indian lycosoidea sundevall (araneae: opisthothelae: araneomorphae) in different states and union...
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WSN 47(2) (2016) 298-317 EISSN 2392-2192
Indian Lycosoidea Sundevall (Araneae: Opisthothelae: Araneomorphae) in
Different States and Union Territories Including an Annotated Checklist
Dhruba Chandra Dhali1,*, P. M. Sureshan1, Kailash Chandra2 1Zoological Survey of India, Western Ghat Regional Centre, Kozkhikore - 673006, India
2Zoological Survey of India, M- Block, New Alipore, Kolkata - 700053, India
*E-mail address: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Annotated checklist of Lycosoidea so far recorded from different states and union
territories of India reveals a total of 251 species under 38 genera belonging five families. The
review cleared that diversity of lycosoid spider fauna is maximum in West Bengal followed
by Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and they are not distributed maximally in the
states and union territories within Biodiversity hotspots. This fauna is distributed all over the
country. There is nearly 69.35% endemism (in context of India).
Keywords: Distribution; Lycosoidea; India; State; Union Territories; Annotated; checklist
1. INTRODUCTION
Spiders, composing the order Araneae Clerck, 1757 is the largest group among
arachnids and separated into two suborders: Mesothelae Pocock, 1892 (segmented spiders)
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and Opisthothelae Pocock, 1892 (includes all other spiders). Later one is further divided into
two infraorders: Mygalomorphae Pocock, 1892 (ancient' spiders) and Araneomorphae Smith,
1902 (modern' spiders include the vast majority of spiders) (Coddington, 2005; WSC, 2015).
Araneomorphae composed of 99 families and most of them can be divided into at least six
clades and 11 super-families, though some are still unplaced in that system (Zhang, 2011).
Zhang (2011) included 11 families under Superfamily Lycosoidea Sundevall, 1833 of the
Clade ‘Amaurobioids’ including fossil records. Worldwide 4219 species of 286 genera
distributed over 9 families (WSC, 2016) under the superfamily so far recorded while 248
species of 38 genera belonging five families under the superfamily so far recorded only from
India (WSC, 2016). Lycosoidea are characterized by a grate shaped tapetum in the indirect
eyes (Homann 1971; Levi 1982).
Present list includes a total of 248 species of Lycosidea distributed over 38 genera under
five families from India and their distribution in states and union territories.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present check-list is based on an examination of specimens deposited in the
National Zoological Collection (NZC), Zoological Survey of India and on reviews of the
published literatures, including several recent world catalogues of spiders (WSC, 2016),
recent book (Sebastian and Peter, 2009), checklist (Siliwal et al., 2005; Siliwal and Molur,
2007; Keswani et al., 2012), monograph (Sen et al. 2015), published papers in different
National and International journals (Tikader and Malhotra, 1980; Tikader and Biawas, 1981;
Tikader, 1987; Biswas and Biswas, 1992, 2004,’ 06; Biswas, and Majumder, 1995; Bastawade
and Borkar. 2008; Gajbe, 2004,’ 07,’ 08; Malamel et al., 2013; Ahmed et al., 2015).
