Indian J. Agric. Res., 36 (2) : 123 - 127, 2002

EFFECT OF LEVELS AND SOURCES OF PHOSPHORUS UNDER'THE INFLUENCE OF FARM YARD MANURE ON GROWTH

DETERMINANTS AND PRODUCTMTY OF SOYBEAN[GLYCINE MAX (L.) MERRILL]

S.C. Sharma-, A.K. Vyas and M.S. ShaktawatDepartment of Agronomy,

Rajasthan CoUege of Agriculture. Udaipur - 313 001, India

ABSTRACTField experiments were conducted' during rainy season of 1997 and 1998 to evaluate the

effect of phosphorus levels and sources with and without FYM in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill).Phosphorus application significantly enhanced growth determinants and seed yield of soybean.Application of 60 kg P20/ha significantly improved plant height, branches/plant, nodules/plant,nodule wt./plant, dry matter accumulation (DMA)/p1ant and seed yield over 30 kg P20/ha. The PARPand PARP+PSB application observed to be equally effective to SSP in terms of dry matter accumulationand seed yield. AppBcation of FYM significantly improved various growth par.ameters except branches/plant and seed yield.

INrRODUcnONSoybean is a highly exhaustive crop

and requires higher amount of nutrientparticularly P for its optimum production(Wadodkar et aL, 1996). The response ofsoybean to P has been well documented (Nimjeand Seth, 1988 and Abbas et ai., 1994).Recent rapid escalation in the cost ofconventional phosphatic fertilizers like SSP,DAP and nitrophosphate etc. restricted theiruse by sizeable poor farming community.Udaipur rock phosphate (URP) is an indigenousmaterial and less efficient than soluble Psources. Efficiency of rock phosphate could beagronomically enhanced by adding someacidulating materials (Tiwari etai., 1988). Theefficiency of RP has been reported to increasewhen applied with FYM (Minhas and Tripathi,1986). On neutral to alkaline soils, efficiencyof RP could be improved by the use ofphosphate solubilizing bacteria (Gaur, 1985).In this light, the present study was undertakento adjudge the effects of P sources of variouslevels with and without FYM on growthdeterminants and productivity of soybean.

MATERIAL AND METHODSField experiments were conducted

• C.S.w.R.!., Avikanagar - 304 SOl, India.

during the rainy season of 1997 and 1998 atAgronomy Farm of Rajasthan College ofAgriculture, Udaipur. The soil was clay loamin texture, alkaline in reaction (pH 7.8) havingbulk density 1.36 Mg M-3. It was medium inavailable N-270 and available P-17.2 kg/haand high in available K-390 kg/ha. Soybean'was raised with 3 levels of P (30, 60 and 90kg P20s/ha), 4 sources of P (singlesuperphosphate, Udaipur rock phosphate,partially acidulated rock phosphate and partiallyacidulated rock phosphate + phosphatesolubilizing bacteria) 2 levels of FYM (0 and10 t/ha) along with absolute control and soleFYM application @ 10 t/ha for efficiencycomparisons. These treatments were tested infactorial randomised block design replicatedfour times. Available P content of URP andpartially acidulated rock phosphate (PARP) was17.8 and 33.8% Pps' respectively. Bacillusmegatherium, @ 5 g/kg seed was used for seedinoculation as P solubilizer. All the P sourceswere applied at spwing as per treatment. Auniform application of N was made @ 30 kg/ha at s0wing through urea. Soybean cv. JS335 was sown at a row distance of 45 cm andplant to plant distance of 8-10 cm.

124 INDIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESFARCH

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION thereby improving plant height, branches/plant1> Levels: Increasing levels of P up to' and higher number ofleaves/plant ultimately

