a country that has the

longest coastline in the world. Strength is what great potential to improve the economy of Indonesia is. Furthermore,

according to the Food and Agriculture Organization in 2012, Indonesia currently ranks third in the world's largest

fisheries production under China and India. In addition, the Indonesian waters to save 70 percent of the oil potential

because there are approximately 40 oil basins that are in the waters of Indonesia. Of this number only about 10 percent

of which has been explored and exploited.

In the implementation of marine development program problems still to be faced in the future are: (1) low

infrastructure monitoring and control of marine resources, and weak law enforcement in handling illegal fishing; (2)

less than optimal utilization of marine resources and fisheries in the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone, including

the potential for non-conventional marine; (3) not yet developed the construction of small islands and the outer islands;

(4) the completion of the delimitation of the sea Indonesia with neighboring countries; (5) is broken and contamination

of coastal and marine ecosystems; (6) frequent conflicts utilization and management of marine resources and fisheries

as not yet well established marine and coastal space.

Energy and mineral resources: In the implementation of the development in the field of energy and mineral resources,

the need for domestic fuel within the last 20 years increased, with a growth rate of about 5-6% per year. However, this

is not followed by an increase in oil production. In fact, oil production in the last five years has decreased significantly.

This is due to: a) the discovery of new reserves on a large scale to be developed; and b) most of the oil fields that are

currently producing an old field - experience the natural production decline of approximately 15% per year. Investment

(exploration) in the field of oil and gas does not evolve mainly due to the issuance of several regulations that burden

for investors, such as the imposition of value added tax (VAT) in the exploration phase, the application of customs

duties on goods imported oil and gas, and restrictions on exploration activities in protected forest areas, Utilization

and development of natural gas is not currently reflecting a balance between domestic demand and exports. Most of

the natural gas exported in the form of liquefied natural gas (LNG). Natural gas supply shortage occurs in some areas

for example in East Java, for the sake of power, and in Aceh, the raw material for fertilizer and petrochemical plants.

Limited gas transportation infrastructure is a major obstacle in the utilization of natural gas for domestic needs, in

addition to the high cost of production of natural gas as compared to the level of ability of domestic gas consumers,

especially households.

The field of energy and mineral resources are play an important role in the national economy. This is evidenced by

the large role the energy sector and mineral resources as a provider of energy resources, a source of foreign exchange,

revenues, sources of industrial raw materials, a vehicle for technology transfer, support for regional development,

creating jobs and driving growth in other sectors. Commodities generated from this sector still plays an important role

in the national economy, contributing nearly 30% of total revenues. Improving the investment climate is absolutely

necessary in order to continue to support the function of the energy sector and mineral resources as the backbone of

the national economic wheel in the years to come. In addition, the improvement of the rules regarding the management

of the utilization of oil and gas production (oil) should continue to be refined in order to support increased foreign

exchange as state revenue.

D. Military diplomacy and military strengthening

The territorial waters of Indonesia from Sabang to Merauke can be used as a high bargaining power to rich countries

and developed such as the US and its allies, China, and Japan, in particular countries that are certainly very interested

by the waters and sea Indonesia as a pivot maritime world as a very strategic from the economic, political and military.

The increasingly protracted dispute over territorial claims in the South China Sea indirectly, made the position of

Indonesia grew to be very strategic. US, Australia and its allies would not remain silent, before it's too late, missed by

China and the Soviets, the US economy as well Zone divert war zone which was originally located in the Middle East

has now shifted to Asia. Rather the entire region and the waters surrounding the archipelago.

Defense diplomacy in Southeast Asia today involves the military cooperation with the military and among partners in

the region. Significant consequences for the defense is that the military diplomacy in the region and related

infrastructure becomes more intense agencies involved in the practice of diplomacy and foreign policy of the countries

of Southeast Asia. The use of armed force to support diplomacy has historically been associated with the country's

national interests. Military involvement in diplomacy is an element to prevent foreign ambition, which can be done

through a military show of strength. In this case the form of the performance capabilities of personnel, sophisticated

weaponry and the ability to build mutual respect and a sense of brotherhood. These capabilities necessary to protect

the national interests of both political, economic, national integrity and sovereignty.

On the other hand, a problem that needs to be answered by the Indonesian National Army (TNI) is the problem of

separatism, terrorism and Transnational Organized Crime (TOC), the issue of borders, territorial claims, violations of

territory, theft of natural resources, subversion-infiltration and espionage, survey illegal by foreign parties, the

smuggling of weapons from abroad, communal conflicts, ethnic religious, racial and class conflicts, separatism and

federalism symptoms.

Therefore, to make Indonesia as the "World Maritime Axis" must be supported by naval and air superiority is strong,

not just the land. Our defense paradigm that has been land-based oriented should be changed. Global Fire Power Sites

(GFP) has recently issued a release that Indonesia is a country with a military force to the 12th largest in the world.

