indiana introducingintroducingintroducing · 2019-10-03 · by sand most diverse area in indiana,...

IntroducingIntroducingIndianaIntroducing

ANDPastPastPast

PresentPresentPresent

A Magazine Exploring Indiana HistoryA Magazine Exploring Indiana HistoryA Magazine Exploring Indiana HistoryThe Indiana HistorianThe Indiana HistorianThe Indiana Historian

A book called a gazetteer was amain source of information aboutIndiana. Today, the Internet—includingthe Web site of the State of Indiana—provides a wealth of information.

2 The Indiana Historian, December 1998 © Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998

25.2 74.4 16.4 63.2 34.0 85.6 2.21 4.22 40.54

22.2 73.3 13.7 62.3 30.8 84.4 1.75 3.88 37.8622.7 73.1 14.3 61.7 31.0 84.5 1.89 3.86 37.4522.4 72.7 14.4 61.5 30.4 83.9 1.80 3.62 36.1724.2 74.7 15.4 63.5 33.1 85.9 2.04 4.47 40.2524.5 74.0 15.7 63.0 33.2 85.0 2.16 4.46 40.1223.9 73.2 15.2 62.1 32.6 84.3 2.00 4.06 38.6529.2 77.0 20.2 66.0 38.2 88.0 2.68 4.55 45.0528.7 75.5 19.1 64.3 38.3 86.8 2.82 4.67 45.4129.3 75.8 19.8 64.4 38.7 87.2 2.76 4.44 43.85

meantemperature

minimumtemperature

maximumtemperature

monthlyprecipitation

annualprecipitation

JulyJanuary JulyJanuary JulyJanuary JulyJanuary

Indiana

Northwest

North Central

Northeast

West Central

Central

East Central

Southwest

South Central

Southeast

regions

Adams

Allen

Bartholomew

Benton

Black-ford

Boone

Brown

Carroll

Cass

Clark

Clay

Clinton

Crawford

Daviess

Dearborn

Decatur

De Kalb

Delaware

Dubois

Elkhart

Fayette

Floyd

Fountain

Franklin

Fulton

Gibson

Grant

Greene

Hamilton

Hancock

Harrison

Hendricks

Henry

Howard

Huntington

Jackson

Jasper

Jay

Jefferson

Jennings

Johnson

Knox

Kosciusko

La Grange

Lake La Porte

Lawrence

Madison

Marion

Marshall

Martin

Miami

Monroe

Montgomery

Morgan

Newton

Noble

Ohio

Orange

Owen

Parke

Perry

Pike

Porter

Posey

Pulaski

Putnam

Randolph

Ripley

Rush

St. Joseph

Scott

Shelby

Spencer

Starke

Steuben

Sullivan

Switzerland

TippecanoeTipton

Union

Vander-burgh

Verm

illio

n

Vigo

Wabash

Warren

Warrick

Washington

Wayne

WellsWhite

Whitley

NorthwestNorthCentral

Northeast

EastCentral

Central

WestCentral

SouthwestSouth

Central

Southeast

Physical featuresPhysical features of the land

have been a major factor in the growthand development of Indiana.

The land of Indiana was affectedby glacial ice at least three timesduring the Pleistocene Epoch. TheIllinoian glacial ice covered most ofIndiana 220,000 years ago. TheWisconsinan glacial ice occurredbetween 70,000 and 10,000 years ago.Most ice was gone from the area byapproximately 13,000 years ago, andthe meltwater had begun the develop-ment of the Great Lakes.

The three maps at the top ofthese two pages provide three ways ofpresenting the physical makeup of theland. The chart at the bottom of page3 combines several types of studies togive an overview of the land and itsuse and some of the unique andunusual aspects of the state’s physicalfeatures and resources.

At the bottom of page 2 is a chartof “normal” weather statistics. Thefirst organized effort to collect dailyweather data in Indiana began inPrinceton, Gibson County in approxi-mately 1887. Hourly collection of datausing airplanes began around 1930.

Surficialtopography

Normals are based on thirty-year time intervals. Normals will next be recalculated from data for 1971-2000. Indiana has a stateclimatologist, who works with the Applied Meteorology Group, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University. The group maintains an Indianaclimate data archive (from which these statistics have been excerpted) available on the Internet (http://shadow.agry.purdue.edu/index.html).The map indicates the weather statistics regions.

Normal Monthly Weather Statistics, 1961-1990

Source: Applied Meteorology Group, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, <http://shadow.agry.purdue.edu/index.html>

1

2

Elevation key

below 400 feet

400-600 feet

600-800 feet

800-1000 feet

1000-1200 feet

above 1200 feet

lowest point inIndiana, 320 feethighest point in

Indiana, 1257 feetSource: Adapted from IndianaGeological Survey, Surficial To-pography, <http:www.indiana.edu/~igs/maps/vtopo.html>

1

2

[

© Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998 3The Indiana Historian, December 1998

TerrainPhysiographicprovinces

(numbers correspondto chart below)

Southern limitof Wisconsinan

glacial boundary

Southern limit ofIllinoian glacial

boundary

➛

➛

Adapted from: IndianaGeological Survey, <http://

www.indiana.edu/~igs/maps/vphysio.html>

Adapted from:Cartesia Software,MapArt Stock ImageSeries: USA, <http://www.map-art.com>

notable featuresland usageterrainprovince(region or area)

plateau dissected by streams withbottoms of valleys as much as 450 ft.lower

30% of land in crops; 45% in pasture forgrazing beef cattle

some of highest elevations in state in this region

dunes show great biological diversity with largenumber of rare plantsnative vegetation along ridge from east to westincludes forests, wetlands, oak openings, prairiesarea once one of largest freshwater marshes inU.S. drawing hunters and fishermen from all overworldEuropean and American settlers significantlychanged land by draining wetlands and clearingforestsoriginally covered with dense swamp forests;rapidly cleared and drained by settlersglacial meltwaters carved deep canyons alongWabash River valley and tributaries; cool ravinesexhibit plant life more common in boreal northernforests

climate and environment of bottomlands alongOhio and Wabash River valleys resembles GulfCoast; mistletoe, bald cypress, and bamboo

a continuous belt of rugged hills running southfrom Putnam County to Perry County on the Ohiosignificant karst topography; Salem limestoneformation near Bedford world famous fordimensional building stoneescarpment most prominent landform in state

