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Indian Institute of Corporate Affairs-NGOBOX: Case study recognition:

Title: ICRISAT - SABMiller @ Medak: Improved Livelihoods through Community Water Resources Management

in Community Watersheds SYNOPSIS

Issues/Triggers: Medak district of Telangana state is a backward district with more than 80% of the population dependent on agriculture. Depleting groundwater resources, poor knowledge about agricultural and water conservation practices and decreased availability of quality inputs for farming along with poor breed milch animals and lack of alternate income options made the situation worse for many of the villagers. Collaboration: SABMiller India’s second largest beer company has one of its breweries, ‘Charminar Breweries/ SKOL Breweries’, located at Medak. ICRISAT and SAB Miller (SKOL breweries) recognizing the complementarity of their objectives, entered into a Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) in the month of September 2009 with an objective to develop sustainable development activities for improving the livelihoods of the villagers in the factory neighborhood. Project area: The project started off initially with four villages surrounding the SKOL Breweries and by 2014-15 it reached 10 nearby villages. In 2014-15 three new villages were added. In the selected villages the project adopted the strategy of Integrated Genetic and Natural Resources Management (IGNRM) approach through participatory research and development. Demand-driven interventions rather than supply-driven interventions were given priority. Major activities undertaken: 1. Soil and water conservation measures: Enhanced groundwater recharge and water use efficiency 2. Productivity enhancement initiatives: Increased yields and incomes over farmers’ practices 3. Agroforestry plantation: Conserving biodiversity and enhancing soil health 4. Introducing microenterprises and animal husbandry as alternate income-generating activities (IGAs) 5. Training and capacity building Results: 1. Improved groundwater resources: The soil and water conservation measures and water harvesting

structures constructed during the project period, till end of March 2015, have created additional water storage capacity of more than 68,000 m3 in project villages. This will result in an estimated groundwater recharge of 170,000 m3 or more of water every year due to multiple refilling of rainwater harvesting structures.

2. Increased agricultural productivity along with improvement in soil health, availability of leguminous forage crops and green leaf manure: Availability of quality agriculture inputs along with timely expert advice and soil test based balanced nutrition resulted in increased crop yield by 13-29% (cotton -18-29%; sugarcane - 6%-13% and rice - 13%-22%) in the project villages.

3. Increase in the income and living standards: Alternate income generation activities such as spent malt (a brewery by-product) and improved breeding programs led to increased milk yield of 1 liter/animal /per day and resulted in gross income of Rs 12,565 per day with a net income of Rs 8,973 per day in the village. In total, the village is getting an increased net income of Rs 269,175 per month with an average net income of Rs 4,640 per family.

4. Increased green cover in the village: Using agroforestry plantation of gliricidia, pongamia and raintree, tamarind and other horticultural crops along with high value timber crops like teak.

5. Goodwill: The project also helped to develop goodwill between the community and the company and vice-versa.

Future plans for scaling-up: The great success of the project and the impact it brought to the grassroots level beneficiaries has prompted SABMiller India to extend the program to other neighboring villages in

IICA-NGOBOX CSR Case Study Recognition 2015

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the coming years. They have already entered into a contract with ICRISAT for taking this project to other villages and factories of SABMiller and the spent malt microenterprise to other SHGs in the surrounding areas thereby benefiting more people. The project is an epitome of how a CSR initiative can result in a win-win situation for all the stakeholders namely, the people, the company and the research organization. The research organization makes direct impact by transfer of technologies from lab to farms and people by adopting innovative technologies/approaches can improve their economic status, while the company gets to effectively use its by-products and contribute to a greener world.

