indonesian language dialect

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Indonesian language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation,searchIndonesian

Bahasa Indonesia

Spoken in Indonesia, East Timor

Region Southeast Asia

Total

speakersabout 200 million (only 17 million native speakers)

Ranking 52 (by native speakers)

Language

family

Austronesian

Malayo-Polynesian

o Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian

Sunda-Sulawesi

Malayic

Malayan

Malay

Indonesian

Writing

system

Latin alphabet

Official status

Official

language

in

Indonesia

Regulated

byPusat Bahasa

Language codes

ISO 639-1 id

ISO 639-2 ind

ISO 639-3 ind

Note: This page may contain IPAphonetic symbols in Unicode.

Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia) is the official language ofIndonesia. Indonesian is a

standardized dialect ofMalaythat was officially defined with the declaration of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Malayo-Polynesian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda-Sulawesi_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_regulatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_regulatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusat_Bahasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=indhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardized_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Malayo-Polynesian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda-Sulawesi_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_regulatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_regulatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusat_Bahasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=indhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardized_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language


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Indonesia's independence in 1945 although in the 1928 Indonesian Youth Pledge have

declared it as the official language.

Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the world. Of its large population thenumber of people who fluently speak Indonesian is fast approaching 100%, thus making

Indonesian one of the most widely spoken languages in the world.[1]

Most Indonesians,aside from speaking the national language, are often fluent in another regional language

(examples include Minangkabau, Sundanese and Javanese) which are commonly used athome and within the local community. Most formal education, as well as nearly all

national media and other forms of communication, are conducted in Indonesian. InEast

Timor, which was an Indonesian province from 1975 to 1999, Indonesian is recognisedby the constitution as one of the two working languages (the other isEnglish, alongside

the official languages ofTetum and Portuguese).

The Indonesian name for the language isBahasa Indonesia (literally "the language of

Indonesia"). This term can sometimes still be found in written or spokenEnglish. In

addition, the language is sometimes referred to as "Bahasa" by English-speakers, thoughthis simply means "language" and thus is also not an official term for Indonesian.

Contents

[hide]

1 Linguistics

2 History

3 Classificationo 3.1 Geographic distribution

o 3.2 Official status 4 Sounds

o 4.1 Phonology

o 4.2 Learning pronunciation

5 Grammaro 5.1 Word order

o 5.2 Word Formation

o 5.3 Adjectives

o 5.4 Affixation

5.4.1 Compound wordso 5.5 Initial Consonant Morphing

o 5.6 Grammatical gender

o 5.7 Measure words

o 5.8 Negation

o 5.9 Pluralisation

o 5.10 Pronouns

5.10.1 Possessive pronouns 5.10.2 Demonstrative pronouns
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue_list_of_most_spoken_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetum_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://toggletoc%28%29/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Geographic_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Official_statushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Soundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Phonologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Learning_pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Word_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Word_Formationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Adjectiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Affixationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Compound_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Initial_Consonant_Morphinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Grammatical_genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Measure_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Negationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Pluralisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Pronounshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Possessive_pronounshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Demonstrative_pronounshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue_list_of_most_spoken_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetum_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://toggletoc%28%29/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Geographic_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Official_statushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Soundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Phonologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Learning_pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Word_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Word_Formationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Adjectiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Affixationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Compound_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Initial_Consonant_Morphinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Grammatical_genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Measure_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Negationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Pluralisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Pronounshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Possessive_pronounshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Demonstrative_pronouns


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o 5.11 Verbs

5.11.1 Emphasis

6 Vocabulary

7 Spoken & informal Indonesian

8 Writing system

9 Idioms and Proverbs 10 References

11 See also

12 External links

[edit] Linguistics

To a certain degree, Indonesian can be regarded as an open language. Over the years,foreign languages such asSanskrit, Chinese,Arabic,Portuguese,Dutch and English have

influenced and expanded the Indonesian language, mostly through trade contacts and

international media.

Because of its semi-open status, there are those[2] who regard Indonesian (as well as other

forms of Malay) as lacking sufficient vocabularly and specialist terminologies. Yet some

linguists consider this view to be a misconception,[3] as a vast majority of foreign adopted

words do have native equivalents. For example, the word asimilasi (from the Dutch wordassimilatie) can also be expressed in Indonesian aspenggabungan. Many words

describing more modern inventions, objects or ideas are often Indonesianised adoptions

of foreign words (e.g. computer becomes komputer), although many of these words alsohave Indonesian equivalents. For example, a "cell/mobile phone" can be referred to in

Indonesian as eitherpon-sel/ telepon seluler(lit. cellular-telephone),HP(pronounced

hah-ph - the acronymic form ofhand phone) ortelepon genggam (lit. "hold-in-the-handtelephone"). Other words such as "rice cooker" may be referred to simply as "rice

cooker" or, again, in a more native Indonesian/ Malay form, i.e.penanak nasi (a word

formed from the verb menanak, meaning 'to cook rice by boiling' + nasi, meaning

'cooked rice'). Overall, the use of native and non-native words in Indonesian is equallycommon and reflects the country's efforts towards modernization and globalization.