Abbreviations: AS = Assam, AP = Andhra Pradesh, AN = Andaman & Nicobar Islands,
ARP = Arunachal Pradesh, BH = Bihar, CG = Chhattisgarh, ECI = Eastern Central India, GJ
= Gujarat, GO = Goa, HP = Himachal Pradesh, HR = Haryana, OR = Orissa, MG =
Meghalaya, MP = Madhya Pradesh, PJ = Punjab, JH = Jharkhand, JK = Jammu & Kashmir,
RJ = Rajasthan, TG = Telangana, TN = Tamil Nadu, TP = Tripura, KL = Kerala, KA =
Karnataka, MZ = Mizoram, MN = Manipur, SI = South India, MR = Maharashtra, PC =
Pondicherry, WB = West Bengal, UK = Uttarakhand, UP = Uttar Pradesh, WSC = World
Spider Catalogue.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
India has 29 states and seven union territories, from which only 27 states and two union
territories lycosoids are recorded so far. A total of 251 species of lycosoids distributed over 38
genera belonging five families are known so far from India (Table 1). From West Bengal state
maximum number of species recorded followed by Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil
Nadu and so on (Figure 1 and Table 1). Among all the families, maximum number of species
are recorded under Lycosidae followed by Oxyopidae and Pisauridae (Figure 2, Figure 5 and
Table 1). Only seventy-six species are recorded from other countries i.e. almost 69.35% fauna
are endemic to India. Eight species are known only from the Karakorum (in original
literatures). Exact distribution of 11 species are unknown (* marked) viz. exact distribution
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within India: Anahita smythiesi Simon, of Ctenidae; Arctosa lesserti Reimoser, Geolycosa carli (Reimoser) of Lycosidae; Oxyopes indicus (Walckenaer) and Peucetia elegans (Blackwall) of
Oxyopidae; Euprosthenops ellioti (O. P.-Cambridge), Nilus phipsoni (F. O. P. Cambridge) and Perenethis dentifasciata (O. P. Cambridge) of Pisauridae and Psechrus ghecuanus Thorell, P. himalayanus Simon and P. torvus (O. P. Cambridge) of Psechridae. Arctosa lesserti Reimoser and
Geolycosa carli (Reimoser) (possibly Tamil Nadu) of Lycosidae were recorded from South India
whereas Anahita smythiesi Simon (either Uttarakhand or Maharashtra) of Ctenidae and Hippasa partita (O. P. Cambridge) (either Gujarat or Rajasthan) of Lycosidae from India in original literatures.
and Perenethis dentifasciata (O. P. Cambridge) of Pisauridae were recorded from either India
or Pakistan. Rests were recorded from India in original literatures. Among all, both the morphs were recorded only in 129 species, while only female, male and
juvenile morphs recorded in 126, eight and two species respectively (Figure 4 and Table 1). There are
three nomen nudum [viz. Dendrolycosa stauntoni (Pocock), Hygropoda mahendriensis (Vankhede et
al.) and Nilus marginatus (Simon) of Pisauridae] which were recorded from India (Jager, 2011; WSC,
2016).
Lycosoids are recorded from almost all the states excepting Nagaland and Mizoram
while this fauna recorded only two union territories viz. Andaman & Nicobar Islands and
Pondicherry. The distribution pattern of primitive spiders clearly shows that from West
Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra the maximum lycosoid fauna been recorded while
from Nagaland, Mizoram, Lakshadweep, Delhi, Chandigarh, Daman & Du and Dadra &
Nagar Haveli not been recorded (Figure 5 and Table 1).
If we consider the higher taxon like family, all the families are recorded from Andaman
& Nicobar Islands and Kerala but not in genus and species level to the extent of West Bengal
(Figure 1, Figure 3 and Figure 5). Members of the family Psechridae have been recorded from
Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Kerala only (Figure 5 and Table 1).
Table 1. Annotated checklist of Lycosoidea so far recorded from India.
Family Genus Species
Distribution Morph
known In India Elsewhere
CTENIDAE
Keyserling
Acantheis Thorell indicus Gravely, 1931 KL, TN Female
Anahita Karsch smythiesi Simon, 1897 IND (UK or
MR) * Both
Ctenus
Walckenaer
andamanensis Gravely,
1931 AN Female
bomdilaensis Tikader &
Malhotra,1981
ARP
Bhutan
Both
cochinensis Gravely, 1931 KL Both
dangsus Reddy & Patel,
1994 GJ Female
goaensis Bastawade &
Borkar, 2008 GO Female
himalayensis Gravely,
1931 WB Both
indicus Gravely, 1931 KL Female
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kapuri Tikader, 1973 AN Female
meghalayaensis Tikader,
1976 MG Female
narashinhai Patel &
Reddy, 1988 AP Female
sikkimensis Gravely, 1931 KL, SK, WB Both
tuniensis Patel & Reddy,
1988 AP Female
LYCOSIDAE
Sundevall
Acantholycosa
Dahl
baltoroi (Caporiacco,
1935) JK Female
Agalenocosa
Mello-Leitão subinermis (Simon, 1897) MR Pakistan Both
Arctosa C. L.
