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Indonesian Research publication Indonesian Research publication Performance & Funding
ARIEF A. YUSUF
Presented at The second Indonesian Development Research Network Workshop
on June 11-12, 2014, Puncak, Indonesia, held by Smeru Research Institute & The
Australian National University
In all fields, Malaysia progress has been well above his neighbors. Thailand has been constantly improving. Indonesia is way behind, but still better than the Philippines (Note: should think more in per capita)
20,838
15000
20000
25000
Number of articles (all subjects)
3,231
10,824
1,405
0
5000
10000
15000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Indonesia Malaysia Thailand Philippines
Source: Scimago/Scopus
Excluding Malaysia (and Thailand), It should be noted that Indonesia (as well as the Philippines) has shown a sign of improvement for the last several years. However, other countries’ (Malaysia/Thailand) progress is far faster.
2500
3000
3500
Number of articles (all subjects)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Indonesia Philippines
Source: Scimago/Scopus
In economics, again Malaysia outperform its neighbors, but Indonesia’s performance is comparable to other countries (Thailand, Philippines)
300
350
400
450
Number of articles (economics, econometrics and finance)
0
50
100
150
200
250
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Indonesia Malaysia Thailand Philippines
Source: Scimago/Scopus
In economics, Indonesia, Thailand, and Philippines are all comparable in terms of its performance as well as its progress.
60
70
80
90
100
Number of articles (economics, econometrics and finance)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Indonesia Thailand Philippines
Source: Scimago/Scopus
Indonesia’s publication, mainly, are results of international collaboration. It means Indonesian researchers are not independent. It could be that they many of them are products of Ph.D thesis overseas.
60
70
80
90
Percentage articles with international collaborators
0
10
20
30
40
50
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Indonesia Malaysia Thailand Philippines
Source: Scimago/Scopus
In economics, however, the level of international collaboration is more or less comparable, except for Malaysia.
80
100
120
Percentage articles with international collaborators
0
20
40
60
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Indonesia Malaysia Thailand Philippines
Source: Scimago/Scopus
Physics and Astronomy, 48%
Biochemistry, Genetics and
Molecular Biology, 54%
Earth and Planetary Sciences, 60%Social Sciences, 64%
Chemistry, 68%Materials Science, 72%
Immunology and Microbiology,
76%
Mathematics, 79%Chemical Engineering, 83%
Multidisciplinary, 86%Computer Science, 89%
Pharmacology, Toxicology and
Pharmaceutics, 91%Energy, 93%
Economics, Econometrics and
Finance, 95%
Business, Management and
Accounting, 97%Veterinary, 97%Psychology, 98%Arts and Humanities, 98%Nursing, 99%Decision Sciences, 99%Neuroscience, 100%Health Professions, 100%Dentistry, 100%
By Subject 2008-2012
Research publications in Indonesia is contributed mainly by non-
social sciences. Social sciences contributed very minimal to
Indonesian research publication.
Agricultural and Biological
Sciences, 15%
Medicine, 26%
Engineering, 35%
Environmental Science, 42%
Physics and Astronomy, 48%Molecular Biology, 54%
Source: Scimago/Scopus
All universities/institutions in Indonesia combined may not be able to beat just one university in Malaysia for research publications.
12755
68998000
10000
12000
14000
Number of articles, the last 5 years (2009-2013), all subjects
Together still falls short by 46%
6899
22861568
984 688 369 348 319 318 190
2000
4000
6000
8000
UK
M
TO
GE
TH
ER
ITB
UI
UG
M
IPB
UN
DIP
UN
IBR
AW
UN
AIR
UN
PAD
SM
ER
U
Source: Scopus
Except ITB, Indonesian permanent faculty members on average, published much less than 1 article in reputable international journals in 5 years.
1.59
1.50
2.00
Number of articles/staff, the last 5 years (2009-
2013), all subjects
0.66 0.58 0.47
0.22 0.20 0.19 0.17
-
0.50
1.00
ITB
UI
IPB
UG
M
UN
DIP
UN
AIR
UN
IBR
AW
UN
PAD
Source: Scopus
The big 4 (ITB, UI, UGM, IPB) still dominates in terms of number of research publications in international reputable journals. The progress of UI and ITB is quite notable in the last 10 years.
UI
ITB
500
600
700
Number of articles published by Indonesian selected universities
2005-2013
UI
UGM
IPB
0
100
200
300
400
500
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
UI UNPAD ITB UGM IPB UNDIP UNAIR UNIBRAW
Source: Scopus
Other than the big-4, many universities also try to catch up, yet rather slowly.