Many aspects of Indonesian grammar are relatively simple in the initial stages of study,

making it one of the easiest languages to learn for adults [4]. Indonesian does not require

conjugation of verb tenses or participles, plural forms, articles and gender distinction forthe third person pronouns. It is important to note that neither do many other languages

traditionally regarded as 'complex', includingChinese(seeChinese grammar) and Thaifor example. In spite of this, Indonesian and Malay are generally regarded as easylanguages to learn, mostly because they are nottonal languages and they no longer use

complex characters within their writing system, but rather utilize theLatin alphabet.

Similar cases can also be seen in otherSoutheast Asian languages such as VietnameseandTagalog.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Verbshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Emphasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Vocabularyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Spoken_.26_informal_Indonesianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Writing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Idioms_and_Proverbshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonal_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonal_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Verbshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Emphasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Vocabularyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Spoken_.26_informal_Indonesianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Writing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Idioms_and_Proverbshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonal_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language


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However, Indonesian does possess a complex system of affixations. The absence of

tenses in the language is substituted through the use of aspect particles and (as with any

language) Indonesian grammar often presents an array of exceptions. Also, the simplicityof Indonesian grammar at a beginners or basic level has the disadvantage of misleading

many learners of the language into thinking that more advanced Indonesian grammar is

just as simple.[5]

[edit] History

Indonesian is a normative form of theMalay language, an Austronesian(orMalayo-

Polynesian) language which has been used as a lingua francain the Indonesian

archipelago for centuries. It was elevated to the status of official language with theIndonesian declaration of independence in 1945, drawing inspiration from the Sumpah

Pemuda (Youth's Oath) event in 1928.[6]

Because of its origins, Indonesian (in its most standard form) is mutually intelligible with

the official Malaysianform of Malay. However, it does differfrom Malaysian in someaspects, with differences in pronunciation and vocabulary. These differences are mainly

due to the Dutch and Javanese influences on Indonesian.

Whilst Indonesian is spoken as a mother tongue (first language) by only a small

proportion of Indonesia's large population (i.e. mainly those who reside within thevicinity ofJakarta), over 200 million people regularly make use of the national language -

some with varying degrees of proficiency. In a nation which boasts more than 300 native

languages and a vast array of ethnic groups, the use of proper or 'good and correct'Indonesian (as opposed to Indonesian slang or regional dialects) is an essential means of

communication across the archipelago. Use of the national language is abundant in the

media, government bodies, schools, universities, workplaces, amongst members of theIndonesian upper-class or nobility and also in many other formal situations.

Most native speakers of Indonesian would agree that the standard, correct version of the

Indonesian language is rarely used in daily communication. One can find standard and

correct Indonesian in books and newspapers, or listen to it when watching the news ortelevision/radio broadcasts, but few native Indonesian speakers use formally correct

language in their daily conversations. While this is a phenomenon common to most

languages in the world (for example, spoken English does not always correspond towritten standards), the degree of "correctness" of spoken Indonesian (in terms of

grammar and vocabulary) by comparison to its written form is noticeably low. This is

mostly due to the fact that most Indonesians tend to combine certain aspects of their ownlocal languages (eg.Javanese,Sundanese,Balinese, and even Chinese dialects,particularly Hokkien) with Indonesian. The result is the creation of various types of

'regional' Indonesian, the very types that a foreigner is most likely to hear upon arriving

in any Indonesian city or town. This phenomenon is exacerbated by the use ofIndonesianslang, particularly in the cities. A classic example of a speaker of accented Indonesian is

former president Soeharto, whose Javanese accent came through whenever he delivered a

speech.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumpah_Pemudahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumpah_Pemudahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differences_between_Malay_and_Indonesianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_slang_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Nan_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_slang_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_slang_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_slang_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soehartohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soehartohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumpah_Pemudahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumpah_Pemudahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differences_between_Malay_and_Indonesianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_slang_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Nan_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_slang_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_slang_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soeharto


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The language is spoken throughout Indonesia (andEast Timor), although it is used most

extensively as a first language in urban areas and usually as a second or third language in

more rural parts of Indonesia. It is also spoken by an additional 1.5+ million peopleworldwide, particularly in theNetherlands, the Philippinesand Malaysia. Also spoken as

daily language in some parts ofAustralia( mostly in Christmas Islandand Cocos

(Keeling) Islands ), Brunei, Singapore, some parts ofThailand (Southern Thailand ),East Timor, Saudi Arabia, Suriname,New Caledonia, and the United States.[9]

[edit] Official status

Indonesian is the official languageof Indonesia.

[edit] Sounds

[edit] Phonology

The following arephonemes of modern Indonesian.

Vowels

Front Central Back

Close i u

Close-mid e o

Open-mid () ()

Open a

Indonesian also has the diphthongs /ai/, /au/, and /oi/. In closed syllables, such as air

(water), however, the two vowels are not pronounced as a diphthong.