Koch
himalayensis Tikader &
Malhotra, 1980 UP, WB Both
indica Tikader &
Malhotra, 1980 MR, WB China Both
khudiensis (Sinha, 1951) BH China Both
lesserti Reimoser, 1934 SI (TN) * Both
mulani (Dyal, 1935) MR Pakistan Both
quinquedens Dhali et al.,
2012 WB Female
sandeshkhaliensis
Majumder, 2004 WB Both
tappaensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Both
Crocodilosa
Caporiacco
leucostigma (Simon, 1885) KA, TN Both
maindroni
(Simon, 1897) MR
Female
Draposa
Kronestedt
amkhasensis (Tikader &
Malhotra, 1976) MP, WB Both
atropalpis (Gravely, 1924) TN Sri Lanka Both
burasantiensis (Tikader &
Malhotra, 1976) WB Both
nicobarica (Thorell, 1891) AN Both
oakleyi (Gravely, 1924) TN, GJ,
BH, PJ
Bangladesh,
Pakistan Both
porpaensis (Gajbe, 2004) MP Female
subhadrae (Patel & Reddy,
1993) AP Sri Lanka Both
Evippa Simon
banarensis Tikader &
Malhotra, 1980 RJ Both
jabalpurensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Female
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mandlaensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Female
praelongipes (O. P.-
Cambridge, 1870)
AS, GJ,
RJ, PJ
Egypt to India,
Pakistan,
Kazakhstan
Both
rajasthanea Tikader &
Malhotra, 1980 RJ Both
rubiginosa Simon, 1885 AS, AP, TN Female
shivajii Tikader &
Malhotra, 1980 MR Both
sohani Tikader &
Malhotra, 1980 MR Both
solanensis Tikader &
Malhotra, 1980 HP Female
Evippomma
Roewer
evippiforme (Caporiacco,
1935) Karakorum Both
evippinum (Simon, 1897) MR Pakistan Female
Geolycosa
Montgomery carli (Reimoser, 1934) SI (TN) * Both
Hippasa Simon
agelenoides (Simon, 1884)
KL, TN, MP,
GO, KA, UK,
MR, WB
Taiwan Both
charamaensis
Gajbe, 2004 MP
Both
fabreae Gajbe & Gajbe,
1999 MP Female
flavicoma Caporiacco,
1935 Karakorum Juvenile
greenalliae (Blackwall,
1867)
KL, TN, KA,
MR, OR, SK,
WB, MP
Bangladesh,
Sri Lanka
Both
hansae Gajbe & Gajbe,
1999 MP
Female
haryanensis Arora &
Monga, 1994 HR Both
himalayensis Gravely,
1924 HP, KA, WB Female
holmerae Thorell, 1895 WB, UK, MN,
India to
Philippines,
China
Both
loundesi Gravely, 1924 TN, SI Female
lycosina Pocock, 1900 MR, TN,
UK, KL China, Laos Both
madhuae Tikader &
Malhotra, 1980
MR, RJ
Both
madraspatana Gravely,
1924
TN, GJ,
WB, SI Both
olivacea (Thorell, 1887) GO, MP Myanmar, Both
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partita (O. P. Cambridge,
1876)
GJ, MP, RJ
Egypt to India,
Central Asia,
Bangladesh
Both
pisaurina Pocock, 1900 MP, MR, KL,
KA, BH, GJ
Iraq, Pakistan,
Bangladesh Both
valiveruensis Patel &
Reddy, 1993 AP Female
wigglesworthi Gajbe &
Gajbe, 1999 MP Female
Hogna Simon
himalayensis (Gravely,
1924)
AS, WB
Bhutan, China Both
rubromandibulata (O. P.
