indian wars: 1860-1890. 1850: approximately 250,000 indians lived on the great plains 25,000 whites...
TRANSCRIPT
Indian Wars: 1860-1890
1850: • approximately 250,000 Indians lived on the great plains• 25,000 whites lived west of Mississippi River• 60,000,000 bison
Reasons for westward expansion:
-Manifest Destiny-Gold/resources-Homestead Act-Railroads-Overcrowding in East-Problems in Europe
Expansion led to conflict with people who were already there
Originally much more lenient to plains Indians
Generally agreed to share land
Some reservations, but usually good land
Later changed to forced movement
ExterminationAssimilation
• Take away the food
source from the Native American and they will be
forced to submit and go to the
reservations.
• Take away the food
source from the Native American and they will be
forced to submit and go to the
reservations.
Dakota Sioux War of 1862• As of 1851, Santee Sioux in Minnesota had agreed to live on Reservation near Minnesota river• Relations were generally good• 1862, crops were destroyed by insects and government annuities Never came- with winter approaching, Sioux were going to starve• August, 1862, Chief Little Crow led his warriors on a rampage- Killing all whites in the area (400 the first day)• 800 killed total and 30,000 whites left Minnesota• September, 1862- Army reinforcements arrive and put down the Rebellion• First real outbreak of violence on plains between whites and Indian
Dakota Sioux War of 1862
Siege of New Ulm
Sand Creek- 1864• 1863: Cheyenne in Colorado begin raiding settlements after Government supplies failed to arrive• Citizens of Colorado fear for their safety and Governor creates a militia to find these raiding parties• John Chivington is selected as leader•November, 1864: Chivington attacks Black Kettle’s Cheyenne Village on Sand Creek reservation and kills nearly everyone in it•Horrific atrocities are committed but Cheyenne are now contained (for the moment)
Colonel John ChivingtonColonel John Chivington
“Kill and scalp all, big and little!”
Sand Creek, CO Massacre
November 29, 1864
Red Cloud’s War- 1866• Gold is discovered in Montana in 1863 and miners began moving into the area• Passed through Sioux country to get there and Sioux began to attack them•Military brought in to defeat the Lakota, led by Red Cloud and his warriors (one of whom was Crazy Horse)• Fetterman massacre• After two years of fighting, U.S. conceded victory to the Sioux- noteworthy for 2 reasons:• Only WAR ever won by Indians against U.S.• Sioux were guaranteed all of Western S.D. in treaty, including Black Hills; also free to roam in unpopulated areas
Gold!Gold! Gold discovered in the Black
Hills in 1874. Govt. tries to purchase the
land, but the Sioux refuse. Gold fever and miners refuse
to respect Sioux land….. Conflict erupts!
Gold discovered in the Black Hills in 1874.
Govt. tries to purchase the land, but the Sioux refuse.
Gold fever and miners refuse to respect Sioux land…..
Conflict erupts!
Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse Sitting Bull (Hunkpapa
Sioux) and Crazy Horse (Ogalala Sioux) were two chiefs who refused to sign the treaty.
All Indians ordered back onto reservation
"One does not sell the earth upon which the people walk" Crazy Horse
Sitting Bull (Hunkpapa Sioux) and Crazy Horse (Ogalala Sioux) were two chiefs who refused to sign the treaty.
All Indians ordered back onto reservation
"One does not sell the earth upon which the people walk" Crazy Horse
Little Big Horn River, Montana - 1876 George Armstrong
Custer was sent to force the Sioux, Cheyenne and
Arapaho back to their reservations (part of a larger
force). He was in
command of the 7th Calvary.
June 26, 1876
George Armstrong Custer was sent to
force the Sioux, Cheyenne and
Arapaho back to their reservations (part of a larger
force). He was in
command of the 7th Calvary.
June 26, 1876
The Battle of Little Big Horn 1876
The Battle of Little Big Horn 1876
He was heavily outnumbered and trapped.Custer & all 220 of his men died.“Custer’s Last Stand” outraged Americans and led to govt.
retribution.The Sioux and Cheyenne were crushed in the following
years.Best and worst thing for N.A.
He was heavily outnumbered and trapped.Custer & all 220 of his men died.“Custer’s Last Stand” outraged Americans and led to govt.
retribution.The Sioux and Cheyenne were crushed in the following
years.Best and worst thing for N.A.
Painting-Little Bighorn
Memorial-Little Bighorn
Chief Joseph I will fight no more forever!
Chief Joseph I will fight no more forever!