Consonants

Labial Apical Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal

Nasal m n

Plosive p b t d k g

Affricate

Fricative (f) s (z) () (x) h

Liquid l r

Approximant w j

Note: The vowels between parentheses are allophones while the consonants inparentheses are loan phonemes and as such only occur inloanwords.

[edit] Learning pronunciation

Here are a few useful tips for the English speaking learner:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surinamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanwordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanwordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surinamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanwordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=8


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/k/, /p/, and /t/ are unaspirated, i.e. they are not followed by a noticeable puff of

air as they often are in English words.

/t/ and /d/ are dental, rather than alveolar as in English.

When /k/ is at the end of a syllable it becomes aglottal stop, which sounds like it

is cut off sharply e.g. baik, bapak. This is similar to a number of English dialects

where final /t/ is glottalized ("got", "what"). Only a few Indonesian words havethis sound in the middle, e.g. bakso (meatballs), and it may be represented by an

apostrophe in Arabic derived words such asAl Qur'an.

The letter 'c' in a word is never pronounced as a 'k' or 's' e.g. kucing (meaning cat)is pronounced kuching.

Stress is placed on thepenultimate(second-to-last) syllable of each base word.

But if this syllable contains a schwa then the accent moves to the last syllable.

For more, and to listen to examples, see SEASite Guide to Pronunciation of Indonesian

[edit] Grammar

[edit] Word order

Adjectives, demonstrative pronouns andpossessive pronounsfollow the noun they

modify.

The basic word order of Indonesian is Subject Verb Object (SVO). However many

Indonesians will speak in a passive/objective voice, making use of the Object VerbSubject word order. This OVS word order in Indonesian will often permit the omission of

the subject and/or object (i.e. ellipses of noun/pronoun) and can benefit the speaker/writer

in two ways:

1) Adding a sense of politeness and respect to a statement or question

For example, a polite shop assistant in a store may avoid the use of pronouns altogetherand ask:

Ellipses of pronoun (Subject & Object) Literal English Idiomatic English

Bisa dibantu? Can + to be helped? Can (I) help (you)?

2) Convenience when the subject is unknown, not important or implied by context

For example, a friend may enquire as to when you bought your property, to which youmay respond:

Ellipses of pronoun

(Implied Subject)Literal English Idiomatic English

Rumah ini dibeli lima tahunyang lalu

House this + to be purchased

five year(s) agoThe house was purchased

five years ago
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Ultimately, the choice between active and passive voice (and therefore word order) is a

choice between actor and patient and depends quite heavily on the language style and

context.

[edit] Word Formation

Indonesian is an agglutinative language and new words are generally formed via threemethods. New words can be created throughaffixation(the attaching of affixes onto root

words), formation of a compound word (a composition of two or more separate words),

orreduplication(repetition of words or portions of words).

[edit] Adjectives

Unlike in English, adjectives in the Indonesian language follow nouns:

Indonesian Literal English word order Normal English translation

Mobil merah Car red Red car Dia orang yang terkenal

sekali

He/she person which well-

known very

He/she is a very famous/well-

known person

(Sebuah) cerita panjang (A) story long A long story

[edit] Affixation

The Indonesian language utilises a complex system ofaffixes(i.e. prefix, infix, suffix and

confix (circumfix)). Affixes are applied with certain rules which depend on the initialletter of a base word (BW = base word, eg. a habitual verb, adjective, etc in its simplest

form), and/or the sound combination of the second syllable. For example:

The affixBer+ ajar(teach) =BeLajar(Note the deletion of 'R' and the additionof 'L')

= to study

The affixes Me + ajar+ -kan = meNGajarkan (Note the addition of 'NG')

= to teach (transitive)

By comparison

The affixBer+judi (gamble) =Berjudi (Note thatBer- remains unchanged)

= to gamble

The affixes Me +judi + -kan = meNjudikan (Note the addition of 'N')
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= to gamble away (money, one's life, etc)

Also, depending on the affix used, a word can have different grammatical meanings (e.g.me + makan (memakan) means to eat something (in the sense of digesting it), while di +

makan (dimakan) means to be eaten (passive voice), ter+ makan (termakan) means to beaccidentally eaten. Often two different affixes are used to change the meaning of a word.

For example, dudukmeans to sit down, whereas men + duduk+ kan (mendudukkan)means to sit someone/ something down. Men + duduk+ i (menduduki) means to sit on

something, di + duduk+ kan (didudukkan) means to be sat down, diduduki (diduduki)

means to be sat on, etc).