Falls of Ohio State Park at Clarksville containsfossilized remains of Devonian coral reef showingmore than 600 kinds of coral, fish, and plantsminor karst topography with sinkholes and cavesalong valley borders

large urban areas along lake; 70% of landin cropsmuch of area in farms growing corn, feedgrains, haymuch of area in farms, growing corn, feedgrains, hay

much of area in farms growing corn, feedgrains, hay, soybeans

farms occupy 90% of area; crops are corn,winter wheat, soybeans, hay90% of land in farms, growing corn, soybeans,feed grains, hay; dairying important near urbanareas; some truck and canning crops grownalso; oil and gas in east central section discovered1889, depleted by 191240 - 50% of land in crops including corn,soybeans, feed grains, strawberries, melons,and orchards; most available coal, oil, andgas in state in this regionHoosier National Forest occupies much ofarea; little urban developmentsmall to medium sized farms; hay and pasturefor beef cattle are principal crops; burley tobaccoimportant cash croplittle urban development; Brown County StatePark located in north central part of region

50% of farmland in crops, rest in pasture; tobaccoimportant cash crop

50% of farmland in crops; rest in pasture; tobacco important cash crop

many sand ridges; massive high dunes

elevated morainal ridge, 700 - 800 ft.above sea levelflat to gently rolling terrain, underlainby sand

most diverse area in Indiana, includesforests, lakes, bogs, fens, marshes,prairies, and savannasalmost level plain with few features

flat to gently rolling except for WabashRiver valley along western border

broad lowland about 500 ft. abovesea level; sand dunes along largerriver valleys

deeply dissected upland with state’slargest caves; steep stream valleysarea of low relief, sinkholes (300,000estimated) a primary feature

Knobstone Escarpment rises 300 ft.above lowland on eastern border,crests 400 - 600 ft. at New Albanywide alluvial plains; northern areacovered with up to 150 ft. of glacial drift

gently sloping plain; northern portioncovered with glacial drift up to 150 ft.

Calumet LacustrinePlainValparaiso MorainalArea

Kankakee Outwash and Lacustrine Plain

Steuben Morainal Lake Area

Maumee LacustrinePlain

Tipton Till Plain

Wabash Lowland

Crawford Upland

Mitchell Plain

Norman Upland

Scottsburg Lowland

Muscatatuck Regional Slope

Dearborn Upland

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

The Land of Indiana Sources: John Clements, Indiana Facts (Dallas, Tex., 1995), 40-41; Marion T. Jackson, ed., TheNatural Heritage of Indiana (Bloomington, Ind., 1997), 159-222; Alton A. Lindsey, ed.,Natural Features of Indiana (Indianapolis, 1966), 40-56.

12

3

4

7

8

9

10

11

1213

6

5

[


Indiana‘s People

Key1 Vincennes—Territorial capital, 1800-1813. Firstsettled by the French in the early 18th century;Americans began settling in the 1780s.2 Clark’s Grant—Donated by Virginia to GeorgeRogers Clark’s soldiers, 1779. First settled 1784.3 Whitewater Valley—First settlers came from KY,NC, TN, VA, 1810-1820; later migrants also camefrom the same area and also included some Germansand Irish, 1830-1840.4 Ohio Valley—First settlers came from KY, TN, NC,VA, 1810-1820; Germans and Irish settled in thisarea, 1830-1850.5 Central Indiana—Settlers from OH, PA, VAfollowed the National Road to eastern Indiana border,1820-1840, spreading through the central part ofthe state.6 Upper Wabash Valley—Settlers from OH, PA,NY, and New England followed the Erie Canal andGreat Lakes to northern Indiana, 1830-1850; Irishand Germans also settled along the Wabash andErie Canal.7 Northern Indiana—Settlers from MI, OH, NewEngland; also settlers from south and central Indiana;some Germans and Canadians, 1830-1850.

Early Settlement of Indiana

Sources: Barnhart and Carmony, vol. 1; Moore; Taylor andMcBirney.

The land whichbecame the state of Indianawas occupied bypaleoindians, approximately12,000-10,000 years ago.There is rich archaeologicalevidence of their habitations.

Historic AmericanIndian tribes lived on thisland as well, inspiring thestate’s name—Indiana, theland of Indians.

The earliest docu-mented European to visitthe area was LaSalle in1679. French and laterBritish traders entered thisarea from Canada eager forfurs. They traded with theNative Americans, whogenerally established onlyseasonal villages. Frenchforts were established atsites that are now Lafayette(1717), Fort Wayne (1721),and Vincennes (1732).

Settlers from theBritish colonies on the eastcoast of America beganmigrating west in the mid-1700s seeking land forfarming. The AmericanRevolution and the forma-tion of the United States ofAmerica brought moredemand for western landand more conflicts withNative Americans, who hadestablished more permanentvillages.

The illustrations onpage 4 demonstrate thedisplacement of NativeAmericans by American andother settlers. The U.S.acquired Native Americanland through treaties,moving them farther north.By the 1840s, most NativeAmericans had been forciblyremoved from the state tothe West.

Various groups ofpeople over time bought andsettled these treaty lands. Inthe early 1800s, free blackswere among the settlers whocame to Indiana formingcommunities throughout thestate. In the 1860s after theCivil War, large numbers ofblacks came from the south

1830

Historic Native American Villages in Indiana

1679-1701

1772-1794

1810= historic Native American village

Source: Adapted from Ronald Hicks, ed., Native American Cultures in Indiana (Muncie, Ind.,1992), 62-63, 67-69.

U.S. Land Treatieswith Native Americans

Sources: Charles J. Kappler, ed., Indian Affairs:Laws and Treaties (Washington, D.C., 1903), vol.2.; Francis P. Prucha, Atlas of American IndianAffairs (Lincoln, Neb., 1990).

Adams

Allen

Barthol-omew

BentonBlack-ford

Boone

Brown

Carroll

Cass

Clark

Clay

Clinton

Crawford

Daviess

DearbornDecatur

De Kalb

Delaware

Dubois

Elkhart

Fayette

Floyd

Fountain

Franklin

Fulton

Gibson

Grant

Greene

Hamilton

Hancock

Harrison

Hendricks

Henry

Howard

Huntington

Jackson

Jasper

Jay

Jefferson

Jennings

Johnson

Knox

Kosciusko

La Grange

Lake

La Porte

Lawrence

Madison

Marion

Marshall

Martin

Miami

Monroe

Montgomery

Morgan

Newton

Noble

Ohio

Orange

Owen

Parke

Perry

Pike

Porter

Posey

Pulaski

Putnam

Randolph

Ripley

Rush

St Joseph

Scott

Shelby

Spencer

Starke

Steuben

Sullivan

Switzerland

Tippecanoe

Tipton

Union

Vander-burgh

Verm

illio

n

Vigo

Wabash

Warren

Warrick

Washington

Wayne

WellsWhite

Whitley

4

4

21

6

5

3

4

77

7

1783

17951803

1804

1805

1809

1809

1817

1818

18401834

1826

1828

1821

18321832

1826

seeking jobs in Indiana’scities. Foreign-born immi-gration, mainly to Indianacities, peaked in 1910.

