indirect cost

• Indirect Cost

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-indirect-cost-toolkit.html

Cost accounting Classification of costs

1 By Nature or Traceability:Direct Costs and Indirect Costs. Direct Costs are Directly attributable/traceable to

Cost Object. Direct costs are assigned to Cost Object. Indirect

Costs are not directly attributable/traceable to Cost Object.

Indirect costs are allocated or apportioned to cost objects.


Cost accounting Activity-based costing

1 ABC gets closer to true costs in these areas by turning many costs that

standard cost accounting views as indirect costs essentially into direct

costs


Consolidation (business) Accounting treatment (US GAAP)

1 Regardless of the method of acquisition; direct costs, costs of

issuing securities and indirect costs are treated as follows:


Management accounting Activity-based costing (ABC)

1 For example, increased automation has reduced labor, which is a direct

cost, but has increased depreciation, which is an indirect cost.


Diffusion of innovations - Benefits vs. Costs

1 Indirect costs may also be social, such as social conflict caused by

innovation Marketers are particularly interested in the diffusion process as it determines the success or failure

of a new product


Spam (electronic) - Cost-benefit analyses

1 There are the direct costs, as well as the indirect costs borne by the victims—both those related to the spamming itself, and to other crimes that usually accompany it, such as financial theft,

identity theft, data and intellectual property theft, virus and other

malware infection, child pornography, fraud, and deceptive marketing.


Reliability engineering - Reliability engineering vs safety engineering

1 due to high repair times or due to unexpected demands for non-

stocked spares) and many other indirect costs.


Total cost of ownership

1 Total cost of ownership (TCO) is a financial estimate intended to help buyers and owners determine the

direct and indirect costs of a product or system. It is a management

accounting concept that can be used in full cost accounting or even ecological economics where it

includes social costs.


Hypertension - Economics

1 The American Heart Association estimated the direct and indirect

costs of high blood pressure in 2010 as $76.6 billion


Autism - Management

1 Treatment is expensive; indirect costs are more so


Alzheimer's disease - Social costs

1 AD-associated costs include direct medical costs such as nursing home

care, direct nonmedical costs such as in-home day care, and indirect costs

such as lost productivity of both patient and caregiver


Alzheimer's disease - Caregiving burden

1 Direct and indirect costs of caring for an Alzheimer's patient average

between $18,000 and $77,500 per year in the United States, depending

on the study.


Intellectual disability - Society and culture

1 Of that $1,014,000, about 14% is due to increased medical expenses (not including what is normally incurred

by the typical person), 10% is due to direct non-medical expenses, such as the excess cost of special education compared to standard schooling, and 76% is indirect costs accounting for reduced productivity and shortened

lifespans


Parkinson's disease - Cost

1 Indirect costs are high, due to reduced productivity and the burden on caregivers


Fossil-fuel power station - Alternatives to fossil fuel power plants

1 Generally, the cost of electrical energy produced by non fossil fuel burning power plants is greater than that

produced by burning fossil fuels. This statement however only includes the cost to produce the electrical energy

and does not take into account indirect costs associated with the many

pollutants created by burning fossil fuels (e.g. increased hospital

admissions due respiratory diseases caused by fine smoke particles).


Chronic disease - Economic impact

1 Obesity results in significant health care spending and indirect costs, as

illustrated by a recent study from the Texas comptroller reporting that

obesity alone cost Texas businesses an extra $9.5 billion in 2009, including

more than $4 billion for health care, $5 billion for lost productivity and

absenteeism, and $321 million for disability.Texas Comptroller of Public

Accounts “Gaining Costs, Losing Time: The Obesity Crisis in Texas”


Infant mortality - Cultural

1 Failure to register is mainly due to the potential loss of time and money and other indirect costs to the family


Deceased - Society and culture

1 For many impoverished families, the indirect costs and burden of filing for

a death lead to a more appealing, unofficial, local, cultural burial, which

in turn raises the debate about inaccurate mortality rates.