As with any language, Indonesian grammar can often present an array of inconsistenciesand exceptions. Some base words when combined with two affixes (eg. me + BW + kan)

can produce an adjective rather than a verb, or even both. For example, bosan when

combined with the affixes me- and -kan produces the word membosankan, meaning

boring(adjective) orto bore (someone) (active verb). However, not all base words can becombined with affixes, nor are they always consistent in their subsequent usage and

meaning. A prime example is the word tinggalwhich, when combined with affixes, canchange quite dramatically in both meaning and grammatical use:

Tinggal(base word (BW) form) = to reside, live (in a place)

Meninggal(MeN+BW) = to die, pass away (short form of 'Meningal dunia'

below)

Meninggaldunia (MeN+BW + world) = to pass away, to die (lit. pass on from the

world)

Meninggalkan (MeN+BW+kan) = to leave (a place); to leave behind/abandon

(someone/ something) Ketinggalan (Ke+BW+an) = to miss (a bus, train, etc); to be left behind

Tertinggal(Ter+BW) = to be (accidentally) left behind

Ditinggalkan (Di+BW+kan) = to be left behind; to be abandoned Selamat tinggal(word + BW) = goodbye (said to the person staying)

Noun affixes are affixes that form nouns upon addition to base words. The following are

examples of noun affixes:

Type of noun affixes Affix Example of root word Example of derived word

Prefix pe(N)- duduk(sit) penduduk(resident)

kehendak(want) kehendak(desire)juru- acara (event) juru-acara (event host)

Infix -el- tunjuk(point) telunjuk(index finger, command)

-em- kelut(dishevelled) kemelut(chaos, crisis)

-er- gigi (teeth) gerigi (toothed blade, serration)

Suffix -an bangun (wake up, raise) bangunan (building)

Confix ke-...-an raja (king) kerajaan (kingdom)


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pe-...-an kerja (work) pekerjaan (occupation)

(N) and (R) indicate that if a word begins with certain letters (most often vowels or

consonants k, p, s, t), the letter will either be omitted or other letters will replace it, most

commonly with the letters in the bracket or m, ng, ny and l.

Similarly, verb affixes are attached to root words to form verbs. In Indonesian, there are:

Type of verb

affixesAffix

Example of root

wordExample of derived word

Prefix be(L)- ajar(teach) belajar(to study) - Intransitive

me(N)- tolong(help)menolong(to help) - Active

transitive

me(NG)- gambar(picture)menggambar(to draw) - Active

transitive

diambil(take)

diambil(is being taken) - Passive

transitive

memperdalam (depth) memperdalam (to deepen)

dipe(R)- dalam (deep)diperdalam (is being further

deepen)

te(R)- makan (eat)termakan (to have accidentally

eaten)

Suffix -kan letak(place, keep)letakkan (keep) - Imperative

transitive

-i jauh (far)jauhi (avoid) - Imperative

transitive

Confix be(R)-...-an pasang(pair) berpasangan (to be paired)be(R)-...-kan dasar(base) berdasarkan (based upon)

me(M)-...-kan pasti (certain) memastikan (to ensure)

me(N)-...-i teman (companion) menemani (to accompany)

mempe(R)-...-

kanguna (use)

mempergunakan (to misuse, to

utilise)

mempe(L)-...-i ajar(teach) mempelajari (to study)

ke-...-an hilang(disappear) kehilangan (to lose)

di-...-i sakit(pain) disakiti (is being hurt)

di-...-kan benar(right) dibenarkan (is allowed to)

dipe(R)-...-kan kenal(know,recognise)

diperkenalkan (is being introduced)

Adjective affixes are attached to base words to form adjectives:

Type of adjective affixes Affix Example of root word Example of derived word

Prefix te(R)- kenal(know) terkenal(famous)

serupa (appearance) serupa (similar (to))
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Infix -em- cerlang(radiant bright) cemerlang(bright, excellent)

-er- sabut(husk) serabut(dishevelled)

Confix ke-...-an barat(west) kebaratan (westernized)

In addition to these affixes, Indonesia language also has a lot of borrowed affixes from

other languages such as Sanskrit, Arabic and English. For example maha-,pasca-, eka-,bi-, anti-,pro-,pra-, etc.

[edit] Compound words

In Indonesian, new words can be formed by conjoining two or more base words.Compound words, when they exist freely in a sentence, are often written separately.

Compound words are only attached to each other when they are bound by a confix or

when they are already considered as stable words.

For example, the word rumah which means house and makan which means eat, are

compounded to form a new word rumah makan (restaurant). Similarly, ambil alih (takeover) is formed using the root words ambil(take) and alih (shift), but will link together

when a circumfix is attached to it, i.e.pengambilalihan (takeover). Certain stable words,

such as kakitangan (personnel), and kerjasama (co-oporation; corporation), are spelled asone word even though the words they consist of can also exist freely in sentences.

[edit] Initial Consonant Morphing

Indonesian makes use ofinitial consonant morphing when using the prefixes me- andpe-.

This means that according to the initial sound of the base word, the sounds used in the

prefix will differ; this is based on the place of articulation.

The sound following the me- orpe- suffix is usually a nasal(m, n, ny, ng) or liquid(l, r)

sound. Which sound is used depends on the point of articulation. E.g. the initial sound ofbeli, /b/, is a bi-labial sound (pronounced using both the lips), so the nasal bi-labial

sound, /m/ is placed before the base word, creating membeli.

The initial consonant is dropped if it is unvoiced(/p/, /t/, /s/, /k/), e.g. menulis/tulis,

memilih/pilih.