Indiana has becomehome to many ethnicpeoples, who continue toadd richness and diversityto the state’s heritage.

[


Indiana’s Ten Largest Cities, 1860-1950

1860 1890 1920 1950Indianapolis Indianapolis Indianapolis IndianapolisNew Albany Evansville Fort Wayne GaryEvansville Fort Wayne Evansville Fort WayneLafayette Terre Haute South Bend EvansvilleFort Wayne South Bend Terre Haute South BendTerre Haute New Albany Gary HammondRichmond Richmond Muncie Terre HauteLa Porte Lafayette Hammond MuncieJeffersonville Logansport East Chicago East ChicagoVincennes Elkhart Kokomo Anderson

Gary

HammondSouth Bend

Fort Wayne

Muncie

AndersonIndianapolis

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Evansville

New Albany

La Porte

Lafayette

Richmond

Madison

Jeffersonville

Largest Indiana cities, 1850 and 1994

1994

1850

1850 and

1994

Sources: Indiana City & Town Estimates 1996, <http://www.iupui.edu/it/ibrc/Population/CITYEST/20cities96.html>; Barnhart and Carmony, 2: 538.

yeartotal

population white blackforeign

born

Indiana Population, 1800-1990

1800 4,875 4,577 2981830 343,031 339,399 3,6321860 1,350,428 1,338,710 11,428 118,2841890 2,192,404 2,146,736 45,215 146,2051920 2,930,390 2,849,071 80,810 150,8681950 3,934,224 3,758,512 174,168 100,6301980 5,490,260 5,004,567 414,732 101,8021990 5,544,159 5,020,700 432,092 94,000Source: Madison, Indiana Way, 325-29.

Total 5,864,108Hispanic 136,568Black 483,558American Indian 14,340Asian & Pacific Islander 53,361White 5,312,849

Indiana Population1997 Estimates

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, <http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/county/crh/crhin97.txt>

As the chart (below left) indicates, for over onehundred years, the rural population of the state of Indianaoutnumbered the urban population; in 1920, the percent-age of urban population outnumbered rural for the firsttime.

The two charts of the largest cities over time providean indication of how Indiana’s population has moved andgathered in urban areas throughout Indiana.

Indiana Rural and UrbanPopulation Growth, 1800--1990

Sources: Madison, Indiana Way, 325-29; U.S. Census Bureau “Table 1. Urbanand Rural Population: 1900 to 1990,” <http://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/urpop0090.txt> (October 1995).

percentage of urban population

percentage of rural population

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1800 1830 1860 1890 1920 1950 1980 1990

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1950(Washington, D.C., 1952), vol. 11, part 14, pp. 9-10.


Governing Indiana

Indiana Counties in 1816

After George RogersClark defeated the Britishat Fort Sackville, VincennesFebruary 25, 1779, the landthat became Indiana wasclaimed by the U.S. as partof the Treaty of Paris withGreat Britain in 1783,ending the AmericanRevolution. The land wasfirst organized by the U.S. in1787 as part of the NorthwestTerritory.

In 1800, the IndianaTerritory was formed. Itcontained all of the formerNorthwest Territory exceptthe area of the present stateof Ohio and a small part ofthe present state of Michi-gan. Vincennes became thecapital; William HenryHarrison was appointed thefirst of three territorialgovernors.

Indiana Territoryboundaries were alteredtwice: in 1805 with theformation of MichiganTerritory and in 1809 withthe formation of IllinoisTerritory. The territorialcapital was moved toCorydon, Harrison Countyin 1813.

When Indiana becamea state on December 11,1816, its boundaries wereestablished as they aretoday. A map of the countiesat statehood is on this page.Corydon became the capitalof the new state. JonathanJennings was elected firstgovernor of the state.

In January 1821, thesite of Indianapolis wasdesignated as the new statecapital, and the city wascreated. State governmentmoved to Indianapolis in thefall of 1824. The MarionCounty Courthouse servedas the first capitol building.State government movedinto a newly constructedState House in 1835. Thepresent State House wascompleted in 1888.

The state was governedunder the 1816 Constitutionuntil 1851. Indiana is stillgoverned under the 1851Constitution—with variousamendments. There arethree branches of govern-ment: legislative, executive(including administrative),and judicial.

The Indiana General

Assembly consists oftwo houses: a Houseof Representatives ofone hundred mem-bers and a Senate offifty members. Termsof representatives aretwo years; terms ofsenators are fouryears.

The governorand lieutenantgovernor are electedtogether; six otherofficials are elected:secretary of state,auditor of state,treasurer of state,attorney general,superintendent of publicinstruction, and clerk ofsupreme and appellatecourts. All officials servefour-year terms.

The judicial branchincludes three levels ofjurisdiction. The SupremeCourt consists of a chiefjustice and four associatejustices. The Court ofAppeals is based on geo-graphic districts; there arefive districts and fifteenjudges. There are ninetyCircuit Courts. Each judicial

circuit equals one county,except that Jefferson andSwitzerland counties makeup the fifth circuit andDearborn and Ohio countiesmake up the seventh circuit.

Indiana has ninety-twocounties formed from 1790to 1860. Some countieschanged boundaries as newcounties were formed. Manycounties have had severalcounty seats. The latestchange in a county seat wasin 1994 when Perry Countychanged to Tell City fromCannelton.

Adapted from: Pence and Armstrong, 147.

Knox

Vincennes

ClarksvilleCorydon

Gibson

WarrickHarri

son Clark

Fran

klin

Way

ne

Uno

rgan

ized

PoseyPerry

Dear-born

SwitzerlandJe

fferso

n

Wash-ington

Jackson

Ora

nge

Adapted from: Pence and Armstrong, 137.

Jonathan Jennings, firstgovernor of the State of

Indiana, portrait by JamesForbes. The state maintains a

Governors’ Portraits Collectionthat includes an image of allbut one territorial governor.

Information about governorsand artists is included on the

Indiana Historical BureauWeb site (www.statelib.lib.in.

us/www/ihb/ihb.html).