Cambridge, 1885) Karakorum Yarkand Both
stictopyga (Thorell, 1895) PJ, BH, WB
Myanmar,
Singapore,
Pakistan
Both
Lycosa Latreille
arambagensis Biswas &
Biswas, 1992 WB Female
balaramai Patel & Reddy,
1993 AP Female
barnesi Gravely, 1924 KL Female
bhatnagari Sadana, 1969 PJ Female
bistriata Gravely, 1924 MP, TN, WB Bhutan
Both
carmichaeli Gravely, 1924 AS, UP,
WB, GO Female
chaperi Simon, 1885 AP, PJ Pakistan Both
choudhuryi Tikader &
Malhotra, 1980 WB China Female
fuscana Pocock, 1901 MR Female
geotubalis Tikader &
Malhotra, 1980 MR, GJ Female
goliathus Pocock, 1901 MR Female
indagatrix Walckenaer,
1837 AP, TN, WB
Sri Lanka
Both
iranii Pocock, 1901 MR Female
jagadalpurensis Gajbe,
2004 MP Female
kempi Gravely, 1924 ARP, AS, MN,
MG, SK, WB
Pakistan,
Bhutan, China Both
lambai Tikader &
Malhotra, 1980 MR Female
mackenziei Gravely, 1924 BH, KA, AS,
KL, PJ, WB
Pakistan,
Bangladesh Both
madani Pocock AP, BH, KA,
KL, MR, OR, Both
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WB
mahabaleshwarensis
Tikader & Malhotra, 1980 MR, GO Both
masteri Pocock, 1901 MR Female
nigrotibialis Simon, 1884
MR, GJ, HP,
WB, SK, BH,
AS, MP
Bhutan,
Myanmar Both
phipsoni Pocock, 1899 MR, OR,
WB, GO
India to China,
Taiwan Both
pictula Pocock, 1901 MR Both
poonaensis Tikader &
Malhotra, 1980 MR Female
prolifica Pocock, 1901 MR Female
shaktae Bhandari & Gajbe,
2001 MR Female
shillongensis Tikader &
Malhotra, 1980 MN, MG, WB Female
thoracica Patel & Reddy,
1993 AP Female
tista Tikader, 1970 ARP, MN, KL,
SK, WB Female
wroughtoni Pocock, 1899 GJ Both
Margonia Hippa
& Lehtinen
himalayensis (Gravely,
1924) WB
Both
Ocyale Audouin
kalpiensis Gajbe, 2004
MP Female
pilosa (Roewer, 1960) BH, OR West Africa to
Myanmar Both
Pardosa C. L.
Koch
algoides Schenkel, 1963 JK
Pakistan,
Bangladesh,
China
Both
alii Tikader, 1977 JK Female
altitudis Tikader &
Malhotra, 1980 UK China Both
balaghatensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Female
bargaonensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Female
bastarensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Female
birmanica Simon, 1884
AP, BH, GJ,
HP, MP, MR,
MG, OR, PJ,
RJ, TN, UP,
WB, KL
Pakistan to
China,
Philippines,
Sumatra
Both
chambaensis Tikader &
Malhotra, 1976 HP, WB Female
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debolinae Majumder, 2004 WB Both
duplicata Saha et al., 1994 WB Female
flavisterna Caporiacco,
1935 Karakorum Pakistan, Both
fletcheri (Gravely, 1924) PJ, HP, UP,
SK
Pakistan,
Nepal Both
gopalai Patel & Reddy,
1993 AP Both
haupti Song, 1995 JK China Both
heterophthalma (Simon,
1898) TN, WB India to Java Both
hydaspis Caporiacco, 1935 Karakorum Both
jabalpurensis Gajbe &
Gajbe, 1999 MP Female
kalpiensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Female
kupupa (Tikader, 1970) SK, WB China Both
minuta Tikader &
Malhotra, 1976 HP Bangladesh Female