[edit] Grammatical gender

Generally Indonesian does not make use ofgrammatical gender, and there are only selectwords that use natural gender. For instance, the same word is used forhe andshe (dia/ia)

or forhis and her(dia/ia/-nya). No real distinction is made between "girlfriend" and"boyfriend" (except in the more colloquial terms cewek(girl, girlfriend) and cowok(guy,

boyfriend). A majority of Indonesian words that refer to people generally have a form

that does not distinguish between the sexes. However, unlike English, distinction is made

between older or younger (a characteristic quite common to many Asian languages). Forexample, adikrefers to a younger sibling of either gender and kakakrefers to an older
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sibling, again, either male or female. In order to specify the natural gender of a noun, an

adjective must be added. Thus, adik laki-laki corresponds to "younger brother" but really

means "younger male sibling".

There are some words that are gendered, for instance putri means "daughter", andputra

means "son" and alsopramugara means "air steward" (male flight attendant) andpramugari meaning "air stewardess" (female flight attendant). Another example would

be olahragawan, which equates to "sportsman", and olahragawati, meaningsportswoman. Often, words like these (or certain suffixes such as "-a" and "-i" or "-wan"

and "wati") are absorbed from other languages (in these cases, fromSanskrit through the

Old Javanese language). In some regions of Indonesia such as Sumatera and Jakarta,abang(agender-specific term meaning "older brother") is commonly used as a form of

address for older siblings/ males, whilst kakak(a non-gender specific term (meaning

"older sibling") is often used to mean "older sister". Similarly, more direct influencesfrom dialects such as Javanese and Chinese languages have also seen further use of other

gendered words in Indonesian. For example: Mas (Jav. = older brother), M'bak(Jav. =

older sister),Koko (Hokkien = older brother) and Cici (Hokkien = older sister).

[edit] Measure words

Another distinguishing feature of Indonesian language is its use ofmeasure words. In this

way, it is similar to many other languages of Asia, including Chinese,Vietnamese,Burmese, and Bengali.

Examples of these measure words are: ekor(used for animals), buah (generally used for

non-living things), orang(used for people), lembar(used for paper), helai (used for long,thin and generally flat things), biji (used for tiny, round things), batang(used for long,

stick-like objects), etc. However, these measure words may not always be used ininformal conversation.

Indonesian Literal English translation Normal English translation

Tiga ekor sapi Three tails (of) cow Three cows

Sepuluh orang tentera Ten people soldiers Ten soldiers

Lima lembar/ helai/ carik kertas Five sheets/pieces of paper Five sheets/pieces of paper

Sebelas buah apel Eleven fruits (of) apple Eleven apples

Importantly, when a measure word is being used in conjunction with only oneobject, the numeral prefixse- is used in front of the measure word, notsatu.

Therefore a banana would be translated as (se + MW + object) = sebuah pisang.

[edit] Negation

There are three major forms of negation used in the Indonesian language, namely tidak,

bukan and belum.
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Tidak(sometimes shortened to tak) is used for the negation of a verb and

adjective.

For example: "saya tidaktahu" = I do notknow OR "Ibu saya tidaksenang" = My motheris nothappy

Bukan is used in the negation of a noun.

For example: "Itu bukan anjing saya" = That is notmy dog

Belum is primarily used to negate a sentence or phrase with the sense that

something has not yet been accomplished or experienced. In this sense, belum canalso be used as a negative response to a question.

For example: "Anda sudah pernah ke Indonesia (belum)? "Belum, saya masih belum

pernah pergi ke Indonesia" = Have you ever been to Indonesia before, (or not)?No, I

have not yetbeen to Indonesia OR "Orang itu belum terbiasa tinggal di Indonesia" = Thatperson is not (yet) used to living in Indonesia.

NB: Another kind of negation involves the wordjangan, which equates to the English

equivalent of "don't" or "do not".Jangan is used for negating imperatives or advising

against certain actions. For example, "Jangan tinggalkan saya di sini!" = 'Don'tleave mehere!'

[edit] Pluralisation

Plurals are expressed by means ofreduplication, but only when the plural is not implied

in the context. Thus "person" is orang, and "people" is orang-orang, but "a thousandpeople" isseribu orang, as the use of a numeral (i.e.seribu) renders it unnecessary tomark the plural form.

For foreigners learning Indonesian, the concept of grammatical reduplication is not as

easy to grasp as it may seem. Besides expressing plurals, reduplication can also be used

to create new words that differ in meaning. For instance, hati means "heart" or "liver"(depending on context) whereas hati-hati means "to be careful" and is often used as a

verb. As stated above, orangmeans "person" while orang-orangmeans "people", butorang-orangan means "scarecrow". Also, not all reduplicated words indicate plural forms

of a word with many words naturally expressed in reduplicated form. Examples of these

include, biri-biri (sheep), kupu-kupu (butterfly) which can imply both a singular or pluralmeaning, depending on the context or numeral used.