Northwest Territory 1787


Adams1836

Allen1824

Barthol-omew

1821

Benton1840

Black-ford1838

Boone1830

Brown1836

Carroll1828

Cass1829

Clark1801

Clay1825

Clinton1830

Crawford1818

Daviess1817

Dear-born1803

Decatur1822

DeKalb1837

Delaware1827

Dubois1818

Elkhart1830

Fayette1819

Floyd1819

Fountain1826

Franklin1811

Fulton1836

Gibson1813

Grant1831

Greene1821

Hamilton1823

Hancock1828

Harrison1808

Hendricks1824

Henry1822

Howard1844

Hunting-ton1834

Jackson1816

Jasper1838

Jay1836

Jefferson1811

Jennings1817

Johnson1823

Knox1790

Kosciusko1837

LaGrange1832

Lake1837

La Porte1832

Lawrence1818

Madison1823

Marion1822

Marshall1836

Martin1820

Miami1834

Monroe1818

Montgomery1823

Morgan1822

Newton1859

Noble1836

Ohio1844

Orange1816

Owen1819

Parke1821

Perry1814

Pike1817

Porter1836

Posey1814

Pulaski1839

Putnam1822

Randolph1818

Ripley1818

Rush1822

St. Joseph1830

Scott1820

Shelby1822

Spencer1818

Starke1850

Steuben1837

Sullivan1817

Switzerland1814

Tippecanoe1826

Tipton1844

Union1821

Vander-burgh1818

Ver-mil-lion1824

Vigo1818

Wabash1835

Warren1827

Warrick1813

Washington1814

Wayne1811

Wells1837White

1834

Whitley1838

Decatur

Fort Wayne

ColumbusNashville

Lebanon

Fowler

Hartford City

Logansport

Delphi

Frankfort

Brazil

English

Washington

Jasper

Jeffersonville

Lawrence-burg

Greensburg

Muncie

Auburn

Goshen

Rochester

Covington

Connersville

Brookville

Bloomfield

Princeton

Marion

Noblesville

Kokomo

DanvilleGreenfield

New Castle

Huntington

Rensselaer

Franklin

Brownstown

Madison

Vernon

Portland

Warsaw

Vincennes

Bedford

La Porte

Crown Point

LaGrange

Plymouth

Peru

Anderson

Crawfordsville

Indianapolis

Bloomington

Martinsville

Shoals

Kentland

Albion

Rising Sun

Paoli

Spencer

Tell City

Petersburg

Mt. Vernon

GreencastleRockville

Winamac

Valparaiso

South Bend

Winchester

Rushville

Versailles

Shelbyville

Scottsburg

Vevay

Rockport

Sullivan

Knox

Angola

Tipton

Lafayette

Monticello

Columbia City

Wabash

Liberty

Salem

Corydon

Booanville

Evansville

Newport

Terre Haute

Richmond

Bluffton

Williamsport

New Albany

Indiana countiesand county seats

State Capitol in Corydon,1816-1824, now a statehistoric site

India

na S

tate

Lib

rary

,In

dia

na D

ivis

ion

.

State House in Indianapolis,1888 to the present

Keycounty name

date county established

county seat

Lake

1837

Crown Point

1790 to 1799

1800 to 1814

1815 to 1819

1820 to 1824

1825 to 1834

1835 to 1844

1845 to 1860

Dates counties established

India

na S

tate

Lib

rary

,In

dia

na D

ivis

ion

.


State Emblems, etc.Emblems and special days are established by law and

made a part of the Indiana Code (IC).Extended descriptions and explanations of these

items are provided on the Indiana Historical Bureau Website (http://www.statelib.lib.in.us/www/ihb/ihb.html).The Historical Bureau has a sheet of color emblems for sale.

Indiana State FlagThe blue and gold state banner was adopted by the 1917 General

Assembly as part of the commemoration of the state’s 1916 Centennialcelebration, after a competition sponsored by the Daughters of theAmerican Revolution. The winning design was by Paul Hadley ofMooresville, Indiana. The name was changed to flag by the 1955General Assembly. The dimensions were changed to standard usage.

The torch stands for liberty and enlightenment; the rays represent theirfar-reaching influence. The thirteen stars in a circle represent the originalthirteen states; the five stars in the circle represent the next five states; thelarge star is Indiana, the nineteenth state.

The state flag is always displayed on the observer’s right of the Americanflag.

Versions of this pioneer scene have beenused on Indiana seals since territorialdays. They are found on official papersas early as 1801. A seal wasprovided for in both the 1816 and1851 state constitutions. The 1963General Assembly gave legalsanction to this design and providedan official description (IC 1-2-4). Theelements are a woodsman, buffalo,sycamore trees, hills and a setting sun;leaves of the state tree are in the borderdesign.

Indiana State Seal

Round my Indiana homestead wave the cornfield,In the distance loom the woodlands clear and cool.Often times my thoughts revert to scenes of childhood,Where I first received my lessons, nature’s school.But one thing there is missing in the picture,Without her face it seems so incomplete.I long to see my mother in the doorway,As she stood there years ago, her boy to greet!REFRAIN Oh, the moonlight’s fair tonight along the Wabash,

From the fields there comes the breath of new mown hay.Thro’ the sycamores the candle lights are gleaming,On the banks of the Wabash, far away.

Many years have passed since I strolled by the river,Arm in arm with sweetheart Mary by my side.It was there I tried to tell her that I loved her,It was there I begged of her to be my bride.Long years have passed since I strolled thro’ the churchyard,She’s sleeping there my angel Mary, dear.I loved her but she thought I didn’t mean it,Still I’d give my future were she only here.Repeat REFRAIN

“On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away,” by Paul Dresser of TerreHaute, Indiana was adopted by the 1913 General Assembly (IC 1-2-6).

Indiana State Song

Indiana State TreeThe tulip tree, or yellow poplar, was adopted by the 1931 General

Assembly (IC 1-2-7). It blooms in May and June. Its leaf is in the border ofthe state seal.


God crowned her hills with beauty,Gave her lakes and winding streams,

Then He edged them all with woodlandsAs the settings for our dreams.

Lovely are her moonlit rivers,Shadowed by the sycamores,

Where the fragrant winds of SummerPlay along the willowed shores.

I must roam those wooded hillsides,I must heed the native call,

For a Pagan voice within meSeems to answer to it all.

I must walk where squirrels scamperDown a rustic old rail fence,

Where a choir of birds is singingIn the woodland . . . green and dense.

I must learn more of my homelandFor it’s paradise to me,

There’s no haven quite as peaceful,There’s no place I’d rather be.

Indiana . . . is a gardenWhere the seeds of peace have grown,

Where each tree, and vine, and flowerHas a beauty . . . all its own.

Indiana State PoemIndiana, by Arthur Franklin Mapes of Kendallville, Indiana,was adopted by the 1963 General Assembly (IC 1-2-5).