Migraine - Society and culture

1 including $15 billion in indirect costs, of which missed work is the greatest component


Type 1 diabetes - Economics

1 In the US in 2008, about one million people were diagnosed with type 1

diabetes. The disease was estimated to cause $10.5 billion in annual

medical costs ($875 per month per diabetic) and an additional $4.4 billion in indirect costs ($366 per month per person with diabetes).


Global public good - Challenges to the traditional definition

1 Many of the challenges to traditional definitions have to do with how to handle externalities, which pose

fundamental economic policy problems when individuals, households,

governments or firms do not include, in their total cost accounting, the

indirect costs of or the benefits from their Financial transaction|economic transactions.Helbling, Thomas (2010)


Group purchasing organization - Non-strategic, or indirect spend horizontal market GPO

1 A horizontal indirect spend GPO succeeds in reducing procurement

costs by aggregating the demand for non-strategic, or indirect cost supplies

and services used by a broad horizontal market spectrum of member

client organizations by consolidating purchasing power and establishing

contracts to achieve preferred pricing, terms, and service standards.


Financial management for IT services - IT accounting

1 Indirect costs: One specific service provision which cost needs to be

distributed in between several customers in a fair breakdown. A fair example is

the cost associated to overall Local Area Network on which every customer are

connected to. Breakdown could be done using total amount of users per customer or total amount of bandwidth usage per

customer to accurately distribute the cost of providing this service.


Medical malpractice - The case for medical liability reform

1 Malpractice has both direct and indirect costs, including defensive medicine. According to the American Medical

Association, defensive medicine increases health systems costs by between $84 and $151 billion each year. Studies place the direct and indirect costs of malpractice

between 5% and 10% of total U.S. medical costs, as described

below:[http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087sid=az9qxQZNmf0o

Bloomberg-Malpractice Lawsuits are Red Herring in Obama Plan]


Health economics - Economic evaluation in Germany and in the United Kingdom

1 health service use, patient co-payments and out of pocket

expenses), indirect costs (the value of lost productivity from time off

work due to illness), and intangible costs (the 'disvalue' to an individual

of pain and suffering)


Environmental full cost accounting

1 It is a conventional method of cost accounting that traces direct costs

and allocates indirect costs


Environmental full cost accounting - Concepts

1 #Accounting for overhead and indirect costs


Environmental full cost accounting - Overhead and indirect costs

1 Environmental costs as indirect costs include the full range of costs

throughout the life-cycle of a product (Life cycle assessment), some of which even do not show up in the

firm's bottom line


Management accounting in supply chains - Cross-company activity-based costing

1 Activity-based costing is a model to assign indirect costs into direct ones.Drucker, P


Application Portfolio Management - Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)

1 Total Cost of Ownership is a way to calculate what the application will cost over a defined period of time. In a TCO

model, costs for hardware, software, and labor are captured and organized into the various application life cycle stages. An in depth TCO model helps management

understand the true cost of the application as it attempts to measure build, run/support, and indirect costs.

Many large consulting firms have defined strategies for building a complete TCO

model.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-indirect-cost-toolkit.html

US defense budget - Emergency and supplemental spending

1 Some experts estimate the indirect costs will eventually exceed the direct costs.

[http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20081215.Cost_of_the_Wars_i/R.20081215.Cost_of_the_Wars_i.pdf

Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments-Cost of the Iraq

Afghanistan Wars Through 2008] As of June 2011, the total cost of the wars was

approximately $3.7 trillion.


Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse - 2002 Compensation deal and the question of blame

1 Given that Catholic Orders insisted on educating all the children in

question , it unfairly imposes indirect costs on non-Catholic or non-

Christian taxpayers.


Fixed cost

1 In economics, 'fixed costs', 'indirect costs' or 'overheads' are business

expenses that are not dependent on the level of goods or services produced by

the business. They tend to be time-related, such as salaries or rents being

paid per month, and are often referred to as overhead costs. This is in contrast to variable costs, which are volume-related

(and are paid per quantity produced).