DETAILED CASE STUDY:

ICRISAT - SABMiller @ Medak: Improved Livelihoods through Community Water Resources Management in Community Watersheds Triggers to the project: Medak District is located in the state of Telangana, India. Agriculture is the predominant occupation in this area. Medak district is plagued by poverty, hunger, malnutrition, food insecurity, water scarcity and land degradation. The region experiences a semi-arid tropical climate with persistent drought, unpredictable weather, limited and erratic rainfall. In 2006 the Indian government named Medak one of the country's 250 most backward districts (source: wiki). SABMiller – India’s second largest beer company - has one of its breweries, ‘Charminar Breweries/SKOL breweries’, located in these villages, and poses a risk of poor water availability especially during dry years. Management of water resources in these villages will play an important role in improving the overall livelihoods and development, but also for sustainable development of water-based industries such as SKOL Breweries. Moreover, it is critical to ensure that the surrounding communities do not look at the factory as an exploiter of the water resources and for this necessary care has to be taken to ensure sustainable development and management of the limited water resource in the area. Collaboration and coverage area of the project: ICRISAT and SAB Miller (SKOL breweries) recognizing the complementarity of their objectives, entered into a Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) in the month of September 2009 for collaborative activities such as conservation and harvesting of rainwater and increasing the water use efficiency for agricultural production and sustainable development. The project initially started with four villages and now the project is being implemented in 10 villages surrounding SKOL Breweries. In 2014-15, community participation was ensured in three new villages.

The consortium partners include READ - an NGO; District Water Management Agency (DWMA), Medak, Government of Telangana State; Watershed committee and village organizations; BAIF Development Research Foundation – BIRD (BAIF Institute for Rural Development); SABMiller India and ICRISAT.

The issues identified:

Agriculture and animal husbandry are the main livelihood options for majority of villagers. Depleting groundwater resources, poor knowledge about agricultural and water conservation practices and decreased availability of quality inputs for farming made the situation worse. Poor breed milch animals and lack of alternate feed option plagued the animal husbandry sector too. These along with the lack of any alternate income sources resulted in extreme poverty and malnutrition, the worst affected were women and children. The project area totally depends on rainfall and groundwater resources for rainfed


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as well as irrigated crop production. Inappropriate land and water management systems and insufficient water harvesting structures, have led to fall in groundwater levels with time.

Statement of purpose: The main objective of the project is to develop sustainable development activities for improving livelihoods of the villages in the factory neighborhood. This was done by ensuring sustainable development and management of the limited water resource in the area and the overall livelihood of the surrounding communities. This also created goodwill for the company. The villagers now do not see the factory as an exploiter of the available water resources.

Project strategy/The approach - stakeholder engagement

The Integrated Genetic and Natural Resource Management (IGNRM) approach was adopted to bring sustainable management of water and enhanced livelihoods within the watershed.

A consortium approach was used to implement holistic and integrated development of the watershed. Project execution was through a knowledge-based entry point for building rapport with the communities.

Necessary inputs for demonstration were made available on the principle of users pay with an incentive or farmers need to pay for material support, and project provides a small incentive.

Use of demand-driven interventions rather than supply-driven provision of technologies and products.

The project ensured that small and marginal farmers as well as women groups (most vulnerable and neglected groups among the village community) were involved in the project’s activities.

Project targeted with enhancing rainwater conservation and water use efficiency while improving rural livelihoods.

Participatory monitoring and evaluation adopted.

The project conducted farmers’ participatory research for development (PR4D) and adopted the inclusive market-oriented development (IMOD) approach.

The project promoted microenterprises as income-generating activities for enhancing incomes of community members.

Problems encountered during project execution

During the execution of watershed activities, there were conflicts in the community while forming the watershed committees, identifying locations for construction of water harvesting structures, etc, and it was hampering the execution of watershed activities.

Farmers, initially had apprehensions about construction of water harvesting structures and adopting improved management practices.

Similarly, SHGs were not ready for undertaking spent malt as a microenterprise activity. All the above problems were solved through awareness campaigns and interaction with the community and explaining to them the relevance of these interventions and their benefit in the long run. In some of the project villages, local leaders helped to develop a rapport with the community by keeping aside their political affiliation to take the development agenda forward.

Major activities undertaken and the outcomes/Impact with social returns:


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1. Soil and water conservation measures: Enhanced groundwater recharge and water use efficiency – Consortium partners ICRISAT, READ - NGO and the village community discussed and prepared detailed work plans for implementing various soil and water conservation practices in targeted villages during 2014-2015. The team had identified suitable sites/locations for undertaking various soil and water conservation practices and for constructing water harvesting structures. All the works were undertaken by the watershed committee through community involvement.

