ANCIENT CITY: ROME Some history…..

Ancient Rome, an Italic Civilisation that began on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC. Ancient Rome was the largest city in the then known world. It is thought that Rome’s population was over 1 million people when the city was at the height of its power. From Rome, the heart of government beat; military decisions were taken and the vast wealth Rome earned was invested in a series of magnificent buildings.

To start with, many buildings in Rome were built around the forum. Traditionally, this had been a market place and an area where people met. Therefore, it would have been a natural place to put government buildings, temples and palaces. As Rome grew, however, the forum became more and more crowded. Therefore, a second city centre was planned and built some distance from the forum but still in Rome itself.

As with any city, Rome had its rich and poor areas. The poor could only afford to live in wooden houses which were a serious fire risk in a hot country like Italy. On a number of occasions, Rome suffered severe damage as a result of fires starting in the city’s slums. The slums were also dangerous places to go to if you had any money as crime was very common. The Emperor Augustus created a police force to patrol the city but the poor areas remained all but untamed. However, for the influential people of Rome, this was of little importance as they never visited such areas.

Significance of ancient city of Rome

AQUEDUCTS

The Romans enjoyed many amenities for their day, including public toilets, underground sewage systems, fountains and ornate public baths

None of these aquatic innovations would have been possible without the Roman aqueduct.

First developed around 312 B.C., these engineering marvels used gravity to transport water along stone, lead and concrete pipelines and into city centers.

Aqueducts liberated Roman cities from a reliance on nearby water supplies and proved priceless in promoting public health and sanitation.

Hundreds of aqueducts eventually sprang up throughout the empire, some of which transported water as far as 60 mile

Perhaps most impressive of all, Roman aqueducts were so well built that some are still in use to this day. Rome’s famous Trevi Fountain, for instance, is supplied by a restored version of the Aqua Virgo, one of ancient Rome’s 11 aqueducts

CONCRETE

Many ancient Roman structures like the Pantheon, the Colosseum and the Roman Forum are still standing today thanks to the development of Roman cement and concrete

The Romans first began building with concrete over 2,100 years ago and used it throughout the Mediterranean basin in everything from aqueducts and buildings to bridges and monuments

Roman concrete was considerably weaker than its modern counterpart, but it has proved remarkably durable thanks to its unique recipe, which used slaked lime and a volcanic ash known as pozzolana to create a sticky paste

Combined with volcanic rocks called tuff, this ancient cement formed a concrete that could effectively endure chemical decay. Pozzolana helped Roman concrete set quickly even when submerged in seawater, enabling the construction of elaborate baths, piers and harbors.

Roman Arches

Arches have existed for roughly 4,000 years, but the ancient Romans were the first to effectively harness their power in the construction of bridges, monuments and buildings

The ingenious design of the arch allowed the weight of buildings to be evenly distributed along various supports, preventing massive Roman structures like the Colosseum from crumbling under their own weight.

Roman Forum

buildings in Rome were built around the forum(a public square or marketplace used for judicial and other business)

had been a market place and an area where people met it would have been a natural place to put government buildings, temples and palaces

Element that can be used for my future city

Construct more and improved used of Aqueduct concept to bring water from distant sources into their cities and towns, supplying public baths, latrines, fountains and private households. Waste water was removed by complex sewage systems and released into nearby bodies of water, keeping the towns clean and free from effluent.

Building sustainable and strong buildings like Roman’s concrete and cement structures such as Colosuem that is still standing today

Applying the evenly distributed weights of building concept on the whole future city

Enhancing the walkability for the city by locating every commercial buildings, government building , temples , marketplace ,public square and so on close together to allow citizen to do business ,meeting up people and so on easily just by walking distance and it saves time and saves environment like how the buildings in Rome are built around a forum.