Downmass - Propellant transfer

1 :Indirect costs considered in developing the CPS architecture include licensing requirements

associated with International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) and the

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) commercial launch and entry

licensing requirements


Turnover (employment) - Costs

1 Direct costs relate to the leaving costs, replacement costs and

transitions costs, and indirect costs relate to the loss of production,

reduced performance levels, unnecessary overtime and low

morale


Low latency trading - Market making

1 Menkveld (2010): \Does algorithmic trading improve liquidity?, Journal of

Finance this renewed competition among liquidity providers causes

reduced effective market spreads, and therefore reduced indirect costs

for final investors.


Bozeman Campus, Montana State University, USA - Resurgence and retrenchment under Tietz

1 Tietz's major goal, increasing research funding, was greatly helped by a 1981 decision of the legislature

to refund indirect cost payments back to the university


Budget management - Classification of costs

1 # By Nature or Traceability:Direct Costs and Indirect Costs. Direct Costs are Directly attributable/traceable to

Cost Object. Direct costs are assigned to Cost Object. Indirect

Costs are not directly attributable/traceable to Cost Object.

Indirect costs are allocated or apportioned to cost objects.


Project management triangle - Cost

1 Tools used in cost are, risk management, cost contingency, cost escalation, and indirect

costs


Activity-based costing

1 'Activity-based costing' ('ABC') is a costing methodology that identifies

activities in an organization and assigns the cost of each activity with resources

to all products and services according to the actual consumption by each. This

model assigns more indirect costs (overhead (business)|overhead) into

direct costs compared to conventional costing.


Activity-based costing - Historical development

1 Traditionally, cost accountants had arbitrarily added a broad percentage

of analysis into the indirect cost.Y [

http://www.managementaccountancy.com/2009/05/overhead-cost-

allocation/ Overhead cost allocation]



1 However, as the percentages of indirect or overhead costs rose, this

technique became increasingly inaccurate, because indirect costs

were not caused equally by all products



1 For example, increased automation has reduced labor, which is a direct

cost, but has increased depreciation, which is an indirect cost.


Activity-based costing - Methodology

1 Direct labour and materials are relatively easy to trace directly to products, but it is more difficult to directly allocate indirect costs to

products


Internal Ratings-Based Approach (Credit Risk) - Risk Quantification

1 Loss, when estimating LGD, is economic loss and not accounting loss. This means that all material

direct and indirect costs, as well as recoveries, must be discounted back

to the point of default. The bank must clearly demonstrate the choice

of the discount rate to the supervisor.


Peace and conflict studies - Cost of conflict

1 The approach considers direct costs of conflict, for instance human

deaths, expenditure, destruction of land and physical infrastructure; as well as indirect costs that impact a

society, for instance migration, humiliation, growth of extremism and

lack of civil society.


Cost of conflict - Methodology

1 The approach considers direct costs of conflict, for instance human

deaths, expenditure, destruction of land and physical infrastructure; as well as indirect costs that impact a

society, for instance human migration|migration, humiliation,

growth of extremism and lack of civil society


Cost of conflict - Cost of Conflict in the Middle East

1 Lastly, the Cost of Conflict in the Middle East calculates the direct and indirect costs of successive wars in

the Middle East


Cost of conflict - US War on Terror

1 This is because the report takes into account indirect costs such as

disability pensions and the price of oil


Islands of automation

1 Davenport (1998) argued that islands of automation create indirect costs for firms with fragmented systems.That is, if a company's system is fragmented,

its business is fragmented. What is more, islands of automation leads to a decrease of productivity, efficiency and customer responsiveness. ERP systems

provide solution to this problem.


Overhead (business)

1 The term overhead is usually used when grouping expenses that are necessary to the continued functioning of the business

but cannot be immediately associated with the products or services being offered

(i.e.,do not directly generate profit (accounting)|profits).[http://www.pmhut.co

m/pmo-and-project-management-dictionary PMO and Project Management Dictionary] Closely related accountancy|accounting concepts are fixed costs and

variable costs as well as indirect costs and direct costs.


Campaign finance reform - Voting with dollars

1 Lessig (2011, p. 269) notes that the cost of this is tiny relative to the cost of

corporate welfare, estimated at $100 billion in the 2012 US federal budget.

However, this considers only direct subsidies identified by the Cato Institute.