mukundi Tikader &
Malhotra, 1980 MR Female
mysorensis (Tikader &
Mukerji, 1971)
KA
Female
orcchaensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Female
partita Simon, 1885 KA, TN Female
procurva Yu & Song, 1988 WB China, Taiwan Both
pseudoannulata
(Bösenberg & Strand,
1906)
KL, TN, WB
Pakistan to
Japan,
Philippines,
Java
Both
pusiola (Thorell, 1891) WB India to China
and Java Both
ranjani Gajbe, 2004 MP Female
rhenockensis (Tikader,
1970) SK, KL Female
shyamae (Tikader, 1970) WB Bangladesh,
China Female
songosa Tikader &
Malhotra, 1976
UK, UP, WB,
KL
Bangladesh,
China Both
suchismitae Majumder,
2004 WB Both
sumatrana (Thorell, 1890) AP, ARP, BH,
GJ, HP, KA,
China to
Philippines, Both
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KL, MP, MR,
MG, RJ, GO,
TN, TP, WB
Sulawesi
sutherlandi (Gravely,
1924) WB Nepal Both
tappaensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Male
thalassia (Thorell, 1891) AN Both
tikaderi Arora & Monga,
1994 HR Both
tridentis Caporiacco, 1935 JK, UK, UP,
WB Nepal Both
vindicata (O. P.
Cambridge, 1885) Karakorum Nepal Both
Schizocosa
Chamberlin
concolor (Caporiacco,
1935) Karakorum Yarkand, Female
Shapna Hippa &
Lehtinen
pluvialis Hippa &
Lehtinen, 1983 MG Both
Trochosa C. L.
Koch
gunturensis Patel &
Reddy, 1993 AP Female
himalayensis Tikader &
Malhotra, 1980 UK Both
punctipes (Gravely, 1924) KA, SI Female
urbana (Cambrige, 1876) AS China Both
Wadicosa Zyuzin
prasantae Ahmed et al.,
2014 AS Female
quadrifera (Gravely, 1924) KA, KL, TN Sri Lanka Both
Zoica Simon harduarae (Biswas & Roy,
2008) UK Sri Lanka Female
OXYOPIDAE
Thorell, 1870
Hamadruas
Deeleman-
Reinhold
insulana (Thorell, 1891) AN Female
sikkimensis (Tikader,
1970)
MG, SK, TP,
WB China Both
Hamataliwa
Kerserling
hellia Dhali et al., 2016 WB Female
incompta (Thorell, 1890) WB
Myanmar,
Thailand,
Malaysia,
Philippines,
Borneo
Both
ovata (Biswas et al., 1996) WB Female
subhadrae (Tikader, 1970) WB China Female
Oxyopes Latreille
armatipalpis Strand, 1912 KL Female
ashae Gajbe, 1999 CG Female
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assamensis Tikader, 1969 AS, ARP, MG Female
bharatae Gajbe, 1999 BH, MP Female
biharensis Gajbe, 1999 BH Female
birmanicus Thorell, 1887 AS, KL China to
Sumatra Both
boriensis Bodkhe &
Vankhede, 2012 MR Female
chittrae Tikader, 1965 MR, GJ Both
elongatus Biswas et al.,
1996 WB Male
fabae Dhali, Saha &
Raychaudhuri, 2015 WB Female
gemellus Thorell, 1891 AN Malasia Male
gorumaraensis Sen et al.,
2011 WB Female
gujaratensis Gajbe, 1999 GJ Female
gurjanti Sadana & Gupta,
1995 GJ Female
hindostanicus Pocock,
1901 TN, UP
Pakistan, Sri
Lanka Both
hotingchiehi Schenkel,
1963 WB China Both
indicus (Walckenaer,
1805) IND Female
jabalpurensis Gajbe &
Gajbe, 1999 MP Female
javanus javanus Thorell,
1887
AS, KL, MP,
WB
China to Java,
Philippines Both
javanus nicobaricus
Strand, 1907 AN Female