The cardinal was adoptedby the 1933 General assembly(IC 1-2-8).

Indiana State Bird

Indiana State Stone

The Wabash River was adoptedby the 1996 General Assembly (IC1-2-11).

Indiana State River

Indiana State LanguageSalem Limestone was adopted by the 1971 General Assembly (IC 1-2-9).

English was adopted by the 1984 General Assembly (IC 1-2-10).

George Rogers Clark Day, February 25

Northwest Ordinance Day, July 13

Adopted by the 1975 General Assembly (IC 1-1-13) to celebratethe accomplishments of Clark in the American Revolution; on February25, 1779, the British surrendered to Clark at Vincennes, Indiana.

Indiana Day, December 11

Adopted by the 1988 General Assembly (IC 1-1-14) to celebratethe adoption by the U.S. Congress in 1787 of this ordinance whichestablished the Northwest Territory.

Adopted by the 1925 General Assembly (IC 1-1-10) tocommemorate the admission of Indiana to the Union in 1816 as thenineteenth state.

The peony was adopted by the 1957 General Assembly (IC 1-2-7). Itblooms the last of May and early June in various shades of red and pinkand in white. From 1931 to 1957, the zinnia was the state flower.

Indiana State Flower


Hoosiers and their HeritageHoosiers, like other

Americans, divide their livesbetween work, family, andleisure time.

Educational opportu-nities are a large concern.Indiana public and privateschools, colleges, anduniversities have continuedto educate Hoosiers andcontribute to the culturallife of the state.

Early Hoosiers hadgreat concern about reli-gious freedom, and manyreligious denominationshave flourished here andcontributed much to thefabric of Indiana life. In1990, 7,134 churches wereidentified serving 47.5percent of the population.

Residents from eventhe smallest town havepreserved their history andtraditions through muse-

ums, libraries, archives, andpublications. Today, thereare over 370 museums inIndiana focused on a varietyof subjects. There are over2,900 libraries—school,public, academic, institu-tional, and specialized. Inthe early twentieth century,Indiana received grants for164 Carnegie Libraries—more than any other state.

Hoosiers have beenprolific and successfulwriters. Studies havedetermined that best-sellingfiction by Indiana authorsranked second only to NewYork authors in the period1895-1965.

Indiana’s manycontributions to the visualarts include the HoosierGroup artists of the turn ofthe twentieth century.Today throughout the state,

Indiana’s cultural resourcesinclude many fine artists,orchestras, dance compa-nies, community theaters,art museums, historic andcontemporary visual artgalleries, local arts agencies,and statewide art servicesorganizations.

Hoosiers are avidlyinterested in sports—especially basketball, fromthe local high school teamto one’s favorite collegeteam. Other amateur sportscommand the attention ofHoosiers as well. Indianapo-lis has brought severalnational ventures to Indianain order to strengthen itsimage as an amateur sportscenter. Professional sportsare also well represented inIndiana. One of Indiana’soldest and most famous

sports venues is the India-napolis Motor Speedway. Itsfirst race was May 30, 1911.

Indiana’s naturalheritage has benefitted fromprivate and public attentionover the years. In 1916,Indiana began its state parksystem under RichardLieber, who became a leaderin the national conservationmovement. Indiana has 12state forests, 9 reservoirs,151 nature preserves, and18 fish and wildlife areas topreserve its natural heri-tage. Private organizationshelp to preserve manynatural areas in Indiana.There are 4 national areasdesignated for their specialimportance. Such areas arealso important for recreationfor Hoosiers and tourists.

Evansville

Bloomington

Terre Haute

Muncie

Anderson

Fort Wayne

South BendHammond

Gary

Indianapolis

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The Word “Hoosier”The name Hoosier for a person from

Indiana apparently became common af-ter 1833, when John Finley, Richmond,Indiana published his poem The Hoosier’sNest. The scene above was painted circa1844 by Marcus Mote and illustrates thepoem.

Jacob Piatt Dunn published TheWord Hoosier (Indianapolis, 1907) whichhas the basic research. No one as yet hasproved its true origin. One popular theoryis that settlers’ response “Who’s yere” toa knock on the door became the wordHoosier.

Indiana Division, Indiana State Library.

KeyIndiana State Park

IndianaState Reservoir

Indiana State Forest

Indiana State Fishand Wildlife area

Indiana DunesNational Lakeshore

HoosierNational Forest

NationalWildlife Refuge

Indiana‘sNatural Heritage

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Since the 1960s historic preservation organizationshave united to identify and save important elements ofthe built environment and archaeological sites ofIndiana’s prehistory. Through state and federal govern-ment efforts, Indiana sites have been identified and givenprotection as historic sites in the State Register and theNational Register of Historic Places.

The state has also designated 16 historic sitesunder the State Museum system and provided formilitary monuments under the War Memorials Commis-sion to honor Hoosiers who have died in combat. TheU.S. has designated 26 Indiana sites as national historiclandmarks, a national memorial, and a national historicpark with significance for all Americans.

Indiana Historic Sites

1 Angel Mounds2 Levi Coffin House3 J.F.D. Lanier Mansion4 New Harmony5 Corydon Capitol6 Culbertson Mansion7 Grissom Air Museum8 Colonel William Jones House9 Limberlost10 Mansfield Roller Mill11 Pigeon Roost12 Ernie Pyle Birthplace13 T.C. Steele House14 Gene Stratton-Porter House15 Vincennes Sites16 Whitewater Canal17 Joseph Bailly Homestead18 Broad Ripple Park Dentzel Carousel19 Butler Fieldhouse20 Cannelton Cotton Mills21 Eleutherian College22 Eugene V. Debs House23 Benjamin Harrison House24 William Henry Harrison House25 Hillforest26 Indiana World War Memorial Plaza

Historic District27 Indianapolis Motor Speedway28 Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial29 James Whitcomb Riley House

Key

Indiana State Historic Siteand National Historic Landmark

Indiana State Historic Site

National Historic Landmark

National Historic Park

National Historic Landmarkand National Memorial

30 Charles Shrewsbury House31 Spencer Park Dentzel Carousel32 Tippecanoe Battlefield33 Tippecanoe Place34 Madame C.J. Walker Building35 General Lew Wallace Study36 Wallace Circus Winter Quarters37 George Jr. and Marie Daugherty

Webster House38 West Baden Springs Hotel39 George Rogers Clark National

Historic Park

Evansville

Hammond

Gary

South Bend

Fort Wayne

Muncie

Anderson

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Evansville5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

1819

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

2729

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

28

39

1

2

3

4

Indianapolis

The Indiana historical marker forMadison Historic District, JeffersonCounty. The Indiana Historical Bureauadministers the state historical markerprogram to honor state and localheritage. Markers are listed on its Website (http://www.statelib.lib.in.us/www/ihb/ihb.html).