60 kg/ha significantly improved plant height resulted in improved dry matter accumulation.of soybean and branches/plant at harvest, These results are in conformity of findings ofnodules/plant and nodule dry weight / plant Pant eta/. (1995). Phosphorus deficiency hasat 60 DAS during both the years except been shown to restrict severely the nodulationbranches /plant in 1997. However, nodules/ process in soybean. Phosphorus has specificplant in 1997 responded sign~ficantly.uP. to role in nodule initiation, growth and function90 kg P20Slha (Table 1)..Inc~~s1Og application in addition to its role in host plant growth «srael,of P up to 90 kg!ha slgmflcantly enhanced 1987) A significant and positive correlationbiomass accumulation/plant at initi~ lag period betw~n nodules/plant, nodules dry wt./plant,(30 DAS), however at successive stages, d tt I ti (DMA) and P I Issignif~nt increase was recorded up to 60 kg ry rna er accu~ua on evepps!ha, except at 60 DAS in 1998, leading f~rt~e.r sUb~tanbated the .results (~able 2).to increase in final biomass/plant by 8.0 per Slgmflc~nt.Improv~ment tn.se~d Yield wascent ·over 30 kg P20/ha (Fig. 1). The crop noted W1~ Increase In P apphca~on up to 60attained maximum dry matter at 90 DAS at all kg/ha dunng both the years. ThiS was due tothe P levels. Such positive improvement in favourable influence of plant height and DMAgrowth parameters under increased P as evident from positive and significantapplication might be due to increased metabolic correlation between seed yield and plant heightprocesses in plants resulting greater and DMA (Table 2). The results are in closemeristematic activities and apical growth accordance with Dashora and Jain (1994).

Table 1. Effect of levels and sources of phosphorus with and without FYMon growth parameters and seed yield of soybean

Treatments Plant height Branches/plant Nodules/plant Nodule dry wt./ Seed yieldat harvest (cm) at harvest at 60 DAS plant (rng) at 60 DAS (q/ha).1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998

Absolute control 57.2 53.3 6.1 4.3 28.0 24.3 115.0 84.0 11.74 9.69Rest treatments 66.3 63.5 6.6 5.5 37.4 31.7 147.9 109.0 14.35 13.41'F'Test .. •• NS • •• .. •• •• •FYM(Sole) 62.1 58.6 6.5 4.6 31.6 26.8 127.0 99.7 12.26 10.93P treatments 66.4 63.7 6.6 5.5 377.7 31.9 148.8 109.4 14.42 13.52'F'Test NS NS NS •• .. •• .. NS • •P Levels (kg PPs/ha)30 62.6 59.9 6.4 5.2 34.1 28.3 137.8 . 102.1 13.02 12.5260 67.4 64.7 6.6 5.6 38.9 33.1 157.8 119.3 15.06 13.7990 69.3 66.4 6.9 5.8 40.2 34.3 150.9 106.9 15.18 14.25CD 5% 2.49 2.80 NS 0.33 1.23 1.24 6.10 6.93 0.795 0.865P SoucesSSP 67.7 64.8 6.7 5.6 37.8 32.1 147.7 111.4 15.31 14.47URP 64.5 61.3 6.5 5.4 37.1 31.8 146.9 103.5 13.01 lUI"PARP 66.7 63.8 6.6 5.3 36.6 31.9 147.2 109.6 14.62 13.68PARP+PSB 67.0 64.8 6.7 5.7 39.4 31.7 153.4 113.1 14.75 14.21CD 5% NS NS - NS NS NS NS NS NS 0.919 0.999FYM (t/ha)0 63.4 61.3 6.5 5.4 35.2 30.5 138.7 103.8 13.83 12.2310 69.5 66.0 6.8 5.6 40.2 33.2 158.9 114.9 15.01 14.80CD 5% 2.03 2.29 NS NS' 1.01 1.01 4.98 7.40 0.649 0.707

• and •• : Significant at 5 and 1 % level of probability, respectively.

Vol. 36, No.2. 2002 125

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Fig. 1. Mean dry matter accumulation at successive stages of soybean

124 INDIAN JOURNAL OF AGRlCULnJRAL RESEARCH

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION thereby improving plant height, branches/plant.. 1' Levels: Increasing levels of P up to' and higher number of .leaves/plant ultimately