There is hope and pride to see that an international website GFP, which often become a scientific reference of the

experts of the military and defense worldwide, putting Indonesia in the respectable position. More proud because of

the military ahead of the 70th anniversary, 5 October. Indonesia declared position is above the neighboring countries

which often become rivals, such as Malaysia, Singapore, and even Australia. However, the challenge ahead is how to

embody the concept of world maritime shaft into the operational level are understood together. During this time,

cannot deny that the sea and air are areas where frequent security problems, it is because there is no adequate measures

of the government. Therefore, the first step shaft maritime security of the world should start from the sea and air. With

the guarantee of security, investment and trade flows going smoothly in and out of Indonesia.

With the increasing power of naval and military air make Indonesia more respected in the eyes of the world. China

can master the rampant trade in East Asia Area, is due to a very strong military power, especially at sea. Business

activities carried on by sea would work well if regional security is guaranteed by the countries visited. Recognized

trade through sea lanes more effectively.

IV. SUMMARY

Security is a very important thing for a country. Countries striving to improve the strength (power) to create security.

Countries striving to improve the strength to cope with any threat. The position of Indonesia has a very important role

in Southeast Asia, Indonesian archipelago, located between the continents of Asia and Australia, and the Pacific Ocean

and the Indian Ocean, leading to national conditions strongly influenced by developments in the strategic context. The

involvement of the Indonesian state in the management of conflicts in the South China Sea, is something that is based

on the national interest to participate in the maintenance of world peace and awareness of the benefits of the settlement

of the conflict, efforts to find and prevent the causes of conflict, the belief in the capacity available, and seems right

choices regarding conflict resolution mechanisms. The achievement of a resolution to the conflict of the South China

Sea issue will not only benefit economically, but also politically and security. The magnitude of the economic potential

such as cruise lines, natural content such as oil, gas and minerals as well as a wealth of fish if utilized and managed

bias would be very beneficial for each country involved. Defense diplomacy in Southeast Asia today involves the

military cooperation with the military and among partners in the region. Significant consequences for the defense is

that the military diplomacy in the region and related infrastructure becomes more intense agencies involved in the

practice of diplomacy and foreign policy of the countries of Southeast Asia. The use of armed force to support

diplomacy has historically been associated with the country's national interests. Related to the conflict in Syria,

Indonesia's attitude is very clear in the Syrian crisis, rejecting violence against civilians and supports a peaceful

solution that reflects the aspirations of the Syrian people. Indonesia supports the efforts of the United Nations in

finding a peaceful solution and stressed the need to be an inclusive international conference to bring together the views

of the international community in the Syrian issue.

For Indonesia, the potential threat to watch is the spread of radical Islam, although the vast majority of Indonesians

rejects terrorism, but many are troubled by a possible perception that the US war on terror is also focused on Muslims.

Indonesia’s strategy for dealing with terrorism is based on “soft power,” because more than 90 percent of the

population is Muslim, and thus a hard-power approach to Islamists is deemed unacceptable. In terms of the global

economy, the civil war that is currently happening in the Middle East will significantly complicate and negative

impacts of the international community in general. Energy security into the sectors most affected.

REFERENCES

Broderick, K (2015), “Chinese Activities in the South China Sea: Implications for the American Pivot to Asia”, Project

2049 Institute.

Hines, L (2013) “China, the ARF, and the South China Sea: Is China Being Socialized?” International Affairs Review,

Vol. XXI, No. 2, pp. 1-23.

Huxley, T (1994) “The ASEAN States’ Defence Policies: Influences and Outcomes” in Colin McInnes and Mark G.

Rolls eds., Post-Cold War Security Issues in the Asia-Pacific Region (Essex: Frank Cass, 1994), p. 136.

Laksmana, E. A (2011) “The enduring strategic trinity: explaining Indonesia's geopolitical architecture” Journal of

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Web: (http://www.uscc.gov)

Sukma, R (2012) “Indonesia: Security Outlook, Defense Policy, and Regional Cooperation” In Security Outlook of

the Asia Pacific Countries and Its Implication for The Defense Sector (NIDS Joint Research Series No. 7),

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Congress, Congressional Research Service, September, Available in :

(https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42784.pdf)

Roth, K (2012) Time To Ambandon The Autocrats and Emrace Right : The International Response to the Arab Spring,

World Report 2012 Human Right Watch.

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in: (http://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_PE_143_0035--disputes-in-the-south-china-sea.htm).

Endnote

1. See the web: http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/seasia.pdf

2. See the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, “Map of the South China Sea,” 1988, Perry-Castañeda Library Map

Collection. http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/asia.html

3. See the web: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea

4. See the web: http://www.smh.com.au/world/south-china-sea-dispute-what-you-need-to-know-20150528-

ghbk6u.html

BIOGRAPHY

Paryanto (Major General)

At this time, he is pursuing doctoral study at the University of Brawijaya, Malang. He is a member of the

military with the rank of Major General. Joined the military in 1983.