It ignores tax loopholes and regulatory and trade decisions, encouraging

business mergers and other activities that can stifling competition, creativity

and economic growth; the direct subsidies can be a tiny fraction of these

indirect costs.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-indirect-cost-toolkit.html

Safety management systems - Description of SMS

1 There is an implied moral obligation placed on an employer to ensure that work

activities and the place of work to be safe, there are legislative requirements defined in just about every jurisdiction on how this is to be achieved and there is a substantial

body of research which shows that effective safety management (which is the

reduction of risk in the workplace) can reduce the financial exposure of an organisation by reducing direct and

indirect costs associated with accident and incidents.


Law of value - Conceptual criticism

1 insofar as they refer to reproducible goods) are again reducible to direct and indirect costs in human labour

time


Blood transfusion - Inefficacy

1 Many physicians have adopted a so-called restrictive protocol - whereby transfusion is held

to a minimum - due in part to the noted uncertainties surrounding storage lesion, in

addition to the very high direct and indirect costs of transfusions, along with the increasing view

that many transfusions are inappropriate or use too many RBC

units.[http://www.patientsafetysummit.org/_assets/documents/Action%20Plan%20-%20RBC

%20Overuse%20-%20January%2013,%202013.pdf ] Of course, restrictive protocol is not an option

with some especially vulnerable patients who may require the best possible efforts to rapidly restore

tissue oxygenation.


Indirect costs

1 'Indirect costs' are costs that are not directly accountable to a cost object (such as a particular project, facility, function or

product). Indirect costs may be either fixed or variable. Indirect costs include

administration, personnel and security costs. These are those costs which are not

directly related to production. Some indirect costs may be overhead (business)|overhead. But some overhead costs can be

directly attributed to a project and are direct costs.


Indirect costs

1 There are two types of indirect costs. One are the fixed indirect costs which

contains activities or costs that are fixed for a particular project or company like transportation of labor to the working

site, building temporary roads, etc. The other are recurring indirect costs which

contains activities that repeat for a particular company like maintenance of

records or payment of salaries.


Indirect costs - Indirect vs direct costs

1 Indirect costs do not vary substantially within certain

production volumes or other indicators of activity, and so they

may sometimes be considered to be fixed

costs.http://www.accountingtools.com/questions-and-answers/what-are-

indirect-costs.html


Indirect costs - Indirect vs direct costs

1 It is possible to justify the handling of almost any kind of cost as either direct or indirect. Labor costs, for example, can be

indirect, as in the case of maintenance personnel and executive officers; or they

can be direct, as in the case of project staff members. Similarly, materials such as

miscellaneous supplies purchased in bulk—pencils, pens, paper—are typically handled as indirect costs, while materials required for specific projects are charged as direct

costs.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-indirect-cost-toolkit.html

Indirect costs - Examples

1 Be cautious here, because the nature of the cost depends on the industry. For example, fuel cost in a telecom is usually allocated as an indirect cost, while for an airliner it is a direct cost.


Indirect costs - Costs usually charged directly

1 * Directors Salary (this is usually an indirect cost)


Certified Research Administrator - Financial Management

1 Candidates are also tested on their knowledge of facility and

administrative costs (including indirect costs), indirect cost rates, cost sharing, and fund matching


Reverse merger - Drawbacks

1 Reverse mergers may have other drawbacks. Private-company CEOs may be naive and inexperienced in the world of publicly traded companies unless they

have past experience as an officer or director of a public company. In addition,

reverse merger transactions only introduce liquidity to a previously private stock if there is bona fide public interest

in the company. A comprehensive investor relations and investor marketing

program may be an indirect cost of a reverse merger.


Occupational asthma - Compensation

1 The employer not only pays compensation to the employee, but will

also have to spend a considerable amount of time and energy and funds for

hiring and training new personnel.[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003443.htm MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Peak expiratory flow rate]

In the United States, it was estimated that the direct cost of occupational

asthma in 1996 was $1.2 billion and the indirect cost $0.4 billion, for a total cost

of $1.6 billion.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-indirect-cost-toolkit.html

Prevention through design

1 The annual direct and indirect costs have been estimated to range from $128 billion to

$155 billion


1998 Australian waterfront dispute - Waterfront productivity

1 Together with other problems in the transport chain, this under-performance was not only resulting in higher direct costs to shippers, but also significant

indirect costs from delays and unreliability which could have been reduced. Overall, the international benchmarking revealed significant

scope for improvement in Australia's performance.