Loose boulder structures, rock-fill dams were constructed in the villages to conserve rainwater as well as to minimize gully erosion.

Modified Gabion structures with masonry walls were made to avoid sinking and sliding in black soil areas (shrinking and swelling types). These structures were also used to store surface runoff.

Masonry check-dams were constructed to harvest and store runoff water as well as to increase groundwater recharge. Low-cost mini percolation tanks were constructed to harvest and store runoff water as well as to address the equity issue of benefiting more number of farmers in the watershed.

Sunken ponds and farm ponds were made in villages (Annexe-1: Figure 1&2) to trap sediment and runoff water.

Water absorption trenches were dug in Chakriyal village to trap runoff water as well as to recharge soil profile.

Impact Assessment Estimated impact: The soil and water conservation measures and water harvesting structures constructed during the project period, till end of March 2015, have created additional storage capacity of more than 68,000 m3 in project villages. This will result in an estimated groundwater recharge of 170,000 m3 or more of water every year due to multiple refilling of rainwater harvesting structures.

Improved groundwater levels: To assess the impact of water harvesting structures (WHS) on groundwater recharge, 18 borewells in Fasalvadi and Shivampet villages were georeferenced and groundwater levels were recorded in these borewells which are located near the water harvesting structures as well as away from the water harvesting structures. There was significant improvement in the groundwater levels as well as availability of water due to groundwater recharge with the additional storage capacity created and harvested water stored in these structures (ANNEXE-2 Figures 4 and 5).

2. Agroforestry plantation: Conserving biodiversity and enhancing soil health –

Agroforestry is promoted in targeted villages. More than 20,000 saplings of teak, gliricidia, pongamia and raintree were planted during 2014 in all the villages to increase green cover, availability of green leaf manure and high-value timber wood. More than 2,400 saplings of different horticultural plants were planted in seven villages by farmers in their backyards to increase availability of fruits and nutrition. Leguminous forage seed of Stylosanthes hamata was broadcast on field bunds and grazing lands in Sulthanpur and Vendikol villages during 2014 to stabilize the bunds as well as to increase the availability of nutritious fodder. Agroforestry plantation on the bunds of individual farmer’s fields was also undertaken by planting about 10,000 teak, pongamia, tamarind, glyricidia, raintree and Pithecellobium dulce trees.

Teak plants were planted in the villages to increase green cover and the availability of high-value timber.

Gliricidia saplings were planted to strengthen the bunds and to increase the availability of nitrogen-rich green leaf manure to the farmers.


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Pongamia saplings were planted as avenue plantation. Raintree saplings were planted to increase the green cover in the villages.

Fruit trees like tamarind and Pithecellobium dulce were planted in the villages by farmers in their backyards.

3. Productivity enhancement initiatives : Increased yields and incomes over farmer’s practices

Except for Chakriyal village there are 10 villages where the rainfed area is significant, but a large portion of cultivable area in Chakriyal is under irrigation due to its location near the river. The project adopted the participatory research for development (PR4D) approach for various productivity enhancement interventions in the target villages. As wild boars are a problem in the target villages, rainfed area under maize and food crops is decreasing and the area under cotton is increasing year after year. Improved seeds availability in the villages Cotton, green gram, maize, sorghum, pigeonpea, chickpea, safflower, chillies and onion are the major crops grown in rainfed areas whereas sugarcane and rice are the major irrigated crops in targeted villages. Improved seeds were made available to farmers in these villages for evaluation and adoption. Adoption of balanced nutrients application technology Based on the soil analysis, critical deficiencies of nutrients were recorded and accordingly nutrient recommendations (Annexe-3) for different crops were developed and shared with farmers (Annexe-4). Balanced nutrient management PR4D trials were conducted with farmers during rainy season 2014. Crop cutting experiments were conducted for estimating crop yields to demonstrate the benefits of improved technology. Based on farmers’ requests, the project supplied agricultural inputs in eight villages.