By contrast, there are also some types of plural words that are expressed by reduplicationof a similar sounding (but essentially different) word. In these cases the general sound of

a word/phrase is repeated, but the initial letter of the repeated word is changed. A

common example of this issayur-mayur(notsayur-sayur) meaning "vegetables" (plural).

Another type of reduplication can be formed through the use of certain affixes (e.g. pe- +
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-an). For instance,pepohonan ([various kinds of] trees, from the wordpohon [tree]),perumahan (houses/ housing, from the word rumah [house]) orpegunungan (mountains,

mountain range, from the wordgunung[mountain]), and so on.

Another useful word to remember when pluralizing in Indonesian is beberapa, which

means "some." For example one may use beberapa pegunungan to describe a series ofmountain ranges, and beberapa kupu-kupu to describe (plural) butterflies.

[edit] Pronouns

There are two forms of "we", kami orkita, depending on whether the speaker includes the

person being talked to.Kami (exclusive) is used when the person or people being spokento are not included, while kita (inclusive) includes the opposite party. Their usage is

increasingly confused in colloquial Indonesian. There are two major forms of "I", which

aresaya and aku. Despite having the same meaning,saya is definitely the more formalform, whereasAku is used often used with family, friends and between lovers. There are

three common forms of "you", which are kamu,Anda and kalian.Anda is the more politeform of "you" and is used in conversations with someone you barely know, advertising,business situations or with someone whom you wish to respect.Kalian is the common

plural form of "you" and is often said to be slightly informal.

NB: Because of the overall structure of Indonesian society and influences from regional

dialects, many more different pronouns exist in Indonesian. Some of these 'additionalpronouns' may show utmost politeness and respect (eg. saudara/saudari = you

(male/female) or Anda sekalian = you (polite, plural form)), may be used only in the most

informal of situations (eg. gua/ lu = me/ you -seeIndonesian slang), or may even possesssomewhat romantic or poetic nuances(eg. daku/dikau = me/you).

Common Indonesian Pronouns

Type Indonesian English

First PersonSaya (standard, polite), Aku (informal, familiar), Gua (informal,

slang)I, me

Kami (excl.), Kita (incl.) We, us

Second

PersonAnda (polite, formal), Saudara/Saudari (polite, formal) You

Kamu (familiar, informal), (Eng)kau (familiar, informal), Lu(informal, slang)

You

Kalian (plural, informal), Anda sekalian (plural, formal),Saudara(i)-saudara(i) (polite)

You

Third Person Ia, DiaHe, she,it

Beliau (high respect) He, She

Mereka They
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[edit] Possessive pronouns

Type of

possessive

pronouns

Possessive

pronouns

Example of

root word

Example of

derived word(s)

First person Saya, Aku (I) -ku meja (table) mejaku (my table)Kami (we, referring to

1st and 3rd person), kita(we, referring to 1st and

2nd person)

... (milik)kami/kita

kursi

(chair)

kursi (milik) kami,

kursi (milik) kita

(our chair)

Secondperson

Kamu (you) -mu meja (table) mejamu (your table)

Anda, Saudara

(you(polite))

... (milik)

Anda/Saudara

kursi

(chair)

kursi (milik)Anda/Saudara (your

chair)

Kalian (you(plural)) ... (milik) kalian

kursi

(chair)

kursi (milik) kalian

(your chair)

Third person Dia, Ia (he, she, it) -nya meja (table)mejanya (his, her,its table)

Beliau (he, she, it

(polite))

... (milik)

Beliaumeja (table)

meja (milik) Beliau

(his, her, its table)

Mereka (they)... (milik)mereka

kursi

(chair)

kursi (milik) mereka

(their chair)

[edit] Demonstrative pronouns

There are two kinds ofdemonstrative pronounsin the Indonesian language.Ini (this,these) is used for a noun which is generally near to the speaker.Itu (that, those) is used

for a noun which is generally far from the speaker. There is no difference betweensingular form and the plural form. However, plural can be indicated through duplication

of a noun followed by a demonstrative pronoun. Also, the wordyangis often placed

before demonstrative pronouns to give emphasis and a sense of certainty, particularlywhen making references or enquiries about something/ someone.

Various Uses

Demonst. Pronoun Simple Use English Meaning

Ini Buku ini This bookItu Kucing itu That cat

Demonst. Pronoun Plural Form (via Noun duplication) English Meaning

Ini Buku-buku ini These books

Itu Kucing-kucing itu Those cats

Demonst. Pronoun +

yangExample Sentence English Meaning

Yang ini Q: Anda mau membeli buku Q: Which book do you wish to
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yang mana?

A: Saya mau beli yang ini

purchase?

A: I would like this one (this

book)

Yang itu

Q: Kucing mana yang makan

tikusmu?

A: Yang itu!

Q: Which cat ate your mouse?

A: That one (that cat)!

[edit] Verbs

Verbs are not inflected for person or number, and they are not marked for tense; tense is

instead denoted by time adverbs (such as "yesterday") or by other tense indicators

(sometimes referred to as aspect particles), such as belum (not yet) orsudah (already). Onthe other hand, there is a complex system of verb affixes to render nuances of meaning

and denote active-passive voices. Such affixes include prefixes, infixes, suffixes, and

their combinations; all of which are often ignored in informal conversations.