PRESENT CITY : LIVERPOOLSome history of Liverpool city…

Liverpool city was created in 1207 when King John granted a Royal Charter which was written in Latin. Liverpool was once the "Second City of Empire", eclipsing even London for commerce at times.Liverpool is a active city, where those looking to get around can find plenty of pubs and inns, and many festivals and exhibitions at any time of the year. From early humble origins Liverpool, as grown and developed to become one of the most famous cities to visit in United Kingdom. Liverpool, rich though it is in cultural history, architecture and for the many entertainers it has produced. Liverpool is very much a city of the 21st-century and the John Lennon Aiport, named for oneIn 1190 the place was known as 'Liuerpul', meaning a pool or creek with muddy water. Other origins of the name have been suggested, including 'elverpool', a reference to the large number of eels in the Mersey.

The long history of this great city stretches back in time to the 1st-century A.D. when a settlement first appeared on the bank of the Mersey. This had grown into a thriving fishing village by the year 1200 and a charter when letters patent were issued by King John advertising the establishment of a new borough at Liverpool, and inviting settlers to come and take up holdings there. It is thought that the king wanted a port in the district that was free from the control of the earl of Chester. Initially it served as a dispatch point for troops sent to Ireland, soon after Liverpool Castle was built, which was removed in 1726. For four centuries, Liverpool was relatively unimportant. In the middle of the 16th century the population of Liverpool was only around 500, and the port was regarded as subordinate to Chester until the 1650s. A number of battles for the town were waged during the English Civil War, including an eighteen-day siege in 1644. of Liverpool's most famous sons, to-day, welcomes visitors from every corner of the globe.

Significance of present city of Liverpool

The Liverpool-Manchester railway

was the world's first twin-track inter-urban passenger railway in which all the trains were timetabled and ticketed

Trains were hauled by company steam locomotives between the two towns, though private waggons and carriages were allowed. The line opened on 15 September 1830 and ran

between the towns of Liverpool and Manchester in North West England in the United Kingdom

Albert Dock

Albert Dock is one of the most complex buildings in Liverpool. It consists of 5 buildings. Built originally in 1846, today the Albert Dock is home to a variety of pubs, restaurants and museums. Once every year it is still used as a ship dock, during the Tall Ships Festivals in Liverpool.

Albert Dock is one of the most complex buildings in Liverpool. It consists of 5 buildings. Built originally in 1846, today the Albert Dock is home to a variety of pubs, restaurants and museums. Once every year it is still used as a ship dock, during the Tall Ships Festivals in Liverpool.

Albert Dock is one of the most complex buildings in Liverpool. It consists of 5 buildings. Built originally in 1846, today the Albert Dock is home to a variety of pubs, restaurants and museums. Once every year it is still used as a ship dock, during the Tall Ships Festivals in Liverpool.

Today the Albert Dock is one of Liverpool's most important tourist attractions and a vital component of the city's UNESCO world heritage(is a place (such as a forest, mountain, lake, island, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that is listed by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as of special cultural or physical significance)

Anfield Stadium

Anfield Stadium is home of Liverpool’s most famous football team, FC Liverpool. The stadium has a capacity of over 45.000, it was opened in 1884 being one of the first stadiums in the world.

The stadium has four stands: the Spion Kop, Main Stand, Centenary Stand and Anfield Road. The record attendance of 61,905, was set at a match between Liverpool and Wolverhampton Wanderers in 1952.The ground converted to an all-seater stadium in 1994 as a result of the Taylor Report which greatly reduced its capacity.

Elements that can be used for my future city

Advanced connectivity in the city should be implemented . For example , the railway , cycling path , walking streets and so on to ease the movement of people in city. Just like the Liverpool and Manchester railway as the first successful passenger carrying railway in the world

City should include many place for entertainment . This will not just enhance the tourism of the city , it also increase human activity in the city and making the city more happening, such as football stadium ,basketball stadium , pubs , inns and many spaces for festivals and exhibitions

Materials used for all the buildings should be using more on cast iron , brick and stone with no structural wood to create a non-combustible system

like the Albert Dock docking system were ships were loaded and unloaded directly from/to the space should be implemented in my future city

FUTURE CITY : LILYPADAbout the Lilypad…

According to the International group on the evolution of the climate, the global sea level is expected to rise from 20 to 90 cm during the 21st century with a status quo by 50 cm. by 2100. More and more areas will face the disaster brought by global warm. There are few designs aiming at solving homeless people once tide rises, not to say a design as spectacular as Lilypad.