[


Commerce and Industry

Sullivan

KnoxDaviess

Gibson

Warrick

Posey

Fort Wayne

GarySouth Bend

Hammond

Muncie

Anderson

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Evansville

Indianapolis

3

2

1

4

Key

Indiana’s extensivenatural resources havegreatly influenced itsdevelopment. It has millionsof acres of fertile soil, afavorable climate for agricul-ture, many mineral re-sources in large amounts,and a significant amount ofhardwood timber in its forests.

Indiana’s economy hasalways been heavily depen-dent on agriculture andagricultural-related prod-ucts and industries. Diver-sity of products and cropshas been a large part of its

continuing strength. Thechart Indiana Farms, 1860-1992 on page 13 demon-strates how Indiana’s farmsand farm population havechanged dramatically overtime.

Manufacturing andindustry in Indiana havevaried with technologicaladvances and societalchanges over the years.Again diversity has led to ahealthy economy for themost part. Lumber-basedand transportation-relatedindustries have long played

an important part in thestate’s economy. Industriesbased on metals, chemicals,and other products haveproved strong in Indiana’seconomic base in thetwentieth century.

The mineral resourcesof Indiana—coal, stone, gas,gravel, clay, and otherproducts—for the most partcontinue to play a valuablepart in the economy.

In 1996, the largestnumber of jobs—2,950,416—in Indiana were

in the non-farm privatesector. In decreasing orderof number of employees,Hoosiers worked in ser-vices; manufacturing; retailtrade; government andgovernment enterprises;finance, insurance, and realestate; construction;transportation and publicutilities; wholesale trade;farm employment; agricul-tural services, forestry,fishing, etc.; and mining.

Natural Resources in Indiana

CoalIndiana counties currently mining

the most coal and havingthe most reserves for future mining

LimestoneLocation of Salem limestone

formation where bestbuilding stone is located

Northern Forest Survey Unitwith 24% of Indiana forest land

Lower Wabash Forest Survey Unitwith 21% of Indiana forest land

Knobs Forest Survey Unitwith 46% of Indiana forest land

Upland Flats Forest Survey Unitwith 9% of Indiana forest land

11111

22222

33333

44444

Sources: W. L. Fix, The Forests of Indiana (FNR 34, revised 1993, WestLafayette, Ind.); Indiana Limestone, <http://www.ipalco.com/ABOUTIPALCO/Environment/Limestone/Limestone.html>; History ofMining in Indiana, <http://www.state.in.us/dnr/reclamation/education.html>.

• In 1986, 402 million board feet of hardwoodlumber were produced by Indiana mills.

• In 1909, United States Steel’s Gary Worksopened as the largest steel mill in the world.

• In the 1880s, natural gas was discovered ineast-central Indiana attracting factories thatmade glass, tinplate, and strawboard.

• In 1850, there were nearly 1,000 grain mills inIndiana.

• By the mid-1840s, Madison, Jefferson Countywas the third largest pork-packing center in theMidwest.

Looking back

[


Indiana Agriculture, 1860-1997Rankings in U.S. for selected crops and livestock

1860 1890 1920 1950 1982 1997

corn 4th 7th 4th 4th 3rd 5thwheat 2nd 4th 8th 11th 18th 14thoats 12th 7th 6th 15th 18thsoybeans 2nd 3rd 4thhogs 1st 4th 3rd 4th 5th

crop/livestock

Sources: Barnhart and Carmony, 2: 220, 410, 414, 416, 420; 1982 Census ofAgriculture, Vol. 1, part 51, U.S. Summary and State Data; Indiana AgriculturalStatistics, <http://www.aes.purdue.edu/agstat/ranking/rank97.txt>; Thornbrough,Indiana, 381.

Indiana Farms 1860 - 1992Farm

populationAcres of

farmlandNumberof farms

na 132,000 16,388,000

998,000 198,000 20,363,000

914,000 205,000 21,063,000

667,000 167,000 19,659,000

77,180* 77,180 16,294,268

62,778* 62,778 15,618,831

1860

1890

1920

1950

1982

1992*Census categories changed from “farm population” to “operators” of farms, full or part time

Sources: Historical Statistics of the U.S., Part 1, 458-60; 1992 Census of Agricul-ture, Indiana, <http://govinfo.library.orst.edu/cgi-bin/ag-list?01-state.ins>.

1860flour & grist milling

lumber

meat packing

liquor

machinery

textiles

carriages & wagons

boots & shoes

leather

furniture

1890flour & grist milling

lumber

meat packing

railroad cars

carriages & wagons

foundry & machine shop products

liquor

clothing

furniture

food

1920iron & steel

automobiles

railroad cars

meat packing

food

foundry & machineshop products

flour & grist milling

printing & paper

furniture

clothing

1947primary metal industies

transportation equipment

machinery

food & kindred products

electrical machinery

chemicals & allied products

fabricated metal products

petroleum & coal products

stone, clay & glass products

furniture & fixtures

1977primary metal industriestransportation equipmentelectric & electronic equipmentfood & kindred productsmachineryfabricated metal productschemicals & allied productspetroleum & coal productsrubber & miscellaneous plastics productsprinting & publishing

1992transportation equipmentprimary metal industrieschemicals & allied productsfood & kindred productselectronic & electric equipmentindustrial machinery & equipmentfabricated metal productsrubber & miscellaneous plastics productspetroleum & coal productsprinting & publishing

Indiana Industries, 1860-1992 Top ten industries by value of product

Sources: Barnhart and Carmony, 2: 239, 242, 436, 444; 1977 Census of Manufactures, Indiana; 1992 Census of Manufactures, Indiana.

Men working in a quarry of the Indiana LimestoneCompany, Inc., Bedford. This company supplied the stonefor the Empire State Building, New York, completed in1931. Indiana limestone has also been used in thePentagon, the National Cathedral, and the U.S. HolocaustMemorial and Museum, Washington, D.C.

India

na D

ivis

ion

, In

dia

na S

tate

Lib

rary

.

Indiana AgricultureMore 1997 rankings in U.S.

1st ducks1st popcorn2nd ice cream production3rd tomatoes for processing4th egg production4th peppermint5th cantaloupes7th blueberries7th turkeys8th tobacco

Source: Indiana Agricultural Statistics, <http://www.aes.purdue.edu/agstat/ranking/rank97.txt>.