jubilans O. P. Cambridge,
1885 Karakorum
Pakistan,
China Both
kamalae Gajbe, 1999 MP Female
ketani Gajbe & Gajbe,
1999 MP Female
kohaensis Bodkhe &
Vankhede, 2012 MR Female
kumarae Biswas & Roy,
2005 KL Female
kusumae Gajbe, 1999 MP Female
lepidus (Blackwall, 1864) WB Both
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lineatipes (C L Koch,
1847) AS China Both
linearis Sen et al., 2015 WB Male
longinquus Thorell, 1891 AN Myanmar Both
longispinus Saha &
Raychaudhuri, 2003 WB Female
ludhianaensis Sadana &
Goel, 1995 PJ Female
minutus Biswas et al.,
1996 WB Female
naliniae Gajbe, 1999 MP Both
pandae Tikader, 1969 MN, UP, WB,
MP Both
pankaji Gajbe & Gajbe,
2000 MP, WB, AS Female
pawani Gajbe, 1992 UP, WB Female
rajai Saha &
Raychaudhuri, 2003 WB Female
ratnae Tikader, 1970 WB, KL, MP Both
reddyi Majumder, 2004 AP Female
rufisternis Pocock, 1901 BH, GJ Sri Lanka,
Pakistan Male
rukminiae Gajbe, 1999 CG, KA, KL Female
ryvesi Pocock, 1901 UP Pakistan Female
sakuntalae Tikader, 1970 WB, MP Both
saradae Biswas & Roy,
2005 KL Female
sataricus Kulkarni &
Deshpande, 2012 MR Female
shweta Tikader, 1970
ARP, AS, KL,
MN, MG, MP,
RJ, SK, TP,
WB
China Both
sitae Tikader, 1970 AN, GJ, RJ,
SK, MG, WB Female
subimali Biswas et al.,
1996 WB Female
sunandae Tikader, 1970 KL, MG, MP,
SK, TP, WB Female
sushilae Tikader, 1965 MR China Both
tikaderi Biswas &
Majumder, 1995 MG Female
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travancoricola Strand,
1912 KL Female
wroughtoni Pocock, 1901 GJ, KL
Pakistan Both
Peucetia Thorell
akwadaensis Patel, 1978 GJ China
Both
ananthakrishnani
Murugesan et al., 2006 TN Both
ashae Gajbe & Gajbe,
1999 MP Female
betlaensis Saha &
Raychaudhuri, 2007 JH Male
biharensis Gajbe, 1999 BH Female
choprai Tikader, 1965 MP, MR Both
elegans (Blackwall, 1864) IND * Female
gauntleta Saha &
Raychaudhuri, 2004 WB Both
graminea Pocock, 1900 GJ, TN Pakistan Both
harishankarensis Biswas,
1975 OR Female
jabalpurensis Gajbe &
Gajbe, 1999 MP Female
ketani Gajbe, 1992 UP Female
latikae Tikader, 1970 GJ, MG, SK China Both
pawani Gajbe, 1999 CG Female
phantasma Ahmed et al.,
2015 MR Both
punjabensis Gajbe, 1999 PJ Female
rajani Gajbe, 1999 CG Female
ranganathani Biswas &
Roy, 2005 KL Female
viridana (Stoliczka, 1869) WB, KL India to
Myanmar Both
viveki Gajbe, 1999 MP Female
yogeshi Gajbe, 1999 CG Both
PISAURIDAE
Simon, 1890
Dendrolycosa
Doleschall
bobbiliensis (Reddy &
Patel, 1993) AP female
gitae (Tikader, 1970) AN, AS, KL,
SK, WB Both
putiana (Barrion &
Litsinger, 1995) AS Philipines Male
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Eucamptopus
Pocock coronatus Pocock, 1900 SI (TN) * Male
Euprosthenops
Pocock
ellioti (O. P.-Cambridge,
1877) ECI * Both
Hygropoda
Thorell
chandrakantii (Reddy &
Patel, 1993) PC Female
gracilis (Thorell, 1891) AN Female
sikkimus (Tikader, 1970) AN, SK Female
Nilus O. P.