Lilypad is an amphibious city designed by Vincent Callebaut. Unlike other cities, it floats on the ocean, and is able to accommodate 50,000 inhabitants. By the integration of all the renewable energies (solar, thermal and photovoltaic energies, wind energy, hydraulic, tidal power station, osmotic energies, biomass), Lilypad can not only durably produce more energy that it consumes, but also process CO2 in the atmosphere and absorb it into its titanium dioxide skin so that it finally reaches a positive energetic balance with zero Carbone emission.

Each of these floating cities is made up of a mixed terrain man-made landscape, including an artificial lagoon and three ridges. It is intended to be either near a coast or float around the world following the ocean currents and streams. Overlooking from the high, Lilypad is just like a huge blooming lily. All its petals can be freely split and composed. Moreover, it will be accessed by three marinas and will also feature three artificial mountains for a change of scenery. The inhabitant won’t feel boring, because Lilypad will feature a variety of locations for work, study and entertainment.

The goal for this design is to create a harmonious coexistence of human and nature. It won’t come true at once though, it will be valuable for the following solutions about climate change.

Significance of Lilypad

Titanium Oxide skin

Surrounding skin of the city are made of polyster fibres covered by a layer of Titanium Oxide ,which would react with ultra violet rays and absorb atmospheric pollution via photocatalytic effect in the same way as the air purifying concrete and paving stone

Three Marinas and Mountain

Three marinas and three mountains would surround a centrally located artificial lagoon that is totally immersed below the water line to act as ballast for the city

The three mountains and marinas would be dedicated to work, shopping and entertainment, respectively, while suspended gardens and aquaculture farms located below the water line would be used to grow food and biomass.

Renewable Energy is Used

The floating city would also include the full complement of renewable energy technologies, including solar, thermal, wind, tidal, and biomass to produce more energy than it consumes

The Lilypads could be located close to land or set free to follow the ocean currents wherever they may lead.

Elements that can be used for my future city

Using Titanium Oxide as skin of my future city to process CO2 in the atmosphere and absorb it into its skin so that it finally reaches a positive energetic balance with zero Carbone emission.

Whole city is running only on renewable energy Include aquaculture farm to grow food and biomass

MY FUTURE CITY:

ARK 2.0

THE FLOATING CITY

HOW IT FLOATS:

Inherently buoyant ,capable of floating on the surface of a large body of water without any apparent technological aid

City is evenly distributed to its weight Works like a ship

Why naming the city Ark 2.0:

It is inspired by the story Noah’s ark and the flood

God saw how great wickedness had become and decided to wipe mankind from the face of the earth. However, one righteous man among all the people of that time, Noah, found favor in God's eyes. With very specific instructions, God told Noah to build an ark for him and his family in preparation for a catastrophic flood that would destroy every living thing on earth.

Therefore ,the Ark can be said as the live saver and a place to live for Noah and the Animals,therefore I am naming my city Ark 2.0,in dedication for Noah’s story and also representing the place to live for everybody

SOME CHARACTERISTICS AND ELEMENTS OF ARK 2.0

Surrounding membrane of the city would be made of polyester fibres covered by titanium oxide ,which would react with ultra-violet rays and absorbs atmospheric pollution via photocatalytic effect in the same way as the air purifying concrete and paving stone

ARGRICULTURE : The Metabolic Vertical Farm for city

Located in between every zone of Ark 2.0 excluding the city centre vertical farm is a concept urban farm specially designed for Ark 2.0 which will reduce the

problems associated with food shortage, mileage and connection between the producers and consumers

Because of the densely packed city civilization, this farm has been designed vertically, spanning 132 floors and 28 different agricultural fields for accommodating dragonflies aiming to produce fruit, grains, vegetables, meat and dairy

shaped superstructure features wind and solar power producing capability and includes offices, research labs and communal areas separated from farms, orchards and production room

Throughout the glass and steel set of wings, animal and plant farming is arranged as well as soil nutrient levels are maintained properly