The impact

Crop yields of cotton, sugarcane and rice were recorded to quantify the effect of these fertilizers on productivity enhancement (Annexure 5: Tables 6 and 7). Soil test based balanced nutrition increased cotton yield by 18-29% with mean benefit cost ratio of 6.4:1 in Venkatakishtapur village; 13%-20% with mean B:C ratio of 4.3:1 in Vendikol village; and 12-16% with mean B:C ratio of 3.7:1 in Korpole village (Table 6). Sugarcane yield increased by 6%-13% with mean benefit cost ratio of 6.4:1 in Fasalvadi village and 7%-11% with mean B:C ratio of 6.7:1 in Chakriyal village (Table 6). Rice grain yield increased by 13%-22% with mean B:C ratio of 2.2:1 in Fasalvadi village; 18%-23% with mean B:C ratio of 2.3:1 in Venkatakishtapur village; 14%-24% with mean B:C ratio of 2.1:1 in Sulthanpur village; 15%-24% with mean B:C ratio of 2.5:1 in Upparigudem village; 22%-25% with mean B:C ratio of 2.2:1 in Vendikol village; 17%-24% with mean B:C ratio of 2.2:1 in Korpole village and 13%-27% with mean B:C ratio of 2.3:1 in Chowtakur village on each rupee of additional investment made as compared to farmers’ practices.

4. Alternate income-generating activities for self-help groups

Improving breed of cattle through artificial insemination

Breed improvement of cattle is promoted in targeted villages. Improving cattle breeds through artificial insemination is an important component. This activity helped in developing cross breeds,


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increasing milk yield, improved livelihoods and income of the farmers and nutrition of the village people. The works were undertaken in collaboration with BAIF Institute for Rural Development (BIRD).

Provision of spent malt as cattle feed

Spent malt is a by-product of the brewing industry, consisting of the residues of malt and grain which contains carbohydrates, proteins and lignin. Spent grain is considered to be a good source of protein and water-soluble vitamins for animals. It is palatable and is readily consumed by animals.

ICRISAT, in consultation with SABMiller and consortium partners, has initiated supply of spent malt from the SKOL Breweries to villagers with the aim of strengthening livelihood opportunities and financial security of the women SHGs as they can get higher milk yield with greater fat content for sale.

The Priyadarshini women SHG has undertaken the responsibility of transportation and distribution of spent malt in the village.

Training on care, handling and maintenance of spent malt was given to women SHGs; and training on precautions to be taken for feeding the animals to beneficiary farmers.

Fifty-eight beneficiary farmers are utilizing the spent malt (1,437 kg/day) and feeding 391 milch animals.

Total milk production in the village is about 1,562 liter/day and with use of spent malt as animal feed, farmers have observed increased milk production of 1 liter/animal /per day with improved fat content.

Increased gross income on milk production is about `12,565/- per day with a net income of `8,973/-

per day in the village. In total, the village is getting an increased net income of `269,175 per month

with an average net income of `4,640/- per family.

Till March 2015, Priyadarshini women’s SHG sold 1,570,318 kg of spent malt making a net profit of

`72,014/- during a period of 40 months after meeting the expenses of transportation, handling and

rent for storage and labor charges incurred for distribution. 5. Training and capacity building

Farmers from the target villages were trained on-site in various activities, such as: Participatory soil sampling in the village; use of tropicultor for agricultural operations; and participatory research and development trials to identify suitable cultivars for enhancing crop productivity. Project highlights This initiative aims to develop strategies for sustainable rural development in the region by adopting integrated water resources management (IWRM) at the watershed level.

The project ensured community participation in resource conservation, management and resource sustainability.

Additional water storage capacity of more than 68,000 m3 in project villages is created and this results in an estimated groundwater recharge of 170,000 m3 or more of water every year.

Availability of quality agriculture inputs along with timely advice and soil test based balanced fertilizer application resulted in increased crop yield by 13-29%.


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Improved breeding programs along with alternate feed resources led to increased milk yield and

gross income of `12,565 per day with a net income of `8,973/- per day in the village.