[edit] Emphasis

Although the basic word order of Indonesian is Subject Verb Object (SVO), as mentioned

above, it is possible to make frequent use of passive voice or to scramble word order, thus

adding emphasison a certain sentence particle. The particle being emphasised is usuallyplaced at the beginning of the sentence. In spoken Indonesian, the aspect of the sentence

being emphasised is usually followed by a short pause before continuing on with the

remainder of the sentence.

Some examples include:

Saya pergi ke pasar kemarin "I went to the market yesterday" neutral, or withemphasis on the subject.

Kemarin saya pergi ke pasar"Yesterday I went to the market" emphasis on

yesterday.

Ke pasar saya pergi, kemarin "To the market I went yesterday" emphasis on

where I went yesterday.

Pergi ke pasar, saya, kemarin "To the market went I yesterday" emphasis onthe process of going to the market.

NB: Some of the above examples (namely the latter two) are more likely to beencountered in spoken Indonesian rather than written forms of the language.

[edit] Vocabulary

Indonesian as a modern dialect of Malay has borrowed heavily from many languages,including: Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, Portuguese,Dutch, Chinese and many other
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language


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languages, including otherAustronesian languages. It is estimated that there are some

750 Sanskrit loanwords in modern Indonesian, 1,000 Arabic loans, some ofPersian and

Hebrew origin, some 125 words of Portuguese (also Spanish andItalian) origin and astaggering number of some 10,000 loanwords from Dutch.[10]The latter also comprises

many words from other European languages, which came via Dutch, the so-called

"International Vocabulary". The vast majority of Indonesian words, however, come fromthe root lexical stock of its Austronesian (incl. Old Malay) heritage.

Although Hinduism and Buddhism are no longer the major religions of Indonesia,

Sanskrit which was the language vehicle for these religions, is still held in high esteem

and is comparable with the status ofLatin in English and other Western Europeanlanguages. Residents ofBali and Javatend to be particularly proud of the Hindu-Buddhist

heritage. Sanskrit is also the main source forneologisms. These are usually formed from

Sanskrit roots. The loanwords from Sanskrit cover many aspects ofreligion, art andeveryday life. The Sanskrit influence came from contacts with India long ago before the

time ofChrist. The words are either directly borrowed from India or with the

intermediary of the Old Javanese language. In the classical language of Java, OldJavanese, the number of Sanskrit loanwords is far greater. The Old Javanese Englishdictionary by prof. P.J. Zoetmulder, S.J. (1982) contains no fewer than 25,500 entries.

Almost half are Sanskrit loanwords. Sanskrit loanwords, unlike those from other

languages, have entered the basic vocabulary of Indonesian to such an extent that, formany, they are no longer perceived to be foreign.

The loanwords from Arabic are mainly concerned with religion, in particular with Islam,

as can be expected.Allahis the word forGodeven in ChristianBibletranslations. Many

early Bible translators, when they came across some unusualHebrew words or propernames, used the Arabic cognates. In the newer translations this practice is discontinued.

They now turn to Greeknames or use the original Hebrew Word. For example, the nameJesus was initially translated as 'Isa, but is now spelt as Yesus. Psalms used to betranslated asZabur, the Arabic name, but now it is called Mazmurwhich corresponds

more with Hebrew.

Loanwords from Portuguese are common words, which were mainly connected with

articles the early European traders and explorers brought to Southeast Asia. ThePortuguese were among the first westerners to sail east to the "Spice Islands".

The Chineseloanwords are usually concerned with cuisine, trade or often just exclusively

things Chinese. There is a considerable Chinese presence in the whole of Southeast Asia.

According to the 2000 census, the relative number of people of Chinese descent inIndonesia is almost 1%, although this may likely be an underestimate.

The former colonial power, theNetherlands, left an impressive vocabulary. These Dutch

loanwords, and also from other non Italo-Iberian, European languages loanwords which

came via Dutch, cover all aspects of life. Some Dutch loanwords, having clusters ofseveral consonants, pose difficulties to speakers of Indonesian. This problem is usually

solved by insertion of the schwa. For example Dutchschroef['sxruf] sekrup [s'krup].
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(island)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(island)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Javanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.J._Zoetmulderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(island)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Javanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.J._Zoetmulderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwa


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As modern Indonesian draws many of its words from foreign sources, there are many

synonyms. For example, Indonesian has three words for "book", i.e.pustaka (from

Sanskrit), kitab (from Arabic) and buku (from Dutch). These words have, unsurprisingly,slightly different meanings. Apustaka is often connected with ancient wisdom or

sometimes with esoteric knowledge. A derived form,perpustakaan means a library. A

kitab is usually a religious scripture or a book containing moral guidances. TheIndonesian words for the Bible areAlkitab andInjil, both directly derived from Arabic.