Irritable bowel syndrome - Economics

1 The aggregate cost of irritable bowel syndrome in the United States has

been estimated at $1.7–$10 billion in direct medical costs, with an

additional $20 billion in indirect costs, for a total of $21.7–$30 billion


Performance-based budgeting - Achieving PBB

1 Many public bodies fail to figure out how much it costs to deliver an

output, primarily due to problems with indirect cost allocation


Net profit - Construction

1 #Operating profit = Gross profit minus

overheads and other indirect costs


Environmental full-cost accounting

1 'Environmental full-cost accounting' ('EFCA') is a method of cost accounting that traces direct costs and allocates indirect costs

Schaltegger, S


Operating margin

1 It is a measurement of what proportion of a company's revenue is left over, before taxes and other indirect costs (such as rent, bonus, interest, etc.),

after paying for variable costs of production as wages, raw materials,

etc. A good operating margin is needed for a company to be able to pay for its fixed costs, such as interest on debt. A

higher operating margin means that the company has less financial risk.


Flu - Society and culture

1 In the United States, influenza is responsible for a total cost of over

$10 billion per year, while it has been estimated that a future pandemic could cause hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and indirect costs.

[http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html

Statement from President George W


Irritable bowel - In the US

1 The aggregate cost of irritable bowel syndrome in the United States has

been estimated at $1.7–10 billion in direct medical costs, with an

additional $20 billion in indirect costs, for a total of $21.7–30 billion


Rate of adoption - Benefits versus costs

1 Indirect costs may also be social, such as social conflict caused by innovation


Videotelephony - Major categories

1 Each of the systems has its own advantages and disadvantages,

including video|video quality, capital cost, degrees of sophistication,

Transmission (telecommunications)|transmission capacity requirements,

and Indirect costs|cost of use.


Effects of the automobile on societies - Costs

1 Consumers often make choices based on those costs, and

underestimate the indirect costs of car ownership, insurance and

maintenance


Cost-plus pricing

1 Cost-plus pricing is often used on government contracts (cost-plus

contracts) and has been criticized as promoting wasteful expenditures in the form of direct costs, indirect costs, and

fixed costs whether related to the production and sale of the product or

service or not. These costs are converted to per-unit costs for the product; then a

predetermined percentage of these costs is added to provide a profit margin.


Influenza A virus - Annual flu

1 A pandemic, or worldwide outbreak of a new influenza virus, could dwarf

this impact by overwhelming our health and medical capabilities,

potentially resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of

hospitalizations, and hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and

indirect costs


Concussions - Epidemiology

1 Due to the lack of a consistent definition, the economic costs of MTBI are not known,

but they are estimated to be very high. These high costs are due in part to the

large percentage of hospital admissions for head injury that are due to mild head

trauma, but indirect costs such as lost work time and early retirement account for the

bulk of the costs. These direct and indirect costs cause the expense of mild brain trauma to rival that of moderate and

severe head injuries.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-indirect-cost-toolkit.html

Speciation - The effect of sexual reproduction on species formation

1 The cost of rarity not only involves the costs of failure to find a mate, but also indirect costs such as the

cost of communication in seeking out a partner at low population density


Absorption costing - Machine hour rate

1 Absorption costing is a means of incorporating a fair share of indirect cost or overheads into the cost of a unit of product or service provided.


Variable cost

1 For example, variable manufacturing Overhead (business)|overhead costs are variable costs that are indirect

costs, not direct costs


Deinstitutionalization - Reducing costs

1 A process of indirect cost-shifting may have led to a form of re-

institutionalisation through the increased use of jail detention for those with mental

disorders deemed unmanageable and noncompliant. When laws were enacted

requiring communities to take more responsibility for mental health care,

necessary funding was often absent, and jail became the default option, being

cheaper than psychiatric care.