Transportation

Evansville

Fort Wayne

GarySouth Bend

Anderson

Bloomington

Hammond

Muncie

Terre HauteIndianapolis

9490 80

469

6965

46570

275

74

65

74

70

265

64164

Federal aid

1 National Road

2 Michigan Road

3 Wabash and Erie CanalIndiana InternalImprovements Act 1836

4 Whitewater Canal

5 Central Canal

6 Wabash Canalextension

7 Madison andIndianapolis railroad

8 New Albanyto Vincennes turnpike

9 Jeffersonvilleto Crawfordsvilleroad

10 Removal ofWabash Riverobstructionsto Vincennes

11 Erie and Michigan Canal

Indiana’sinterstatehighways

Indiana’s major railroadlines, airports, andinternational ports

Rail lines

Airports

Indiana’s International Port/Burns Harbor at Portage

Southwind Maritime Centreat Mount Vernon

Clark Maritime Centreat Jeffersonville

1

2

3

Indiana’s geographicallocation has made it acrossroads area and en-couraged development oftransportation systems.

Soon after statehood,federal financial assistancein the form of land to selland use, resulted in thebuilding of the Wabash andErie Canal and the Michi-gan Road. The federalgovernment also built theNational Road in Indianafrom 1829 to 1834. It is nowU.S. 40.

The Internal Improve-ments Act of 1836 was thestate’s over-ambitiousattempt to address trans-portation needs of Hoosiers,especially for commerce andtrade. Eight major projectswere specified. The lawresulted in financial disas-ter, and construction wasstopped in 1839. Manyprojects were later com-pleted with public andprivate funding.

The state has been amajor railroad center, withits highest mileage of over7,600 miles in 1920. Today,Indiana has approximately4,500 miles of track.

Highways—and theninterstate highways startingin 1952—became the majorground transportation.Today, the state has thir-teen interstate highways—more than any other state—with a total of 1,138 miles.

Travel and trade bywater has always beenimportant to Indiana.Today, barges and ships atIndiana’s three interna-tional ports handle millionsof dollars worth of trade toand from the state.

Aviation has becomean important part ofIndiana’s transportationnetwork. Today, Indianahas 117 public accessairports and 564 privateaccess airports throughoutthe state.

Early Internal Improvements in Indiana

Indiana‘s Transportation Today

Key

Source: Carmony, 139,178,195-96.

Maps adapted from: Cartesia Software,MapArt US Geopolitical Deluxe, <http://www.map-art.com>.

[

Ohio River

SouthBend

Fort Wayne

Lafayette

Terre Haute

Evansville

New Albany Jeffersonville

Lawrenceburg

Cincinnaati

Richmond

Muncie

Anderson

Indianapolis

MichiganCity

MadisonVincennes

10

8

9

4

7

6

2

1

5

3

11

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Selected ResourcesA Note Regarding Resources:A Note Regarding Resources:A Note Regarding Resources:A Note Regarding Resources:A Note Regarding Resources: Items are listed on this page that enhance work with thetopic discussed. Some older items, especially, may include dated practices and ideas thatare no longer generally accepted. Resources reflecting current practices are notedwhenever possible.

The Indiana HistorianDecember 1998ISSN 1071-3301

Order Number 7046

EditorPamela J. Bennett

Lead ResearcherPaula A. Bongen

DesignerDani B. Pfaff

Contributing EditorsCarole M. Allen, Janine Beckley,

Alan Conant, Dani B. Pfaff,Virginia Terpening

The Indiana Historian provides re-sources and models for the study oflocal history to encourage Indiana’s citi-zens of all ages to become engaged withthe history of their communities andthe state of Indiana.

The Indiana Historian (formerly TheIndiana Junior Historian) is issued quar-terly from September through June.

It is a membership benefit for theIndiana Junior Historical Society andHistorical Bureau Associates. One com-plimentary subscription is provided toIndiana libraries, school media centers,and cultural and historical organiza-tions.

Annual subscriptions are availablefor $5.00 plus tax. Back issues areavailable at individual and bulk pricing.

This material is available to visuallyimpaired patrons in audio format, cour-tesy of the Indiana History Project of theIndiana Historical Society. Tapes areavailable through the Talking BooksProgram of the Indiana State Library;contact the Talking Books Program, 317-232-3702.

The Indiana Historian is copyrighted.Educators may reproduce items for classuse, but no part of the publication maybe reproduced in any way for profitwithout written permission of the Indi-ana Historical Bureau.

Bibliography• Barnhart, John D., andDonald F. Carmony. Indi-ana: From Frontier toIndustrial Commonwealth. 4vols, New York, 1954.Reprint, 2 vols., Indianapo-lis, 1979.

Volumes 1 and 2 coverprehistory through the earlytwentieth century. Standardsource.• Carmony, Donald F.Indiana: 1816-1850: ThePioneer Era. Indianapolis,1998.

Standard source for thisperiod.• Madison, James H. TheIndiana Way: A StateHistory. Bloomington andIndianapolis, 1986.

Covers prehistory to the1980s.• Moore, Powell A. TheCalumet Region: Indiana’sLast Frontier. Indianapolis,1959. Reprint withAfterword by Lance Trusty,1977. Reprint, 1991.

History to the close of1933, including economic,social, cultural and politicalaffairs. Afterword updates to1977.• Pence, George, and NellieC. Armstrong. IndianaBoundaries: Territory, State,and County. Indianapolis,1933.

Standard source fordevelopment of legal bound-aries.• Taylor, Robert M., Jr.,and Connie A. McBirney,eds. Peopling Indiana: TheEthnic Experience. India-napolis, 1996.

Excellent source onIndiana’s ethnic history.• Thornbrough, Emma Lou.Indiana in the Civil War Era,1850-1880. Indianapolis,1965. Reprint, 1977, 1989.

Standard source for thisperiod.

Additional resources• Barnhart, John D., and

Dorothy Riker. Indiana to1816: The Colonial Period.Indianapolis, 1971. Reprint,1983, 1994.

Standard source for thisperiod.• Bennett, Pamela J., andShirley S. McCord, comps.Progress after Statehood: ABook of Readings. India-napolis, 1974.

Excerpts from primarysources.• Bodenhamer, David J.,and Robert G. Barrows, eds.The Encyclopedia of India-napolis. Bloomington, 1994.

Excellent reference forIndianapolis history.• Bremer, John A. Constitu-tion Making in Indiana. Vol.4, 1930-1960. Indianapolis,1978.

History of 1851 Constitu-tion through 1960; also seeKettleborough.• Buley, R. Carlyle. The OldNorthwest: Pioneer Period,1815-1840. 2 vols. India-napolis, 1950. Reprint,Bloomington, 1983.

