indian history

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Nationalism In India

The British East India company arrived in India for the sake of market and business by taking the permission from the Mughal emperors.

Soon, it got command over India and India started to be under the control of British rulers for the centuries to come.


Establishment of British Rule:


Common Sufferings:

1857 Revolt


Sporadic Uprisings:

Arrival Of Gandhi(1915):

Gandhiji was born in Porbandar, Gujarat on 2nd Oct 1869

The Indian people called Gandhiji 'Mahatma', meaning Great Soul. At the age of 13 Gandhi married Kasturba, a girl the same age. Their parents arranged the marriage. Gandhi had four children. Gandhi studied law in London and returned to India in 1891 to practice. In 1893 he took on a one-year contract to do legal work in South Africa.



Gandhiji – The father of the Nation

Satyagraha loosely translated as "insistence on truth"- satya (truth); agraha (insistence) "soul force" or "truth force" is a particular philosophy and practice within the broader overall category generally known as nonviolent resistance or civil resistance. The term "satyagraha" was coined and developed by Mahatma Gandhi.

He deployed satyagraha in the Indian independence movement and also during his earlier struggles in South Africa for Indian rights. Satyagraha theory influenced Nelson Mandela's struggle in South Africa under apartheid, Martin Luther King, Jr.'s campaigns during the civil rights movement in the United States, and many other social justice and similar movements. Someone who practices satyagraha is a satyagrahi.


Satyagraha:

Satyagraha(Contd): Gandhi envisioned satyagraha as not only a tactic to be used in acute political struggle, but as a universal solvent for injustice and harm. He felt that it was equally applicable to large-scale political struggle and to one-on-one interpersonal conflicts and that it should be taught to everyone.

He founded the Sabarmati Ashram to teach satyagraha. He asked satyagrahis to follow the following principles (Yamas described in Yoga Sutra):


Truth — this includes honesty, but goes beyond it to mean living fully in accord with and in devotion to that which is true

Non-stealing

Chastity (Brahmacharya) — this includes sexual chastity, but also the subordination of other sensual desires to the primary devotion to truth

Non-Possession (not the same as poverty)

Body-labor or bread-labor

Control of the palate

Fearlessness

Equal respect for all religions

Economic strategy such as boycotts (Swadeshi)

Freedom from Untouchability


Satyagraha(Contd):

harbour no anger

suffer the anger of the opponent

never retaliate to assaults or punishment; but do not submit, out of fear of punishment or assault, to an order given in anger

voluntarily submit to arrest or confiscation of your own property

if you are a trustee of property, defend that property (non-violently) from confiscation with your life

do not curse or swear

do not insult the opponent

neither salute nor insult the flag of your opponent or your opponent’s leaders


Rules for Satyagraha Campaign

if anyone attempts to insult or assault your opponent, defend your opponent (non-violently) with your life

as a prisoner, behave courteously and obey prison regulations (except any that are contrary to self-respect)

as a prisoner, do not ask for special favourable treatment

do not take sides in such quarrels, but assist only that party which is demonstrably in the right; in the case of inter-religious conflict, give your life to protect (non-violently) those in danger on either side

avoid occasions that may give rise to communal quarrels

do not take part in processions that would wound the religious sensibilities of any community


Rules for Satyagraha Campaign(Contd):

as a prisoner, do not fast in an attempt to gain conveniences whose deprivation does not involve any injury to your self-respect

joyfully obey the orders of the leaders of the civil disobedience action

do not pick and choose amongst the orders you obey; if you find the action as a whole improper or immoral, sever your connection with the action entirely

do not make your participation conditional on your comrades taking care of your dependents while you are engaging in the campaign or are in prison; do not expect them to provide such support

do not become a cause of communal quarrels


Rules for Satyagraha Campaign(CONTD):


Photo Gallery- Satyagraha

Gandhiji addressing the gathering


Gandhiji discussing various issues


Gandhiji going ahead to break the salt law


Gandhiji picking up salt to break the law


Gandhiji moving ahead with the others


Events led to the NCM In 1916 Gandhi travelled to Champaran in Bihar to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.

In 1917 he organised a satyagraha to support the farmers of Kheda in Gujarat.