Foreign object damage

1 Internationally, FOD costs the aviation industry United States dollar|US$13 billion per year in direct plus indirect costs. The indirect costs are as much as ten times

the direct cost value, representing delays, aircraft changes, incurred fuel costs,

unscheduled maintenance, and the like. and causes expensive, significant damage to aircraft and parts and death and injury

to workers, pilots and passengers.


Foreign object damage

1 It is estimated that FOD costs major airlines in the United States $26 per flight in aircraft repairs, plus $312 in

such additional indirect costs as flight delays, plane changes and fuel

inefficiencies.


Foreign object damage - Studies

1 Here, data was broken into 'Per Flight Direct Costs' and 'Per Flight Indirect

Costs' for the top 300 global airports, with detailed footnotes on the

supporting data



1 This earlier effort was ‘The’ first document detailing the direct and

indirect cost of FOD that was based on airline maintenance data (the

entire document was a single page of



1 'Per Flight Indirect Costs' include a

total of 31 individual categories:



1 The study concludes that when these indirect costs are added, then the

cost of FOD increases by a multiple of up to 10x.


Gerhard Casper - Stanford University

1 In 1992, Casper became the ninth president of Stanford University. His concerns as president ranged from

resolution of the indirect cost dispute with the federal government to

restoration of the campus after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake to

innovation in curriculum, programs, and physical plant.


Cost driver

1 The Activity Based Costing (ABC) approach relates indirect cost to the

activities that drive them to be incurred.


Cost driver

1 Some examples of indirect costs and their drivers are: indirect costs for

maintenance, with the possible driver of this cost being the number of machine hours; or, the indirect cost of handling

raw-material cost, which may be driven by the number of orders received; or, inspection costs that are driven by the number of inspections or the hours of

inspection or production runs.


Parking - Economics of parking

1 In the graph to the right the value above the line represents the out-of-pocket cost per trip, per person for each mode of transportation, the value below the line accounts for subsidies, environmental impact,

social and indirect costs


History of psychiatric institutions - United States

1 A process of indirect cost-shifting may have led to a form of re-

institutionalization through the increased use of jail detention for

those with mental disorders deemed unmanageable and noncompliant


Health care reforms proposed during the Obama administration - Medical malpractice liability costs and tort reform

1 Counting both direct and indirect costs, other studies estimate the

total cost of malpractice is linked to between 5% and 10% of total U.S


Health care reform debate in the United States - Medical malpractice costs and limits on redress (tort)

1 Critics have argued that medical malpractice costs are significant and

should be addressed via tort reform. At the same time, a Hearst Newspapers

investigation concluded that up to 200,000 people per year die from

medical errors and infections in the United States. None of the three major

bills under consideration lower recoverable damages in tort suits.

Medical malpractice, such as doctor errors resulting in harm to patients, has

several direct and indirect costs:https://store.theartofservice.com/the-indirect-cost-toolkit.html

Health care reform debate in the United States - Medical malpractice costs and limits on redress (tort)

1 Counting both direct and indirect costs, other studies estimate the

total cost of malpractice is linked to between 5% and 10% of total U.S


Autism therapies

1 Treatment is expensive; indirect costs are more so


Total absorption costing

1 whereas the indirect cost cant be easily identified with the

cost center


Financial distress - Cost of financial distress

1 A common example of a cost of financial distress are bankruptcy costs. These direct costs include

auditors' fees, legal fees, management fees and other

payments. Cost of financial distress can occur even if bankruptcy is

avoided (indirect costs).


Financial distress - Cost of financial distress

1 Another source of indirect costs of financial distress are higher costs of capital as usually banks increase the interest rates if a state of financial

distressed occurs.


Social effects of H5N1 - Compared to annual flu season

1 A pandemic, or worldwide outbreak of a new influenza virus, could dwarf this

impact by overwhelming our health and medical capabilities, potentially resulting

in hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of hospitalizations, and hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and indirect costs.[http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html Message

from President Bush]


World War I casualties - Footnotes

1 Direct and indirect costs of the great world war New York : Oxford University Press, 1919


Parex Bank

1 The total direct and indirect cost to the Latvian government is estimated at more than a billion dollars, making

it a factor in a 2008–2010 Latvian financial crisis which forced the state

to borrow money from the International Monetary Fund and the

European Commission to cover a balance of payments deficit.