60 kg/ha significantly improved plant height resulted in improved dry matter accumulation.of soybean and branches/plant at harvest, These results are in conformity of findings ofnodules/plant and nodule dry weight / plant Pant et aJ. (1995). Phosphorus deficiency hasat 60 DAS during both the years except been shown to restrict severely the nodulationbranches /plant in 1997. However, nodules/ process in soybean. Phosphorus has specificplant in 1997 responded sign~ficantly.uP. to role in nodule initiation,growth and function90 kg PP/ha (Table 1)..Inc~~ng application in addition to its role in host plant growth Osrael,of P up to 90 kg/ha significantly enhanced 1987) A significant and positive correlationbiomass accumulation/plant at initi~ lag period betw~n nodules/plant, nodules dry wt./plant,(30 DAS), however at successive stages, d tt ul ti (DMA) d P I I. 'f' . ry ma er accum a on an eve sslgm ¥:ant Increase was recorded up to 60 kg .Pps/ha, except at 60 DAS in 1998, leading f~rt~e.r sub~tantlated the .results (~able 2).to increase in final biomass/plant by 8.0 per Slgmf1c~nt.Improv~ment In.se~d yield wascent ·over 30 kg PzO/ha (Fig. 1). The crop noted W1~lncrease In P apphca~on up to 60attained maximum dry matter at 90 DAS at all kg/ha dunng both the years. ThiS was due tothe P levels. Such positive improvement in favourable influence of plant height and DMAgrowth parameters under increased P as evident from positive and significantapplication might be due to increased metabolic correlation between seed yield and plant heightprocesses in plants resulting greater and DMA (Table 2). The results are in closemeristematic activities and apical growth accordance with Dashora and Jain (1994);

Table 1. Effect of levels and sources of phosphorus with and without FYMon growth parameters and seed yield of soybean

Treatments Plant height Branches/plant Nodules/plant Nodule dry wt./ Seed yieldat harvest (em) at harvest at 60 DAS • plant (mg) at 60 DAS (q/ha)1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998

Absolute control 57.2 53.3 6.1 4.3 28.0 24.3 115.0 84.0 11.74 9.69Rest treatments 66.3 63.5 6.6 5.5 37.4 31.7 147.9 109.0 14.35 13.41'F'Test •• .. NS • •• .. •• •• • •FYM (Sole) 62.1 58.6 6.5 4.6 31.6 26.8 127.0 99.7 12.26 10.93P treatments 66.4 63.7 6.6 5.5 377.7 31.9 148.8 109.4 14.42 13.52'F'Test NS NS NS •• •• •• .. NS . •P Levels (kg PP/ha)30 62.6 59.9 6.4 5.2 34.1 28.3 137.8· 102.1 13.02 12.5260 67.4 64.7 6.6 5.6 38.9 33.1 157.8 119.3 15.06 13.7990 69.3 66.4 6.9 5.8 40.2 34.3 150.9 106.9 15.18 14.25CD 5% 2.49 2.80 NS 0.33 1.23 1.24 6.10 6.93 0.795 0.865P SoucesSSP 67.7 64.8 6.7 5.6 37.8 32.1 147.7 111.4 15.31 14.47URP 64.5 61.3 6.5 5.4 37.1 31.8 146.9 103.5 13.01 11.7,1PARP 66.7 63.8 6.6 5.3 36.6 31.9 147.2 109.6 14.62 13.68PARP+PSB 67.0 64.8 6.7 5.7 39.4 31.7 153.4 113.1 14.75 14.21CD 5% NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0.919 0.999FYM (t/ha)0 63.4 61.3 6.5 5.4 35.2 30.5 138.7 103.8 13.83 12.2310 69.5 66.0 6.8 5.6 40.2 33.2 158.9 114.9 15.01 14.80CD 5% 2.03 2.29 NS NS' 1.01 1.01 4.98 7.40 0.649 0.707

• and •• : Significant at 5 and 1 % level of probability, respectively.

Vol. 36, No.2, 2002

Fig. 1. Mean dry matter accumulation at successive stages of soybean

125

126 INDIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULtuRAL RESEARCH

Table 2. Response of various growth parameters to P levels and seed yield to different growth parameters.