In 1918 he went to Ahmedabad to organise a satyagraha amongst the cotton mill workers.


Khilafat issue:

After the first world war the Ottoman empire was defeated by the Britain.

A very harsh peace treaty was imposed on the ottoman empire head –the spiritual head khalifa.

The British humiliated the khalifa and the feelings of the Indian Muslims.



Images of khalifas:


Khilafat Movement - Photos

To defend the temporal powers of khalifa,a khilafat committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919.

Two young Muslim brothers ,Muhammed Ali and Shaukat Ali discussed with Gandhi to make it a mass movement

Gandhi used this opportunity to bring the Muslims under a unified mass movement.


The Ali brothers:

This Rowlatt Act was enacted in the year 1919.

According to this act the British government has all powers to repress the political activities , and allowed the detention of the political prisoners without a trail for two years.

Gandhi led a various rallies in various cities. these movements were largely supported by the workers and the peasants.


Rowlatt Act:

Infamous Jallianwalabagh massacre:

On 13 April this massacre took place. on that day a large crowd gathered in Jallianwalabagh.

Some came to protest against the government and others came to celebrate Baishaki.

Dyer entered the area blocked the exits and opened fire, killing hundreds.

His statement was that “TO PRODUCE A MORAL EFFECT”


Image of Jallianwalabagh:


Photo of General Dyer


View of Gandhi:

In the famous book HIND SWARAJ written in 1909 Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation.

if Indians refused to cooperate ,the British rule in India would collapse like a house of playing cards within a year and swaraj would come.


Launch of Non-co-operation Movement: The launch of NCM was started with the idea of Gandhi in the Congress session of Calcutta in 1920 where he convinced other leaders to start a non-co-operation movement in support of Khilafat movement as well as for swaraj.

Finally in 1920 at the Congress session of Nagpur in December a compromise was worked out and the NCM was adopted.


Non-co-operation Movement- Photos


The measures that supported the NCM:

Burning of the foreign cloth and the usage of swadeshi garments.

Picketing of the liquor shops and following the Gandhian ideas.

Widespread usage of khadi to sysmbolise that the Indians are boycotting the foreign cloth.

Boycotting of the schools, courts and the government jobs.


Participants view:Peasants view:-

In Awadh the peasants organised a sabha called Awadh kisan sabha under the leadership of Baba Ram Chandra and Jawaharlal Nehru.

Planter’s view :-

Under the inland emigration act the planters were not allowed to leave the tea plantations .On hearing the NCM the planters escaped from the plantations but later they were caught and punished. Theyss believed that Gandhi raj come in India.


Participants view(Contd): Tribal’s view:-

In the Gudem hills of AP a militant guerilla movement in 1920’s.Due to their dissatisfaction towards the fact that the britishers were not allowing the tribals into the forests the rebellion was started. This revolt was led by Alluri SitaRamaraju.

Though the tribals believed the ideas of Gandhi they followed a violent way to attack the British.

But in 1924 Alluri Sita Ramaraju was arrested and the Gudem rebellion ended.


Photo of Alluri Sita Ramaraju:


Reasons for calling of NCM:

The support from the base had been lost completely. The strong support from the farmers and the industrial workers was gradually withdrawn .

The Chauri Choura movement on Feb 1 1922

Led to huge violence. The people burnt the police station in that area and killed nearly 20 police officers. Due to Gandhi had to halt the movement.


Images of Chauri Chaura movement


Important events after 1924

The major event was that the prices of the agricultural products have been fallen drastically in 1926 due to the world wide economic depression and finally the prices collapsed in the year 1930.

In 1927 the Simon Commission was set up.The Simon commission arrived India in the year 1928.The Simon commission was greeted by the Indians with the slogan “GO BACK SIMON”


Images of Simon Commission


Other events after 1924:

In 1929 in the month of December under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress session formalized the demand of ‘PURNA SWARAJ” or full independence for India.

It was declared that 26 January 1930 would be celebrated as the Independence day when the people were about to take their pledge, but due to less attraction of the people Gandhi had to find other way to abstract the idea of freedom in the minds of the people.



Image of Lahore Congress:

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