Missile approach warning - Cost considerations

1 Procuring EW self-protection systems has direct and indirect cost implications.


Missile approach warning - Cost considerations

1 Indirect cost on the other hand involves degradation of the aircraft’s performance as a result of having the

system on-board which in turn impacts negatively on the operating

cost of the aircraft.


Sexual coercion - Indirect

1 Indirect costs are those that affect females in

the future


UNOPS - Financing

1 UNOPS is a fully self-financing organization. It covers direct and indirect

costs by charging a small fee on each project supported. UNOPS new pricing policy was released in July 2013 and

outlines how the organization aims to finance its projects. UNOPS is not-for-

profit, and meets the highest international standards of accountability and transparency in all its transactions.


Hurricane Mitch - Honduras

1 Overall, Hurricane Mitch killed about 7,000people in Honduras, and

damage was estimated at Honduran lempira|L52,345,000,000

($3.8billion), of which $2.005billion was from direct damages and the

remainder from indirect costs


Human flu - Impact

1 A pandemic, or worldwide outbreak of a new influenza virus, could dwarf

this impact by overwhelming our health and medical capabilities,

potentially resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of

hospitalizations, and hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and

indirect costs


Renewable energy commercialisation - Public policy landscape

1 Lester Brown states that the market does not incorporate the indirect costs

of providing goods or services into prices, it does not value nature's

services adequately, and it does not respect the sustainable-yield thresholds

of natural systems. It also favors the near term over the long term, thereby

showing limited concern for future generations.


Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand - Policies

1 In its Economy of New Zealand|economic policies, the Green Party

stresses factors such as sustainability, taxing the indirect

costs of pollution, and fair trade. It also states that measuring economic

success should concentrate on measuring well-being rather than analysing economic indicators.


Whiplash (medicine) - Epidemiology

1 Estimated indirect costs to industry are $66,626 per year, depending on the level and

severity


Polyploidization - The effect of sexual reproduction on species formation

1 The cost of rarity not only involves the costs of failure to find a mate, but also indirect costs such as the

cost of communication in seeking out a partner at low population densities.


Piracy in Somalia - Costs

1 Besides the actual cost of paying ransoms, various attempts have been

made at gauging indirect costs stemming from the piracy; especially those

reportedly incurred over the course of anti-piracy initiatives.Tim Besley, et al.

[http://www.trfetzer.com/?p=36 One Kind of Lawlessness: Estimating the Welfare

Cost of Somali Piracy], Besley et al., June 2012; accessed 25 June 2012


Piracy in Somalia - Costs

1 A 2011 report by Oceans Beyond Piracy (OBP) suggested that the

indirect costs of piracy were much higher and estimated to be between

$6.6 to $6.9 billion, as they also included insurance, naval support,

legal proceedings, re-routing of slower ships, and individual protective

steps taken by ship-owners.


Higher education in Ontario - Funding

1 Canada Foundation for Innovation, Canada Research Chairs program,

the [http://www.indirectcosts.gc.ca/ Indirect Costs of Research program], and through [http://www.nce.gc.ca/ Networks of Centres of Excellence]. Both governments of Canada and

Ontario provide funding and support for post-secondary students.


City Life (computer game) - Economy

1 Buildings also have indirect costs with regards the energy they consume and waste

they produce


Lester Brown - Issuing warnings

1 How much are we willing to spend to avoid a 23 foot rise in sea level? He

explained that indirect costs are shaping our future, and by ignoring these, we're doing exactly the same thing as Enron- leaving costs off the

books


Piracy in the Strait of Malacca - Modern piracy

1 Violent, armed pirates robbing crews at sea get attention-getting headlines, but the direct economic impact of robbery at

sea is small relative to the volume of global trade in the area. Typical pirate booty is limited ship's stores, engine parts, and crew members' cash and

personal property. But piracy also has indirect costs, including increased

security measures and spikes in shipping insurance premiums.


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