Exterior vertical gardens filter rain water which is then mixed with domestic liquid waste. Together they are treated organically before being recirculated for farm use, preserving and distributing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

THE CYCLING HIGHLINE

in the Ark 2.0,the main transportation of the city will be bicycle,and therefore in my city the inter connection of places to places will the using the cycling highline as the pictures shown above

Instead of using highways and road by car to travel around the city like now ,all roads and highways will be replaced by this cycling highline

It is fully following the zero carbon emission plan of the city because people will can just cycle to everywhere around the city

Elevator/ lift is locatedaround the city for people to bring their bike in and then elevate to the highline which are on the bridge

EHANCED WALKABILITY

Other than cycling, everywhere in the zone is walkable. Arranged use of community (locating residential and commercial area closed

together,hospital in every zone etc ) Place making are more people orientated Save walkways throughout the entire city

Landscaping around the walkways to prevent blanks walls and walkways

GREEN ROOF

Green roof concept is applied on majority buildings in Ark 2.0 An aerial view of most urban areas shows swathes of asphalt, black tar and gravel-ballasted

rooftops. Heat radiates off of the dark roofs, and water rushes over the hard, hopefully impermeable surfaces

Therefore ,green roof concept is implied on my future city Green roofs supplement traditional vegetation without disrupting urban infrastructure --

they take a neglected space and make it useful. Green roofs last longer than conventional roofs, reduce energy costs with natural insulation,

create peaceful retreats for people and animals, and absorb storm water, potentially lessening the need for complex and expensive drainage systems

RENEWABLE ENERGY AS MAIN SOURCE OF ENTIRE CITY

To provide a sustainable,self sustainable or green city ,of course renewable energy should be used to power the city

In my city ,renewable energy such as solar energy ,wind energy ,tidal energy and biomass energy are used to power the city

Since my city is floating on water,the most convenient and mass renewable energy used will be Tidal energy

The tidal power plant has an electricity generator that is located on a floating platform, held in place by devices fixing it to the bottom of the sea.

Attached to the platform are four cables; each one of the four cables extends for the same length behind the platform and has five buoys placed at regular intervals.

Constantly rotating in the fast and ever shifting marine currents, the turbines generate power, which is transmitted via the cable to the platform floating on the sea surface. A generator on the platform transforms the kinetic and mechanical energy into electrical power. This electrical power is then sent to the mainland using a cable.

An additional turbine is to be attached directly to the platform: this turbine will be able to capture energy from slower moving currents, making the tidal plant more versatile in terms of the energy that it can capture from tides.

According to one estimate, the wave and current energy potential that could be tapped could be enough to cover about 10 percent of the world's electricity needs using 2006 consumption levels of 19,900 TWh/yr.

Therefore, tidal energy will be the most preferable energy to use in my city

ARKFIELD ALL SPORT IN ONE GARDEN STADIUM

the Garden Stadium, is designed to emulate a garden with green walls, which filter air, reduce greenhouse gases and also provide an adequate level of insulation. The new stadium will offer spectacular views across the ocean and out to the mountains and the center city.

The roof of the stadium is a flexible system of cables and fabric, which reduces its overall environmental impact. The walls are clad with living plants that change their appearance depending on the seasons. On the inside the walls feature giant LED panels, which are powered by wind turbines and solar cells installed on the walls, roof and the site.

In the stadium include soccer field,basketball court, volleyball court, futsal court ,badminton court etc sports courts

This garden stadium not just saves space for the city ,it is also a main attraction to bring everyone together in the city and have interaction ,as well as providing self sustainability and green features

BUILDING MATERIALS

Majority buildings in my city will be made by non-combustible materials such as cast iron ,brick and stone ,no structural wood

SOLAR ROADWAYS

Solar panel that can cycle or walk on Cut green house gasses They pay for themselves primarily through generation of electricity ,which can power homes

and buisnesses connected via cycling highlines and roadways LEDS to make road lines and signage

CITY LAYOUT PLAN

CITY ZONING

Hospital is located on every zone to ease people’s immediate medication seeking Industrial area is located far away from residential area to prevent resident from intake

of harmful gasses, although industrial area will have the highest percentage of polyester fibre skinning