Pulitzer Prize-winningstandard source for thisperiod.• Gray, Ralph D. PublicPorts for Indiana: A Historyof the Indiana Port Commis-sion. Indianapolis, 1998.

Up-to-date informationand history.• Kettleborough, Charles.Constitution Making inIndiana. 3 vols. Indianapo-lis, 1916, 1930. Reprint,1971, 1975, 1977.

Covers adoption andamendment of the 1816 and1851 constitutions through1930; also see Bremer.• Lindley, Harlow, ed.Indiana as Seen by EarlyTravelers. Indianapolis,1916. Reprint, 1992.

Excerpts from primarysources, such as travelbooks, letters, and diariesbefore 1830.• Madison, James H.Indiana through Tradition

and Change: A History of theHoosier State and Its People,1920-1945. Indianapolis,1982.

Standard source for thisperiod.• McCord, Shirley S.,comp. Travel Accounts ofIndiana, 1679-1961. India-napolis, 1970.

Excerpts from primarysources.• Phillips, Clifton J. Indi-ana in Transition: TheEmergence of an IndustrialCommonwealth, 1880-1920.Indianapolis, 1968.

Standard source for thisperiod.• Rafert, Stewart. TheMiami Indians of Indiana: APersistent People, 1654-1994. Indianapolis, 1996.

Miami Nation and itsstruggle to preserve itsculture and legal status as atribe.• Rudolph, L. C. HoosierFaiths: A History of IndianaChurches & ReligiousGroups. Bloomington andIndianapolis, 1995.

Excellent reference.• Thornbrough, Emma Lou.The Negro in Indiana before1900: A Study of a Minority.Indianapolis, 1957. Reprint,Bloomington, 1993.

Provides importantcontext for attitudes andactivities with regard toblack soldiers and blackcitizens.• Thornbrough, Gayle, andDorothy Riker, comps.Readings in Indiana History.Indianapolis, 1956. Reprint,1991.

Excerpts from primarysources.• Walsh, Justin E. TheCentennial History of theIndiana General Assembly,1816-1978. Indianapolis,1987.

Comprehensive examina-tion of legislative andpolitical history.

Internet SitesInformation about

Indiana topics on theInternet continually in-creases. Several importantsources are cited in thisissue and below. TheIndiana Historical BureauWeb site has links to manysites related to this issue,but the Web user can findmany more.Indiana Historical Bureau:<http://www.ihb.statelib.in.us/www/ihb/ihb.html>Indiana State Library:<http://www.statelib.lib.in.us>Indiana Historical Society:<http://www2.indianahistory.org/ihs1830/>State of Indiana, AccessIndiana: <http://www.state.in.us>

Just the Facts!Just the Facts!Just the Facts!Physical features, pages 2-3• Indiana’s geographic area is 36,420 square miles: 35,870

of land and 550 of water.• Indiana is the 38th state in rank by size.• Indiana is 265 miles long from north to south and 140

miles wide from east to west.• Indiana’s highest point is 1,257 feet in Wayne County;

lowest is 320 feet in Posey County.• Indiana wetlands, originally estimated at 5.6 million

acres, consisted of 813,000 acres in 1995.• Indiana forests originally covered an estimated 20 million

acres; in 1998 fewer than 2,000 acres of old growth forestremain.

Indiana’s people, pages 4-5• In 1997, Indiana’s population was estimated to be

5,864,108, ranking 14th in the U.S.• In 1990, 75.6 percent of Hoosiers were high school

graduates; 15.6 percent had a bachelor’s degree or higher.• Vincennes, Knox County is the oldest continuous settle-

ment in Indiana.• Indiana has contributed 2 presidents and 5 vice presi-

dents to the U.S.• In 1838, the Potawatomi Indians were removed from

Indiana to Kansas on what is called the “Trail of Death.”

Governing Indiana, pages 6-7• Frank O’Bannon is the 47th governor of the State of

Indiana.• The General Assembly meets in a 61-day session in odd-

numbered years and in a 30-day session in even num-bered years.

• In the U.S. Congress, Indiana has 2 senators and 10representatives.

• Indiana has 92 counties.• In the 1850 constitutional convention, the largest catego-

ries of delegates were farmers (42 percent), lawyers (25percent), and physicians (12 percent).

• Indiana became the 19th state on December 11, 1816.

State emblems, etc., pages 8-9• Bird - Cardinal • Tree - tulip tree• Flower - peony • Stone - Salem limestone• Language - English • River - Wabash River• Poem - Indiana, by Arthur Franklin Mapes• Song - “On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away,” by Paul

Dresser• Motto - The Crossroads of America (1937 General Assem-

bly resolution)• Nickname - The Hoosier State• There are many theories, but no certain answer, about

the origin of the name “Hoosier.”

Hoosiers and their heritage, pages 10-11• In 1998 Indiana has 1,285 properties listed in the Na-

tional Register of Historic Places.• Indiana has identified 47,500 archaeological sites.• Indiana has 65 public and private colleges and universities.• Indiana has professional sports teams in baseball, bas-

ketball, football, ice hockey, indoor soccer, soccer, andwomen’s soccer.

• Indiana’s first modern lottery tickets were sold on Octo-ber 13, 1989. In 1818, legislators passed a lottery law toraise funds for a canal.

• In 1852, the first Indiana State Fair was held in India-napolis.

Commerce and industry, pages 12-13• In 1997, the state’s unemployment rate was 3.5

percent.• In 1996-97, Indiana ranked 8th in national coal

production with about 34 million tons. Approximately95 percent was by surface mining methods.

• Indiana ranks 3rd in U.S. in hardwood forest productsmanufactured.

• In 1992, Indiana farmland was 15.6 million acres of atotal land area of 23 million acres.

• In 1929, Indiana furnished 12 million cubic feet ofdimension limestone for building construction. Today,nearly 2.7 million cubic feet of Indiana limestone isquarried annually.

• In 1915, the Coca-Cola bottle was created in TerreHaute by Root Glass Company.

Transportation, page 14• U.S. 231 is the longest Indiana roadway at 297 miles; it

spans the entire length of the state and crosses 14counties.

• State Highway Commission was created in 1919 by theIndiana General Assembly.

• Indiana’s first municipal airport was dedicated in 1919 inKokomo.

• In 1850, Indiana had 228 miles of rail lines; by 1860, itincreased to 2,163 miles.

• In 1836, Michigan City, the only established Indiana cityon Lake Michigan, received funds from the U.S. Congressto construct a harbor.

• A law of 1816-17 required males age 18-50 to donate upto 6 days labor annually to open and maintain publicroads.

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