100
120
140
Number of articles published by Indonesian selected
universities 2005-2013
0
20
40
60
80
100
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
UNPAD UNDIP UNAIR UNIBRAW
Source: Scopus
Number of articles, the last 5 years (2009-2013) in Economics-Econometrics-Finance
WITH UKM WITHOUT UKM
502
400
500
600 41
30
35
40
45
In the field of economics, Indonesia is even way behind Malaysia’s universities. Most Indonesian universities only published less than 1 article per year.
41 16 12 10 9 7 6 4 30
100
200
300
400
UK
M
UI
IPB
ITB
UG
M
UN
PAD
SM
ER
U
UN
IBR
AW
UN
AIR
UN
DIP
1612
10 97 6
4 3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
UI
IPB
ITB
UG
M
UN
PAD
SM
ER
U
UN
IBR
AW
UN
AIR
UN
DIP
Source: Scopus
It all boils down to limited funding
Source of research funding of Indonesian researchers1. Gov’t funding through higher education directorate general (DIKTI)
2. Other from within universities (non state universities)
3. International funding (Most are not publication oriented)
4. Semi-consulting1. Government agencies (national, regional, locals)1. Government agencies (national, regional, locals)
2. Non-government (private sectors, NGO, etc)
5. Others1. Personal?
Can be divided into: (1) Institutional (2) Individuals (3) Mixed.
GOVERNMENT RESEARCH FUNDING TROUGH DIKTI (2013)
IDR Billion AUD million
Total Higher Education Budget 30,970.0 2,815
Research and community services (RCS) 332.0 30
Directorate General of Higher Education allocates only 0.6% of its budget for research funding (AU$ 16 million) in 2013
Research and community services (RCS) 332.0 30
Percent 1.1% -
Research 175.5 16
Percent of RCS 52.9% -
Percent of total budget 0.6% -
Source: Dikti
DIKTI Research scheme (2013)
Research Scheme IDR Billion AU$ Million # of research
Funding/research
(Rp Million)
Hibah bersaing 58.3 5.3 765 76
Fundamental 6.4 0.6 128 50
Pekerti 2.9 0.3 39 74
Hibah Pasca 5.8 0.5 58 100
In Indonesia, there are more than 200,000 lecturers,
competing for 1,684 gov’t research fund (2013)
Hibah Pasca 5.8 0.5 58 100
Hibah kompetensi 12.3 1.1 82 150
Unggulan strategis 6.0 0.5 6 1,000
Kerjasama LN dan publikasi LN 17.8 1.6 89 200
Strategis nasional 23.1 2.1 231 100
Doctoral 1.8 0.2 36 50
Prioritas nasional MP3EI 41.1 3.7 250 164
TOTAL RESEARCH FUNDING (IDR Billion) 175.5 16.0 1684 104
Source: Dikti
International: My EEPSEA Experience
Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia was established in May 1993 to
Cambodia
6%
China
20%
Vietnam
21%
Indonesian researchers are comparatively low in their performance to secure international competitive research funding. (Note: here Malaysia is low because they already have abundant supply of domestic funding source).
in May 1993 to support training and research in environmental and resource economics.
Indonesia
9%
Lao PDR
5%Malaysia
3%
Mongolia/PN
G
1%
Philippines
20%Sri Lanka
4%
Thailand
10%
EEPSEA Experience: Why low performance in getting competitive international funding?Many submissions, a few are good proposals.
◦ Unclear objectives, unconnected to literature, little understanding of methodology, English languages
◦ Less persistent
Potential good researchers change careerPotential good researchers change career
High opportunity cost of doing research
Bottlenecks in getting research funding from government agencies & private sectorsConstrained by regulation: Research center under state universities cannot bid for government projects.
Private institute with low capacity do the projects, sometimes outsource to state universities with big kick-back, limited scope for research publication.research publication.
Private sectors funding is not publication oriented.
ConclusionResearch performance of Indonesia is a lot lower compared to Thailand and Malaysia. In 2012, Indonesia is only 15% of Malaysia, and 30% of Thailand.
In the fields of economics, econometrics and finance, Indonesia is already comparable to Thailand and Philippines.
Since 2005, there is a sign of strong growth in the number of Since 2005, there is a sign of strong growth in the number of publication, but catching up is a long way to go.
In all subject, big-4 universities (ITB, UI, UGM, IPB) still dominates. In the field of economics, UI is leading.
Research funding availability is low, more government fund should be allocated for academic/publication oriented research in combination with much stronger research-incentive for faculty members.