Dependent variable (V) Independent variable (X) Correlation coefficient (r) Regression equation

Nodule dry wt./piant (mg) P levels 0.795 Y - 105.59 + 0.32 XNodules/plant P levels 0.821 Y - 29.82+ 0.073 XDMA 30 DAS (g/piant) P levels 0.995· Y - 2.00 + 0.006 XDMA 60 DAS (g/piant) P levels 0.997·· Y - 9.63 + 0.005 XDMA 90 DAS (g/plant) P levels 0.972· Y - 31.62 + 0.009 XSeed yield (qlhal Final plant height (em) 0.832·· Y - -5.506 + 0.299 XSeed yield (q/ha) DMA 90 DAS (g/piant) 0.923·· Y - -0.137 + 0.376 X

P Sources: There was no significant with SSP, however, there P sources resulted ineffect of P sources on plant height, branches/ . significantly higher seed yield over URPplant, nodules/plant and nodule wt./plant application.(Table 1). The maximum DMA/plant of all the Farm Yard Manure : Applicationgrowth stages were recorded under SSP FYM @ 10 t/ha significantly increased plantapplication (Fig. 1). The SSP, PARP and height nodules/plant nodule wt./plant, seedPARP+PSB were found to be significantly yield (Table 1) and DMA/plant (Fig. 1) over no.superior over URP in respect to DMA/plant at FYM application. The increase in noduleall the growth stages during both the years. number and dry weight was 11.7 and 12.9The better performance of SSP compared to per cent, respectively. This might be ascribedrock phosphate sources at early growth stages to congenial soil conditions developed due tomight be attributed to readily available P FYM application leading to profuse root growthresulting in better absorption and utilization of for higher infection sites and energy sourcesP by plant and presence of other important for better growth of nodules. Due to favourableplant nutrient i.e. sulphur in the form of effect of FYM on soil physical, chemical andgypsum. Sulphur, besides increasing P biological properties coupled with betteravailability (Sacchidanand et aJ., 1980) also nodulation and greater fixation of atmosphericincreases its assimilation rate. However, at later N these was favourable influence on growthgrowth, increasing dissolution rate of PARP d:terminants as.well as seed yield of soybean.through increased activities of soil micro The results are in close agreement with theorganisms and plant related pH changes in findings of Nimje and Seth (1987) andrhizosphere owing to excretion of organic acids Gopalkrishnan and Palaniappan (1992).by roots and ~icro o~ganisms might have . It was concluded that application of

. enhanced P dIssolutIon and sUbsequ~nt 60 kg P0 Iha significantly increased growthabsorption for pro~er growth by chelating determi~~ts of soybean which can be suppliedcationic partner of PIons (Kucey et ai., 1989). th 0 h indigenous material PARP+PSB thatNutritional capa~ity of :ARP was. furt?er p:rf~;med at par with SSP. Application of 10improved by PSB moculati.on due .to Its abIh~ t FYMlha also considerably increased grow,thto convert s~ringly soluble morgamc or org~mc parameters of soybean and the manifestationphosphate mto soluble forms by secretmg f these results was observed over the seedorganic acids (Gaur, 1979). As a result, P~RP o'eld.and PARP+PSB registered at par seed yIeld yI

REFERENCESAbbas, M. et al. (1994). Indian J. Agron., 39:246-8.Dashora, L.D. and Jain, P.M. (1994) Madras agrlc. J. 81:235-7.

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Gaur, A.C. (1979) Krishl chaynika, 1:7.Gaur, A.C. (1985). In : Proc. National Symposium in Soil Biology, Hisar. pp 125-38.Gopalkrishnan, B. and Palaniappan, S.P. (1992) J. Indian Soc. SoU Sci., 40:474-7.Israel, D.W. (1987). PI. Physiol., 84:835-40.Kucey. R.M.N. eta/. (1989). Adv. Agron.. 42:199-228.Minhas, R.S. and Tripathi, D. (1986) In: Rock Phosphate in Agriculture. (Kothandraman, G.V. et a/., ed.) TNAU,

Coimbatore.Nimje, P.M. and Seth, J. (1987).lndlanJ. agrlc. Sci., 57(6):404-9.Nimje, P.M. and Seth, J. (1988).lndlanJ. Agron.. 33(2):139-42.Pant, L.M. et aI. (1995). J. indian Soc. SoU Sci.. 43:691.Sacchidanand, B. et aI. (1980), J. indian Soc. Soil Sci. 28(2):189-92.nwari, V.N. et aJ. (1988). J. indian Soc. Soil Sci., 36:280.Wadodkar, M.R. etal. (1996). Agropeciology, 6:95-101.