Cambridge
albocinctus (Doleschall,
1859) AS, KL
India to
Philippines Both
decorata (Patel & Reddy,
1990) TG Female
phipsoni (F. O. P.
Cambridge, 1898) IND *
India to China,
Indonesia Both
pseudoalbocinctus (Sen et
al., 2010) WB Female
Perenethis
L. Koch
dentifasciata (O. P.
Cambridge, 1885) IND * Or Pakistan Female
sindica (Simon, 1897) MR, WB
Nepal,
Philipines, Sri
Lanka
Both
venusta L. Koch, 1878 KL
Thailand,
Taiwan to
Queensland
Both
Pisaura Simon
podilensis Patel & Reddy,
1990 AP Both
swamii Patel, 1987 GJ Both
Polyboea Thorell zonaformis (Wang, 1993) WB China, Laos Both
Stoliczka O. P.
Cambridge affinis Caporiacco, 1935 Karakorum Juvenile
Tinus F. O. P.
Cambridge
arindamai Biswas & Roy,
2005 KL Female
PSECHRIDAE
Simon, 1890
Fecenia Simon protensa Thorell, 1891 AN, KL
Sri Lanka,
Thailand,
Vietnam,
Malaysia,
Singapore,
Sumatra,
Borneo, Bali
Both
Psechrus Thorell
ghecuanus Thorell, 1897 IND * Both
himalayanus Simon, 1906 IND * Both
torvus (O. P. Cambridge,
1869) IND * Both
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Figure 1. Species diversity of lycosoid spiders in different Indian states and union territories.
Figure 2. Diversity of lycosoid spiders in different families recorded so far from India.
34 30
8
35
12
7
20
6
72
13 12 12 9 10
11
44
12 9
4
19
7 6 2
6 4 4
1 1 1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
KL
TN
UK
MR
AN
AR
P
GJ
GO
WB
MG
AP
SK
JK
UP
BH
MP
KA PJ
RJ
AS
HP
OR
HR
MN
TP
CG
JH
PC
TG
3
19
4 10
2
14
132
79
19
4
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Ctenidae Lycosidae Oxyopidae Pisauridae Psechridae
Genus Species
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Figure 3. Diversity of higher taxa of lycosoid spiders in different Indian states and
union territories.
Figure 4. Known morphs of lycosoid spiders recorded so far from India.
5 4
1
3
5
3 4
2
4 3
4 4
1 2 2 2
1 2 2
3
1 2
1 2 2
1 1 1 1
11 11
4
12
8
4
8
4
16
7 8 8
3
5
8 9
6 7
3
8
3
5
2 3 3
2 1 1 1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
KL
TN
UK
MR
AN
AR
P
GJ
GO
WB
MG
AP
SK
JK
UP
BH
MP
KA PJ
RJ
AS
HP
OR
HR
MN
TP
CG
JH
PC
TG
Family Genera
129
8
126
2
Both morph Male morph Female morph Juvenile
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Figure 5. Distribution pattern of lycosoid spiders recorded so far from India.
3. CONCLUSION
The purpose of the present review is to focus on the diversity and distribution of
lycosoid spiders in different states and union territories of India and at the same time
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providing an annotated checklist of species so far recorded from the area. The study reveals
that the Biodiversity Hot spots do not have the maximum diversity as these areas are not
exploited. They are mostly distributed in West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. It
is due to habitat preference and for this there is so much of endemism (nearly 69.35% to
India). The annotated list will be helpful any worker of lycosoid spider fauna. This fauna is
yet to be explored in Indian states and union territories.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful to the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, for providing facilities and
encouragements. They are also grateful to the officer-in-charge, Zoological survey of India, Western Ghat
Regional Centre, Kozhikode for the support and inspiration.
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( Received 22 April 2016; accepted 08 May 2016 )
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Plate - I: Photographic images of representatives of different families recorded from India.
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Plate - II. Photographic images of representatives of different families recorded from India.