Milk production alone resulted in increased net income of `269,175 per month with an average

net income of `4,640/- per family.

Social returns: The integrated, holistic approach resulted in enhanced groundwater and irrigation water, better knowledge of agriculture and availability of quality agriculture inputs along with timely expert advice which helped to benefit more number of farmers. Microenterprise activities like spent malt as alternate feed sources along with improved breed management techniques provided an opportunity to earn additional income and improved living standards of the inhabitants of these villages. The project has also contributed to the social capital improvement through the formation of watershed committees, user groups and new or strengthened institutions.

The result –A case for scalability and emulation

Considering the success of the project and the impact it brought to the grassroots level beneficiaries, SABMiller India has decided to extend the program to other neighboring villages in the coming years. They are also planning to start similar projects in areas where other breweries of the company are situated. They have entered into agreement with ICRISAT to initiate project activities in Sica Breweries in Pondicherry. They have already entered into contract with ICRISAT for taking this project to other villages and factories of SABMiller.

The spent malt microenterprise has expanded to other SHGs in the surrounding areas thereby benefiting more people. The project is an epitome of how a CSR initiative can bring a win-win situation for all the stakeholders namely, the people, the company, and the research organization. The research organization makes direct impact by transfer of technologies from lab to farms; by adopting innovative technologies/approaches the people are able to improve their economic status, while the company effectively uses itsby- products and contributes to a greener world.

Lessons for others:

This case clearly explains how a brewery which otherwise would have been perceived as an exploiter of scarce ground water resources and an agent of pollution has earned the goodwill and confidence of the neighborhood communities by endorsing a socially responsible behavior. The project is an epitome of how a CSR initiative can bring a win-win situation for all the stakeholders namely, the people, the company, and theresearch organization.

How their life changed


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Ms A Yadamma is a group leader of the Priyadarshini women self-help group (SHG), Fasalvadi village. Her husband, A Mallesham, is a farmer and they have three children. She has undertaken a sustainable business model of transportation and distribution of spent malt with the aim of strengthening livelihood opportunities and financial security of the women SHG as well as increasing milk yield, fat content and livelihoods of the beneficiary farmers in the village under collaborative ICRISAT-SABMiller India project. Spent malt is one of the by-products generated by the brewing industry. It consists of malt and grain residue which contains

carbohydrates, proteins and lignin, and water-soluble vitamins. It is palatable and is readily consumed by animals. This activity is benefiting 58 farmers who are utilizing the spent malt (1,437 kg/day) and feeding 391 milch animals. Total milk production in the village is about 1,562 liters/day. With the use of spent malt as animal feed, farmers have observed increased milk production of 1 liter/animal per day with improved

fat content. Increased gross income on milk production is about `12,565/day with a net income of

`8,973/day in the village. In total, the village is getting increased net income of `269,175 per month with

an average net income of `4,640 per family. Spent malt is provided by the Charminar brewery at the rate

of `1.75 per kg and the SHG is selling it to beneficiary farmers at `2.5 per kg. Till March 2015, 1,570,318 kg

of spent malt was sold by the SHG making a net profit of ̀ 72,014 during the 40 month period after meeting

the expenses of transportation, handling, rent for storage and labor charges for distribution. Transportation, handling and distribution of spent malt can be a difficult task as it is perishable and has to be utilized within 1-2 days. Meeting the requirements and expectations of beneficiary farmers is also very difficult. However, Yadamma has achieved her target by putting concerted efforts, hard work and by creating awareness among users. Yadamma belongs to a backward community but is a good leader and mingles with people easily. She has been persistent and overcomes her problems through informal meetings and trainings. She is respected in the village. Her financial status has improved and she is able to provide good quality life and education to her children.