The book containing the penal code is also called the kitab.Buku is the most common

word for books.

In addition to those above (and the borrowed words listed under the sub-headingHistory

towards the top of this article), there are also direct borrowings from various other

languages of the world, such as "karaoke" from Japanese, and "modem" from English.

See also: List of borrowed words in Indonesian

[edit] Spoken & informal Indonesian

Further information:Indonesian slang language

In very informal spoken Indonesian, various words are replaced with those of a less

formal nature (e.g. tidak(no) is often replaced with the Javanese nggakwhilstseperti

(like, similar to) is often replaced with kayak(pronounced kai-yah)). As forpronunciation, the diphthongs ai and au on the end of base words are typically

pronounced as /e/ and /o/. In informal writing the spelling of words is modified to reflect

the actual pronunciation in a way that can be produced with less effort. E.g.: capai

becomes cape orcapek,pakai becomepake, kalau becomes kalo.

In verbs, the prefix me- is often dropped, although an initial nasal consonant is usually

retained. E.g.: mengangkatbecomes ngangkat(the basic word is angkat). The suffixes-kan and -i are often replaced by -in. E.g.: mencarikan becomes nyariin, menuruti

becomes nurutin. The latter grammatical aspect is one often closely related to Indonesian

found in Jakarta and surrounding areas.

[edit] Writing system

Indonesian is written using the Latin alphabet. It is morephonetically consistent than

many languagesthe correspondence between sounds and their written forms isgenerally regular.

Consonants are represented in a way similar to Italian, although c is always /t/ (likeEnglish tch), g is always // ("hard") and j represents /d/ as it does in English. Inaddition, ny represents thepalatal nasal//, ng is used for the velar nasal // (whichcan occur word-initially), sy for // (English sh) and kh for the voiceless velarfricative /x/. Both /e/ and // are represented with an e.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_borrowed_words_in_Indonesianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_slang_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_slang_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language#Writing_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_nasalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_nasalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_nasalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_borrowed_words_in_Indonesianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_slang_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language#Writing_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_nasalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_nasalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative


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One common source of confusion for foreign readers, particularly when reading place

names, is the spelling changes in the language that have occurred since Indonesian

independence. Commonly-used changes include:

Old

spelling

New

spellingoe u

tj c

dj j

j y

nj ny

sj sy

ch kh

The first of these changes (oe to u) occurred around the time of independence in 1947;

all of the others were a part of an officially-mandated spelling reform in 1972. Some of

the old spellings (which were derived fromDutch orthography) do survive in propernames; for example, the name of a former president of the Indonesia is still sometimes

written Soeharto, and the central Java city ofYogyakartais sometimes writtenJogjakarta.

[edit] Idioms and Proverbs

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:Indonesian proverbs

Ada gula, Ada semut.

Lit. "Where there's sugar, there are ants". Equivalent to the modern English idiom"Where there's a will there's a relative". Where there is a good thing (sugar) there will be

people taking advantage of it (ants). Indonesian idioms can be quite cynical.

[edit] References

1. ^ James Neil Sneddon. The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in

Modern Society. UNSW Press, 2004. Page 14."

2. ^ James Neil Sneddon. The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in

Modern Society. UNSW Press, 2004. Page 16."3. ^ James Neil Sneddon. The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in


4. ^ Barry Farber.How to Learn Any Language. New York: Citadel Press, 1991.

Page 167-168, in "Farber's Language Reviews."5. ^ James Neil Sneddon. The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling_reformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_orthographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_orthographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhartohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiquotehttp://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Indonesian_proverbshttp://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Indonesian_proverbshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Neil_Sneddon&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Neil_Sneddon&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Neil_Sneddon&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Farberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Neil_Sneddon&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Indonesian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling_reformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_orthographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhartohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiquotehttp://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Indonesian_proverbshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Neil_Sneddon&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Neil_Sneddon&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Neil_Sneddon&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Farberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Neil_Sneddon&action=edit&redlink=1


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6. ^ "Bahasa Indonesia: The Indonesian Language," George Quinn, Australian

National University

7. ^ Ricklefs, M.C. (1991).A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, 2nd

Edition. London: MacMillan. pp. p.26.ISBN 0-333-57689-6.

8. ^ "Ethologue report for language code:ind".

http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ind. Retrieved 2007-04-17.

9. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ind

10. ^ This is a research led by Prof. Dr. J.W. de Vries of the University of Leiden inthe Netherlands

[edit] See also
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_ref-5http://www.hawaii.edu/indolang/malay.htmlhttp://www.hawaii.edu/indolang/malay.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_ref-RICKLEFSp24_6-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333576896http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333576896http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_ref-7http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=indhttp://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=indhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_ref-8http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=indhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_ref-9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_ref-5http://www.hawaii.edu/indolang/malay.htmlhttp://www.hawaii.edu/indolang/malay.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_ref-RICKLEFSp24_6-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333576896http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_ref-7http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=indhttp://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=indhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_ref-8http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=indhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language#cite_ref-9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=30

indonesian language dialect

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