Port and shipping area are complex of dock building and warehouse ,all built from cast iron ,brick and stone, with no structural wood ,it is non-combustible warehouse system .Ships were loaded and unloaded directly from/to the warehouse

In attraction zone ,hotel and resort are located at the most side of the city so that tourist can have fun at the beach just by a minimum walking distance

Public green space and parks are available even in city centre to give people in the city to have a green space to chill and relax after work

Residential and commercial area are located nearby ,this enhance walkability and reduce travel time for resident to have activities such as shopping in commercial area

Provides all levels of education ,from pre-school, primary school, high school, college to universities

Service area includes Police station , Fire station, utilities and other services for the city

TRANSPORTATION

Main transportation in the city will be using bicycle It is zero carbon emission and this will not cause air pollution to the city It also gives citizen a healthy life style

The SRT ,Ship Rapid Transit Instead of monorail,since the city is floating on water ,one of the transportation will be using

long ship It works like monorail,it can fit many passengers at one go ,and it is also used for

transportation of materials, cargo and stuffs like that Electric-powered ,therefore no fuel is required for this ship and no toxic waste will be

release on to water

Electric four wheeled car for people with disabilities

Therefore, only limited amount of these cars will be produced Only people with disabilities can have/use this car because they cannot cycle ,nor enter the

SRT with comfort

CITY TRANSPORTATION ROUTE

BETTER CITY OF THE FUTURE:

ARK 2.0

NAME : KHOR HAO XIANG

I.D ; 0318065

FNBE 2014

INTRODUCTION In this report ,I am required to investigate , understand and collect data about city ,in the aspect of what is a city , history or origins of city , what makes a city ,what makes a good city ,and after understanding all of these ,I am suppose to come out with a future city of my own.

In order create a future city of my own , I need to investigate and examine ancient , present and future cities ,collecting data from each and everyone of them to help me understand the key characteristics, components and elements of all these city .

Other than that ,taking precautions of problems that are encountered by the cities I have student and should prevent it from happening to my own future city ,and most importantly take all the successful and great ideas from the cities and apply it on mine.

A CITY What is city

City is a relatively large and permanent human settlement. It is relatively permanent and highly organized centre of population, of greater size or importance than a town or village. Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, and transportation. The concentration of development greatly facilitates interaction between people and businesses, benefiting both parties in the process. A big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are usually associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas, creating

numerous business commuters traveling to urban centers for employment. Once a city expands far enough to reach another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis.

Brief history of city

The first cities appeared in Neolithic times when the development of agricultural techniques assured surplus crop yields large enough to sustain a permanent population. Ancient Greece saw the creation of the city-state, a form also important in the emergence of the Roman empire as well as the medieval Italian trading centers of Venice, Genoa, and Florence. After the Middle Ages, cities came increasingly under the political control of centralized government and served the interests of the nation-state. The Industrial Revolution further transformed city life, as factory cities blossomed rapidly in England, northwestern Europe, and the northeastern U.S. By the mid-20th century, 30–60% of a country’s population might be living in its major urban centers. With the rise of the automobile came the growth of suburbs and urban sprawl, as factories, offices, and residences erected in earlier periods became aged and obsolete. Today many cities suffer from lack of adequate housing, sanitation, recreational space, and transportation facilities, and face problems of inner-city decay or burgeoning shantytowns. Local governments have sought to alleviate these problems through urban planning

What makes a city a city

Cities typically differ from towns, villages and neighborhoods on the basis of their own legal incorporation as a city, typically based on the community's legal status or historical existence. Cities typically provide a variety of services to their inhabitants, including sanitation, roads, utilities, transportation and food distribution.

However, when many people think of a large city such as Shanghai or Los Angeles, they often include the extended metropolitan environment surrounding the city, which may not legally be part of the city at all.