Annexe -1


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Annexe-2

Figure 4. Groundwater levels in borewells at Fasalvadi village during 2014-15

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1-May 30-Jun 29-Aug 28-Oct 27-Dec 25-Feb 26-Apr

De

pth

of

wat

er

leve

l in

we

ll (m

)

Fasalvadi, 2014-15

Near WHS Away from WHS

Figure 1. Farm pond with stored

water in Vendikol village

Figure 2. Sunken pond with stored

water in Sulthanpur village


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Figure 5. Groundwater levels in borewells at Shivampet village during 2014-15

Annexe - 3. Village wise soil test based fertilizers recommendations (kg/acre) in SABMiller project

Village Crop Urea

DAP MOP Gypsum Zn SO4 Borax

Korpole Rice (kharif) 83 48 19 33 10 1

Rice (rabi) 115 52 19 33 10 1

Sugarcane 169 87 56 33 10 1

Maize 115 52 23 33 10 1

Sorghum 71 35 14 33 10 1

Cotton 115 52 28 33 10 1

Groundnut 9 35 23 93 10 1

Pulses 6 43 0 33 10 1

Pearl millet 58 26 9 33 10 1

Tomato 149 52 28 33 10 1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1-May 30-Jun 29-Aug 28-Oct 27-Dec 25-Feb 26-AprD

ep

th o

f w

ate

r le

vel i

n w

ell

(m

)

Shivampet, 2014-15

Near WHS Away from WHS


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Onion 199 70 28 33 10 1

Chilly (Irrigated) 319 52 56 33 10 1

Soybean 14 52 19 33 10 1

Sulthanpur Rice (kharif) 77 62 27 65 20 1

Rice (rabi) 109 68 27 65 20 1

Sugarcane 159 113 80 65 20 1

Maize 109 68 33 65 20 1

Sorghum 67 45 20 65 20 1

Cotton 109 68 40 65 20 1

Groundnut 5 45 33 185 20 1

Pulses 0 57 0 65 20 1

Pearl millet 55 34 13 65 20 1

Tomato 143 68 40 65 20 1

Onion 191 90 40 65 20 1


Soybean 7 68 27 65 20 1

Vendikol Rice (kharif) 83 48 19 65 20 1

Rice (rabi) 115 52 19 65 20 1

Sugarcane 169 87 56 65 20 1

Maize 115 52 23 65 20 1

Sorghum 71 35 14 65 20 1

Cotton 115 52 28 65 20 1

Groundnut 9 35 23 185 20 1

Pulses 6 43 0 65 20 1

Pearl millet 58 26 9 65 20 1


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Tomato 149 52 28 65 20 1

Onion 199 70 28 65 20 1


Soybean 14 52 19 65 20 1


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Annexe-4. Soil health card with the details of soil test results and soil test-based fertilizers

recommendations


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15


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Annexe-5. (TABLE 6 and 7)

Table 6. Crop yields of PR&D trials during the rainy seasons 2014

Village Crop Farmer name Yield in

farmers’

practice

(t ha-1)

Yield in

balanced

nutrients

application trial

(t ha-1)

Percent

increase

over

Farmer

s

Practice

B:C

ratio

Venkata-

kishtapur Cotton R Vittalaiah 2.3 2.8 22 6.1:1

P Ganesh 2.6 3.2 23 7.5:1

T Srinivas 2.2 2.6 18 4.7:1

R Ramulu 2.1 2.7 29 7.5:1

Mean 2.3 2.8 23 6.4:1

SE+ 0.11 0.13

Vendikol Cotton P Mallesham 2.5 3.0 20 6.1:1

B Mogulaiah 2.3 2.6 13 3.3:1

S Narsaiah 2.4 2.8 17 4.7:1

B Ramulu 2.6 3.0 15 4.7:1

G Anjaiah 2.3 2.6 13 3.3:1

G Saroja 2.3 2.6 13 3.3:1

CH Kashireddy 2.3 2.7 17 4.7:1

Mean 2.4 2.8 16 4.3:1

SE+ 0.05 0.07

Korpole Cotton K Boomreddy 2.4 2.7 13 3.3:1

K Sushella 2.6 2.9 12 3.3:1

D Balaiah 2.5 2.9 16 4.7:1

Mean 2.5 2.8 13 3.7:1

SE+ 0.06 0.07

Cotton Grand mean 2.4 2.8 17 4.8:1


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Village Crop Farmer name

Yield in

farmers’

practice

Yield in

balanced

nutrients

application

trial

Percent

increase

over FP

B:C

ratio

(t ha-1) (t ha-1)