1877- led 800 Nez Perce over 1700 miles in 3 months trying to escape to Canada; chased by 2000 soldiers; caught 40 miles from border
Geronimo, Apache Chief: Hopeless Cause
Geronimo, Apache Chief: Hopeless Cause
1880’s- led series of raids against settlers in Southwest
Fought for years before being captured
Chiracahua Apache- his surrender in 1886 marked the end of Indian resistance in Southwest
Oklahoma Land Rush of 1889 This opened the Indian
Territory to the settlers. What used to be Indian
Territory out west was opened to Americans once Indians are finally on the
reservation. State of Oklahoma would
be formed.
This opened the Indian Territory to the settlers.
What used to be Indian Territory out west was
opened to Americans once Indians are finally on the
reservation. State of Oklahoma would
be formed.
Dawes Act of 1887Quicker Americanization
Assimilate, mainstreamed and absorbed into US societyAdopt Christianity and White education Individual land ownership
Abandon tribe, culture and become farmers Male claimed 160 acres of landChildren would be sent to Indian schoolsFarm land for 25 years- then they owned it. 1924 gain citizenship and right to voteFailed policy
Indian resistance and corruption
The Ghost Dance Movement -1890The Ghost Dance Movement -1890 Paiute medicine man Wovoka promised the return of the buffalo
and Indian way of life.
The religion prophesied the end of the westward expansion of whites
and a return of Indian land.
The ritual lasted five successive days, being danced each night and
on the last night continued until morning.
Hypnotic trances and shaking accompanied this ceremony, which was supposed to be repeated every
six weeks.
Paiute medicine man Wovoka promised the return of the buffalo
and Indian way of life.
The religion prophesied the end of the westward expansion of whites
and a return of Indian land.
The ritual lasted five successive days, being danced each night and
on the last night continued until morning.
Hypnotic trances and shaking accompanied this ceremony, which was supposed to be repeated every
six weeks.
The Ghost Dance Movement -1890The Ghost Dance Movement -1890 Ghost Dance movement
spread to the Sioux They religiously danced even
after they were told to stop by reservation authorities. Military went to arrest Sitting Bull, where he was
killed. Many Sioux followers left the
reservation and joined Bigfoot’s group, who were
now on the run
Ghost Dance movement spread to the Sioux
They religiously danced even after they were told to stop by reservation authorities. Military went to arrest Sitting Bull, where he was
killed. Many Sioux followers left the
reservation and joined Bigfoot’s group, who were
now on the run
Ghost Dance 4
Telegram to Washington, D.C. Nov. 15, 1890
"Indians are dancing in the snow and are wild and crazy. I have fully informed you that the employees and the government
property at this agency have no protection and are at the mercy of the Ghost Dancers.
... We need protection and we need it now ...nothing [short] of 1000 troops will
stop this dancing."
Dr. Daniel F. Royer, Agent,Pine Ridge Agency
Telegram to Washington, D.C. Nov. 15, 1890
"Indians are dancing in the snow and are wild and crazy. I have fully informed you that the employees and the government
property at this agency have no protection and are at the mercy of the Ghost Dancers.
... We need protection and we need it now ...nothing [short] of 1000 troops will
stop this dancing."
Dr. Daniel F. Royer, Agent,Pine Ridge Agency
Ghost Shirt
Indian warriors fighting against the US wore Ghost Shirts which were to stop the penetration of American soldiers bullets……It gave them supernatural powers as was believed………Ghost Shirt
Battle of Wounded Knee – Dec.1890
7th Calvary caught Bigfoot’s people near Wounded Knee, SD They attempted to confiscate all weapons when a shot was fired.
7th Calvary caught Bigfoot’s people near Wounded Knee, SD They attempted to confiscate all weapons when a shot was fired.
Battle of Wounded Knee – Dec.1890
Violence erupted, 300 Indians and 25 whites
lay dead. This is the last of the
Indian conflicts.
Violence erupted, 300 Indians and 25 whites
lay dead. This is the last of the
Indian conflicts.
Chief Big Foot
• The dead of Big Foot's people were buried in a
mass grave. The still frozen stiff bodies were
dumped unceremoniously into
the hole.
• The United States handed out over twenty Congressional Medals of Honor to soldiers of
the Seventh Cavalry who had participated in
the battle.
• The dead of Big Foot's people were buried in a
mass grave. The still frozen stiff bodies were
dumped unceremoniously into
the hole.
• The United States handed out over twenty Congressional Medals of Honor to soldiers of
the Seventh Cavalry who had participated in
the battle.
Battle of Wounded Knee – Dec.1890
Helen Hunt Jackson (1830-1885), activist for Native American rights and author of Century of Dishonor
was published in 1881. Jackson also began work on a book
condemning the government’s Indian policy and its record of
broken treaties. When Jackson sent a copy to every
member of Congress with the following admonition printed in red
on the cover: "Look upon your hands: they are stained with the blood
of your relations." To her disappointment, the book had little
impact.