While definitions of a city tend to vary depending on culture and country, cities are held to have certain characteristics in common. They tend to have a denser population than the surrounding environment, with a population that does not grow its own food. They usually pay taxes, often to support the activities of the cities and the creation of public buildings. The creation of art, literature and science is often centered within cities. Finally, cities do not produce their own raw materials and rely on specialized craftsmen to build the city and keep it functioning. Over half the world's population lives in cities.

What makes a good city

A prerequisite of a good city is mixed use neighbourhoods, density and walkable streets. Let’s take examples. London, New York, Hong Kong and Tokyo are great cities for this sole reason. These cities have residential, offices, retail, hospitality all adjacent to each other and buildings are built with negligible or zero car parks.

A $ 12 million apartment in New York facing Central Park where Jack Welch and David Esner have apartments has zero car parks. On the other hand Los Angeles or Phoenix is designed for the

automobile with a horizontal spread. It is called the dollar a gallon gasoline architecture or as we would say Rs. 10 per litre architecture.

Other than that ,a great city to me must have sustainability technology ,low pollutant rate ,people orientated,provides entertainment and leisure location ,well developed sanitation, roads, utilities, transportation and food distribution , free from political issues , disabled people friendly and so on.

What is the future city

If the cities of the past were shaped by people, the cities of the future are likely to be shaped by ideas. In general ,many people always think that future cities will be full of clean streets, flying cars and robots doing all the work, or perhaps is more dystopian, with a Big Brother-style authoritarian regime, dark alleys full of crime, and people forced to live in hermetically sealed pods because war or some other disaster has rendered whole swathes of the city unliveable. Almost half of the world's population currently lives in cities, and by 2050 that is projected to increase to 75%, but what kind of city will they be living in?

There are a lot of competing ones about how such a futuristic urban space should look. Some of these revolve around the idea that smarter equals greener. Sustainability experts predict carbon-neutral cities full of electric vehicles and bike-sharing schemes, with air quality so much improved that office workers can actually open their windows for the first time. Visions of a green city often include skyscrapers where living and office space vie with floating greenhouses or high-rise vegetable patches and green roofs, as we try to combine urbanisation with a return to our pastoral past

CONCLUSIONIn conclusion , Cities are where the world’s business, financial and human capital are concentrated. Cities are also where the world’s population is increasingly concentrated, and they are the primary source of growth and innovation. This will definitely bring some harmful effect such as pollution to

the environment. Therefore , green city planning is thoroughly important because it not just provide sustainability to the city ,it also reduce the pollution on city and help saves mother Earth from disaster to happen.

Through this project ,I am able to describe different characteristics of natural built environment by exploring basics element from all different time frame of the city ,from ancient to present and to future cities. Elements that includes natural topography ,landscape, space ,building, infrastructure and their city planning .

Other than that ,I have also increase knowledge on some history and details about ancient, present and future city ,and this also gives me sense of appreciation of hard work from people from the past ,present and future on giving people the most comfort organized place to live in.

REFERENCE LINKS https://www.google.com/search?

q=SOLAR+ROADWAYS&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=-GiAU66BAYOHrAf4l4CgCA&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAg&biw=1536&bih=729#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=OWxCYXUZkPmf7M%253A%3BJrXjEnGeviILGM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fassets.inhabitat.com%252Fwp-content%252Fblogs.dir%252F1%252Ffiles%252F2014%252F04%252FSolar-Roadways-4.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F

%252Finhabitat.com%252Fsolar-roadways-smart-parking-lot-harvests-energy-captures-stormwater-and-melts-snow%252F%3B728%3B485

http://www.trendhunter.com/slideshow/futuristic-farms http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2008/12/ocean-currents-may-

bring-italy-more-tidal-energy-54240 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_power http://www.pddnet.com/news/2011/08/futuristic-water-turbine-proves-hydro-power-

anything-science-fiction http://thedesigninspiration.com/articles/the-future-floating-city-lilypad/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Liverpool http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome GOOGLE IMAGE

CONTENT Introduction A City Investigation & Data Collection :Ancient City of Rome Investigation & Data Collection :Present City of Liverpool Investigation & Data Collection :Future City of Lilypad

The New City : ARK 2.0 Conclusion Reference List