Fasalvadi Rice Purra Manemma 4.4 5.1 18 2.0:1

R Ananthaiah 4.6 5.5 20 2.6:1

G Suresh 4.3 5.2 22 2.7:1

P Mallaiah 5.6 6.4 13 1.9:1

Md Saidoddin 4.8 5.6 17 2.1:1

SE+ 0.04 0.05

Fasalvadi Sugarcane D Mallesham 97.8 104.4 7 5.1:1

D Laxmi 95.6 101.1 6 4.1:1

A Mallesham 90.0 98.9 10 7.2:1

K Gopal 86.7 97.8 13 9.2:1

G Srinivas 92.2 100.0 8 6.2:1

Mean 92.4 100.4 9 6.4:1

SE+ 1.97 1.14

Chakriyal Sugarcane Y Rajashekar 94.4 101.1 7 5.1:1

P Ramachendrareddy 92.2 102.2 11 8.2:1

G Pandari 91.1 101.1 11 8.2:1

B Narsimulu 88.9 95.6 8 5.1:1

Mean 91.7 100.0 9 6.7:1

SE+ 1.16 1.50

Sugarcane Grand mean 92.1 100.2 9 6.5:1

SE+ 1.15 0.86


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Yield in

farmers’

practice

Yield in

balanced

nutrients

application

trial

Percent

increase

over FP

B:C

ratio

(t ha-1) (t ha-1)

R Satyaiah 4.3 5.1 19 2.1:1

Mean 4.7 5.5 18 2.2:1

SE+ 0.21 0.2

Venkatakishtapur Rice T Narsimulu 4 4.9 23 2.5:1

Bichapathi 4.6 5.4 18 2.2:1

Mean 4.3 5.2 20 2.3:1

SE+ 0.34 0.29

Sulthanpur Rice Bairu Kishan 3.9 4.6 19 1.8:1

Golla Pentaiah 4.2 5.2 24 2.9:1

Vadla Devendhar 4.9 6 22 3.2:1

P Venkatramreddy 4.7 5.3 14 1.5:1

Gadde Chendraiah 3.6 4.2 17 1.3:1

Golla Devaiah 3.8 4.6 21 2.1:1

Mean 4.2 5 19 2.1:1

SE+ 0.21 0.26

Upparigudem Rice Mamathi Shivaiah 4.5 5.5 21 2.8:1

Kolkuri Mallesham 4.7 5.6 18 2.4:1

CH Jaipalreddy 4.8 5.6 17 2.1:1

M Anjaiah 4.7 5.8 24 3.4:1

Golla Anjaiah 4.8 5.5 15 1.9:1

Budda Ramulu 4.2 5.1 21 2.5:1

Mean 4.6 5.5 19 2.5:1


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Yield in

farmers’

practice

Yield in

balanced

nutrients

application

trial

Percent

increase

over FP

B:C

ratio

(t ha-1) (t ha-1)

SE+ 0.09 0.1

Vendikol Rice B Chandrappa 3.4 4.1 22 1.9:1

N Nagaiah 3.7 4.6 23 2.3:1

B Badrappa 3.4 4.3 25 2.4:1

Mean 3.5 4.3 23 2.2:1

SE+ 0.11 0.13

Korpole Rice T Kistareddy 4.3 5 18 1.9:1

Kodakanti

Narshimullu 4.8 5.6 17 2.2:1

Kumari Ravi 4.4 5.1 17 1.9:1

Kasala Venkatreddy 4.3 5.1 20 2.3:1

D Gopal 3.8 4.7 24 2.6:1

Mean 4.3 5.1 19 2.2:1

SE+ 0.16 0.14

Chowtakur Rice T Raghu 4 5.1 27 3.2:1

Pulugari Maipalreddy 4.7 5.3 13 1.5:1

Mean 4.4 5.2 20 2.3:1

SE+ 0.32 0.09

Rice Grand mean 4.3 5.2 20 2.3:1

SE+ 0.09 0.1

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